Opponent: Central Oklahoma Vance-Yost | Judge: Morris
Case T K-legalism CP-Congress Court PX
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
1NC Octas UCO v Texas DS
Tournament: Uco | Round: Octas | Opponent: Texas Donovan-Saltzman | Judge: Cook, Cram Helwich, Kearney 1 A. VIOLATION The plan fails to provide critical information on what restriction they actually make - relevant executive documents outlining the legal basis and justifications for drone strikes phrasing in the plan text proves – there isn’t even a card that defines that B. VAGUENESS IS BAD FOR DEBATE
FAIRNESS: Vague plan wording makes it impossible for us to pin them down on no DA, K, or CP links 2. EDUCATION: Destroys clash based education over the topic literature C. THIS IS A VOTING ISSUE: Has already killed preround prep, and eliminated critical neg args – vote now
2 Interpretation – restriction requires prohibition of an entire topic list area Restriction means prohibition Corpus Juris Secundum 31 Volume 54, p. 735 RESTRICT: To confine; to limit; to prevent (a person or thing) from passing a certain limit in any kind of action; to restrain; to restrain without bounds.
Authority is power delegated to an agent Kelly 3 - judge for the State of Michigan (JOSEPH ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff, and LULA ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY and DANIEL P. BENNETT, Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants., No. 236749, COURT OF APPEALS OF MICHIGAN, 259 Mich. App. 187; 673 N.W.2d 776; 2003 Mich. App. LEXIS 2649; 93 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 244; 92 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1557, Lexis) Applying agency principles, a principal is responsible for the acts of its agents done AND be delegated in carrying out the principal's business." Id. at 1348.
“In the area” means all of the activities United Nations 13 (United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty, http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm) PART I¶ INTRODUCTION¶ Article 1 Use of terms and scope¶ 1. For the purposes of this Convention:¶ (1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;¶ (2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;¶ (3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area; Violations – the affirmative doesn’t prohibit --either it sets conditions that can be met, or just limits the scope
Voting issue – Limits – absent prohibition of an area, every single condition or regulation acts as a functional restriction on some single process of war powers authority – dozens of tiny mechanisms and small subsets of areas create an infinite number of affs that core lit doesn’t check Bidirectionality – absent a prohibition, the aff can create meaningless “conditions” that EXPAND presidential power – commission consultation proves
3
Targeted killings and drones are distinct – drones are a weapon’s tech. Anderson 13 (Kenneth, a professor of international law at American University and a member of the Task Force on National Security and Law at the Hoover Institution, “The Case for Drones” Commentary Magazine, June, https://www.commentarymagazine.com/download/pdfs/article-135-06-0-14-16448.pdf?a=16448, JL)
This feature of Predators and Reapers—the two ¶ forms of drones really at AND seen most dramatically in the Bin Laden raid by the ¶ Navy SEALs. Violation: The aff limits drones
Our interp is a must for precision -- preserves aff limits, neg links and counterplan ground, and specific education Kenneth Anderson (Professor at Washington College of Law, American University, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at Brookings) Sept 23 2011 “Efficiency in Bello and ad Bellum: Targeted Killing Through Drone Warfare,” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1812124
Although targeted killing and drone warfare are often closely connected, they are not the AND than individualized “high value” targets, whether Taliban or Al Qaeda.
4 Congressional intervention kills flexibility of our threats – guarantees crisis escalation. Waxman 8/25 (Matthew, Professor of Law at Columbia and Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy for the Council on Foreign Relations, “The Constitutional Power to Threaten War,” August 25, Yale Law Journal, vol. 123, JL)
A claim previously advanced from a presidentialist perspective is that stronger legislative checks on war AND to use force in order to prevent a confrontation which might escalate.179
Extinction Johson 6 Karlton, Army War College, “Temporal and Scalar Mechanics of Conflict Strategic Implications of Speed and Time on the American Way of War,” http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a449394.pdf
The U.S. Army War College uses the acronym “VUCA” to AND with rigor and discipline in order to understand their far-reaching implications.
