Tournament: tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wichita State Donnell-Sullivan | Judge: Tomik
Advantage 1 is Drone Proliferation
Scenario 1 is Norms
Now is key to set drone use norms – inaction collapses norms on force.
(Whibley 13)
James, received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, February 6th, 2013 "The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent," Georgetown Journal of International Affairs,journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/

While drone advocates such as Max 

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possessing such a program would be terrifying.

The plan is key to norm enforcement – status quo risks anything goes policies.
(Bashir 2012)
Omar S., is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a graduate of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, September 24th, 2012, "Who Watches the Drones?" Foreign Affairs,www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones

Further, the U.S. counterterrorism chief John 

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would reveal their disregard for humanitarian concerns. 

Empirics prove norm-setting behavior in arms races.
(Farley 2011)
Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, October 12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent

Is the world about to see a "drone race" 

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a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting.

US precedent triggers Chinese use in territory disputes.  
(Bodeen 2013)
Christopher; writer for the Huffington Post; China’s drone program appears to be moving into the offensive; Huffington Post; 5/3. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/03/china-drone-program_n_3207392.html. 

Determined to kill or capture a murderous 

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up camp almost 20 kilometers (12 miles) into Indian-claimed territory.

That triggers China-Japan war that draws in the U.S.
Panda 10/22 (Ankit, researcher at the Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination at Princeton University, “Japan to Shoot Down Foreign Drones”, The Diplomat, 10/22/13)

Japan’s Defense Ministry has 

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includes a scenario involving China.

Miscalculation triggers nuclear weapon use.
(Fisher 2011)
Max , foreign affairs writer and editor for the Atlantic, MA in security studies from Johns Hopkins, Oct 31 2011, "5 Most Likely Ways the U.S. and China Could Spark Accidental Nuclear War,"http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/5-most-likely-ways-the-us-and-china-could-spark-accidental-nuclear-war/247616

Neither the U.S. nor China has any interest in 

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is exactly what makes them so dangerous.

Scenario 2 Multilateralism
US drone strikes destroy confidence in norms-based multilateral frameworks.
(Shah 2010)
Shah, Sikander Ahmed, Professor of Law and Policy, LUMS University, Lahore, Pakistan. "War on Terrorism: Self Defense, Operation Enduring Freedom, and the Legality of US Drone Attacks in Pakistan." Wash. U. Global Stud. L. Rev. 9 (2010): 77.

One must analyze the significance and legality of 

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a closer inspection of the issue does highlight a more convoluted state of affairs. 

Causal studies prove this wrecks US authority.
(Loomis 2008)
Andrew Joseph, Doctor of Philosophy in Government. Leveraging legitimacy in securing US leadership: Normative dimensions of hegemonic authority. ProQuest, 2008.

Norms of obligation that have been established by Western 

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which norm violations in fact cause secondary state defection.

US institutional leadership is key to stop great power wars – no alternatives.
(Kromah 2009)
(Lamii Moivi Kromah, Department of International Relations University of the Witwatersrand, February 2009, “The Institutional Nature of U.S. Hegemony: Post 9/11”, http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/7301/MARR2009.pdf)

A final major gain to the United States 

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American national security is impossible without a broad measure of international security.5

Advantage 2 is Pakistan
Scenario 1 is stability
Elections show Pakistan is stabilizing, but fragile.
(Richardson 5/1)
Charles; writer for Crikey; A vote for stability in Pakistan; Crikey; http://blogs.crikey.com.au/worldisnotenough/2013/05/13/a-vote-for-stability-in-pakistan/

Final results are still trickling in from Saturday’s general election 

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civilian government will transfer power peacefully to another.
Drone strikes destroy stability and relations – they focus violence on the government and magnify rifts in relations
(Boyle 2013)
Michael J; Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Political Science @ LaSalle University; The costs and consequences  of drone warfare; International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29; http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf; HD.  

The escalation of drone strikes in Pakistan 

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of new recruits, some  (but not all) of whom were motivated by revulsion over drone strikes.98  
That triggers indo-pak nuclear war
(Sharma 2012)
Dr. Ashok, professor of political science at the University of Auckland, “The Enduring Conflict and the Hidden Risk of an India-Pakistan War” 

The Indo-Pak nuclear rivalry, for all intents and purposes, 

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China and the United States, cannot be denied.

Indo-Pak war goes global, multiple warrants.
(Phillips 2012)
Andrew; School of Political Science and International Studies, University of Queensland; Horsemen of the apocalypse? Jihadist strategy and nuclear instability in South Asia; International Politics (2012) 49, 297–317. doi:10.1057/ip.2012.1; published online 16 March 2012; HD. 

A jihadist-inspired Indo–Pakistani nuclear exchange would conceivably promote 

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potentially providing the jihadists with the political space necessary to revive their campaign to overthrow the present global order.

The probability is high.
(Overdorf 2013)
Jason, Overdorf covers India for GlobalPost. Overdorf has spent most of the past 15 years living and working in Asia. He worked as an editor with Dow Jones Newswires in New York, Singapore and Hong Kong before moving to New Delhi and becoming a freelance writer in 2002. He was a frequent contributor to the Far Eastern Economic Review until 2004, covering Indian politics, society and business. Since 2004, he has been a special correspondent at Newsweek International, where he writes on a wide range of topics. He has covered Sonia Gandhi's surprising electoral victory, the ongoing problem of Hindu fundamentalism, the simmering conflict with Maoist rebels, and societal changes resulting from India's meteoric economic growth.  He's written for the Atlantic Monthly and the Asian Wall Street Journal. His travel articles, personal essays and political commentary have appeared in Smithsonian Magazine, Departures, Travelers' Tales and other publications.  He has degrees in English literature and creative writing from Columbia University, Washington University and Boston University.“Analysis: Are India and Pakistan headed for war? Under heavy shelling, Kashmir is again set to stymie the Indo-Pak peace process. And the risks are mounting” Citing Experts at the Woodrow Wilson Center, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/war/conflict-zones/130814/analysis-are-india-and-pakistan-headed-war 

“This is a sad reality of India-Pakistan relations —

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 “And that's a scary thought.”

