Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas Mapes-Robb | Judge: Stone
Advantage 1 is Drone Proliferation
Scenario 1 is Norms
Now is key to set drone use norms – inaction collapses norms on the use of force.
(Whibley 13)
James, received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, February 6th, 2013 "The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent," Georgetown Journal of International Affairs,journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/

While drone …possessing such a program would be terrifying.

The plan is key to norm enforcement – status quo risks anything goes policies.
(Bashir 2012)
Omar S., is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a graduate of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, September 24th, 2012, "Who Watches the Drones?" Foreign Affairs,www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones

Further, the U.S. …. humanitarian concerns. 

Empirics prove norm-setting behavior in arms races.
(Farley 2011)
Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, October 12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent

Is the world about to see … attention to the precedent they're setting.

US precedent triggers Chinese drone use in territory disputes.  
(Bodeen 2013)
Christopher; writer for the Huffington Post; China’s drone program appears to be moving into the offensive; Huffington Post; 5/3. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/03/china-drone-program_n_3207392.html. 

Determined to kill … into Indian-claimed territory.

That triggers China-Japan war that draws in the U.S.
Panda 10/22 (Ankit, researcher at the Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination at Princeton University, “Japan to Shoot Down Foreign Drones”, The Diplomat, 10/22/13)

Japan’s Defense Ministry … involving China.

Diplomacy and econ don’t’ check
Auslin, 1/28/2013 (Michael – scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, The Sino-Japanese Standoff, National Review, p. http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/338852/sinondashjapanese-standoff-michael-auslin?pg=2)
This Sino–Japanese standoff also is a problem for the United States, which has a defense treaty with Tokyo and is pledged to come to the aid of Japanese forces under attack. There are also mechanisms for U.S.–Japanese consultations during a crisis, and if Tokyo requests such military talks, Washington would be forced into a difficult spot, since Beijing would undoubtedly perceive the holding of such talks as a serious provocation. The Obama administration has so far taken pains to stay neutral in the dispute; despite its rhetoric of “pivoting” to the Pacific, it has urged both sides to resolve the issue peacefully. Washington also has avoided any stance on the sovereignty of the Senkakus, supporting instead the status quo of Japanese administration of the islands. That may no longer suffice for Japan, however, since its government saw China’s taking to the air over the Senkakus as a significant escalation and proof that Beijing is in no mind to back down from its claims. One does not have to be an alarmist … World War II.

It makes great power war inevitable by tempting leaders to use drones too often---causes escalation as traditional checks don’t apply
Eric Posner 13, a professor at the University of Chicago Law School, May 15th, 2013, "The Killer Robot War is Coming," Slate, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/05/drone_warfare_and_spying_we_need_new_laws.html
Drones have existed …., legal restrictions may need to be tightened.

Miscalculation causes US-China nuclear escalation.
(Fisher 2011)
Max , foreign affairs writer and editor for the Atlantic, MA in security studies from Johns Hopkins, Oct 31 2011, "5 Most Likely Ways the U.S. and China Could Spark Accidental Nuclear War,"http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/5-most-likely-ways-the-us-and-china-could-spark-accidental-nuclear-war/247616

Neither the U.S. … makes them so dangerous.

Scenario 2 Multilateralism
US drone strikes destroy confidence in norms-based multilateral frameworks.
(Shah 2010)
Shah, Sikander Ahmed, Professor of Law and Policy, LUMS University, Lahore, Pakistan. "War on Terrorism: Self Defense, Operation Enduring Freedom, and the Legality of US Drone Attacks in Pakistan." Wash. U. Global Stud. L. Rev. 9 (2010): 77.

One must analyze … more convoluted state of affairs. 

Causal studies prove this wrecks US authority.
(Loomis 2008)
Andrew Joseph, Doctor of Philosophy in Government. Leveraging legitimacy in securing US leadership: Normative dimensions of hegemonic authority. ProQuest, 2008.

Norms of obligation … cause secondary state defection.

US institutional leadership is key to stop great power wars – no alternatives.
(Kromah 2009)
(Lamii Moivi Kromah, Department of International Relations University of the Witwatersrand, February 2009, “The Institutional Nature of U.S. Hegemony: Post 9/11”, http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/7301/MARR2009.pdf)

A final major gain …. broad measure of international security.5

Congressional action key to international modeling.
Maxwell 2012 (Mark David Maxwell, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html, Winter 2012)

The weakness of … a state its greatest safety: the rule of law.  