5 CIR will pass – republican support, lobby pressure, Obama and Boehner push
Republicans who back immigration reform are ramping up their push to get the House to AND reform bill is now, and urged the House to do so soon. Obama will fight the plan with a veto Ackerman and Hathaway 11 – *Professor of Law and Political Science @ Yale, Professor of International Law @ Yale (Bruce and Oona, “Limiting War and the Constitution, Michigan Law Review, vol 109, Lexis) Finally, there is the statutory approach. Putting the rules on the statute ¶ AND or Senate (or both) without the need for presidential ¶ approval. Political Capital is key to passage Daily Mail 10/17 David Marttosko, political editor, “Immigration battle threatens to dwarf debt-limit fight as many Republicans fear power of 17 MILLION newly legalized loyal Democrats,” www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2464112/Immigration-battle-threatens-dwarf-debt-limit-fight-Republicans-fear-power-17-MILLION-newly-legalized-loyal-Democrats.html
Republicans' new worst fear isn't defaulting on America's debts. If an immigration policy favored AND but Republicans have reason to suspect the other shoe is about to drop. Comprehensive reform key to heg and econ-- Gittelson ‘9 (Citation: 23 Notre Dame J.L. Ethics and Pub. Pol'y 115 2009 THE CENTRISTS AGAINST THE IDEOLOGUES: WHAT ARE THE FALSEHOODS THAT DIVIDE AMERICANS ON THE ISSUE OF COMPREHENSIVE IMMIGRATION REFORM Robert Gittelson has been a garment manufacturer in the Los Angeles area for over twenty-five years. His wife, Patricia Gittelson, is an immigration attorney with offices in Van Nuys and Oxnard, California. Robert also works closely with Patricia on the administrative side of her immigration practice. Throughout his career, Mr. Gittelson has developed practical, first-hand experience in dealing with the immigration issues that are challenging our country today.
To begin, the myth that CIR is bad for our national security assumes that AND can say that CIR could enhance our physical security through an economic stimulus.
Global Nuclear War Merlini 11 Cesare, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, “A Post-Secular World?”, Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of AND creed and identity could be exacerbated. One way or another, the secular 6 Text: The United States Congress should eliminate appropriations for drone strikes in the area of targeted killing that do not meet the requirements based on relevant executive documents outlining the legal basis and justifications for drone strikes CP competes, avoids politics, solves the case and won’t be rolled back. Raven-Hansen and Banks, 94 Peter and William, Glen Earl Weston Research Professor of Law, The National Law Center, George Washington University and Professor of Law, Syracuse University College of Law, PULLING THE PURSE STRINGS OF THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF, Virginia Law Review, May, 1994, l/n The case law denigrating "mere" appropriations reflects the traditional distinction in congressional legislation AND law, n48 this would itself constitute an unconstitutional intrusion on congressional housekeeping.
7 AFF’s attempts at legal constraint is oriented to the past making them inherently reactive and limit the potential for non-legal responses. Vermeule and Posner, 11 Adrian Vermeule, prof of Law at Harvard University Law School, Eric A Posner., prof of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press 2011 Our thesis is that these modifications to liberal legalism fail. Either they do not AND way to improve upon it, under the conditions of the administrative state.
This enables the worst forms of liberal violence and racism. Dossa ‘99 Shiraz, Department of Political Science, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, “Liberal Legalism: Law, Culture and Identity,” The European Legacy, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 73-87,1 No discipline in the rationalized arsenal of modernity is as rational, impartial, objective AND liberal law but the juridically and humanly inferior Other, the perpetual foreigner.
The alternative is to reject the AFF and endorse political, rather than legal restrictions on Presidential war powers authority. Goldsmith, 12 Jack, Harvard Law School Professor, focus on national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, and conflict of laws, Former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense, Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, March 2012, Power and Constraint, p. 205-209 DAVID BRIN is a science-fiction writer who in 1998 turned his imagination to AND thus accountability to) actors inside and outside the presidency much more extensive.
