Tournament: all | Round: 1 | Opponent: any | Judge: any
1 - K's
2 - DA's
3 - CP's
4 - Case
5 - T

direct inquiries about cites, arguments, or friendship to davidcuellar11 at gmail

Tournament: ESU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas Nelson-Monaghan | Judge: Loghry
Their disease discourse links foreignness with diseases and facilitates a racist othering of the global south – turns the case.

Lewis 7 (Bradley, MD, PhD, is Assistant Professor at New York University's Gallatin School of Individualized Study with affiliated appointments in the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Social and Cultural Analysis,  “The New Global Health Movement: Rx for the World?” New Literary History, Volume 38, Number 3, Summer 2007, pp. 459-477, Muse)

Of course, Rx was made for popular audiences in the U.S. a

AND

 and servitude underlying the social and survival crises that currently face our world.

Tournament: ESU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas Nelson-Monaghan | Judge: Loghry
The aff's attempt to push good governance on other states reinforces a neoliberal order of white supremacy 

Anna M. Agathangelou  April 2010  York University, Toronto, Canada. ¶ Millennium - Journal of International Studies 2010 38: 693 originally published online 7 Bodies of Desire, Terror and the War in Eurasia: Impolite Disruptions of (Neo) Liberal Internationalism, Neoconservatism and the ‘New’ Imperium 

 In his discussion of neoliberalisms in the Birth of 

AND

good governance and the responsibility of states’.70

Tournament: Emporia | Round: 3 | Opponent: Emporia State Bonnet-Torrez | Judge: Bankey
Critical pedagogy necessitates the use of the same metaphors of the industrial revolution and globalization – its predicated upon a revolutionary multiculturalism that allows for the flows of capital to go unchanged

(Bowers 03) (C.A. Eugene, Professor of Education in the School of Education at Portland State University, “Toward and Eco-Justice Pedagogy”, Environmental Education Research, v8 n1 p21-34 Feb 2002, http://www.bath.ac.uk/cree/resources/ecerbowers.pdf)

In order to recognize the profound difference in the root metaphors that 

AND

thus consumer dependent individual described by Sale. 

Their framing of identity allows for the intensification of capitalism- your remaking of social relations only offers an opportunity for experimentation by market forces 

Dean in 5
(Jodi, chair department of Poly Sci Hobart and Williams colleges, Zizek Against Democracy http://jdeanicite.typepad.com/i_cite/files/zizek_against_democracy_new_version.doc accessed 07/14/8)

Unlike most critical thinkers identified with the Left, 

AND

in the U.S. regularly accuses the Left of playing the race card whenever there is opposition to a non-Anglo political appointee.  

The affirmatives emphasis on micro-politics is in line with the goals of capitalism- their focus on individualistic forms of resistance fragments and directly trades off with collective macro-level challenges to the global capitalism

Ganesh et al in 2k5 Transforming Resistance, Broadening Our Boundaries: Critical Organizational Communication Meets Globalization from Below Shiv Ganesh, Heather Zoller, and George Cheney  Communication Monographs Vol. 72, No. 2, June 2005, pp. 169–191
Here, we map some processes that may 

AND

below is significant for critical organizational communication theory and research. 

A focus on experience as constituting the basis for political action and knowledge only naturalize historical conditions

Ireland, Craig PHD in 2k2 The Appeal to Experience and Its Consequences: Variations on a Persistent Thompsonian Theme. Cultural Critique, 52, Fall 2002, pp. 86-107
These indeed demand our attention, for more 

AND

continues to this day to appeal to various disciplines in the humanities.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Louisville Kettle-Tolbert | Judge: Glass
Toleration of difference is a depoliticizing move that requires a series of particulars that prevent universalization. This prevents interrogation of capital

Dean in 5
(Jodi, Zizek Against Democracy http://jdeanicite.typepad.com/i_cite/files/zizek_against_democracy_new_version.doc accessed 07/14/8)

Finally, Zizek’s third argument against 

AND

as it prevents the universalization of particular demands.

Tournament: ESU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Emporia State Wash-Turley | Judge: Bunas
The movements of inclusion and exclusion within given system of power relations do nothing to alter the structure and symptoms of the system. Rather than attempt to include the excluded within the current symbolic order we must make the choice to radically reconstruct this order in reference to the excluded.

Zizek in 9
Slavoj; senior researcher @ U of Ljubljana and lecturer/professor @ the EGS; First as Tragedy, Then as Farce; p.

This is why Lacan claimed that Marx had 

AND

and "dictatorship of the proletariat" -is crucial.

Social location cannot be the basis for a criticism of ideology – ideology provides us those subjective positions and concurrent value systems.

Garcia and Sanchez in 8
George and Carlos; Universidad de Costa Rica; Psychoanalysis and Politics: the theory of ideology in Slavoj Zizek; IJZS Vol 2 No 3

On the other hand, the big Other represents 

AND

of new elements within the existing ideologies.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Rodriguez-Su | Judge: Pasquinelli
The assumption that signifiers and signs are the primary mode of exchange, and that playing with symbols is effective resistance, only glorifies consumption at the expense of understanding how labor exploitation orders society.  This is a viewpoint that can only be taken by upper middle class intellectuals who are already divorced from need.

Zavarzadeh in 95 (Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, post-ality: Marxism and postmodernism, post-ality the (dis)simulations of cybercapitalism)

This noninstrumental "consumption" is a semiotic act; 

AND

interests of the owners of the means of production.  15-18

Their call to place lost identities back into the symbolic order assumes that identity is the center of all social relations-this ignores the myriad of structural and material ways that injustice infiltrates political life

Patchen Markell in 2k3  associate professor of political science at the University of Chicago. He received a Ph.D. in Political Science from Harvard, Bound By Recognition)

The politics of recognition, then, 

AND

it risks inadvertently strengthening those forms of injustice, or inaugurating new ones. 59-60

The belief that experience provides an immediate access to materiality only reinforces conditions of oppression-it fetishizes certain characteristics, rendering them natural instead of historically constructed.  This denies the possibility of agency or counterhegemonic resistance.

