Tournament: ESU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kansas State Kowalewski-Mcgrew | Judge: Brian Box

1AC

Advantage 1 – Norms

Now is key to shape international drone norms and only the US can lead—-lack of rules undermines all other norms on violence

(Whibley 13) 
James, received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, February 6th, 2013 "The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent," Georgetown Journal of International Affairs,journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/

While drone advocates such as Max Boot argue that other countries are unlikely to follow
AND
, then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.

And it makes great power war inevitable by tempting leaders to use drones too often—-causes escalation as traditional checks don’t apply

Eric Posner 13, a professor at the University of Chicago Law School, May 15th, 2013, "The Killer Robot War is Coming," Slate, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/05/drone_warfare_and_spying_we_need_new_laws.html
Drones have existed for decades, but in recent years they have become ubiquitous.
AND
When those technological barriers fall, legal restrictions may need to be tightened.

These conflicts go nuclear —- wrecks global stability

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts
AND
powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.

Unchecked drone strikes wreck U.S. legitimacy.

Boyle 13 (Michael J., Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, Philadelphia., International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29 http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf, 1/15/13)

If the US fails to take these steps, its unchecked pursuit of drone technology
AND
easy to shrug off the loss of life that drones inflict on others today

Material power’s irrelevant—-lack of legitimacy makes leadership fail

Barak Mendelsohn 10, assistant professor of political science at Haverford College and a senior fellow of FPRI. Author of Combating Jihadism: American Hegemony and Interstate Cooperation in the War on Terrorism, June 2010, "The Question of International Cooperation in the War on Terrorism", http://www.fpri.org/enotes/201006.mendelsohn.cooperationwarterror.html
Going against common conceptions, I argue that the United States sought to advance more
AND
This process constrains the hegemon’s actions and prevents the uninhibited exercise of power.

Causal studies corroborate that legitimacy is the biggest internal link.

(Loomis 2008)
Andrew Joseph, Doctor of Philosophy in Government. Leveraging legitimacy in securing US leadership: Normative dimensions of hegemonic authority. ProQuest, 2008.

Norms of obligation that have been established by Western international regimes help maintain cohesion between
AND
determine the extent to which norm violations in fact cause secondary state defection.

Without legitimate U.S. leadership, the world can’t solve warming and disease

John G. Ikenberry 11, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, Spring, "A World of Our Making", http://www.democracyjournal.org/20/a-world-of-our-making.php?page=all
Grand Strategy as Liberal Order Building American dominance of the global system will eventually yield
AND
liberal order building, it can begin the process of gaining it back. 

Warming causes extinction

Don Flournoy 12, Citing Feng Hsu, PhD NASA Scientist @ the Goddard Space
AND
January 2012, Springer Briefs in Space Development, p. 10-11

In the Online Journal of Space Communication , Dr. Feng Hsu, a  NASA
AND
simply too high for us to take any chances" (Hsu 2010 ).

Diseases end civilization

David Quammen 12, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harper’s, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, "Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?," The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis
Infectious disease is all around us. It’s one of the basic processes that ecologists
AND
collapses? One possible factor is infectious disease, and viruses in particular.

No Impact turns – liberal internationalism is inevitable, it’s just a question of effectiveness.

Ikenberry 11 (John, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, "The Future of The Liberal World Order," Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67730/g-john-ikenberry/the-future-of-the-liberal-world-order-http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67730/g-john-ikenberry/the-future-of-the-liberal-world-order, May/June 2011)

Some anxious observers argue that the world will not just look less American — it
AND
and prosperity that it has provided since the middle of the twentieth century.

Advantage 2 — Pakistan

Drone strikes tank Pakistani stability and US-Pakistan relations – they frame violent opposition to the central government and magnify existing rifts in bilateral relations.

(Boyle 2013)
Michael J; Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Political Science @ LaSalle University; The costs and consequences  of drone warfare; International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29; http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf; HD.  

The escalation of drone strikes in Pakistan to its current tempo—one every few  
AND
not all) of whom were motivated by revulsion over drone strikes.98  

Pakistani instability risks nuclear war with India and would involve every major actor

(Sharma 2012)
Dr. Ashok, professor of political science at the University of Auckland, "The Enduring Conflict and the Hidden Risk of an India-Pakistan War" 

The Indo-Pak nuclear rivalry, for all intents and purposes, is an
AND
powers, such as China and the United States, cannot be denied.

This is the most probable scenario – even a conventional attack quickly escalates to nuclear war.

(Robock and Toon 10)
Dr. Alan Robock (professor of climatology in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University and the associate director of its Center for Environmental Prediction), and Owen Brian Toon (professor of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and a fellow at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at the University of), Scientific American Magazine, January 2010, "South Asian Threat? Local Nuclear War = Global Suffering), accessed September 13, 2010, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=local-nuclear-war 

Nuclear bombs dropped on cities and industrial areas in a fight between India and Pakistan
AND
its nuclear arsenal quickly before India swamps its military bases with traditional forces.

Indo-Pak nuclear exchange draws in other powers, leads to massive global instability, wars, and nuclear terrorism – answers their impact defense.

(Phillips 2012)
Andrew; School of Political Science and International Studies, University of Queensland; Horsemen of the apocalypse? Jihadist strategy and nuclear instability in South Asia; International Politics (2012) 49, 297–317. doi:10.1057/ip.2012.1; published online 16 March 2012; HD. 

A jihadist-inspired Indo–Pakistani nuclear exchange would conceivably promote jihadist goals at
AND
political space necessary to revive their campaign to overthrow the present global order.

Reset in relations now, but it can be derailed.

(Markey 8/7)
Daniel; is a senior fellow for India, Pakistan and South Asia at the Council on Foreign Relations; A Big New Idea for U.S.-Pakistan Relations; Defense One; 2013. http://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2013/08/big-new-idea-us-pakistan-relations/68276/?oref=d-river-http://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2013/08/big-new-idea-us-pakistan-relations/68276/?oref=d-river; HD 

Relations between the two sides hit rock bottom in 2011 and 2012 and have barely
AND
though it would send relations between Washington and Islamabad over yet another cliff.

Drone strikes are a red line that transforms Pakistan’s security calculus and undermines US-Pakistan strategic goals – that outweighs other considerations.

(Hyder 2011) BRIGADIER ANWAR ALI, Pakistan Army; UNITED STATES’ STRATEGY  AND STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS  – UNDERSTANDING OTHERS’ PERSPECTIVE; This SRP is submitted in partial fulfillment of the  requirements of the Master of Strategic Studies Degree – US War Army College; 16 March. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a552985.pdf; HD.  

