Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: Nevada Las Vegas Velto-Rodriguez | Judge: R Cheek
Text -
The United States federal government ought to designate District Court judges to give opinions on drone strikes based on: a) whether evidence is sufficiently probative to warrant anticipatory self- defense and b) a post-action standard of reasonableness applied to the imminence of threats.
The counterplan solves the aff but doesn’t destroy necessary executive flexibility – that’s key to deter non-state actors and prevent WMD escalation
(Denver and Denver 13) James Dever, attorney, holds an advanced degree in History and has¶ worked with the Department of Homeland Security. Teaches at Quinnipiac University and¶ is the General Counsel for a government contracting firm, and, John P. Dever Jr., holds a LL.M. in¶ National Security Law from Georgetown University Law Center. He is the Global Crisis¶ Management Leader at General Electric Corporation. Prior to joining GE he was an Assistant¶ United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois, Chicago. Prior to becoming an AUSA he was Assistant General Counsel in the Federal Bureau of Investigation's National Security Law Branch, Counterterrorism Division.  “Making Waves: Refitting the Caroline Doctrine for the Twenty-First Century”, 31 Quinnipiac L. Rev. 193 (2013) pp 184-193

B. Modification One: Strict Scrutiny of Intelligence to Verify … little or no moment for deliberation.

The impact is Nuclear terrorism – it causes extinction – most probably scenario for nuclear war
(Hellman 08) Martin E. Hellman, emeritus prof of engineering at Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” The Bent of Tau Beta Pi, 2008, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf 

The threat of nuclear terrorism … War III is a necessity—not an option.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: Gonzaga Miester-Ornelas | Judge: J Cheek
1) Expert consensus agrees debt ceiling will be increased – although breakdown in negotiations still possible
Economist 9/21 (The Economist, “The budget: Once more to the brink,” http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21586586-despite-improved-fiscal-outlook-another-budget-battle-looms-once-more-brink, 09/21/2013)

On October 1st much of the federal government will … troops, it is unclear how it will be avoided.

2) PC is key – leverage over republicans
(Lillis and Wasson 9/7)
Mike and Erik; writers for the Hill; Fears of wounding Obama weigh heavily on Democrats ahead of vote; The Hill; 2013. http://thehill.com/homenews/house/320829-fears-of-wounding-obama-weigh-heavily-on-democrats

The prospect of wounding President … Syria, and the net effect could be positive.

3) Obama defends executive war powers authority – Libya proves. He will spend PC to protect executive war powers
Samples in 11 (John, director of the Center for Representative Government at the Cato Institute, “Congress Surrenders the War Powers
Libya, the United Nations, and the Constitution”, Policy Analysis No. 687, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa687.pdf) 

President Obama acted after … to go through the motions.”18

4) Failure to act would cause irreparable harm to the US economy
Rushe 8/26
Dominic Rushe, the US business correspondent for the Guardian. 08-26-2K13 “US to hit debt ceiling in mid-October, Treasury secretary warns House GOP” The Guardian 

The US will hit its borrowing … to our economy," he wrote.

5) Economic downturn causes internal conflict, great power wars over territorial disputes, and extinction.
Auslin 2009, scholar at American Enterprise Institute,
Michael, “The global Economy Unravels” American Enterprise Institute
What do these trends mean in the …  that coalesce into a big bang.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: Gonzaga Miester-Ornelas | Judge: J Cheek
Text: The United States federal judiciary should hold that United States’ targeted killing operations should be subject to judicial ex post review.
Ex post doesn’t normalize drone usage and increases accuracy – No need for congressional action
(Jaffer 13) Jameel Jaffer, Director of the ACLU's Center for Democracy, presents his reaction to the recent calls to establish a "drone court" to provide ex ante review of targeted killings, “Judicial Review of Targeted Killings” 126 Harv. L. Rev. F. 185 (2013), http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/126/april13/forum_1002.php. 

Since 9/11, the CIA … already empowers and obliges it to do. 

Executive flexibility prevents WMD terror attacks.
(Royal 11) JOHN PAUL ROYAL, Presidential Fellows from IWP, Institute of World Politics, “War Powers and the Age of Terrorism,” Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress The Fellows Review http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/Fellows2011/Royal-_Final_Paper.pdf

The international system itself and … of uncertainty, crisis, and war.