Ireland, Craig PHD in 2k2 The Appeal to Experience and Its Consequences: Variations on a Persistent Thompsonian Theme. Cultural Critique, 52, Fall 2002, pp. 86-107
Thompson’s notion of experience, however, 

AND

it inadvertently naturalizes what it initially set out 

The movements of inclusion and exclusion within given system of power relations do nothing to alter the structure and symptoms of the system. Rather than attempt to include the excluded within the current symbolic order we must make the choice to radically reconstruct this order in reference to the excluded.

Zizek in 9 (Slavoj; senior researcher @ U of Ljubljana and lecturer/professor @ the EGS; First as Tragedy, Then as Farce; p.)

This is why Lacan claimed that Marx had already 

AND

"dictatorship of the proletariat" -is crucial.

A focus on experience as constituting the basis for political action and knowledge only naturalize historical conditions
Ireland, Craig PHD in 2k2 The Appeal to Experience and Its Consequences: Variations on a Persistent Thompsonian Theme. Cultural Critique, 52, Fall 2002, pp. 86-107
These indeed demand our attention, 

AND

continues to this day to appeal to various disciplines in the humanities.
The naturalizing process of capitalism masks its role in ensuring subjugation on a global scale.  Our primary ethico-political responsibility is to challenge the organizing principles which found this system

Zizek and Daly in 4
 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek pg. 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this 

AND

Other to that of a 'glitch' in an otherwise sound matrix.

Capitalist exploitation culminates in the destruction of all life on earth

Revolutionary Worker in 2k1
(#1109,  “Capitalism's Eco-Mess and?the Revolutionary Alternative”, july 1, online)
The capitalist system treats this planet, 

AND

and we don't have a minute to spare.

The alternative is to challenge capitalism through a methodology of historical materialism.

Only through historical materialism can we understand how the material structures in which action occurs shapes our subjectivity.

Lukacs in 67 (George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungary's Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness)
The practical danger of every such dualism shows itself 

AND

they always and everywhere represent the interests of the movement as a whole" 23-24

Understanding economics and society as totalizing is the key methodological point of departure for understanding class relations

Lukacs in 67 (George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungary's Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness)
Marx*s dictum: "The relations of 

AND

of their relation to society as a whole. 7-8

Rejecting the totality of capitalism closes off an understanding of how production orders society.  This prevents any coherent understanding of either capitalism or resistance, allowing the system to expand rapidly as philosophy is devoid of meaning and radically localized.

Zavarzadeh in 95 (Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, post-ality: Marxism and postmodernism, post-ality the (dis)simulations of cybercapitalism)
Situated between the conservative theorists 

AND

"science" (and its various applications as technology) and "consumption.” 5-8

Tournament: Emporia | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Kansas City Kansas CC Casas-Gonzaba | Judge: Collins, Harris, Regnier
The affirmatives emphasis on micro-politics is in line with the goals of capitalism- their focus on individualistic forms of resistance fragments and directly trades off with collective macro-level challenges to the global capitalism

Ganesh et al in 2k5 Transforming Resistance, Broadening Our Boundaries: Critical Organizational Communication Meets Globalization from Below Shiv Ganesh, Heather Zoller, and George Cheney  Communication Monographs Vol. 72, No. 2, June 2005, pp. 169–191
Here, we map some processes that may 

AND

below is significant for critical organizational communication theory and research. 

The affirmative’s performativity exemplifies a politics of affect in which Class itself becomes dispersed amongst a series of interpersonal relations and alienation becomes an internally produced phenomena. Under their framework, the social is created by affect making it impossible to enact change. 

Ebert and Zavarzadeh in 2008(Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, “Class in Culture”, p. 4-7)
Human freedom, however, is no longer thought 

AND

substitute the singular for the collective.

The naturalizing process of capitalism masks its role in ensuring subjugation on a global scale.  Our primary ethico-political responsibility is to challenge the organizing principles which found this system

Zizek and Daly in 4
 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek pg. 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut 

AND

'glitch' in an otherwise sound matrix.

Capitalist exploitation culminates in the destruction of all life on earth

Revolutionary Worker in 2k1
(#1109,  “Capitalism's Eco-Mess and?the Revolutionary Alternative”, july 1, online)

The capitalist system treats 

AND

and we don't have a minute to spare.

Capitalism results in an ontological erasure of culture as being is reduced to capital.

Kato in 93
Masahide; Dept of Poli Sci @ U of Hawaii; Nuclear Globalism: Traversing Rockets, Satellites, and Nuclear War via the Strategic Gaze; Alternatives 18

Thus dissolution between self 

AND

Fourth World, and Indigenous Peoples.

The alternative is to challenge capitalism through a methodology of historical materialism.

Only through historical materialism can we understand how the material structures in which action occurs shapes our subjectivity.

Lukacs in 67 (George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungary's Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness)
The practical danger of every such dualism shows itself 

AND

they always and everywhere represent the interests of the movement as a whole" 23-24

There can be no synthesis between our methodological perspectives-abandoning the position of totality in favor of fragmented, isolated consciousness inevitably means an abandonment of the conditions needed for revolution

Lukacs in 67 (George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungary's Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness) 

Rosa Luxemburg's major work The Accumulation of 

AND

and his successors, the bourgeois vulgar economists. 29-30

Tournament: ESU | Round: Semis | Opponent: Wichita State McFarland-Russell | Judge: Bunas, Harris, Loghry
By deducing the cause of sexual violence to something external of capitalist exploitation the aff allows capitalist oppression to continue to shape oppression against the female body 

(Kennedy 13) Sinead Kennedy, Lecturer in NUIM and a leading activist with the SWP, PhD, “Marxism and Feminism in an Age of Neoliberalism” Irish Marxist Review, Vol 2, No 7, 2013, http://irishmarxistreview.net/index.php/imr/article/viewFile/79/81

If we want to challenge sexism in society we first 

AND

must be rooted concretely in a historical analysis of particular societies not in generalised presumptions about the nature' of men (or women). 

The affirmatives focus on creating a feminist version of security ignores how capitalism configures the subjugation of women – their focus on the discourses of patriarchy makes it impossible to create a new politics.