The regional context of the United States strategy needs to view the ground  realities in
AND
gains / short term operational advantages, supplants far-sighted strategic considerations. 

US-Pakistan relations key to Afghani stability – counterterrorism and access.

(Souza 2012)
Dr Shanthie Mariet -http://www.eurasiareview.com/author/dr-shanthie-mariet-d-souza/,  is a Research Fellow at the Institute of South Asian Studies (ISAS), an autonomous research institute at the National University of Singapore; US-Pakistan Relations And The ’End-Game’ In Afghanistan – Analysis; Eurasia Review – News and Analysis; Dec. 26; http://www.eurasiareview.com/26122012-us-pakistan-relations-and-the-end-game-in-afghanistan-analysis/-http://www.eurasiareview.com/26122012-us-pakistan-relations-and-the-end-game-in-afghanistan-analysis/

As the rush towards the Afghan end-game intensifies, the United States and
AND
its military hardware and equipment out of Afghanistan over the next two years. 

Afghan stability is key to Central Asian stability – conflict spills over and draws in powers.

(Lal 2006)
PhD and political Scientist at RAND, 6 Rollie, "Central Asia and its Asian Neighbors" http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2006/RAND_MG440.pdf-http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2006/RAND_MG440.pdf, pages 19-21, 

The relationship between the Central Asian states and their neighbors is complex and heavily influenced
AND
. This agreement has facilitated Uzbekistan’s access to needed ports for export.13

Regional instability creates multiple scenarios for nuclear escalation.

(Peimani 2002)
Head of Energy Security and Geopolitics @ the Energy Studies Institute (Dr. Hooman, "Failed Transition and Bleak Future? War and Instability in Central Asia and the Caucasus," Book, http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o26d=101331065-http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o26d=101331065

If the existing negative trend continues, the entire Caucasus and Central Asia will likely
AND
could escalate and affect the stability of the international system and global peace. 

Plan

Plan: The United States federal government should amend the War Powers Resolution to ban the offensive use of remotely piloted aircraft for targeted killing under the war powers authority of the President of the United States.

Solvency  

War Powers Resolution is key to Congressional checks on executive power – however, it should be amended to ban offensive use of drone technology.

(Patera in 12) 
(John, Hamline Journal of Public Law 26 Policy, "CURRENT PUBLIC LAW AND POLICY ISSUE: War Powers Resolution in the Age of Drone Warfare: How Drone Technology has Dramatically Reduced the Resolution’s Effectiveness as a Curb on Executive Power", 33 Hamline J. Pub. L. 26 Pol’y 387)

Critics may argue that the Resolution in practice has not adequately curbed executive power,
AND
gives presidents the freedom to rely on new technologies to skirt its strictures.

Executive restraint does not solve – congressional action is key to impose statutory barriers on unchecked presidential action.

(Druck 2012)
Judah A, JD Candidate, Cornell Law School; DRONING ON: THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION AND THE NUMBING EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN WARFARE; Cornell Law Review. SSRN. November 15. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2185743-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2185743

Naturally, some have argued that an unchecked President is not necessarily an issue at
AND
need stronger WPR enforcement as it becomes easier to enter into "hostilities."

Obama will comply – no claim to preclusive authority.

(BARRON 2008)
Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center (David J. Barron, "The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb — A Constitutional History", Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis)

In addition to offering important guidance concerning the congressional role, our historical review also
AND
even purported to regulate troop deployments and the actions of troops already deployed.
Even since claims of preclusive power emerged in full, the practice within the executive
AND
almost no actual defiance of statutory limitations predicated on such a constitutional theory.
This repeated, though not unbroken, deferential executive branch stance is not, we
AND
the executive branch itself for most of our history of war powers development.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: Whitman LT | Judge: Lindsay Van Luvanee

Advantage 1 – Norms

Now is key to shape international norms and only the US can lead—-lack of rules undermines all other norms on violence

(Whibley 13) 
James, received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, February 6th, 2013 "The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent," Georgetown Journal of International Affairs,journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/

While drone advocates such as Max Boot argue that other countries are unlikely to follow
AND
, then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.

And it makes great power war inevitable by tempting leaders to use drones too often—-causes escalation as traditional checks don’t apply

Eric Posner 13, a professor at the University of Chicago Law School, May 15th, 2013, "The Killer Robot War is Coming," Slate, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/05/drone_warfare_and_spying_we_need_new_laws.html
Drones have existed for decades, but in recent years they have become ubiquitous.
AND
When those technological barriers fall, legal restrictions may need to be tightened.

These conflicts go nuclear —- wrecks global stability

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts
AND
powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.

Unchecked drone strikes the legitimacy of U.S. leadership and the international institutions it sustains – now is key.

Boyle 13 (Michael J., Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, Philadelphia., International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29 http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf, 1/15/13)

If the US fails to take these steps, its unchecked pursuit of drone technology
AND
easy to shrug off the loss of life that drones inflict on others today

Material power’s irrelevant—-lack of legitimacy makes leadership fail

Barak Mendelsohn 10, assistant professor of political science at Haverford College and a senior fellow of FPRI. Author of Combating Jihadism: American Hegemony and Interstate Cooperation in the War on Terrorism, June 2010, "The Question of International Cooperation in the War on Terrorism", http://www.fpri.org/enotes/201006.mendelsohn.cooperationwarterror.html
Going against common conceptions, I argue that the United States sought to advance more
AND
This process constrains the hegemon’s actions and prevents the uninhibited exercise of power.

Causal studies corroborate that legitimacy is the biggest internal link.

(Loomis 2008)
Andrew Joseph, Doctor of Philosophy in Government. Leveraging legitimacy in securing US leadership: Normative dimensions of hegemonic authority. ProQuest, 2008.

Norms of obligation that have been established by Western international regimes help maintain cohesion between
AND
determine the extent to which norm violations in fact cause secondary state defection.

Independently, absent renewal of rule of law principles, multilateral cooperation to solve warming and disease is impossible

John G. Ikenberry 11, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, Spring, "A World of Our Making", http://www.democracyjournal.org/20/a-world-of-our-making.php?page=all
Grand Strategy as Liberal Order Building American dominance of the global system will eventually yield
AND
liberal order building, it can begin the process of gaining it back. 

Warming causes extinction

Don Flournoy 12, Citing Feng Hsu, PhD NASA Scientist @ the Goddard Space
AND
January 2012, Springer Briefs in Space Development, p. 10-11

In the Online Journal of Space Communication , Dr. Feng Hsu, a  NASA
AND
simply too high for us to take any chances" (Hsu 2010 ).