Plan

Plan: The United States federal government should amend the War Powers Resolution to prohibit the offensive use of remotely piloted aircraft for targeted killing under the war powers authority of the President of the United States. 

Solvency ?
War powers resolution is key to check the executive and should be amended to ban offensive use of drones.
(Patera in 12)
(John, Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy, “CURRENT PUBLIC LAW AND POLICY ISSUE: War Powers Resolution in the Age of Drone Warfare: How Drone Technology has Dramatically Reduced the Resolution's Effectiveness as a Curb on Executive Power”, 33 Hamline J. Pub. L. and Pol'y 387)

Critics may argue that the Resolution 

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gives presidents the freedom to rely on new technologies to skirt its strictures.

Tech advances make self-restraint fail
(Druck 2012)
Judah A, JD Candidate, Cornell Law School; DRONING ON: THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION AND THE NUMBING EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN WARFARE; Cornell Law Review. SSRN. November 15. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2185743

Naturally, some have argued that an unchecked President is 

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as it becomes easier to enter into “hostilities.”

Congressional action key to international modeling.
(Maxwell 2012)
(Mark David Maxwell, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html, Winter 2012)

The weakness of this theory is that it 

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what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law.  

Obama will comply – no claim to preclusive authority.
(BARRON 2008)
Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center (David J. Barron, “The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb -- A Constitutional History”, Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis)

In addition to offering important guidance concerning the congressional role, 

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have on the executive branch itself for most of our history of war powers development.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas City Kansas CC Ford-Glanzman | Judge: Van Luvanee
Targeted killing has more than quadrupled under the Obama administration – the result is only an increase in collateral damage
Masters in 13 (Jonathon, Deputy Editor for the Council on Foreign Relations, “Targeted Killings”, May 23, 2013, http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/targeted-killings/p9627) 

Targeted attacks … contributed to these increases."
Drone strikes kill massive amounts of civilians and children – at least 50 civilians die for every one “high-level” target
Gram in 12 (Danielle, graduate of Harvard College where she earned an AB in Religion and Sociology, “Drone Strikes in Pakistan Kill One Terrorist for Every 50 Deaths”, http://www.policymic.com/articles/15340/drone-strikes-in-pakistan-have-killed-thousands-of-civilians) 

Just weeks before the…casualties is only 2.
The need to assassinate someone is socially constructed based on difference – the state deems terrorists as the other that needs to be eliminated
(Grayson 12) Kyle Grayson, Senior Lect in International Politics “Six Theses on Targeted Killing”  Politics Volume 32, Issue 2, pages 120–128, June 2012, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9256.2012.01434.x/full

Targeted killing … anxiety over the failure of the global counter-insurgency campaign to successfully impose the preferred global order on ‘ungoverned areas’ that continues to give the practice policy traction (Lamb, 2007).

Targeting killing is not a state v state phenomenon, but starts at home, with our people. The violent terrorist label placed on the black revolutionary Assata Shakur is example of the target logic replicated.
Daulatzai 13 (Sohail Daulatzai; Author of Black Star, Crescent Moon: The Muslim International and Black Freedom beyond America (2012) and is the co-editor (with Michael Eric Dyson) of Born to Use Mics: Reading Nas's Illmatic (2009). He is an Associate Professor in the Department of Film and Media Studies and the Program in African American Studies at the University of California, Irvine. “Are we all Muslim now? Assata Shakur and the Terrordome” May 9, 2013, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/05/20135712155495678.html)
For her supporters and ….movements endures
We advocate that The United States Federal Government should not engage in targeted killing

Solvency
Targeted killing only benefits the military industrial complex at the expense of targeted populations – only deliberation about policy actions can raise awareness about the executive’s use of these powers and lead to restrictions on the use of force
Shaw 2013 (Ian G. R. Shaw, Professor of Human Geography at the University of Glasgow, “Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of US Drone Warfare”, Geopolitics, DOI:10.1080/14650045.2012, 2013) – we disagree with our author’s anthropocentric, able-ist, gendered language

Conclusions
By introducing the term Predator … of “death-as-success".
The devils are in the details --- understanding details about policy is critical for us to better debate about the implications of unaccountable profiling and introduction of violence --- it can help us create a community of acknowledgement which is key

Hughes 2012 (Evin, Georgia Southern Univ. Float Like a Plane, Sting Like a Bomb: The Ethics of US Drone Attacks www.ncte.org/library/NCTEFiles/About/Awards/.../Hughes_Evin.pdf. edited for gendered/able-ist language)

What Ali was able to do ….we cannot escape” (Amy 69).

The refusal to deliberate over drone policy risks public apathy because of the invisible nature of drone warfare ---- the affirmative brings an opportunity to re-engage the public to challenge presidential action 

Druck 2012 Judah A. Druck, law associate at Sullivan and Cromwell LLP, Cornell Law School graduate, magna cum laude graduate from Brandeis University, “Droning On: The War Powers Resolution and the Numbing Effect of Technology-Driven Warfare,” http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf

The practical effects of … presidential action.134

Only engagement in the policy process and deliberation about political action can solve the use of drones 

Omar Bashir in 2012 (Omar, Princeton PhD candidate. How to Improve the Drones Debate http://themonkeycage.org/2012/11/15/how-to-improve-the-drones-debate/)

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