(Ebert 95) Teresa L. Ebert, professor @ State University of New York, Albany, phd from U of Minnesota “Post-Ality: Marxism and Postmodernism – (Untimely) Critiques for a Red Feminism” 1995 Pg 125-128

Theories that approach materialism as a matter of language, 

AND

conditions of the relations of production exploiting women and determining our lives.

The naturalizing process of capitalism masks its role in ensuring subjugation on a global scale.  Our primary ethico-political responsibility is to challenge the organizing principles which found this system

Zizek and Daly in 4
 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek pg. 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut 

AND

'glitch' in an otherwise sound matrix.

Capitalist exploitation culminates in the destruction of all life on earth

Revolutionary Worker in 2k1
(#1109,  “Capitalism's Eco-Mess and?the Revolutionary Alternative”, july 1, online)

The capitalist system treats 

AND

and we don't have a minute to spare.

The alternative is to challenge capitalism through a methodology of historical materialism.

Only through historical materialism can we understand how the material structures in which action occurs shapes our subjectivity.

Lukacs in 67 (George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungary's Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness) 

The practical danger of every such dualism shows 

AND

 they always and everywhere represent the interests of the movement as a whole" 23-24

Ending sexual violence is only possible within class conciseness – the alternative is able to end oppression of women while not footnoting them – Marxists do not believe in not recognizing different forms of violence, only that the violence experienced is only a result of the ideological straitjacket that global capitalism has put the working class in 

(Kennedy 13) Sinead Kennedy, Lecturer in NUIM and a leading activist with the SWP, PhD, “Marxism and Feminism in an Age of Neoliberalism” Irish Marxist Review, Vol 2, No 7, 2013, http://irishmarxistreview.net/index.php/imr/article/viewFile/79/81

Sexism affects all women in society, 

AND

but we also want to fight for a new type of society that ends all oppression. 

There can be no synthesis between our methodological perspectives-abandoning the position of totality in favor of fragmented, isolated consciousness inevitably means an abandonment of the conditions needed for revolution

Lukacs in 67 (George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungary's Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness) 

Rosa Luxemburg's major work The Accumulation 

AND

the bourgeois vulgar economists. 29-30

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: ASU AW | Judge: Pointer
The rhetoric of the aff is not benign-it relies on an ontology that assumes realist nation-state politics are natural and true.  This is an ontology of violence that inevitably mobilizes citizens and the state to war

(Burke 07) (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, Theory and Event 10.2, ontologies of war:  violence, existence, and reason, project muse)

This essay develops a theory about the causes of war
AND
making them betray not only commitments but their own substance'. 21

The ontological and epistemic assumption that the state has a given identity that must be protected at all costs results in the eradication of difference.

Burke in 2k7 (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, Theory and Event 10.2, ontologies of war:  violence, existence, and reason, project muse)

What I am trying to describe in this essay is a complex relation between
AND
tragically violent 'choices' will continue to be made.

The Alternative is to reject the securitization the aff participates in– refusing the hegemonic discourse of security opens a space that makes a new politics possible. 

(Neocleous 08) Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government at Brunel, Critique of Security, 2008, Pg 181-186

Schramm’s research on Korea, funded by USIA
AND
it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift.143

Tournament: ESU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas Nelson-Monaghan | Judge: Loghry
The affirmative reinforces an Ontology of war that assumes realist nation-state politics are the nature of being – this creates an unethical ontology that permeates violence and reduces humans to tools for destruction.

(Burke 07) (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, Theory and Event 10.2, ontologies of war:  violence, existence, and reason, project muse)

This essay develops a theory about the causes of war – 

AND

making them betray not only commitments but their own substance'. 21

The ontology of war problematizes truth by claiming positivistic clarity about the instrumental use of force, which makes the path of action the only path to safety – this eliminates the essence of humanity and makes conflict inevitable. 

Burke in 2k7 (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, Theory and Event 10.2, ontologies of war:  violence, existence, and reason, project muse)

What I am trying to describe in this essay is a 

AND

'choices' will continue to be made.

The Alternative is to engage in a recovery of the political.
Security depoliticized the political by consolidating power in existing forms of domination– only the recovering the political can solve .
(Neocleous 08) Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government at Brunel, Critique of Security, 2008, Pg 181-186

Schramm’s research on Korea, funded by USIA and 

AND

it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift.143

the ballot serves to reorient discourse in an education space – this checks pedagogies of dominance

(Jones 99) (Richard Wyn Jones, Professor International Politics @ Aberystwyth University, ‘99 (Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory, p. 155-163)

The central political task of the intellectuals 

AND

should act as both an inspiration and a challenge to critical security studies.

Only the alt solves the zero sum nature of international relations that escalates to conflict. 

Burke in 2k5 (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in the School of Politics and International Relations at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Beyond Security)

It is in this constitutive account of the political that we find 

AND

one that is simultaneously structured, enabled and fissured by its aporias.  p32-33

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wyoming Dilldine-McFarland | Judge: Cheek
Fear of terrorism is a racist construction of risk created by political elites in the aftermath of 9/11 that projects the propensity for violence of a small group to all of Islamic culture. 

(Githens-Mazer 12) Jonathan Githens-Mazer, “The rhetoric and reality: radicalization and political discourse” International Political Science Review 2012 33: 556, October 2012, http://ips.sagepub.com/content/33/5/556.full.pdf

As a term, ‘radicalization’ has pervaded almost 

AND

against messages that support and encourage Islamically inspired violence against ¶ Britain and British interests (Travis, 2009).

Tournament: ESU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas Nelson-Monaghan | Judge: Loghry
Warming doesn’t cause extinction – people can adapt, but the affs internal links to extinction depend on climate conflict and degredation narratives that construct the Third World as an intrinsically violent population that can only be saved by the expertise and technological supremacy of the West, thus absolving it from its violent colonial past and racist knowledge production.