Advantage 2 is Pakistan 

Drone strikes destroy focus violence on Pakistani government and destroy US-Pakistan relations.  
(Boyle 2013)
Michael J; Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Political Science @ LaSalle University; The costs and consequences  of drone warfare; International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29; http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf; HD.  

The escalation ….ere motivated by revulsion over drone strikes.98  

Scenario 1 is stability
Pakistan’s stability is on the upswing from Sharif’s election and economic reform – investments prove. 

Inman 1/3 (Daniel, Wall Street Journal Reporter that covers markets across Asia, “Daring Investors Brave Pakistan Market,” http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303640604579297743767054958, 01/03/2013)

The catalyst in ….used by stock analysts.

Drone strikes fracture the Pakistan army, triggers loose nukes and militant takeover. 

(Aslam 2011)
M.W; Department of Politics, University of Surrey, A critical evaluation of American drone strikes in Pakistan: legality, legitimacy and prudence; Critical Studies on Terrorism - Volume 4, Issue 3, 2011 pages 313-329; 

The drone attacks … institution, its National Assembly (Cloughley 2011). 

Militant takeover triggers indo-pak war.

(Sharma 2012)
Dr. Ashok, professor of political science at the University of Auckland, “The Enduring Conflict and the Hidden Risk of an India-Pakistan War” 

The Indo-Pak nuclear …States, cannot be denied.

It’s high probability – expert consensus agrees that mounting tensions make 2014 a flashpoint.
(Overdorf 2013)
Jason, Overdorf covers India for GlobalPost. Overdorf has spent most of the past 15 years living and working in Asia. He worked as an editor with Dow Jones Newswires in New York, Singapore and Hong Kong before moving to New Delhi and becoming a freelance writer in 2002. He was a frequent contributor to the Far Eastern Economic Review until 2004, covering Indian politics, society and business. Since 2004, he has been a special correspondent at Newsweek International, where he writes on a wide range of topics. He has covered Sonia Gandhi's surprising electoral victory, the ongoing problem of Hindu fundamentalism, the simmering conflict with Maoist rebels, and societal changes resulting from India's meteoric economic growth.  He's written for the Atlantic Monthly and the Asian Wall Street Journal. His travel articles, personal essays and political commentary have appeared in Smithsonian Magazine, Departures, Travelers' Tales and other publications.  He has degrees in English literature and creative writing from Columbia University, Washington University and Boston University.“Analysis: Are India and Pakistan headed for war? Under heavy shelling, Kashmir is again set to stymie the Indo-Pak peace process. And the risks are mounting” Citing Experts at the Woodrow Wilson Center, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/war/conflict-zones/130814/analysis-are-india-and-pakistan-headed-war 

“This is a sad reality … …And that's a scary thought.”

Scenario 2 is Relations 

Reset in relations now, but challenges remain, specifically offensive drone strikes.
(Markey 8/7)
Daniel; is a senior fellow for India, Pakistan and South Asia at the Council on Foreign Relations; A Big New Idea for U.S.-Pakistan Relations; Defense One; 2013. http://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2013/08/big-new-idea-us-pakistan-relations/68276/?oref=d-river; HD 

Relations between … yet another cliff.
Drone strikes are a red line that undermine U.S. Pakistan cooperation
(Hyder 2011) BRIGADIER ANWAR ALI, Pakistan Army; UNITED STATES’ STRATEGY  AND STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS  – UNDERSTANDING OTHERS’ PERSPECTIVE; This SRP is submitted in partial fulfillment of the  requirements of the Master of Strategic Studies Degree – US War Army College; 16 March. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a552985.pdf; HD.  

The regional context … strategic considerations.
US-Pakistan relations key to Afghan stability.
(Souza 2012)
Dr Shanthie Mariet ,  is a Research Fellow at the Institute of South Asian Studies (ISAS), an autonomous research institute at the National University of Singapore; US-Pakistan Relations And The ‘End-Game’ In Afghanistan – Analysis; Eurasia Review – News and Analysis; Dec. 26; http://www.eurasiareview.com/26122012-us-pakistan-relations-and-the-end-game-in-afghanistan-analysis/

As the rush …. the next two years. 