Diseases end civilization

David Quammen 12, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harper’s, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, "Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?," The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis
Infectious disease is all around us. It’s one of the basic processes that ecologists
AND
collapses? One possible factor is infectious disease, and viruses in particular.

No Impact turns – liberal internationalism is inevitable, it’s just a question of effectiveness.

Ikenberry 11 (John, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, "The Future of The Liberal World Order," Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67730/g-john-ikenberry/the-future-of-the-liberal-world-order-http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67730/g-john-ikenberry/the-future-of-the-liberal-world-order, May/June 2011)

Some anxious observers argue that the world will not just look less American — it
AND
and prosperity that it has provided since the middle of the twentieth century.

Advantage 2 — Pakistan

Drone strikes tank Pakistani stability and US-Pakistan relations – they frame violent opposition to the central government and magnify existing rifts in bilateral relations.

(Boyle 2013)
Michael J; Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Political Science @ LaSalle University; The costs and consequences  of drone warfare; International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29; http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf; HD.  

The escalation of drone strikes in Pakistan to its current tempo—one every few  
AND
not all) of whom were motivated by revulsion over drone strikes.98  

Elections signal stability in Pakistan now, but threat of violence makes it tenuous.

(Richardson 5/1)
Charles; writer for Crikey; A vote for stability in Pakistan; Crikey; http://blogs.crikey.com.au/worldisnotenough/2013/05/13/a-vote-for-stability-in-pakistan/-http://blogs.crikey.com.au/worldisnotenough/2013/05/13/a-vote-for-stability-in-pakistan/; HD.

Final results are still trickling in from Saturday’s general election in Pakistan, but there
AND
in the country’s history one civilian government will transfer power peacefully to another.

Pakistani instability risks nuclear war with India and would involve every major actor

(Sharma 2012)
Dr. Ashok, professor of political science at the University of Auckland, "The Enduring Conflict and the Hidden Risk of an India-Pakistan War" 

The Indo-Pak nuclear rivalry, for all intents and purposes, is an
AND
powers, such as China and the United States, cannot be denied.

This is the most probable scenario – even a conventional attack quickly escalates to nuclear war.

(Robock and Toon 10)
Dr. Alan Robock (professor of climatology in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University and the associate director of its Center for Environmental Prediction), and Owen Brian Toon (professor of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and a fellow at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at the University of), Scientific American Magazine, January 2010, "South Asian Threat? Local Nuclear War = Global Suffering), accessed September 13, 2010, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=local-nuclear-war 

Nuclear bombs dropped on cities and industrial areas in a fight between India and Pakistan
AND
its nuclear arsenal quickly before India swamps its military bases with traditional forces.

Indo-Pak nuclear exchange draws in other powers, leads to massive global instability, wars, and nuclear terrorism – answers their impact defense.

(Phillips 2012)
Andrew; School of Political Science and International Studies, University of Queensland; Horsemen of the apocalypse? Jihadist strategy and nuclear instability in South Asia; International Politics (2012) 49, 297–317. doi:10.1057/ip.2012.1; published online 16 March 2012; HD. 

A jihadist-inspired Indo–Pakistani nuclear exchange would conceivably promote jihadist goals at
AND
political space necessary to revive their campaign to overthrow the present global order.

Nuclear terrorism causes global nuclear war.

(Ayson 2010)
(Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)

A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.

An increase in Pakistani militants proves drones increase terror threats

(Aslam 2011)
M.W; Department of Politics, University of Surrey, A critical evaluation of American drone strikes in Pakistan: legality, legitimacy and prudence; Critical Studies on Terrorism - Volume 4, Issue 3-http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rter20/4/3, 2011 pages 313-329; HD.  

The drone strikes have also played an instrumental role in bringing together diverse groups of
AND
). His claims and attempted attack underscore the radicalising effect of this policy. 

Reset in relations now, but it can be derailed.

(Markey 8/7)
Daniel; is a senior fellow for India, Pakistan and South Asia at the Council on Foreign Relations; A Big New Idea for U.S.-Pakistan Relations; Defense One; 2013. http://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2013/08/big-new-idea-us-pakistan-relations/68276/?oref=d-river-http://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2013/08/big-new-idea-us-pakistan-relations/68276/?oref=d-river; HD 

Relations between the two sides hit rock bottom in 2011 and 2012 and have barely
AND
though it would send relations between Washington and Islamabad over yet another cliff.

Drone strikes are a red line that transforms Pakistan’s security calculus and undermines US-Pakistan strategic goals – that outweighs other considerations.

(Hyder 2011) BRIGADIER ANWAR ALI, Pakistan Army; UNITED STATES’ STRATEGY  AND STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS  – UNDERSTANDING OTHERS’ PERSPECTIVE; This SRP is submitted in partial fulfillment of the  requirements of the Master of Strategic Studies Degree – US War Army College; 16 March. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a552985.pdf; HD.  

The regional context of the United States strategy needs to view the ground  realities in
AND
gains / short term operational advantages, supplants far-sighted strategic considerations. 

US-Pakistan relations key to Afghani stability – counterterrorism and access.

(Souza 2012)
Dr Shanthie Mariet -http://www.eurasiareview.com/author/dr-shanthie-mariet-d-souza/,  is a Research Fellow at the Institute of South Asian Studies (ISAS), an autonomous research institute at the National University of Singapore; US-Pakistan Relations And The ’End-Game’ In Afghanistan – Analysis; Eurasia Review – News and Analysis; Dec. 26; http://www.eurasiareview.com/26122012-us-pakistan-relations-and-the-end-game-in-afghanistan-analysis/-http://www.eurasiareview.com/26122012-us-pakistan-relations-and-the-end-game-in-afghanistan-analysis/

As the rush towards the Afghan end-game intensifies, the United States and
AND
its military hardware and equipment out of Afghanistan over the next two years. 

Afghan stability is key to Central Asian stability – conflict spills over and draws in powers.

(Lal 2006)
PhD and political Scientist at RAND, 6 Rollie, "Central Asia and its Asian Neighbors" http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2006/RAND_MG440.pdf-http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2006/RAND_MG440.pdf, pages 19-21, 

The relationship between the Central Asian states and their neighbors is complex and heavily influenced
AND
. This agreement has facilitated Uzbekistan’s access to needed ports for export.13

Regional instability creates multiple scenarios for nuclear escalation.