Case – Prolif No arms race or drone war – political and diplomatic costs, conventional air defense and limited context for use all deter development. Prefer this comparative evidence. Singh 12 (Joseph, Pentagon Contributor for Time, and a researcher for the Center for a New American Security “Betting Against a Drone Arms Race” http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/, JL)
Bold predictions of a coming drones arms race are all the rage since the uptake AND air defenses, poor media coverage, and difficulties in accessing the region.¶ Drone use isn’t modeled, norms are impossible to solve and the plan can never solve. Etzioni 13 Amitai, professor of international relations at George Washington University, March/April 2013, “The Great Drone Debate,” Military Review, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf
Other critics contend that by the United States using drones, it leads other countries AND ). In such circumstances, the role of norms is much more limited. Drones make conflict less likely Goure, 12 Daniel, vice president of the Lexington Institute, Drones and the Changing Nature of Warfare: Hold the Presses!, CATO Unbound, January 13, 2012, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/13/daniel-goure/drones-changing-nature-warfare-hold-presses
Has the accelerated use of drones opened a new chapter in the history of warfare AND , but we should remember that drones don’t kill terrorists, governments do.
Regional cooperation will prevent escalation Innocent and Carpenter, 9 - *foreign policy analyst at Cato who focuses on Afghanistan and Pakistan AND vice president for defense and foreign policy studies at Cato (Malou and Ted, “Escaping the Graveyard of Empires: A Strategy to Exit Afghanistan,” http://www.cato.org/pubs/wtpapers/escaping-graveyard-empires-strategy-exit-afghanistan.pdf)
Additionally, regional stakeholders, especially Russia and Iran, have an interest in a AND not stabilize Afghanistan, but engaging stakeholders may lead to tighter regional security.
No escalation of Central Asia war Collins and Wohlforth, 4 - *professor of political science at Notre Dame AND professor of government at Dartmouth (Kathleen and William, “Defying ‘Great Game’ Expectations, Strategic Asia 2003-2004, http://www.dartmouth.edu/~govt/docs/15-Central20Asia-press.pdf) While cautious realism must remain the watchword concerning an impoverished and potentially unstable region comprised AND 11, as well as reinforce regional and domestic stability in Central Asia.
Case – Heg Plan forces reliance on Alternatives to drones which are worse for credibility AND eliminating killing can’t solve Etzioni 12 Amitai, senior advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard and The University of California at Berkeley; and is a university professor and professor of international relations at The George Washington University, 4/2/12, “In Defense of Drones,” http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/defense-drones-6715
Rohde acknowledges that we are dealing with people who make and plant bombs and train AND do if we are going to fight terrorists and those who harbor them. Alt causes – the aff can’t solve WTO or Obama doctrine Helle 6-20-10 Helle C. Dale is senior fellow for Public Diplomacy at the Heritage Foundation, “Just Wild About Obama”, http://blog.heritage.org/2010/06/20/just-wild-about-obama/
(It should be noted that the Obama administration does not always adhere to its AND at the expense American global leadership, which will take years to recover. There’s no credibility impact to anti-drones backlash Holmes 13 Stephen, the Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, July 2013, “What’s in it for Obama?,” The London Review of Books, http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n14/stephen-holmes/whats-in-it-for-obama
This is the crux of the problem. We stand at the beginning of the AND against which antiwar forces are apparently unable to rally even modest public support. No spillover — lack of credibility in one commitment doesn’t affect others at all MacDonald 11 Paul K., Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, and Joseph M. Parent, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, Spring 2011, “Graceful Decline?: The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 35, No. 4, p. 7-44
Second, pessimists overstate the extent to which a policy of retrenchment can damage a AND up resources and signaled a strong commitment to an area of greater significance. No impact to hegemony - no data suggests a causal link between unipolarity and peace Christopher Fettweis 10, Professor of Political Science at Tulane University, 2010, Dangerous Times? The International Politics of Great Power Peace, p. 172-174
The primary attack on restraint, or justification for internationalism, posits that if the AND worth noting for our purposes that the United States was no less safe. No impact to soft power - American soft power is unworkable – nations don’t believe in benevolent hegemony enough to overwhelm their resentment and fear* Christopher Layne (Associate Professor in the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University) 2007 “American Empire: A Debate” p 68
Doubtless, American primacy has its dimension of benevolence, but a state as powerful AND others of its benevolence is limited by the very enormity of its power.