Hartmann 10 (Betsy, professor of development studies and director of the Population and Development Program, received her B.A. from Yale University and her Ph.D. from the London School of Economics. “Rethinging Climate Refugees and Climate Conflict: Rhetoric, Reality and the Politics of Policy Discourse,” Journal of International Development 22 (2): 233–46., 2010)

For those familiar with the environmental security field, particularly neo-Malthusianmodels of 

AND

to blur the line between development and militaryassistance, especially in Africa.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Michigan State Placitis-Brown | Judge: Harris
same as "security" entry -- can't even add round reports without being cyber-bullied.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: ASU AW | Judge: Pointer
1) Expert consensus agrees debt ceiling will be increased – although breakdown in negotiations still possible

Economist 9/21 (The Economist, “The budget: Once more to the brink,” http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21586586-despite-improved-fiscal-outlook-another-budget-battle-looms-once-more-brink, 09/21/2013)

On October 1st much of the federal government will
AND
it is unclear how it will be avoided.

2) PC is key – leverage over republicans 

(Lillis and Wasson 9/7)
Mike and Erik; writers for the Hill; Fears of wounding Obama weigh heavily on Democrats ahead of vote; The Hill; 2013. http://thehill.com/homenews/house/320829-fears-of-wounding-obama-weigh-heavily-on-democrats

The prospect of wounding President
AND
, and the net effect could be positive.

3) Obama defends executive war powers authority – Libya proves. He will spend PC to protect executive war powers
Samples in 11 (John, director of the Center for Representative Government at the Cato Institute, “Congress Surrenders the War Powers
Libya, the United Nations, and the Constitution”, Policy Analysis No. 687, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa687.pdf)
President Obama acted after the Security  Council resolution;
AND
, Obama was “not even bothering to go through the motions.”18

Debt freeze forces global shift to commodities that spikes food prices 

Min 10 (David, Associate Director for Financial Markets Policy at the Center for American Progress, “The Big Freeze: The Conservative Pledge to Freeze the Debt Ceiling Is a Looming Disaster,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2010/10/28/8572/the-big-freeze/, 10/28/2013)
A freeze on the debt ceiling could erode confidence
AND
perhaps even a global economic depression.

Food price spikes kill a lot of people.
Brown 7 (Lester R. Brown is President of the Earth Policy Institute, “Biofuels Blunder: Massive Diversion of U.S. Grain to Fuel Cars is Raising World Food Prices, Risking Political Instability,” http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/senateepw07, 06/13/2007)
Urban food protests in response to rising
AND
drop their consumption below the survival level.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wyoming Dilldine-McFarland | Judge: Cheek
Deference now – Detention cases haven’t derailed the doctrine
(Entin 12) Jonathan L. Entin, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs (School of Law), David L. Brennan Professor of Law, and Professor of Political Science, Case Western Reserve University., “WAR POWERS, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, AND THE COURTS: SOME INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS” CASE WESTERN RESERVE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW - VOL. 45 2012, http://heinonline.org.proxy.library.umkc.edu/HOL/Page?collection=journalsandhandle=hein.journals/cwrint45andtype=Textandid=451

Although these procedural and jurisdictional barriers to judicial review 

AND

Supreme Court declined to review either case.109

AND, Courts will signals of US leadership into a strait jacket
(Nzelibe and Yoo 05) Jide Nzelibe, Assistant Professor of Law, Northwestern University Law School. And John Yoo, Professor of Law, University of California at Berkeley School of Law, Rational War and Constitutional Design , 115 Yale L.J. 2512 (2005).

Faced with the prospect that congressional participation can sometimes

AND

 decision about¶ the value of signaling in a particular conflict is wrong or not.72

AND, the impact is global war – US power projection is critical to prevent escalatory conflicts
(Khalilzad 11)
Zalmay Khalilzad (Counselor at CSIS and President and CEO of Khalilzad Associates, an international advisory firm.  Under President George W. Bush, Khalilzad served as US Ambassador to Iraq, Afghanistan, and the United Nations. Former Professor of Political Science at Columbia University. Hegemonic Badass.), National Review, February 8, 2011, “The Economy and National Security”, accessed February 8, 2011, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad

The stakes are high. In modern history, the 

AND

emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wyoming Dilldine-McFarland | Judge: Cheek
Drone court would increase strikes -- turns the case.

Ohlin 13 (Jens David, Professor of Law at Cornell, “Would a Federal District Court for Drones Increase Collateral Damage?” http://www.liebercode.org/2013/02/would-federal-district-court-for-drones.html, 02/13/2013)

As some of my colleagues have already explained, 

AND

would maintain the legality of the strike.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: ASU AW | Judge: Pointer
Reducing detention capabilities causes a shift to targeted killing or proxy detention, turns the case.
Goldsmith 12 (Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, where he teaches and writes about national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, international law, internet law, foreign relations law, and conflict of laws. “Proxy Detention in Somalia, and the Detention-Drone Tradeoff.” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/06/proxy-detention-in-somalia-and-the-detention-drone-tradeoff/, 06/29/2012)
There has been speculation about the
AND
tradeoff will become harder and harder to defend.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: North Texas Abraha-Searles | Judge: Hiland
Congress has ceded war making ability to congress – the plan destroys the doctrine of congressional deference to presidential war making
MICHAEL STOKES PAULSEN * in 10 Distinguished University Chair and Professor of Law, The University of St. Thomas, Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy¶ ¶ Winter, 2010¶ ¶ Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy¶ ¶ 33 Harv. J.L. and Pub. Pol'y 113, SEPARATION OF POWERS IN AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONALISM: THE TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL FEDERALIST SOCIETY NATIONAL STUDENT SYMPOSIUM ON LAW AND PUBLIC POLICY--2009: V. WAR POWERS AND THE EXECUTIVE: THE WAR POWER, LN

The AUMF writes an enormous check. 

AND

apply international law for purposes of executing the power to wage war. n40

AND, Congressional control cedes foreign policy to partisan politics – this send the perception of a divided foreign policy  
(Oleszek and Oleszek 12) Mark J. Oleszek, assistant prof of polis ci @ Albright College, and Walter J. Oleszek, senior specialist in American National Government @ the Congressional Research Service, “Congress and the Politics  of National Security” Pg 50 – 51, 2012

Increasingly, the opportunities for bipartisanship on 

AND

chamber in the next election (campaigning against the “do-nothing” Congress.)