(Peimani 2002)
Head of Energy Security and Geopolitics @ the Energy Studies Institute (Dr. Hooman, "Failed Transition and Bleak Future? War and Instability in Central Asia and the Caucasus," Book, http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o26d=101331065-http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o26d=101331065

If the existing negative trend continues, the entire Caucasus and Central Asia will likely
AND
could escalate and affect the stability of the international system and global peace. 

Plan

Plan: The United States federal government should amend the War Powers Resolution to ban the offensive use of remotely piloted aircraft for targeted killing under the war powers authority of the President of the United States.

Solvency  

War Powers Resolution is key to Congressional checks on executive power – however, it should be amended to ban offensive use of drone technology.

(Patera in 12) 
(John, Hamline Journal of Public Law 26 Policy, "CURRENT PUBLIC LAW AND POLICY ISSUE: War Powers Resolution in the Age of Drone Warfare: How Drone Technology has Dramatically Reduced the Resolution’s Effectiveness as a Curb on Executive Power", 33 Hamline J. Pub. L. 26 Pol’y 387)

Critics may argue that the Resolution in practice has not adequately curbed executive power,
AND
gives presidents the freedom to rely on new technologies to skirt its strictures.

Executive restraint does not solve – congressional action is key to impose statutory barriers on unchecked presidential action.

(Druck 2012)
Judah A, JD Candidate, Cornell Law School; DRONING ON: THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION AND THE NUMBING EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN WARFARE; Cornell Law Review. SSRN. November 15. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2185743-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2185743

Naturally, some have argued that an unchecked President is not necessarily an issue at
AND
need stronger WPR enforcement as it becomes easier to enter into "hostilities."

Obama will comply – no claim to preclusive authority.

(BARRON 2008)
Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center (David J. Barron, "The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb — A Constitutional History", Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis)

In addition to offering important guidance concerning the congressional role, our historical review also
AND
even purported to regulate troop deployments and the actions of troops already deployed.
Even since claims of preclusive power emerged in full, the practice within the executive
AND
almost no actual defiance of statutory limitations predicated on such a constitutional theory.
This repeated, though not unbroken, deferential executive branch stance is not, we
AND
the executive branch itself for most of our history of war powers development.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown Kazteridis-Unwala | Judge: Stone
Advantage 1 – Norms

Now is key to shape international drone norms and only the US can lead—-lack of rules undermines all other norms on violence

(Whibley 13) 
James, received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, February 6th, 2013 "The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent," Georgetown Journal of International Affairs,journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/

While drone advocates such as Max Boot argue that other countries are unlikely to follow
AND
, then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.

And it makes great power war inevitable by tempting leaders to use drones too often—-causes escalation as traditional checks don’t apply

Eric Posner 13, a professor at the University of Chicago Law School, May 15th, 2013, "The Killer Robot War is Coming," Slate, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/05/drone_warfare_and_spying_we_need_new_laws.html
Drones have existed for decades, but in recent years they have become ubiquitous.
AND
When those technological barriers fall, legal restrictions may need to be tightened.

These conflicts go nuclear —- wrecks global stability

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts
AND
powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.

Unchecked drone strikes wreck U.S. legitimacy.

Boyle 13 (Michael J., Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, Philadelphia., International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29 http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf, 1/15/13)

If the US fails to take these steps, its unchecked pursuit of drone technology
AND
easy to shrug off the loss of life that drones inflict on others today

Material power’s irrelevant—-lack of legitimacy makes leadership fail

Barak Mendelsohn 10, assistant professor of political science at Haverford College and a senior fellow of FPRI. Author of Combating Jihadism: American Hegemony and Interstate Cooperation in the War on Terrorism, June 2010, "The Question of International Cooperation in the War on Terrorism", http://www.fpri.org/enotes/201006.mendelsohn.cooperationwarterror.html
Going against common conceptions, I argue that the United States sought to advance more
AND
This process constrains the hegemon’s actions and prevents the uninhibited exercise of power.

Causal studies corroborate that legitimacy is the biggest internal link.

(Loomis 2008)
Andrew Joseph, Doctor of Philosophy in Government. Leveraging legitimacy in securing US leadership: Normative dimensions of hegemonic authority. ProQuest, 2008.

Norms of obligation that have been established by Western international regimes help maintain cohesion between
AND
determine the extent to which norm violations in fact cause secondary state defection.

Without legitimate U.S. leadership, the world can’t solve warming and disease

John G. Ikenberry 11, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, Spring, "A World of Our Making", http://www.democracyjournal.org/20/a-world-of-our-making.php?page=all
Grand Strategy as Liberal Order Building American dominance of the global system will eventually yield
AND
liberal order building, it can begin the process of gaining it back. 

Warming causes extinction

Don Flournoy 12, Citing Feng Hsu, PhD NASA Scientist @ the Goddard Space
AND
January 2012, Springer Briefs in Space Development, p. 10-11

In the Online Journal of Space Communication , Dr. Feng Hsu, a  NASA
AND
simply too high for us to take any chances" (Hsu 2010 ).

Diseases end civilization

David Quammen 12, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harper’s, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, "Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?," The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis
Infectious disease is all around us. It’s one of the basic processes that ecologists
AND
collapses? One possible factor is infectious disease, and viruses in particular.

No Impact turns – liberal internationalism is inevitable, it’s just a question of effectiveness.

Ikenberry 11 (John, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, "The Future of The Liberal World Order," Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67730/g-john-ikenberry/the-future-of-the-liberal-world-order-http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67730/g-john-ikenberry/the-future-of-the-liberal-world-order, May/June 2011)

Some anxious observers argue that the world will not just look less American — it
AND
and prosperity that it has provided since the middle of the twentieth century.

Advantage 2 — Pakistan

Drone strikes tank Pakistani stability and US-Pakistan relations – they frame violent opposition to the central government and magnify existing rifts in bilateral relations.

(Boyle 2013)
Michael J; Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Political Science @ LaSalle University; The costs and consequences  of drone warfare; International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29; http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf; HD.  

The escalation of drone strikes in Pakistan to its current tempo—one every few  
AND
not all) of whom were motivated by revulsion over drone strikes.98  

US drone strikes on Pakistan undermine international law – that kills confidence in multilateral frameworks and leads to isolationism.

(Shah 2010)
Shah, Sikander Ahmed, Professor of Law and Policy, LUMS University, Lahore, Pakistan. "War on Terrorism: Self Defense, Operation Enduring Freedom, and the Legality of US Drone Attacks in Pakistan." Wash. U. Global Stud. L. Rev. 9 (2010): 77.

One must analyze the significance and legality of U.S. drone attacks in
AND
closer inspection of the issue does highlight a more convoluted state of affairs. 