The impact is Nuclear terrorism – it causes extinction – most probably scenario for nuclear war
(Hellman 08) Martin E. Hellman, emeritus prof of engineering at Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” The Bent of Tau Beta Pi, 2008, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf
The threat of nuclear terrorism … a necessity—not an option.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: Gonzaga Miester-Ornelas | Judge: J Cheek
The rhetoric of the aff is not benign-it relies on an ontology that assumes realist nation-state politics are natural and true.  This is an ontology of violence that inevitably mobilizes citizens and the state to war
(Burke 07) (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, Theory and Event 10.2, ontologies of war:  violence, existence, and reason, project muse) *UMKC Does not endorse the gendered language of Burke
This essay develops a theory about the causes of war … but their own substance'. 21
The epistemological and ontological assumptions of state security perpetuate never ending violence-the assumption that the state has a given identity that must be protected at all costs can only result in the eradication of anything in its way-this is the ultimate form of calculability.
Burke in 2k7 (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, Theory and Event 10.2, ontologies of war:  violence, existence, and reason, project muse) *UMKC Does not endorse the gendered language of Burke 

What I am trying to … will continue to be made.

The alternative is to reject the aff as a means of examining western thought.  
ONLY BE EXAMINING AND CRITICIZING THE MODERNIST WESTERN THOUGHT TRADITIONAL INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IS FOUNDED IN CAN WE RECOVER THE OBLIGATORY FREEDOM ENTAILED WITHIN POLITICS.  THIS WILL ALLOW A POLITICS THAT RECOGNIZES ITS PLACE IN THE WORLD AND AVOIDS THE VIOLENT OTHERIZATION INHERENT IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
DILLON IN 96 (MICHAEL, SENIOR LECTURER IN POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL  RELATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LANCASTER, THE POLITICS OF SECURITY)
Heidegger consequently not only …  need to be moved. ¶ P52-53

Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Su-Rodriguez | Judge: Pasquinelli
FW -~--
FIRST OFF IS FRAMEWORK
Interpretation: The affirmative must defend the instrumental implications of a resolutional action.

1. Violation – 

A) Federal Government refers to the national government

Hartley 96  (John, “American Civics”, p. 39, Google Print)

The term federal government refers to the national government, which is centered in Washington, D.C.

B) Resolved means to enact by law

Words and Phrases 64  (Permanent Edition)
Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”.

2. Prefer our interpretation – 

a. Limits –claiming advantages exclusively from the discourse that justifies the plan regardless of its passage goes delimits the topic due to the infinite number of possible combinations of actions and discourses.

b. Aff conditionality – allowing the aff to present a plan and not defend its consequences makes them a moving target that skews the negative strategy and time allocation.

Evaluate topicality through competing interpretations – reasonability is arbitrary and causes judge intervention

Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Su-Rodriguez | Judge: Pasquinelli
MARX -~--
The affirmative is emblematic of everything that has fractured the left and allowed the unrelenting expansion of global capitalism.  
Their focus on language games prefers the discursive to the material.  
Everything is radically localized.  
They actively refuse to focus on state policy and its material consequences.  
All of these facets of the affirmative are welcomed by capital with open arms-they teach a politics devoid of an understanding of the material conditions of capital. Effective resistance and strategizing is not possible in the world of the affirmative.
Ebert in 95, (Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Rethinking Marxism
Association for Economic and Social Analysis, vol 8 no 2, The Knowable Good--Post-al Ethics,
the Question of Justice and Red Feminism, index found here, http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/gr/gsce/d/rm.htm#95, article here, http://www.geocities.com/redtheory/AO/AOVol5-1RedFeminism.html )
What remains of and#34;leftand#34; politics … earlier stages of capitalism.

Their criticism of colonialism is based on a selective reading of history that disconnects settlerism from its larger economic context in the development of capitalist economic relations including the enclosure movements that first stole the land from Europeans and the generalized conditions of poverty in Britain that was the primary motivation for settling the new world. This proves that only a materialist account for colonialism is methodologically viable.
Neil Lazarus in 11,  Professor of English and Comparative Literary Studies at Warwick University, Institute of Race Relations, Vol. 53(1): 3–27, Race and Class
In a commentary from the mid-1990s…in the late 1970s and early 1980s. 

The struggle against capitalism cannot happen through solidarity of movements based on identity-top to bottom the priority MUST be a focus on economics, not identity
Dean in 10
Jodi; prof poli sci @ Hobart and William Smith College; The Solidarity of Communists: Why We Defend Others « Kasama; I Cite; http://jdeanicite.typepad.com/i_cite/2010/10/the-solidarity-of-communists-why-we-defend-others-kasama.html
Some people will (of course) …to do as we serve the people.