Afghan stability is key to Central Asian stability – conflict spills over and draws in powers.
(Lal 2006)
PhD and political Scientist at RAND, 6 Rollie, “Central Asia and its Asian Neighbors” http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2006/RAND_MG440.pdf, pages 19-21, 

The relationship … to needed ports for export.13

Regional instability creates multiple scenarios for nuclear escalation.
(Peimani 2002)
Head of Energy Security and Geopolitics @ the Energy Studies Institute (Dr. Hooman, “Failed Transition and Bleak Future? War and Instability in Central Asia and the Caucasus,” Book, http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=oandd=101331065

If the existing negative …the international system and global peace. 

Plan

Plan: The United States federal government should amend the War Powers Resolution to prohibit the offensive use of remotely piloted aircraft for targeted killing under the war powers authority of the President of the United States. 

Solvency ?
War powers resolution is key to check the executive and should be amended to ban offensive use of drones.
(Patera in 12)
(John, Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy, “CURRENT PUBLIC LAW AND POLICY ISSUE: War Powers Resolution in the Age of Drone Warfare: How Drone Technology has Dramatically Reduced the Resolution's Effectiveness as a Curb on Executive Power”, 33 Hamline J. Pub. L. and Pol'y 387)

Critics may argue … on new technologies to skirt its strictures.

Tech advances make self-restraint fail
(Druck 2012)
Judah A, JD Candidate, Cornell Law School; DRONING ON: THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION AND THE NUMBING EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN WARFARE; Cornell Law Review. SSRN. November 15. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2185743

Naturally, some have … easier to enter into “hostilities.”

Obama will comply – no claim to preclusive authority.
(BARRON 2008)
Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center (David J. Barron, “The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb -- A Constitutional History”, Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis)

In addition to offering important … of war powers development.

Congress will enforce restrictions and they empirically check CIA ops.

Sorcher 13 (Sara, National Journal’s Security Correspondent, “National Security Insiders: It’s Possible for Congress to Oversee the Drone Program,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/insiders-polls/nationalsecurity/national-security-insiders-it-s-possible-for-congress-to-oversee-drone-program-20130311, 03/11/2013)

Sixty-one percent ….of drone strikes.”

CIA Complies with legal restrictions on operations.

Shah et al 12, (Naureen, Acting Director of the Human Rights Clinic and Associate Director of the Counterterrorism and Human Rights Project, Human Rights Institute at Columbia Law School, “The Civilian Impact of Drones: Unexamined Costs, Unanswered Questions,” Center for Civilians in Conflict, http://civiliansinconflict.org/uploads/files/publications/The_Civilian_Impact_of_Drones_w_cover.pdf)
As the CIA’s role in … to the programs.307

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 3 | Opponent: Oklahoma Maddy-Massey | Judge: Carter
CEDA R3 1AC
Contention 1 is Targeted Killing
Targeted killing has more than quadrupled under the Obama administration – the result is only an increase in collateral damage 

Masters in 13 (Jonathon, Deputy Editor for the Council on Foreign Relations, “Targeted Killings”, May 23, 2013, http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/targeted-killings/p9627) 

Targeted attacks …contributed to these increases."
Drone strikes kill massive amounts of civilians and children – at least 50 civilians die for every one “high-level” target
Gram in 12 (Danielle, graduate of Harvard College where she earned an AB in Religion and Sociology, “Drone Strikes in Pakistan Kill One Terrorist for Every 50 Deaths”, http://www.policymic.com/articles/15340/drone-strikes-in-pakistan-have-killed-thousands-of-civilians) 

Just weeks before the general . total casualties is only 2.
The need to assassinate someone is socially constructed based on difference – the state deems terrorists as the other that needs to be eliminated
(Grayson 12) Kyle Grayson, Senior Lect in International Politics “Six Theses on Targeted Killing”  Politics Volume 32, Issue 2, pages 120–128, June 2012, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9256.2012.01434.x/full

Targeted killing … practice policy traction (Lamb, 2007).

Drone strikes are the latest manifestation of neocolonial ontology that seeks to a praxis of war that naturalizes the colonial subjugation of the Global South – through ethnographic mapping, scientific discourses, and claims of precise targeting.  