Pakistani instability risks nuclear war with India and would involve every major actor

(Sharma 2012)
Dr. Ashok, professor of political science at the University of Auckland, "The Enduring Conflict and the Hidden Risk of an India-Pakistan War" 

The Indo-Pak nuclear rivalry, for all intents and purposes, is an
AND
powers, such as China and the United States, cannot be denied.

This is the most probable scenario – even a conventional attack quickly escalates to nuclear war.

(Robock and Toon 10)
Dr. Alan Robock (professor of climatology in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University and the associate director of its Center for Environmental Prediction), and Owen Brian Toon (professor of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and a fellow at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at the University of), Scientific American Magazine, January 2010, "South Asian Threat? Local Nuclear War = Global Suffering), accessed September 13, 2010, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=local-nuclear-war 

Nuclear bombs dropped on cities and industrial areas in a fight between India and Pakistan
AND
its nuclear arsenal quickly before India swamps its military bases with traditional forces.

Indo-Pak nuclear exchange draws in other powers, leads to massive global instability, wars, and nuclear terrorism – answers their impact defense.

(Phillips 2012)
Andrew; School of Political Science and International Studies, University of Queensland; Horsemen of the apocalypse? Jihadist strategy and nuclear instability in South Asia; International Politics (2012) 49, 297–317. doi:10.1057/ip.2012.1; published online 16 March 2012; HD. 

A jihadist-inspired Indo–Pakistani nuclear exchange would conceivably promote jihadist goals at
AND
political space necessary to revive their campaign to overthrow the present global order.

Nuclear terrorism causes global nuclear war.

(Ayson 2010)
(Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)

A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.

An increase in Pakistani militants proves drones increase terror threats

(Aslam 2011)
M.W; Department of Politics, University of Surrey, A critical evaluation of American drone strikes in Pakistan: legality, legitimacy and prudence; Critical Studies on Terrorism - Volume 4, Issue 3-http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rter20/4/3, 2011 pages 313-329; HD.  

The drone strikes have also played an instrumental role in bringing together diverse groups of
AND
). His claims and attempted attack underscore the radicalising effect of this policy. 

Reset in relations now, but it can be derailed.

(Markey 8/7)
Daniel; is a senior fellow for India, Pakistan and South Asia at the Council on Foreign Relations; A Big New Idea for U.S.-Pakistan Relations; Defense One; 2013. http://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2013/08/big-new-idea-us-pakistan-relations/68276/?oref=d-river-http://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2013/08/big-new-idea-us-pakistan-relations/68276/?oref=d-river; HD 

Relations between the two sides hit rock bottom in 2011 and 2012 and have barely
AND
though it would send relations between Washington and Islamabad over yet another cliff.

Drone strikes are a red line that transforms Pakistan’s security calculus and undermines US-Pakistan strategic goals – that outweighs other considerations.

(Hyder 2011) BRIGADIER ANWAR ALI, Pakistan Army; UNITED STATES’ STRATEGY  AND STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS  – UNDERSTANDING OTHERS’ PERSPECTIVE; This SRP is submitted in partial fulfillment of the  requirements of the Master of Strategic Studies Degree – US War Army College; 16 March. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a552985.pdf; HD.  

The regional context of the United States strategy needs to view the ground  realities in
AND
gains / short term operational advantages, supplants far-sighted strategic considerations. 

US-Pakistan relations key to Afghani stability – counterterrorism and access.

(Souza 2012)
Dr Shanthie Mariet -http://www.eurasiareview.com/author/dr-shanthie-mariet-d-souza/,  is a Research Fellow at the Institute of South Asian Studies (ISAS), an autonomous research institute at the National University of Singapore; US-Pakistan Relations And The ’End-Game’ In Afghanistan – Analysis; Eurasia Review – News and Analysis; Dec. 26; http://www.eurasiareview.com/26122012-us-pakistan-relations-and-the-end-game-in-afghanistan-analysis/-http://www.eurasiareview.com/26122012-us-pakistan-relations-and-the-end-game-in-afghanistan-analysis/

As the rush towards the Afghan end-game intensifies, the United States and
AND
its military hardware and equipment out of Afghanistan over the next two years. 

Afghan stability is key to Central Asian stability – conflict spills over and draws in powers.

(Lal 2006)
PhD and political Scientist at RAND, 6 Rollie, "Central Asia and its Asian Neighbors" http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2006/RAND_MG440.pdf-http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2006/RAND_MG440.pdf, pages 19-21, 

The relationship between the Central Asian states and their neighbors is complex and heavily influenced
AND
. This agreement has facilitated Uzbekistan’s access to needed ports for export.13

Regional instability creates multiple scenarios for nuclear escalation.

(Peimani 2002)
Head of Energy Security and Geopolitics @ the Energy Studies Institute (Dr. Hooman, "Failed Transition and Bleak Future? War and Instability in Central Asia and the Caucasus," Book, http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o26d=101331065-http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o26d=101331065

If the existing negative trend continues, the entire Caucasus and Central Asia will likely
AND
could escalate and affect the stability of the international system and global peace. 

Plan

Plan: The United States federal government should amend the War Powers Resolution to ban the offensive use of remotely piloted aircraft for targeted killing under the war powers authority of the President of the United States.

Solvency ?

War Powers Resolution is key to Congressional checks on executive power – however, it should be amended to ban offensive use of drone technology.

(Patera in 12) 
(John, Hamline Journal of Public Law 26 Policy, "CURRENT PUBLIC LAW AND POLICY ISSUE: War Powers Resolution in the Age of Drone Warfare: How Drone Technology has Dramatically Reduced the Resolution’s Effectiveness as a Curb on Executive Power", 33 Hamline J. Pub. L. 26 Pol’y 387)

Critics may argue that the Resolution in practice has not adequately curbed executive power,
AND
gives presidents the freedom to rely on new technologies to skirt its strictures.

Executive restraint does not solve – congressional action is key to impose statutory barriers on unchecked presidential action.

(Druck 2012)
Judah A, JD Candidate, Cornell Law School; DRONING ON: THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION AND THE NUMBING EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN WARFARE; Cornell Law Review. SSRN. November 15. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2185743-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2185743

Naturally, some have argued that an unchecked President is not necessarily an issue at
AND
need stronger WPR enforcement as it becomes easier to enter into "hostilities."

Obama will comply – no claim to preclusive authority.