Ongoing reveals from former US National Security Agency (NSA) analyst Edward Snowden implicate AND ears. Simply put, America has come off looking like a hypocrite. Cred low now—modeled by others Armstrong 13 Fulton Armstrong is a fellow at the Center for Latin America and Latino Studies at American University, “U.S. Credibility Takes Another Hit”, 6-17-13, http://aulablog.net/2013/06/17/u-s-credibility-takes-another-hit/
The domestic spying programs under the Bush and Obama Administrations further erode U.S AND foreign affairs must keep their focus far off U.S. shores.
Case – Terror Drones are NOT the cause of terror recruiting – multiple alt causes. Barry, 12 Tom, directs the TransBorder Project at the Center for International Policy and is the author of Border Wars from MIT Press and numerous books on U.S.-Latin American relations, Drone Proliferation: Other Chapters and Other Challenges, CATO Unbound, January 17, 2012, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/17/tom-barry/drone-proliferation-other-chapters-other-challenges It is not at all clear that drone strikes in Pakistan, despite the ample AND on Pakistani troops in November 2011) precipitated the latest breakdown in relations. Casualties are way down and drones are far more precise than alternatives---our ev uses the best data Michael Cohen 13, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 5/23/13, “Give President Obama a chance: there is a role for drones,” The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/23/obama-drone-speech-use-justified Drone critics have a much different take. They are passionate in their conviction that AND , drone strikes are a far more humane method of war-fighting. Blowback theory is flawed – no evidential links Anderson, 13 Kenneth, law professor at Washington College of Law, American University, a research fellow of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, a Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at the Brookings Institution, Real Clear Politics, The Case for Drones, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/05/24/the_case_for_drones_118548-4.html
Do the drone strikes make things unacceptably more difficult for ground forces attempting to carry AND grind or is reasonably objective, one can always offer the blowback scenario. Detention turns coop and blowback – bigger internal link. Roberts, Associate Professor of Philosophy at East Carolina University, ‘11 Rodney, “Utilitarianism and the Morality of Indefinite Detention”, Criminal Justice Ethics, Vol. 30, No. 1, RSR
Finally, ‘‘there is no evidence that preventive detention works. Comparative studies of AND can be selfdefeating*it may increase the likelihood of future attacks.31 AQAP is too small and low tech to do anything – their evidence overestimates. Boone 11 Jeb, Former Managing Editor of Yemen Times, 5-7-11, “Yemen: the new front line in the war for Obama’s second term”, http://jebboone.com/2011/05/07/yemen-the-new-front-line-in-the-war-for-obamas-second-term/
However, contrary to popular belief, AQAP is most likely comprised of around 100 AND off. Not to mention, all the following operations ended in failure. Specifically no risk of nuke terror Gerges 11 Fawaz, Director of the Middle East Centre at the London School of Economics, September, “End of the Road”, Boston Review, http://www.bostonreview.net/BR36.5/fawaz_a_gerges_al_qaeda_end_of_the_road.php
Only Yemen-based al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) has shown AND and deploying one, obstacles that challenge even a country such as Iran. No retaliation – Obama will not jump to launch Crowley 10 (Michael, Senior Editor – New Republic, “Obama and Nuclear Deterrence”, The New Republic, 1-5, http://www.tnr.com/node/72263)
As the story notes, some experts don't place much weight on how our publicly AND or any president, for that matter--would go through with it.
Intel sharing and cooperation sustainable NYT 13 1/30, “Drone Strike Prompts Suit, Raising Fears for U.S. Allies”
The issue is more complex than drone-strike foes suggest, the current and AND , however controversial, of many of the most hardened Islamic extremist leaders.
Only a risk the plan makes terror more likely. We are conclusively winning the war on terror, AND unfettered strikes are key to future success. That solves the impact to blowback. Young 13 (Alex, Harvard International Review, “A Defense of Drones” Feb 25, http://hir.harvard.edu/a-defense-of-drones, JL)
The War on Terror is no longer a traditional conflict. The diffuse, decentralized AND a; the idea that these strikes only kill senior officials is a myth.