Vasko 13 (Timothy Vasko received his B.A. and his M.A. from the University of Victoria in Political Science and Cultural, Social, and Political Thought.  He is currently a Ph.D candidate at Johns Hopkins University in Political Science., Solemn Geographies of Human Limits: Drones and the Neocolonial Administration of Life and Death. http://www.affinitiesjournal.org/index.php/affinities/article/view/82/249, 2013)

In a 2005 study of … the Global South. 

Targeted killing fundamentally alters the routines that maintain individual’s livelihood – they target them with a presupposition of guilt, rip them from their social interactions, and force them to deal with the ever constant threat of surveillance
Shaw 2013 (Ian G. R. Shaw, Professor of Human Geography at the University of Glasgow, “Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of US Drone Warfare”, Geopolitics, DOI:10.1080/14650045.2012, 2013) – we disagree with our author’s anthropocentric, able-ist, gendered language

The Double Tap
The debate over …of the Predator Empire.

Plan
Plan: The United State Federal Government should not engage in targeted killing

Solvency
Drones are the intersection of technological politics, warfare, and governance – rejecting them starts an ontological shift away from risk management can avoid militarization and mortality triage.

Wall and Monahan 11 (Tyler Wall Department of Criminal Justice at Eastern Kentucky University, Torin Monahan Vanderbilt University, “Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes,” Theoretical Criminology,  http://tcr.sagepub.com/content/15/3/239, 2011)

As surveillance and military devices…profiles and probabilities.

Targeted killing only benefits the military industrial complex at the expense of targeted populations – only deliberation about policy actions can raise awareness about the executive’s use of these powers and lead to restrictions on the use of force 

Shaw 2013 (Ian G. R. Shaw, Professor of Human Geography at the University of Glasgow, “Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of US Drone Warfare”, Geopolitics, DOI:10.1080/14650045.2012, 2013) – we disagree with our author’s anthropocentric, able-ist, gendered language

Conclusions
By introducing the term …of “death-as-success".
The devils are in the details --- understanding details about policy is critical for us to better debate about the implications of unaccountable profiling and introduction of violence --- it can help us create a community of acknowledgement which is key

Hughes 2012 (Evin, Georgia Southern Univ. Float Like a Plane, Sting Like a Bomb: The Ethics of US Drone Attacks www.ncte.org/library/NCTEFiles/About/Awards/.../Hughes_Evin.pdf. edited for gendered/able-ist language)

What Ali was able to …violences we cannot escape” (Amy 69).

The refusal to deliberate over drone policy risks public apathy because of the invisible nature of drone warfare ---- the affirmative brings an opportunity to re-engage the public to challenge presidential action 

Druck 2012 Judah A. Druck, law associate at Sullivan and Cromwell LLP, Cornell Law School graduate, magna cum laude graduate from Brandeis University, “Droning On: The War Powers Resolution and the Numbing Effect of Technology-Driven Warfare,” http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf

The practical effects …presidential action.134

Only engagement in the policy process and deliberation about political action can solve the use of drones 

Omar Bashir in 2012 (Omar, Princeton PhD candidate. How to Improve the Drones Debate http://themonkeycage.org/2012/11/15/how-to-improve-the-drones-debate/)

Most news articles … to post your own ideas.

Tournament: Uco | Round: 6 | Opponent: Kansas Carey-Duff | Judge: Morris
Advantage 1 is Drone Proliferation
Scenario 1 is Norms
Now is key to set drone use norms – inaction collapses norms on force.
(Whibley 13)
James, received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, February 6th, 2013 "The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent," Georgetown Journal of International Affairs,journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/

While drone advocates such as Max 

AND

possessing such a program would be terrifying.

The plan is key to norm enforcement – status quo risks anything goes policies.
(Bashir 2012)
Omar S., is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a graduate of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, September 24th, 2012, "Who Watches the Drones?" Foreign Affairs,www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones

Further, the U.S. counterterrorism chief John 

AND

would reveal their disregard for humanitarian concerns. 

Empirics prove norm-setting behavior in arms races.
(Farley 2011)
Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, October 12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent

Is the world about to see a "drone race" 

AND

a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting.