AND, Self-constraints on power only embolden challengers and allow avenues for attack – plan makes the US a paper tiger that can’t send a credible threat  
(Gentry 08) John A. Gentry, retired U.S. Army Reserve officer, “Cardboard Tiger: The Myth of U.S. Hegemony” George Washington University, March 2008, http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/5/1/0/7/pages251070/p251070-1.php

For nearly two decades, however, 

AND

dissolves in the inclement domestic political weather of casualties and lack of quick success.
AND, the impact is global war – US power projection is critical to prevent escalatory conflicts
(Khalilzad 11)
Zalmay Khalilzad (Counselor at CSIS and President and CEO of Khalilzad Associates, an international advisory firm.  Under President George W. Bush, Khalilzad served as US Ambassador to Iraq, Afghanistan, and the United Nations. Former Professor of Political Science at Columbia University. Hegemonic Badass.), National Review, February 8, 2011, “The Economy and National Security”, accessed February 8, 2011, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad

The stakes are high. In modern history, 

AND

emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.

Plan causes Israel to lose confidence in US and unilaterally attack
Ogilvie-White et. al. ’10 Natasha – Senior Lecturer in IR @ Univ of Canterbury and Tanya Ogilvie-White and Rodrigo Alvarez Valdez – Coordinator of the Non-Proliferation Project @ The Latin American School of Social Sciences in Chile. “The NPT Holdouts: Universality as an Elusive Goal” The Nonproliferation Review, Vol 17 No 1. March 2010. INFORMAWORLDMGW-JV
A potential unintended consequence 

AND

clandestine programs in Iraq and Syria). 92

That escalates and leads to massive nuclear wars
Ivashov ‘7 Leonid. Analyst at the Strategic Culture Foundation. “Iran: The Threat of Nuclear War” The AP, 21 April 07. LexisMGW-JV
What might cause the force major event 

AND

much more nightmarish than WWII.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: North Texas Abraha-Searles | Judge: Hiland
Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order to restrain the introduction of armed forces into hostilities against the Islamic republic of Iran.
Executive has plenary authority over military forces – EXO solves.
(Yoo and Delahunty 2002)
Delahunty, Robert J., U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel
Yoo, John C., Boalt Hall School of Law, University of California Berkeley; The President's Constitutional Authority to Conduct Military Operations Against Terrorist
Organizations and the Nations that Harbor or Support Them; Boalt Working Papers in Public Law, Boalt Hall, UC Berkeley. 

The President’s constitutional power to defend 

AND

constitutional authority over the use of military force.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wyoming Dilldine-McFarland | Judge: Cheek
Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order that prohibits the use of targeted killing.

EXOs solve prohibitions on targeted killing and send international signal of US moral policy.
(Ulrich 2004)
Jonathan, The author received his J.D. from the University of Virginia School of Law in 2005, and his A.B., cum laude, from Princeton University in 2002 . "Gloves Were Never On: Defining the President's Authority to Order Targeted Killing in the War against Terrorism, The." Va. J. Int'l L. 45 (2004): 1029.

It was in this charged political environment that 

AND

exercised-by the president in times of war and national self-defense.

Tournament: ESU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas Nelson-Monaghan | Judge: Loghry
Credibility theory is wrong – no data

Mercer 13 (Jonathan Mercer, associate professor of political science at the University of Washington in Seattle and a Fellow at the Center for International Studies at the London School of Economics, “Bad Reputation,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136577/jonathan-mercer/bad-reputation, 05/13/2013)

Since then, the debate about what to do in

AND

, reputations do not matter.

No impact to hegemony 

Friedman 10 (Ben, research fellow in defense and homeland security, Cato. PhD candidate in pol sci, MIT, Military Restraint and Defense Savings, http://www.cato.org/testimony/ct-bf-07202010.html, 07/20/2010)

Another argument for high military spending is that U.S. military hegemony 

AND

These alliances heighten our force requirements and threaten to drag us into wars, while providing no obvious benefit.

Tournament: Emporia | Round: 3 | Opponent: Emporia State Bonnet-Torrez | Judge: Bankey
Critical Pedagogy erases identity differences in an attempt to create a class of oppressed – it reinscribes oppression and exclusion while offering false liberation through the lens of the critical instructor – the reliance on shaming reveals that it is not a participatory process at all

Tom Hong Do January 2008  B.A., 2005, California State University, Long Beach A COMMITMENT TO LIBERATION: CRITICALLY REFORMULATiNG IDENTITY TN EMANCIPATORY PEDAGOGY A THESIS Presented to the Department of English California State University, Long Beach In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Masters of Arts 

The recent literature on Critical Pedagogy 

AND

knowledge to measure their understanding of oppression. (16-17)

The philosophy of identity-based resistance does not liberate but creates a false liberation – emancipation becomes a fetish that is recreated by the attempts to challenge hierarchy – we need a reconceptualization of identity and self in order to move forward

Tom Hong Do January 2008  B.A., 2005, California State University, Long Beach A COMMITMENT TO LIBERATION: CRITICALLY REFORMULATiNG IDENTITY TN EMANCIPATORY PEDAGOGY A THESIS Presented to the Department of English California State University, Long Beach In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Masters of Arts 

Perhaps, the long-standing premise of 

AND

the familiar conceptualization of self and identity.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wyoming Dilldine-McFarland | Judge: Cheek
Courts lack expertise for adequate decisions.

Katyal 13 (Neal, a former acting solicitor general, is a professor of national security law at Georgetown and a partner at the law firm Hogan Lovells. “An Executive Branch ‘Drone Court’” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/opinion/an-executive-branch-drone-court.html?_r=0, 02/21/2013)

IN the wake of revelations about the Obama administration’s 

AND

assassination by a drone strike.

Drone courts would defer to executive pressures.

Vladeck 13 (Steve, professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law. A 2004 graduate of Yale Law School, Steve clerked for Judge Marsha Berzon on the Ninth Circuit and Judge Rosemary Barkett on the Eleventh Circuit. In addition to serving as a senior editor of the Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Steve is also the co-editor of Aspen Publishers’ leading National Security Law and Counterterrorism Law casebooks. “Why a ‘drone court’ won’t work – but (nominal) damages might…” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/, 02/10/2013)

That brings me to perhaps the biggest problem 

AND

a drone court would be a very dangerous idea.