(BARRON 2008)
Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center (David J. Barron, "The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb — A Constitutional History", Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis)

In addition to offering important guidance concerning the congressional role, our historical review also
AND
even purported to regulate troop deployments and the actions of troops already deployed.
Even since claims of preclusive power emerged in full, the practice within the executive
AND
almost no actual defiance of statutory limitations predicated on such a constitutional theory.
This repeated, though not unbroken, deferential executive branch stance is not, we
AND
the executive branch itself for most of our history of war powers development.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Gonzaga Skoog-Filpi | Judge: Reed

CCP will transition peacefully.

Mierzejewski ’10
Dominik Mierzejewski, University of Lodz, Faculty of International and Political Studies, Department of East Asian Studies. "On the Road to a Peaceful Transition: The CCP Strives for an "Institutionalized" Succession". China Policy Institute, School of Contemporary Chinese Studies. April 2010. http://pitch-trial.org/cpi/documents/discussion-papers/discussion-paper-60-peaceful-transition.pdf-http://pitch-trial.org/cpi/documents/discussion-papers/discussion-paper-60-peaceful-transition.pdf

On the basis of the aforementioned facts, we can derive the conclusion that many
AND
aforementioned logic of succession is to prevent the elites from struggling for power.

CCP resilient

Pei ’8
Minxin, senior associate and director of the China Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Will the Chinese Communist Party Survive the Crisis?, 3/12/8.  http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view26id=2284726prog=zch-http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view26id=2284726prog=zch

It might seem reasonable to expect that challenges from the disaffected urban middle class,
AND
-and-true practices to ward off any organized movement against the regime

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Kansas Hampton-Owen | Judge: Reid-Brinkley

Role of the ballot – Evaluate the consequences of the implementation of the Plan versus the Alternative. Prefer –

Logical Bright-line – Causality: Every negative claim must meet the same test of logical connection as AFF arguments. Don’t let the negative get away with non-causal –unexplained - vacuous statements about race and imperialism. Logic is the only way of evaluating arguments that can determine if claims are true.

Weigh the AFF versus the alternative – There is ZERO justification for rendering the 1AC irrelevant with a different framework. Prior-Question Frameworks are unfair because the AFF can’t leverage the 9 minute 1AC against the alternative – This proves unique abuse because the 1AC is our best offense against CP’s and DA

Ikenberry’s theories of liberalism have strong explanatory value - they avoid realism’s pitfalls and the neg’s kritik of certainty and determinacy

(Humphreys 2012)
Humphreys, Adam RC, post-doctoral fellow. "What Should We Expect of a Liberal Explanatory Theory?." Journal of International Political Theory 8.1-2 (2012): 25-47.
Ikenberry’s constitutional approach to international order offers a partial  insight into what a more satisfactory
AND
to a common set of values (see Risse-Kappen 1996).12

====Perm do both – the justification of the plan isn’t mutually exclusive with the goal of the alternative ====

Empirical evidence is on our side?
Kalevi Jaakko HOLSTI, Professor of Political Science at the University of British Columbia, 1991~"On The Study Of War," Peace And War: Armed Conflicts And International Order, 1648-1989, Published by Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521399297, p. 3~
Investigators of conflict, crises, and war reached a consensus years ago that monocausal
AND
anything might lead to war, but nothing will certainly lead to war.

Perm solves – Threats can be treated as intersubjective entities, real, but not rigidly defined, solving their links

Stein 88 (Janice, director of the Munk Centre for Internatinal Studies at the university of Trinity College, University of toronto  "Building Politics into Psychology: The Misperception of Threat" Political Psychology, Vol. 9, No. 2 AD: 7/10/09) NS
Current theories do not consider systematically the critical interaction among cognitive heuristics and biases and
AND
inadequate theory and will limit their capacity to speak to the policy community.

Alt can’t solve – attempts to break down colonialism are always coopted by a different oppressive group

Gillen 26 Ghosh 7
(Paul, Devleena – "Colonialism 26 Modernity"  Google Books)

After World War II colonial rule was rapidly abandoned – the first of two sudden
AND
and legal forms of governance were continuous with those of the colonial period.  

Alt can’t solve and would be worse – MNCs will fill-in for governments

Ozoigbo 26 Chukuezi 11
(Bonaventure I., Corresponding Author, Directorate of General Studies, Federal University of Technology, Imo State, Nigeria. Comfort O., Directorate of General Studies, Federal University of Technology. Imo State, Nigeria. "The Impact of Multinational Corporations on the Nigerian Economy"  European Journal of Social Sciences.  Vol 19, No. 3)

The African states including Nigeria were in the hands of these men when the MNCs
AND
come out of this mess is to adopt the policy of independent economy.

1. The negative should only be able to pic actual words in plan text
   a. plan focus good – plan is the only stable ground
   b. predictability – its more reasonable for the affirmative to have to defend their plan not any random representation an author may make within the evidence
   2. Moving target – it allows the negative to shift their initial alternative to subsume the affirmative which skews 2ac answers and is unpredictable
   3. Justifies no alternative text which is uniquely bad
   a. destroys perm ground – no way to test the competition of the link
   b. justifies aff conditionality -
   c. forces functional competition which is bad because its unpredictable. There are an infinite number of alternative mechanisms to solve the impacts
   4. Literature doesn’t check abuse – there is not reciprocal literature on all issues and the topic forces us to defend certain things to be topical which establishes a side bias. This solves their aff conditionality arguments.
   5. Debateability – floating pics essentially agree that the affirmative is a good idea, forcing the affirmative to debate against themselves
   6. Including the plan within their advocacy justifies perm: do the affirmative because they agree that the plan is a good idea and that the plan can be done without linking to the criticism

Humanization of international law represents the end of absolute state power—it is ushering a new era of global justice, environmental protections and human rights – makes the aff a prereq to the critique

Lingliang Zeng, Faculty of law at the University of Macau, "Humanizing Tendency of Contemporary International Law, 2K9
Humanization of international law has greatly enriched the contents of international law. Firstly,
AND
of absolute sovereignty and popularity of relative sovereignty both in theory and practice.

The case turns their alternative

Martin, Professor of Social Sciences in the School of Social Sciences, Media and Communication at the University of Wollongong, 1982
(Brian, "How the Peace Movement Should be Preparing for Nuclear War," Bulletin of Peace Proposals, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1982, pp. 149-159)
In addition to the important physical effects of nuclear war there would be important indirect
AND
developments the people and the peace movements of the world are largely unprepared.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown Kazteridis-Unwala | Judge: Stone

Their UQ assumes that hardlining Tea Party Republicans are rational actors – that’s not the case and they have a vice grip on the House

Klein 10/3
Ezra Klein, staff writer for Bloomberg News. and#34;Boehner Finds Splintered Party Is Hard to Leadand#34; 10-03-2k13
On measure after measure, Tea Party members expressed fear that the country was changing
AND
an agreement. It’s that Boehner and Obama and the Tea Party can’t. 