Social location cannot be the basis for a criticism of ideology – ideology provides us those subjective positions and concurrent value systems.
Garcia and Sanchez in 8
George and Carlos; Universidad de Costa Rica; Psychoanalysis and Politics: the theory of ideology in Slavoj Zizek; IJZS Vol 2 No 3
On the other hand, the big…the existing ideologies.  

The rejection of super-structures and grand narratives leaves us with no tools to fight capitalism.  The local resistance they offer is nothing more than the same democracy that has allowed the rampant expansion of capital.
Holmstrom in 97 (Nancy, Professor Emeritus Department of Philosophy at Rutgers, Renewing Historical Materialism, Solidarity, http://www.solidarity-us.org/node/2198)
While the defeat of Stalinism might … is characteristic of capitalism.

The naturalizing process of capitalism masks its role in ensuring subjugation on a global scale.  Our primary ethico-political responsibility is to challenge the organizing principles which found this system
Zizek and Daly in 4
 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek pg. 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that …and#39;glitchand#39; in an otherwise sound matrix.

Capitalist exploitation culminates in the destruction of all life on earth
Revolutionary Worker in 2k1
(#1109,  “Capitalismand#39;s Eco-Mess and?the Revolutionary Alternative”, july 1, online)
The capitalist system …minute to spare.

The alternative is to reject the affirmative in favor of a historical materialist methodology to challenge capitalism. This method is critical to generate a pedagogy which privileges the relations of production for a better understanding of social and political oppression.
Andrew N. McNight in 2010  University of Alabama at Birmingham,  A Pragmatic and pedagogically Minded Revaluation of Historical Materialism,  Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, vol.8. no.2, http://www.jceps.com/PDFs/08-2-04.pdf
Toward a reconstruction of historical…of direct systemic social change. 

Class consciousness must be the starting point, and it can only work with the dialectical method-their abandonment of the totality of economic relations dooms any revolutionary practice to failure
Lukacs in 67 (George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungaryand#39;s Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness)
Class consciousness is the … through our deeds. p42-43

Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 6 | Opponent: Kansas Hampton-Owen | Judge: Albiniak
The affirmative is emblematic of everything that has fractured the left and allowed the unrelenting expansion of global capitalism.  
Their focus on language games prefers the discursive to the material.  
Everything is radically localized.  
They actively refuse to focus on state policy and its material consequences.  
All of these facets of the affirmative are welcomed by capital with open arms-they teach a politics devoid of an understanding of the material conditions of capital. Effective resistance and strategizing is not possible in the world of the affirmative.
Ebert in 95, (Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Rethinking Marxism
Association for Economic and Social Analysis, vol 8 no 2, The Knowable Good--Post-al Ethics,
the Question of Justice and Red Feminism, index found here, http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/gr/gsce/d/rm.htm#95, article here, http://www.geocities.com/redtheory/AO/AOVol5-1RedFeminism.html )
What remains of … earlier stages of capitalism.

Critical studies against Western colonialism misdiagnose the problem as one of ‘science’ and ‘knowledge’-this misdiagnoses the issue.  Modern imperialism can only be understood as part of the material global expansion of capitalism.
Neil Lazarus in 11,  Professor of English and Comparative Literary Studies at Warwick University, Institute of Race Relations, Vol. 53(1): 3–27, Race and Class
In a commentary from … in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
Race studies that attempt to create a master structure narrative are incompatible with Marxist critique – their use of identity politics, the call for examining simultaneous oppressions, a call to different manifestation of oppressions, ignorance of macro structure and the importance of individualism in their critique prevent proper understanding of class relations
(Mann and Grimes 01) Susan Archer Mann, Professor and. Associate Chair Ph.D. Toronto, and Michael D. Grimes, Professor and Chair of the Department of Sociology, Louisana State University, Common and Contested Ground: Marxism and Race, Gender and Class Analysis, Gender and Class 8.2 (Apr 30, 2001): 3.
*RGC = Race, gender, class

Perhaps the major … (Gimenez; Hogan; Foran; and to a lesser extent Pascale).

Panculturalist theories, such as deconstruction, function as a cultural dislocation of class as the primary mode of oppression – There is no way to challenge class based domination from the cultural position as culture is produced in response to class antagonisms.
Ebert and Zavarzadeh in 2008(Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, “Class in Culture”, p. 8-11)
Negri's theory of "new" … as it adjusts cultural desires to the shifting ratios of profitability.