US precedent triggers Chinese use in territory disputes.  
(Bodeen 2013)
Christopher; writer for the Huffington Post; China’s drone program appears to be moving into the offensive; Huffington Post; 5/3. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/03/china-drone-program_n_3207392.html. 

Determined to kill or capture a murderous 

AND

up camp almost 20 kilometers (12 miles) into Indian-claimed territory.

That triggers China-Japan war that draws in the U.S.
Panda 10/22 (Ankit, researcher at the Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination at Princeton University, “Japan to Shoot Down Foreign Drones”, The Diplomat, 10/22/13)

Japan’s Defense Ministry has 

AND

includes a scenario involving China.

Miscalculation triggers nuclear weapon use.
(Fisher 2011)
Max , foreign affairs writer and editor for the Atlantic, MA in security studies from Johns Hopkins, Oct 31 2011, "5 Most Likely Ways the U.S. and China Could Spark Accidental Nuclear War,"http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/5-most-likely-ways-the-us-and-china-could-spark-accidental-nuclear-war/247616

Neither the U.S. nor China has any interest in 

AND

is exactly what makes them so dangerous.

Scenario 2 Multilateralism
US drone strikes destroy confidence in norms-based multilateral frameworks.
(Shah 2010)
Shah, Sikander Ahmed, Professor of Law and Policy, LUMS University, Lahore, Pakistan. "War on Terrorism: Self Defense, Operation Enduring Freedom, and the Legality of US Drone Attacks in Pakistan." Wash. U. Global Stud. L. Rev. 9 (2010): 77.

One must analyze the significance and legality of 

AND

a closer inspection of the issue does highlight a more convoluted state of affairs. 

Causal studies prove this wrecks US authority.
(Loomis 2008)
Andrew Joseph, Doctor of Philosophy in Government. Leveraging legitimacy in securing US leadership: Normative dimensions of hegemonic authority. ProQuest, 2008.

Norms of obligation that have been established by Western 

AND

which norm violations in fact cause secondary state defection.

US institutional leadership is key to stop great power wars – no alternatives.
(Kromah 2009)
(Lamii Moivi Kromah, Department of International Relations University of the Witwatersrand, February 2009, “The Institutional Nature of U.S. Hegemony: Post 9/11”, http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/7301/MARR2009.pdf)

A final major gain to the United States 

AND

American national security is impossible without a broad measure of international security.5

Advantage 2 is Pakistan
Scenario 1 is stability
Elections show Pakistan is stabilizing, but fragile.
(Richardson 5/1)
Charles; writer for Crikey; A vote for stability in Pakistan; Crikey; http://blogs.crikey.com.au/worldisnotenough/2013/05/13/a-vote-for-stability-in-pakistan/

Final results are still trickling in from Saturday’s general election 

AND

civilian government will transfer power peacefully to another.
Drone strikes destroy stability and relations – they focus violence on the government and magnify rifts in relations
(Boyle 2013)
Michael J; Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Political Science @ LaSalle University; The costs and consequences  of drone warfare; International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29; http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf; HD.  

The escalation of drone strikes in Pakistan 

AND

of new recruits, some  (but not all) of whom were motivated by revulsion over drone strikes.98  
That triggers indo-pak nuclear war
(Sharma 2012)
Dr. Ashok, professor of political science at the University of Auckland, “The Enduring Conflict and the Hidden Risk of an India-Pakistan War” 

The Indo-Pak nuclear rivalry, for all intents and purposes, 

AND

China and the United States, cannot be denied.

Indo-Pak war goes global, multiple warrants.
(Phillips 2012)
Andrew; School of Political Science and International Studies, University of Queensland; Horsemen of the apocalypse? Jihadist strategy and nuclear instability in South Asia; International Politics (2012) 49, 297–317. doi:10.1057/ip.2012.1; published online 16 March 2012; HD. 

A jihadist-inspired Indo–Pakistani nuclear exchange would conceivably promote 

AND

potentially providing the jihadists with the political space necessary to revive their campaign to overthrow the present global order.