Drone court secrecy kills cred solvency

Johnson 13 (Jeh, Former Pentagon Legal Counsel,  “Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A “ Drone Court ”:  some pros and cons,”  http://e-ring.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/03/18/jeh_johnson_drone_court_skeptic_argues_targeted_killing_best_left_to_military , 03/18/2013)

But, we must be realistic about the 

AND

you diminish both our branches of government.”

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: North Texas Abraha-Searles | Judge: Hiland
Proliferation isn’t destabilizing

(Waltz 05)
Kenneth Waltz (Emeritus Professor of Political Science at UC Berkeley and Adjunct Senior Research Scholar at Columbia University, also a past President of the American Political Science Association, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences), quoted in Boston Globe, March 20, 2005

''The only thing a country can do with 

AND

security than any geographical buffer could.  

Even if it is its slow 

(Tepperman 09)
Jonathan Tepperman, Newsweek, August 29, 2009, “Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb”, accessed September 4, 2009, http://www.newsweek.com/id/214248

The risk of an arms race—with, say, other Persian Gulf states 

AND

that still might not be so disastrous, given the way that bombs tend to mellow behavior.

Israel won't strike Iran

(Murphy 12)
Dan Murphy (staff writer), Christian Science Monitor, April 2, 2012, “Why Israel is even less likely to strike Iran now”, accessed May 24, 2012, http://www.csmonitor.com/layout/set/print/content/view/print/489042

All the recent data points in the "will they, won't they" 

AND

But the leaves are almost overwhelmingly telling us no war soon.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: North Texas Abraha-Searles | Judge: Hiland
Too many barriers block further expansion of multilateralism

(Haass 10)
Richard Haass (President of the Council on Foreign Relations), Council on Foreign Relations, January 5, 2010, “The Case for Messy Multilateralism”, accessed May 8, 2011, http://www.cfr.org/un/case-messy-multilateralism/p21132

But to acknowledge that we are all multilateralists now 

AND

say, China or the US.

Multilateral institutions fail

(Mead 08)
Walter Russell Mead (Henry A. Kissinger senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations), Opinio Juris, February 8, 2008, “What is the Future of Global Institutions and International Law?”, accessed November 22, 2010, http://opiniojuris.org/author/walter-russel-mead/

A tendency in world politics that I think 

AND

which global institutions continue to play a limited, frustrating and partial role.

Liberal internationalism is inevitable
Ikenberry 11 (John, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, “The Future of The Liberal World Order,” Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67730/g-john-ikenberry/the-future-of-the-liberal-world-order, May/June 2011)
Some anxious observers argue that the world 

AND

prosperity that it has provided since the middle of the twentieth century.
Takes decades for them to access their impact

(Mandelbaum 07)
Michael Mandelbaum (Professor and Director of the American Foreign Policy program at the Johns Hopkins University, School of Advanced International Studies), Foreign Affairs, September/October 2007, “Democracy Without America”, accessed September 4, 2010, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/62833/michael-mandelbaum/democracy-without-america?page=show

What the world of the twenty-first century calls 

AND

The requisite skills and values can be neither imported nor outsourced.

Tournament: Emporia | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Kansas City Kansas CC Casas-Gonzaba | Judge: Collins, Harris, Regnier
The aff is just a new form of moralizing discourse-their struggle against the hegemony of the system only seeks criticism as a route to alleviate moral injury.  Reliance on largely symbolic structures, while ignoring material change, is born out of a frustration with the system.  This will inevitably essentialize historical experience and close off the possibility of challenging the power relations of the status quo.

Brown in 2k1 (Wendy, professor of political science at Berkeley, politics out of history, 38-40)
Inadvertently, it seems, I have now raised the question of 

AND

rarely transformations—of the traces of these powers coursing through our immediate environs. 38-40

Also included the ireland card under "AT: Narratives"

Tournament: ESU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Emporia State Wash-Turley | Judge: Bunas
The aff’s propping up of the knowledge of marginalized people is naïve at best-it creates a new form of foundational truth that reinforces the same problems of hegemonic knowledge
Dr. Gur-Ze’ev in 98
Ilan Gur-Ze’ev, Haifa University, A paper by Dr. Ilan Gur-Ze'ev, in Educational Theory, 48/4 (1998), Toward a Non-Repressive Critical Pedagogy
http://construct.haifa.ac.il/~ilangz/Critpe39.html

From this perspective, the consensus 

AND

realized against the self-evidence of other groups. 

The belief that experience provides an immediate access to materiality only reinforces conditions of oppression-it fetishizes certain characteristics, rendering them natural instead of historically constructed.  This denies the possibility of agency or counterhegemonic resistance.

Ireland, Craig PHD in 2k2 The Appeal to Experience and Its Consequences: Variations on a Persistent Thompsonian Theme. Cultural Critique, 52, Fall 2002, pp. 86-107 

Thompson’s notion of experience, however, 

AND

inadvertently naturalizes what it initially set out

Tournament: ESU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Emporia State Wash-Turley | Judge: Bunas
Impossible to delineate who is an organic intellectual – inevitably fall prey to wishful thinking and academic pessimism

Hall 96 (Stuart, “Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies,” p. 266MGD)

I tried on many occasions, and other people in

AND

‘pessimism of the intellect, optimism of the will’. 