11/5/13
1NC Quarters KCKCC v Kansas HW
Tournament: tournament | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Kansas Wefald-Harris | Judge: Morris, Reed, Stout 1 Interpretation-Presidential war power is derived from statutory authorization--Authority is power delegated to an agent Kelly 03 judge for the State of Michigan JOSEPH ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff, and LULA ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY and DANIEL P. BENNETT, Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants., No. 236749, COURT OF APPEALS OF MICHIGAN, 259 Mich. App. 187; 673 N.W.2d 776; 2003 Mich. App. LEXIS 2649; 93 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 244; 92 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1557, lexis) Applying agency principles, a principal is responsible for the acts of its agents done AND be delegated in carrying out the principal's business." Id. at 1348.
Presidential authority comes from executing the laws that Congress enacts; Congress can revoke that authority Hawkins et al 05 professor of law at Brigham Young, Darren, Delegation Under Anarchy: States, International Organizations, and Principal-Agent Theory, http://mjtier.people.wm.edu/papers/INTRO20HLNT20July2031.pdf The relations between a principal and an agent are always governed by a con- AND principals, actors must both grant and have the power to revoke authority.
Authority must have a statutory basis Words and Phrases 04 (Volume 4a, Cumulative Supplement Pamphlet, p. 275) U.S.N.Y. 1867. Under the federal judiciary act AND . 258, 6 Wall. 258, 18 L.Ed. 829
A. Plan does not restrict a statutory delegated war power so it does not restrict authority B. RTP i. Limits—limiting affirmative to existing statutory authrorization is key to limit the topic and ensure stable negative ground ii. Education C. Voter
Professor Stephen I. Vladeck of American University has offered a remedy to this problem AND , systematic review of secret drone killings must come inside the executive branch.
Under the draft agreement brokered by Russia with the United States, Syria is to AND confirmed the role of the United States as an anchor of global security. Courts gut presidential flex – triggers the internal link to credible warfighting Yoo 13 John, professor of law at UC Berkeley, Visiting Scholar, American Enterprise Institute, June 19, Fox News, “Hiding behind judicial robes in the battle over national security” http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/defense/hiding-behind-judicial-robes-in-the-battle-over-national-security/
And this is where conservatives should be concerned. Until the 1978 FISA, presidents AND will further distort our founding document's original design to fight and win wars. Credibility of presidential threats is the key internal link to hegemony Bolton 9 John R, Senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute and Former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, “The danger of Obama's dithering,” Los Angeles Times, October 18, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/oct/18/opinion/oe-bolton18
Weakness in American foreign policy in one region often invites challenges elsewhere, because our AND the face of criticism and adversity, engagement simply embodies weakness and indecision. The impact is great power wars Khalilzad 11 Zalmay, Former United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations, and former director of policy planning at the Defense Department, February 8, “The Economy and National Security; If we don’t get our economic house in order, we risk a new era of multi-polarity,” http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad
We face this domestic challenge while other major powers are experiencing rapid economic growth. AND the United States is the most significant barrier facing Chinese hegemony and aggression.
CP Text: The United States Environmental Protection Agency should classify water vapor as a pollutant and impose sufficient regulations regarding water vapor emissions. The United States Environmental Protection Agency should file a lawsuit in the relevant federal court against Tyson Foods, Incorporated, Cargill Meat Solutions Corporation, and Smithfield Foods, Incorporated for violation of national ambient air quality standards.
Water vapor emissions are a significant contributor to the greenhouse effect - only EPA regulations solve
The Environmental Protection Agency is seeking to classify water vapor as a pollutant, due AND trucks, passenger jets, and a wide variety of industries and utilities. 5 The representations of the proliferating countries in US nuclear policy are ideological and oriental—these representations reinforce a global system of colonial domination and racism—policies based on these representations accelerate the dangers posed by and in the third world—turns the case
Gusterson in 99 Hugh, Associate Professor of Anthropology and Science and Technology @ MIT, Nuclear Weapons and the Other in Western Imagination, Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 1. (Feb., 1999), pp. 111-143
Following Anthony Giddens (1979), I define ideology as a way of constructing AND problems produced by a world system dominated by First World institutions and states.