The probability is high.
(Overdorf 2013)
Jason, Overdorf covers India for GlobalPost. Overdorf has spent most of the past 15 years living and working in Asia. He worked as an editor with Dow Jones Newswires in New York, Singapore and Hong Kong before moving to New Delhi and becoming a freelance writer in 2002. He was a frequent contributor to the Far Eastern Economic Review until 2004, covering Indian politics, society and business. Since 2004, he has been a special correspondent at Newsweek International, where he writes on a wide range of topics. He has covered Sonia Gandhi's surprising electoral victory, the ongoing problem of Hindu fundamentalism, the simmering conflict with Maoist rebels, and societal changes resulting from India's meteoric economic growth.  He's written for the Atlantic Monthly and the Asian Wall Street Journal. His travel articles, personal essays and political commentary have appeared in Smithsonian Magazine, Departures, Travelers' Tales and other publications.  He has degrees in English literature and creative writing from Columbia University, Washington University and Boston University.“Analysis: Are India and Pakistan headed for war? Under heavy shelling, Kashmir is again set to stymie the Indo-Pak peace process. And the risks are mounting” Citing Experts at the Woodrow Wilson Center, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/war/conflict-zones/130814/analysis-are-india-and-pakistan-headed-war 

“This is a sad reality of India-Pakistan relations —

AND

 “And that's a scary thought.”

Scenario 2 is Relations 

Reset in relations now, but challenges remain, specifically offensive drone strikes.
(Markey 8/7)
Daniel; is a senior fellow for India, Pakistan and South Asia at the Council on Foreign Relations; A Big New Idea for U.S.-Pakistan Relations; Defense One; 2013. http://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2013/08/big-new-idea-us-pakistan-relations/68276/?oref=d-river; HD 

Relations between the two sides hit 

AND

Washington and Islamabad over yet another cliff.
Drone strikes are a red line that undermine U.S. Pakistan cooperation
(Hyder 2011) BRIGADIER ANWAR ALI, Pakistan Army; UNITED STATES’ STRATEGY  AND STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS  – UNDERSTANDING OTHERS’ PERSPECTIVE; This SRP is submitted in partial fulfillment of the  requirements of the Master of Strategic Studies Degree – US War Army College; 16 March. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a552985.pdf; HD.  

The regional context of the United States 

AND

supplants far-sighted strategic considerations.
US-Pakistan relations key to Afghani stability.
(Souza 2012)
Dr Shanthie Mariet ,  is a Research Fellow at the Institute of South Asian Studies (ISAS), an autonomous research institute at the National University of Singapore; US-Pakistan Relations And The ‘End-Game’ In Afghanistan – Analysis; Eurasia Review – News and Analysis; Dec. 26; http://www.eurasiareview.com/26122012-us-pakistan-relations-and-the-end-game-in-afghanistan-analysis/

As the rush towards the Afghan end-game 

AND

equipment out of Afghanistan over the next two years. 

Afghan stability is key to Central Asian stability – conflict spills over and draws in powers.
(Lal 2006)
PhD and political Scientist at RAND, 6 Rollie, “Central Asia and its Asian Neighbors” http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2006/RAND_MG440.pdf, pages 19-21, 

The relationship between the Central Asian states 

AND

has facilitated Uzbekistan’s access to needed ports for export.13

Regional instability creates multiple scenarios for nuclear escalation.
(Peimani 2002)
Head of Energy Security and Geopolitics @ the Energy Studies Institute (Dr. Hooman, “Failed Transition and Bleak Future? War and Instability in Central Asia and the Caucasus,” Book, http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=oandd=101331065

If the existing negative trend continues, the entire Caucasus and 

AND

the stability of the international system and global peace. 

Plan

Plan: The United States federal government should amend the War Powers Resolution to prohibit the offensive use of remotely piloted aircraft for targeted killing under the war powers authority of the President of the United States. 

Solvency ?
War powers resolution is key to check the executive and should be amended to ban offensive use of drones.
(Patera in 12)
(John, Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy, “CURRENT PUBLIC LAW AND POLICY ISSUE: War Powers Resolution in the Age of Drone Warfare: How Drone Technology has Dramatically Reduced the Resolution's Effectiveness as a Curb on Executive Power”, 33 Hamline J. Pub. L. and Pol'y 387)

Critics may argue that the Resolution 

AND

gives presidents the freedom to rely on new technologies to skirt its strictures.