Turn- organic intellectuals are not radical enough- makes overturning oppression impossible
Fischman and McLaren 5- professor at Arizona State, prof at UCLA (Gustavo and Peter, “Rethinking Critical Pedagogy and the Gramscian and Freirean Legacies: From Organic to Committed Intellectuals or Critical Pedagogy, Commitment, and Praxis,” Cultural Studies ? Critical Methodologies, Volume 5 Number 4, 2005 425-447MGD) 

One of the main goals of these 

AND

exploitation of the masses, ecological genocide, and bureaucratic domination.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: North Texas Abraha-Searles | Judge: Hiland
Economic decline doesn’t cause war
Daniel W. Drezner 12, Professor, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, October 2012, “The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked,” http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf

The final outcome addresses a dog 

AND

and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate.”42 

Structural checks solve national security group think

(Kennedy 12) BRANDON KENNEDY, Class of 2012, University of Southern California Gould School of Law; M.A. ¶ Regional Studies: Middle East 2009, Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences; B.A. ¶ Government 2009, Harvard University, “THE HIJACKING OF FOREIGN POLICY ¶ DECISION MAKING: GROUPTHINK AND ¶ PRESIDENTIAL POWER IN THE POST-¶ 9/11 WORLD” Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal Vol. 21:2012 http://mylaw2.usc.edu/why/students/orgs/ilj/assets/docs/21-320Kennedy.pdf

Neither the president nor the decision-making 

AND

embarrassing information or publicly resigning."

US not key to global
Peter Passell 12, Economics Editor of Foreign Policy’s Democracy Lab, Senior Fellow at the Milken Institute, 4/4/12, “Decoupling: Ties that No Longer Bind,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/03/ties_that_no_longer_bind?print=yesandhidecomments=yesandpage=full

Everybody knows that the global economy is 

AND

are the two contending explanations:

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: ASU AW | Judge: Pointer
Spying scandals and lack of accountability are huge alt causes to soft power decline.
Migranyan 13 (Andranik Migranyan is the director of the Institute for Democracy and Cooperation in New York. He is also a professor at the Institute of International Relations in Moscow, a former member of the Public Chamber and a former member of the Russian Presidential Council., “Scandals Harm U.S. Soft Power,”  http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/scandals-harm-us-soft-power-8695, 07/05/2013)
For the past few months, the United States has been rocked by
AND
and its model for governance—with a more critical eye

International pressure fails – there are too many variables to determine the success of pressure but trends indicate it only works when a strong state leverages assets against weak states.
Tepperman 8/9 (Jonathan, managing editor of Foreign Affairs “Waffle, Vacillate, Fail,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/10/opinion/global/tepperman-waffle-vacillate-fail.html?_r=0, 08/09/2013)
Unfortunately it turns out that there’s no
AND
unlikely to accomplish anything.

Tournament: ESU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas Nelson-Monaghan | Judge: Loghry
Space disarm fails – no implementation mechanisms.

Tannenwald , their author, in 3 (Nina, Assistant Professor and Director of the International Relations Program, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University, “Law Versus Power on the High Frontier: The Case for a Rule-Based Regime for Outer Space,” http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/7902/1/tannenwald.pdf, 2003)

For the foreseeable future, a regime promoting 

AND

an unlikely possibility.

Tournament: ESU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas Nelson-Monaghan | Judge: Loghry
Multiple structural factors prevent space weaponization.

Tannenwald , their author, in 3 (Nina, Assistant Professor and Director of the International Relations Program, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University, “Law Versus Power on the High Frontier: The Case for a Rule-Based Regime for Outer Space,” http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/7902/1/tannenwald.pdf, 2003)

What accounts for the lack of an arms race in space so far? 

AND

strategic factors encouraging a nonweaponization tradition continue to ¶ hold today.

Multilateralism fails

David Held 13, Professor of Politics and International Relations, at the University of Durham AND Thomas Hale, Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Blavatnik School of Government, Oxford University AND Kevin Young, Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, 5/24/13, “Gridlock: the growing breakdown of global cooperation,” http://www.opendemocracy.net/thomas-hale-david-held-kevin-young/gridlock-growing-breakdown-of-global-cooperation

The Doha round of trade negotiations is deadlocked

AND

 domestic political landscapes of the most powerful countries.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: Weber State Shackelford-Soper | Judge: Kuswa
No motivation for WMD terror

Moodie 2 – president of the Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute (Brad Roberts and Michael Moodie, Biological Weapons: Toward a Threat Reduction Strategy, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/DefHor/DH15/DH15.htm)

The argument about terrorist motivation is also important

AND

to the annihilation of the perpetrators. 

WMD terrorism risk almost zero
George Friedman, founder of Stratfor, 2012, The Next Decade: Empire and Republic in a Changing World, pp. 81-2
The simple answer is that while constructing 

AND

North Korea has never gotten it quite right.

Multiple options besides nuclear retal—they’re more likely

Neely 13 (Meghan, research intern for the Project on Nuclear Issues, 21 March 2013, “Doubting Deterrence of Nuclear Terrorism,” CSIS, http://csis.org/blog/doubting-deterrence-nuclear-terrorism)

Yet, let’s think about the series of events 

AND

even more so by the American public.

Tournament: Emporia | Round: 3 | Opponent: Emporia State Bonnet-Torrez | Judge: Bankey
Tolerance inevitably reinforces a hierarchy of values-the good citizens are able to tolerate all viewpoints, while those who are ‘lacking in perspective’ are inferior.  This makes the aff nothing more than a rearticulation of the same problems of case.

Brown in 2k6 (Wendy, professor of poli sci @ Berkeley, regulating aversion)

Tolerance as a political practice is always c

AND

 tarring the "civilized" status of the aggressor. 178-179

The aff’s call to tolerance assumes a backwardness in those who maintain the perspective thinking of the status quo-this is the same counterproductive view of Others that allows Western domination to continue

Brown in 2k6 (Wendy, professor of poli sci @ Berkeley, regulating aversion)

The native, the fanatic, the fundamentalist, 

AND

, as in need of the civilizing project of the West. 184-185

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: North Texas Abraha-Searles | Judge: Hiland
A. 3 primary ways congress can restrict authority- curtailing money, time restrictions, or restricting TYPES of actions the President may take
Thomas M. Franck and Clifford A. Bob in 85 Editor in Chief; and of the New York Bar, American Journal of International Law¶ October, 1985¶ 79 A.J.I.L. 912, THE RETURN OF HUMPTY-DUMPTY: FOREIGN RELATIONS LAW AFTER THE CHADHA CASE, LN

For less extreme situations, Congress, conceivably, 

AND

which merely establishes post facto procedures for terminating ongoing military activity, n270 but establishes no binding standards.