Obama will inevitably raise debt ceiling – no constraints.

(Robb 9/25)
Greg; writer for MarketWatch; If all else fails, Obama will raise debt ceiling himself: analyst; Marketwatch; 2013. http://blogs.marketwatch.com/capitolreport/2013/09/25/if-all-else-fails-obama-will-raise-debt-ceiling-himself-analyst/-http://blogs.marketwatch.com/capitolreport/2013/09/25/if-all-else-fails-obama-will-raise-debt-ceiling-himself-analyst/

If Congress fails to raise the debt limit by Oct. 17, could President
AND
second term in office. and#34;Obama has fewer constraints,and#34; Valliere said.

No internal link UQ – mere perception of gridlock triggers the impact

Goldfarb 10/3
Zachary Goldfarb, staff writer for The Washington Post. and#34;Long debate over debt ceiling could harm economy, report saysand#34; 10-03-2K13
The Obama administration warned Thursday that a prolonged debate over whether to raise the federal
AND
the economy, they warned, the effects this year could be worse.

Fights over drones coming now - triggers link.

(Bennett 2013)
John T, editor for defense news; drones, sequester flexibility to drive 2014 NDAA debates; Defense News; May 6. http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130506/DEFREG02/305060006/Drones-Sequester-Flexibility-Drive-2014-NDAA-Debates-http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130506/DEFREG02/305060006/Drones-Sequester-Flexibility-Drive-2014-NDAA-Debates

US Lawmakers are expected to battle over armed drones, softening the blow of military
AND
. and#34;And one of those will be the proper use of drones.and#34;

Plan’s bipartisan—-Congress looking for TK limitations

(AP 2013)
and#34;Congress looks to limit drone strikesand#34;, February 5, www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57567793/congress-looks-to-limit-drone-strikes/
Uncomfortable with the Obama administration’s use of deadly drones, a growing number in Congress
AND
, including drone strikes, can be used to kill American citizens abroad.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown Kazteridis-Unwala | Judge: Stone

Perm do both – a synthesis of the legal and of the political is necessary to resolve their internal link

Kochi 2k6
Tarik Kochi "THE PARTISAN: CARL SCHMITT AND TERRORISM," 2k6
All war involves terror; the war of the state is no less terrible  than
AND
question: what is the relation between war and the notion  of right?

Framing issue – the 1AC preserves the façade of law to ensure future stability

Vemeule 2K9
Adrian Vemeule, Harvard Law Review. "OUR SCHMITTIAN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW," 2009
For many rule of law theorists, black holes are objectionable. The  term was
AND
of tantrum about a tempo-  rary thinning of the rule of law. 

Humanization of international law represents the end of absolute state power—it is ushering a new era of global justice, environmental protections and human rights – makes the aff a prereq to the critique

Lingliang Zeng, Faculty of law at the University of Macau, "Humanizing Tendency of Contemporary International Law, 2K9
Humanization of international law has greatly enriched the contents of international law. Firstly,
AND
of absolute sovereignty and popularity of relative sovereignty both in theory and practice.

Tournament: ESU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kansas State Kowalewski-Mcgrew | Judge: Brian Box

Role of the ballot is to weigh the aff against the alternative – prefer it

( ) Reciprocity and fairness – otherwise it moots 9 minutes of our speech time

( ) Education – It’s inevitable, it’s only a question of what kind of education to which we get exposure, precluding the aff turns the round into an hour and a half conference about the interesting literature the neg has been reading and turns the critique because we’re forced to blindly accept the alt without weighing it against anything

The plan is benign—even if we securitize, it doesn’t lead to violence because it isn’t offensive securitization.

Montgomery 6 (Evan, Research Fellow at Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, "Breaking out of the Security Dilema: Realism, Reassurance, and the Problem of Uncertainty," International Security, 31(2), AD: 7-11-9) BL
Defensive realists also rely on two particular variables—the offense-defense balance and
AND
will each be able to choose military postures that visibly reflect their preferences. 

Status quo U.S. drone policy creates a precedent of threat construction.

(Boyle 2013)
Michael J; Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Political Science @ LaSalle University; The costs and consequences  of drone warfare; International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29; http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf; HD.  

Third, lethal drones create the possibility that the norms on the use of force
AND
the legal and evidentiary difficulties associated with giving them a fair trial.147 

The permutation solves best—Reformism is necessary to reduce war in the short-term and maintains the alt’s transformation

Murray 97, professor of politics at the University of Wales, 1997  (Alistair, Reconstructing Realism: Between Power Politics and Cosmopolitan Ethics, netlibrary)
Realism ultimately agrees that the ’necessitous’ elements of the international system are largely social constructions
AND
whatever measure of security is possible under contemporary conditions must first be ensured.
 

Security discourse is inevitable and explains the world—rejection risks replicating the harms.

Williams 3 (Michael, Professor of International Politics at the University of Wales, "Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics," International Studies Quarterly, 47(4), AD: 7-10-9) BL
It is irrelevant here whether one rejects, accepts, or perhaps finds it an
AND
some of the worst excesses made possible by a Schmittian understanding of politics. 

Representations of state action cannot change realism, and even if they could, we have no way of knowing if the new system would be any better.

Mearsheimer, 95 – Professor of Political Science, University of Chicago – 1995 (John, INTERNATIONAL SECURITY, p. 91-2)
The most revealing aspect of Wendt’s discussion is that he did not respond to the
AND
perspective, defending realism might very well be the more responsible policy choice.    

Human agency and ideology cannot overcome realism.

Bacevich 1 (Andrew, Professor of International Relations at Boston University, "Book Review: The Tragedy of Great Power Politics," Parameters, AD: 7-10-9) BL
These iron laws describe the way that all great powers behave (or at least
AND
and Roosevelt’s United States. Great powers are as interchangeable as billiard balls.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Gonzaga Skoog-Filpi | Judge: Reed

Role of the ballot – Evaluate the consequences of the implementation of the Plan versus the Alternative. Prefer –

Logical Bright-line – Causality: Every negative claim must meet the same test of logical connection as AFF arguments. Don’t let the negative get away with non-causal –unexplained - vacuous statements about race and imperialism. Logic is the only way of evaluating arguments that can determine if claims are true.