Tech advances make self-restraint fail
(Druck 2012)
Judah A, JD Candidate, Cornell Law School; DRONING ON: THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION AND THE NUMBING EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN WARFARE; Cornell Law Review. SSRN. November 15. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2185743

Naturally, some have argued that an unchecked President is 

AND

as it becomes easier to enter into “hostilities.”

Congressional action key to international modeling.
(Maxwell 2012)
(Mark David Maxwell, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html, Winter 2012)

The weakness of this theory is that it 

AND

what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law.  

Obama will comply – no claim to preclusive authority.
(BARRON 2008)
Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center (David J. Barron, “The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb -- A Constitutional History”, Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis)

In addition to offering important guidance concerning the congressional role, 

AND

have on the executive branch itself for most of our history of war powers development.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Gonzalez-Rajan | Judge: Van Luvanee
Contention 1 is Targeted Killing
Targeted killing has more than quadrupled under the Obama administration – the result is only an increase in collateral damage
Masters in 13 (Jonathon, Deputy Editor for the Council on Foreign Relations, “Targeted Killings”, May 23, 2013, http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/targeted-killings/p9627) 

Targeted attacks … these increases." 

Drone strikes kill massive amounts of civilians and children – at least 50 civilians die for every one “high-level” target

Gram in 12 (Danielle, graduate of Harvard College where she earned an AB in Religion and Sociology, “Drone Strikes in Pakistan Kill One Terrorist for Every 50 Deaths”, http://www.policymic.com/articles/15340/drone-strikes-in-pakistan-have-killed-thousands-of-civilians) 

Just weeks before the general election, …casualties is only 2.

The need to assassinate someone is socially constructed based on difference – the state deems terrorists as the other that needs to be eliminated
(Grayson 12) Kyle Grayson, Senior Lect in International Politics “Six Theses on Targeted Killing”  Politics Volume 32, Issue 2, pages 120–128, June 2012, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9256.2012.01434.x/full

Targeted killing is a … policy traction (Lamb, 2007).

Targeted killing fundamentally alters the routines that maintain individual’s livelihood – they target them with a presupposition of guilt, rip them from their social interactions, and force them to deal with the ever constant threat of surveillance
Shaw 2013 (Ian G. R. Shaw, Professor of Human Geography at the University of Glasgow, “Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of US Drone Warfare”, Geopolitics, DOI:10.1080/14650045.2012, 2013) – we disagree with our author’s anthropocentric, able-ist, gendered language

The Double Tap
The debate over whether …spatial power of the Predator Empire.

Plan
Plan: The United State Federal Government should not engage in targeted killing

Solvency
Targeted killing only benefits the military industrial complex at the expense of targeted populations – only deliberation about policy actions can raise awareness about the executive’s use of these powers and lead to restrictions on the use of force
Shaw 2013 (Ian G. R. Shaw, Professor of Human Geography at the University of Glasgow, “Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of US Drone Warfare”, Geopolitics, DOI:10.1080/14650045.2012, 2013) – we disagree with our author’s anthropocentric, able-ist, gendered language

Conclusions
By introducing the term Predator …“death-as-success".

The devils are in the details --- understanding details about policy is critical for us to better debate about the implications of unaccountable profiling and introduction of violence --- it can help us create a community of acknowledgement which is key

Hughes 2012 (Evin, Georgia Southern Univ. Float Like a Plane, Sting Like a Bomb: The Ethics of US Drone Attacks www.ncte.org/library/NCTEFiles/About/Awards/.../Hughes_Evin.pdf. edited for gendered/able-ist language)

What Ali was able to … escape” (Amy 69).

The refusal to deliberate over drone policy risks public apathy because of the invisible nature of drone warfare ---- the affirmative brings an opportunity to re-engage the public to challenge presidential action 

Druck 2012 Judah A. Druck, law associate at Sullivan and Cromwell LLP, Cornell Law School graduate, magna cum laude graduate from Brandeis University, “Droning On: The War Powers Resolution and the Numbing Effect of Technology-Driven Warfare,” http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf

The practical effects … presidential action.134

Only engagement in the policy process and deliberation about political action can solve the use of drones 

Omar Bashir in 2012 (Omar, Princeton PhD candidate. How to Improve the Drones Debate http://themonkeycage.org/2012/11/15/how-to-improve-the-drones-debate/)

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