Interpretation – in the area of means all

UN no date (United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty, http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm, AD: 09/01/2013)

Use of terms and scope¶ 1. For the purposes of this Convention:¶ (1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;¶ (2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;¶ (3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area;

B. Violation – they prohibit use of force against Iran.

Tournament: ESU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas Nelson-Monaghan | Judge: Loghry
A. Armed forces means people – it excludes weapons systems.

Lorber  13 (Eric, U-Penn Law School; Duke University - Department of Political Science, “Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?” University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 961, 2013)

As is evident from a textual analysis,177 

AND

such operations will not trigger the War Powers Resolution.

Tournament: ESU | Round: Semis | Opponent: Wichita State McFarland-Russell | Judge: Bunas, Harris, Loghry
A. Interpretation – increasing restrictions on authority reduces an agent’s existing permission to act.
Increase means from a baseline

Rogers 5 Judge, STATE OF NEW YORK, ET AL., PETITIONERS v. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, RESPONDENT, NSR MANUFACTURERS ROUNDTABLE, ET AL., INTERVENORS, 2005 U.S. App. LEXIS 12378, ; 60 ERC (BNA) 1791, 6/24, lexis
 48  Statutory Interpretation. HN16While the CAA defines a "modification" as any physical or operational change that "increases" emissions, it is silent on how to calculate such "increases" in emissions. 42 U.S.C. § 7411(a)(4). According to government petitioners, the lack of a statutory definition does not render the term "increases" ambiguous, but merely compels the court to give the term its "ordinary meaning." See Engine Mfrs.Ass'nv.S.Coast AirQualityMgmt.Dist., 541 U.S. 246, 124 S. Ct. 1756, 1761, 158 L. Ed. 2d 529(2004); Bluewater Network, 370 F.3d at 13; Am. Fed'n of Gov't Employees v. Glickman, 342 U.S. App. D.C. 7, 215 F.3d 7, 10 *23  (D.C. Cir. 2000). 

Relying on two "real world" analogies, 

AND

when the engine was in perfect condition

Restriction is a limitation.

Merriam-Webster no date (“Restriction” http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/restriction, AD: 10/18/2013)

Restriction: a law or rule that limits or controls something

Authority is power delegated to an agent.

Kelly 3  (judge for the State of Michigan, JOSEPH ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff, and LULA ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY and DANIEL P. BENNETT, Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants., No. 236749, COURT OF APPEALS OF MICHIGAN, 259 Mich. App. 187; 673 N.W.2d 776; 2003 Mich. App. LEXIS 2649; 93 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 244; 92 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1557, 2003, lexis)

Applying agency principles, a principal is responsible for 

AND

might foreseeably be delegated in carrying out the principal's business." Id. at 1348.

B. Violation – They decrease restrictions.

Carter 86 (Stephen, Professor of Law, Yale University. B.A., Stanford University, 1976; J.D., Yale University, 1979 “The Constitution and Prevention of Nuclear Holocaust: A Reaction to Professor Banks,” Faculty Scholarship Series, Paper 2230, http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3261andcontext=fss_papers, 1986)

The Constitution provides the 

AND

by the Congress to consent to the President's war.48

We also read parts of the WPR text available at: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/warpower.asp

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Louisville Kettle-Tolbert | Judge: Glass
A. Interpretation: resolved means to make a definite and serious decision to do something.

Merriam Webster no date (Merriam Webster Dictionary Online, “resolve,” http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/resolve, AD: 10/4/2013)

to make a definite and serious decision to do something

B. Violation – The aff presents USFG action as a metaphor.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: ASU AW | Judge: Pointer
A. Interpretation -- Restrictions are prohibitions, oversight is distinct.

Schiedler-Brown 12 (Jean, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown and Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf)
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions"
AND
 did not agree to restrict his license.

B. Violation -- Restrictions on authority are distinct from conditions

William Conner 78, former federal judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York United States District Court, S. D. New York, CORPORACION VENEZOLANA de FOMENTO v. VINTERO SALES, http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781560452FSupp1108_11379
Plaintiff next contends that Merban was charged with notice of
AND
act except upon the fulfillment of the specified conditions.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wyoming Dilldine-McFarland | Judge: Cheek
A. Interpretation -- Restrictions are prohibitions on action, oversight is distinct.

Schiedler-Brown 12 (Jean, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown and Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf)

3. The ordinary definition of the term 

AND

did not agree to restrict his license.

B. Violation – plan isn’t a restriction -- drone court only approves who gets put on the list.

Ohlin 13 (Jens David, Professor of Law at Cornell, “Would a Federal District Court for Drones Increase Collateral Damage?” http://www.liebercode.org/2013/02/would-federal-district-court-for-drones.html, 02/13/2013)

As some of my colleagues have already explained, 

AND

standard for being a functional member of al-Qaeda.

And it doesn’t restrict war powers authority. 

Vladeck 13 (Steve, professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law. A 2004 graduate of Yale Law School, Steve clerked for Judge Marsha Berzon on the Ninth Circuit and Judge Rosemary Barkett on the Eleventh Circuit. In addition to serving as a senior editor of the Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Steve is also the co-editor of Aspen Publishers’ leading National Security Law and Counterterrorism Law casebooks. “Why a ‘drone court’ won’t work – but (nominal) damages might…” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/, 02/10/2013)

First, and most significantly, even though I am not a particularly 

AND

where the President otherwise would have the power to use lethal force.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: Weber State Shackelford-Soper | Judge: Kuswa
A. Interpretation -- Targeted killing means lethal force employed by states to eliminate individuals outside their custody – it excludes peacetime assassinations. 

Masters 13 (Jonathan Masters writes on issues related to national security and civil liberties, and contributes to CFR's Renewing America initiative that focuses on the economic underpinnings of U.S. foreign policy. Mr. Masters' work has appeared on the PBS NewsHour, The Atlantic, Atlantic Cities, Huffington Post, and CNN's Global Public Square blog, Mr. Masters has a graduate degree in social theory from The New School University where he focused on media and international relations. He also holds a B.A. in political science from Emory University. “Targeted Killings,” http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/targeted-killings/p9627 05/23/2013)

According to a UN special report on the subject, 

AND

banned by the United States since 1976.

B. Violation – plan bans ALL drone missions