Weigh the AFF versus the alternative – There is ZERO justification for rendering the 1AC irrelevant with a different framework. Prior-Question Frameworks are unfair because the AFF can’t leverage the 9 minute 1AC against the alternative – This proves unique abuse because the 1AC is our best offense against CP’s and DA

====Perm do both – the justification of the plan isn’t mutually exclusive with the goal of the alternative ====

====Targeted killings subjugate individuals to biopolitical control, taking away their ability to prove their innocence and handing the right to life and individual freedom to the State ====
Goh 2K6
Irving Goh, fellow at Harvard University. "Disagreeing Preemptive/ Prophylaxis: From Philip K. Dick to Jacques Rancière" 2006
At present, the time of the preemptive presents the targeted body without the chance
AND
delays the preemptive so that a prophylaxis can come into negotiation with it.  

Vague alts are a voting issue – eviscerates ground and justifies floating PICs

Ikenberry’s theories of liberalism have strong explanatory value - they avoid realism’s pitfalls and the neg’s kritik of certainty and determinacy

(Humphreys 2012)
Humphreys, Adam RC, post-doctoral fellow. "What Should We Expect of a Liberal Explanatory Theory?." Journal of International Political Theory 8.1-2 (2012): 25-47.
Ikenberry’s constitutional approach to international order offers a partial  insight into what a more satisfactory
AND
to a common set of values (see Risse-Kappen 1996).12

Humanization of international law represents the end of absolute state power—it is ushering a new era of global justice, environmental protections and human rights – makes the aff a prereq to the critique

Lingliang Zeng, Faculty of law at the University of Macau, "Humanizing Tendency of Contemporary International Law, 2K9
Humanization of international law has greatly enriched the contents of international law. Firstly,
AND
of absolute sovereignty and popularity of relative sovereignty both in theory and practice.

Tournament: ESU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kansas State Kowalewski-Mcgrew | Judge: Brian Box

Counter Interpretation — Restrictions can deal with duration and scope of authority-key part of checks and balances

Virginia E. Sloan et al in 2005 President and Founder¶ Director, Death Penalty and Right to Counsel Initiatives¶ Co-Director, Sentencing Initiative, DECIDING TO USE ¶ FORCE ABROAD:¶ WAR POWERS ¶ in a System of ¶ CHECKS AND BALANCES, http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/28.pdf-http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/28.pdf

In sum, although the President’s authority as ¶ Commander in Chief is signi?cant,
AND
by the practical need for political support ¶ when the operations are extended.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown Kazteridis-Unwala | Judge: Stone

Turn: Drones tradeoff with other priorities – Congress forced the air force to continue them

Josh Sweigart Aug 20, 2012
Dayton Daily News- Congress Pushes for Weapons Pentagon Didn’t Want
¶ The Pentagon, which is facing end-of-year cuts that it
AND
planned. Therefore we’re going to have to make even more tough choices.and#34;

policy on our security.

HVT targeting fails – attacks too slow to hurt terrorist networks, and dispersed nature means targeting leaders has little effect

Arquilla in 13 (John, Professor in the special operations program at the United States Naval Postgraduate School since 1993, also serves as chairman of the Defense Analysis department, Contributor Foreign Policy, and#34;Drones Are Too Slow to Kill Terroristsand#34; http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/06/03/drones_are_too_slow_to_kill_terrorists-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/06/03/drones_are_too_slow_to_kill_terrorists) 

Sadly, political acumen all too often makes for poor strategy — as it surely
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a serious threat, mostly due to its and#34;decentralized, dispersed structure.and#34;

Drones can’t solve terrorism – short term fix does nothing to solve underlying ideologies that allow terrorism to flourish and decapitation specifically fails

Brooks in 13 (Rosa, Georgetown University Law Center, and#34;Drones and Cognitive Dissonanceand#34;, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=226626context=facpub-http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=226626context=facpub)

For one thing, drones encourage a and#34;short-term fixand#34; approach to  
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States has supposedly  killed AQ’s and#34;~233 officialand#34; dozens of times).3

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown Kazteridis-Unwala | Judge: Stone

Self-restraint fails – no public accountability means no checks on drones – statutory limitations are key to checking exec - that’s Druck 2012.

Obama won’t fundamentally change our counterterrorism efforts in the same way as the aff – he either isn’t able or willing, Guantanamo proves

Trevor McCrisken, Associate Professor in US Politics and International Studies at The University of Warwick. "Ten Years On: Obama’s War on Terrorism in Rhetoric and Practice" International Affairs 07-01-2K11
The first and most publicly principled stand that Obama made as president to demonstrate the
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when it can be closed still appears to be a long way off.

CP is a rubber stamp

Ilya Somin 13, Professor of Law at George Mason University, "Hearing on ’Drone Wars: The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing’: Testimony before the United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights", April 23, http://www.law.gmu.edu/assets/files/faculty/Somin_DroneWarfare_April2013.pdf-http://www.law.gmu.edu/assets/files/faculty/Somin_DroneWarfare_April2013.pdf

But any internal executive process has the flaw that it could always be overriden by
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-selection process with informed opinion both in the United States and abroad. 

There’s a historical precedent to not enforce XOs – the aff has a higher risk of solvency

Kenneth Maer, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin, "With the Stroke of a Pen: Executive Orders and Presidential Power" 2K1
In practice, however, it is almost impossible for private claimants to allege violations
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management procedures and practices in the executive branch are not subject to judicial review

1. GROUND AND STRATEGY SKEW – AGENT COUNTERPLANS MAKE THE 1AC IRRELEVANT – KEY TO OFFENSE AGAINST THE BLOCK.
   2. ENCOURAGES VAGUE PLAN WRITING- THE AFF IS ENCOURAGED NOT TO SPECIFY THE AGENT WHICH IS WORSE FOR EDUCATION BECAUSE IT KILLS IN DEPTH DEBATE.
   3. ITS INFINITELY REGRESSIVE- THERE’S NO LIMIT TO THE POSSIBLE NUMBER OF AGENT COUNTERPLANS – NO PREDICTABILITY.
   4. EDUCATION- THEY DISCOURAGE CASE DEBATES. AND, SINCE THE COUNTERPLANS APPLY TO EVERY TOPIC THEY HURT YEAR-TO-YEAR DIVERSITY.
   5. THE DISAD NET BENEFITS ALONE SOLVE OFFENSE- THE NEGATIVE STILL HAS POLITICAL PROCESS DISADS BUT IS FORCED TO ENGAGE THE DIVERSE CLAIMS OF THE 1AC.
   6. EXEC FIAT IS UNIQUE – FIATS CORE TOPIC QUESTION  AWAY – NO COMPARATIVE LIT MEANS NEG WINS EVERY DEBATE.
   7. VOTER FOR EDUCATION AND FAIRNESS.