The rejection of super-structures and grand narratives leaves us with no tools to fight capitalism.  The local resistance they offer is nothing more than the same democracy that has allowed the rampant expansion of capital.
Holmstrom in 97 (Nancy, Professor Emeritus Department of Philosophy at Rutgers, Renewing Historical Materialism, Solidarity, http://www.solidarity-us.org/node/2198)
While the defeat of Stalinism …, of a socially weak form, is characteristic of capitalism.

The naturalizing process of capitalism masks its role in ensuring subjugation on a global scale.  Our primary ethico-political responsibility is to challenge the organizing principles which found this system
Zizek and Daly in 4
 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek pg. 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that … 'glitch' in an otherwise sound matrix.

Capitalist exploitation culminates in the destruction of all life on earth
Revolutionary Worker in 2k1
(#1109,  “Capitalism's Eco-Mess and?the Revolutionary Alternative”, july 1, online)
The capitalist system … don't have a minute to spare.

The alternative is to reject the affirmative in favor of a historical materialist methodology to challenge capitalism. This method is critical to generate a pedagogy which privileges the relations of production for a better understanding of social and political oppression.
Andrew N. McNight in 2010  University of Alabama at Birmingham,  A Pragmatic and pedagogically Minded Revaluation of Historical Materialism,  Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, vol.8. no.2, http://www.jceps.com/PDFs/08-2-04.pdf
Toward a reconstruction of … of direct systemic social change. 

Only by divorcing the importance of intersecionality that race and gender relations hold so importantly can class relations function as an effective route away from political violence by the bourgeoisie
(Gimenez 01) Martha Gimenez, associate professor of sociology at the University of Colorado, Boulder. “MARXISM AND CLASS, GENDER AND RACE:
RETHINKING THE TRILOGY” Published (2001) in RACE, GENDER and CLASS, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 23-33, special issue on Marxism and Race, Gender and Class

From the standpoint of …, I would argue, the most suitable for RGC's emancipatory political objectives.

Class consciousness must be the starting point, and it can only work with the dialectical method-their abandonment of the totality of economic relations dooms any revolutionary practice to failure
Lukacs in 67 (George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungary's Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness)
Class consciousness … and through our deeds. p42-43

Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas Goh-Reed | Judge: Taylor
The rhetoric of the aff is not benign-it relies on an ontology that assumes realist nation-state politics are natural and true.  This is an ontology of violence that inevitably mobilizes citizens and the state to war
(Burke 07) (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, Theory and Event 10.2, ontologies of war:  violence, existence, and reason, project muse) *UMKC Does not endorse the gendered language of Burke
This essay develops a theory … but their own substanceand#39;. 21

Liberal internationalism cannot resolve the paradox of global governance in the name or pure liberty – the bracketing of the global tyranny causes the global permanent war that it portends to prevent -
Anna M. Agathangelou  April 2010  York University, Toronto, Canada. ¶ Millennium - Journal of International Studies 2010 38: 693 originally published online 7 Bodies of Desire, Terror and the War in Eurasia: Impolite Disruptions of (Neo) Liberal Internationalism, Neoconservatism and the ‘New’ Imperium
In the 18 May 2008 issue of American Prospect, … its reason, and the freedom of the individual.
The narrative of disease have been coopted by those that perpetuate securitizing dialogue –
(Pereira 08) Ricardo Pereira, PhD candidate in International Politics and  Conflict Resolution at the Centre for Social Studies, University of Coimbra,  Portugal. “Processes of Securitization of Infectious Diseases and  Western Hegemonic Power: A Historical-Political  Analysis” G H G LOBAL EALTH OVERNANCE, VOLUME II, O N . 1 (SPRING 2008) http://www.ghgj.org/Pereira_20processes20of20securitization.pdf

The topic of infectious diseases … “truth effect” informing non-evidenced policies.
The affirmative treats the environment as a security threat—this guarantees military interventions and collapse of the environment.
(Weaver 95) Ole Weaver (Senior researcher), “On Security,” Center for Peace and Conflict Research, pp. 65. 1995.
In recent years, presentation of …, should be the basis for mobilization.

The Russian threat is a constructed and inflated relic of the Cold War – dooms alternatives to war and creates a self-fulfilling prophecy
(Rumer and Sokolsky 01) Eugene B. Rumer (served at the State Department, on the staff of the National Security Council, and at the Rand Corporation. He holds degrees from Boston University (BA), Georgetown (MA), and MIT (PhD) and Richard D. Sokolsky (served as the director of the Office of Strategic Policy and Negotiations in the Department of State, he has published numerous articles on foreign and national security policy in leading journals and newspapers), “Normalizing U.S.-Russian Relations,” Strategic Forum, Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University. April 2001.
Ten years after the end of the … Reduction (CTR) Initiative, is limited.
The china threat is one borne out of necessity as US strategic planners need to justify their existence – the scenario depicted by the aff is not reality but a self-reflection of United States imperil past
(Pan 12) Chengxin Pan, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, Deakin University, Australia, “Knowledge, Desire and Power in Global Politics Western Representations of China’s Rise” 2012, Pg 48 - 51

The ‘China threat’ paradigm … coherently imagined, constructed and enacted.
Discourses of hegemony and the need for unilateralism posit the US as the only capable actor, ensuring perpetual war
(Campbell et al 07) David Campbell et al – Luiza Bialasiewicz , Stuart Elden, Stephen Graham, Alex Jeffrey, Alison J. Williams (Department of Geography, Royal Holloway University of London, United Kingdom, International Boundaries Research Unit, Geography Department, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom, School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom), “Performing security: The imaginative geographies of current US strategy,” Political Geography, v. 26. 2007.

Yet another of PNAC’s co-founders … ‘knowledge’ but also the capability to intervene. 

The representations of North Korea as a security threat predetermines the policy response and shapes reality
(Shim 08) David Shim (Phd Candidate at GIGA Institute of Asian Studies), “Production, Hegemonization  and Contestation of Discursive Hegemony: The Case of the Six-Party Talks in Northeast Asia.” 2008. www.allacademic.com/meta/p253290_index.html
The process of fixing meaning, …  In other words, the practices of problematizing North Korea took  place even before an action was done.  

The epistemological and ontological assumptions of state security perpetuate never ending violence-the assumption that the state has a given identity that must be protected at all costs can only result in the eradication of anything in its way-this is the ultimate form of calculability.
Burke in 2k7 (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, Theory and Event 10.2, ontologies of war:  violence, existence, and reason, project muse) *UMKC Does not endorse the gendered language of Burke
What I am trying to describe in this essay is a … of politics and war -- tragically violent and#39;choicesand#39; will continue to be made.

The Alternative is to reject the securitization the aff participates in– refusal of the hegemonic securitizations of the 1AC opens up a space where we can discover a new type of politics that is able to short circuit the overarching structures of security
(Neocleous 08) Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government at Brunel, Critique of Security, 2008, Pg 181-186 *UMKC Debate Does not endorse the abelist language of Neocleous 

Schramm’s research on Korea, …  it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift.143

Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas Goh-Reed | Judge: Taylor
Interpretation: Introduction of armed forces excludes weapons systems.
Lorber  13 (Eric, U-Penn Law School; Duke University - Department of Political Science, “Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?” University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 961, 2013)
As is evident from a … will not trigger the War Powers Resolution.
Violation: plan specifies excluding putting weapon systems into space.
Reasons to prefer:
A. Limits- including affs about weapons systems explodes the limits because it would also include banning minute weapons systems like particular kinds of bullets or particular kinds of assault rifles that we would never be able to predict.
B. ground- we would never be able to find specific disad links to particular weapons systems which means we don’t get access to core neg ground outside of super-generics which encourages stale debates
C. Extra-T: PPWT also includes extra-topical provisions-

1. Guidelines for space exploration
   PPWT 2008 TREATY ON PREVENTION OF THE PLACEMENT OF WEAPONS IN
   OUTER SPACE AND OF THE THREAT OR USE OF FORCE AGAINST
   OUTER SPACE OBJECTS, 29 February 2008, http://www.cfr.org/space/treaty-prevention-placement-weapons-outer-space-threat-use-force-against-outer-space-objects-ppwt/p26678
   The States Parties … of space objects,

2. Creates guidelines for international consultation
PPWT 2008 TREATY ON PREVENTION OF THE PLACEMENT OF WEAPONS IN
OUTER SPACE AND OF THE THREAT OR USE OF FORCE AGAINST
OUTER SPACE OBJECTS, 29 February 2008, http://www.cfr.org/space/treaty-prevention-placement-weapons-outer-space-threat-use-force-against-outer-space-objects-ppwt/p26678
If a dispute arises between …  organization of the Treaty.

T is a voter for fairness and education. Evaluate T through competing interpretations. Reasonability is arbitrary and requires judge intervention.