Discursive constructions of the other reify a system of racial and colonial domination which makes extinction inevitable
That race (or for that matter racism) figures so prominently in the calculus AND of the racist state, the murderous state, and the suicidal state.
While other strategies may solve the double standard inherent in proliferation discourse only by highlighting and rejecting the Orientalist discourse within this rhetoric can overcome its racism
Gusterson in 99 Hugh, Associate Professor of Anthropology and Science and Technology @ MIT, Nuclear Weapons and the Other in Western Imagination, Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 1. (Feb., 1999), pp. 111-143
Because I have set out to criticize a particular kind of policy talk rather AND Union and the originator of the policy of containment in the Cold War:
1NC – Solvency Judicial cases don’t matter either – Obama can circumvent the whole trial by saying the information they need to rule is secret and key to national security
Greenwald 9 GLENN GREENWALD; former Constitutional and civil rights litigator and is the author of three New York Times Bestselling books; TUESDAY, FEB 10, 2009 06:16 AM CST; The 180-degree reversal of Obama’s State Secrets position; http://www.salon.com/2009/02/10/obama_88/AnthonyOgbuli
Apparently, the operative word in that highlighted paragraph — unbeknownst to most people at AND , by implication, sought to preserve for all Presidents, including Obama). Courts empirically fail – they don’t have a precedent or the application of power to restrict the president Bradley and Morrison 2013 – *William Van Alstyne Professor of Law, Duke Law School, Liviu Librescu Professor of Law, Columbia Law School (May, Curtis and Trevor, Columbia Law Review, “PRESIDENTIAL POWER, HISTORICAL PRACTICE, AND LEGAL CONSTRAINT”, 113 Colum. L. Rev. 1097, Lexis)
If courts routinely reviewed contested issues of presidential power, they could decide whether and AND turn the presidency into "a vehicle for demagogic populism and lawlessness." n61 You are wrong-international law does not apply to war powers—prefer out evidence its newer Alexander 13 Janet Cooper Alexander, Frederick I. Richman Professor of Law, Stanford Law School. University of Illinois Law Review 2013 2013 U. Ill. L. Rev. 551 ARTICLE: THE LAW-FREE ZONE AND BACK AGAIN The D.C. Circuit as a whole drew the line at this extreme AND are free to write exactly the same opinion in a later case.
It’s a political question Benson 11 J. Taylor Benson, Creighton Law Review June, 2011 44 Creighton L. Rev. 1277 SYMPOSIUM ON MORAL AND ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES IN WAR, TERRORISM, AND MILITARY LAW: NOTE: INTERNATIONAL LAWS-OF-WAR, WHAT ARE THEY GOOD FOR? THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT IN AL-BIHANI V. OBAMA CORRECTLY CLARIFIED THAT INTERNATIONAL LAWS-OF-WAR DO NOT LIMIT THE PRESIDENT'S AUTHORITY TO DETAIN ENEMY COMBATANTS lexis In Al-Bihani v. Obama n314 ("Al-Bihani I"), Ghaleb AND petition for rehearing en banc was unanimously denied by the circuit court. n321
This has two implications for their solvency
Their plan is written to say that we have to adhere to any treaty that we have signed but we have no treaty exsists to curtail warming 2. No warming treaty is self executing hence A climate treaty to be written into US law. To implement a climate treaty the US would have to write regulations for emissions, etc. The Al-Bihani decision, was based on international law that has not been written into US law. (previous card and next card also say this)
The aff support for application of international law is based on really old cases Benson 11 J. Taylor Benson, Creighton Law Review June, 2011 44 Creighton L. Rev. 1277 SYMPOSIUM ON MORAL AND ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES IN WAR, TERRORISM, AND MILITARY LAW: NOTE: INTERNATIONAL LAWS-OF-WAR, WHAT ARE THEY GOOD FOR? THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT IN AL-BIHANI V. OBAMA CORRECTLY CLARIFIED THAT INTERNATIONAL LAWS-OF-WAR DO NOT LIMIT THE PRESIDENT'S AUTHORITY TO DETAIN ENEMY COMBATANTS lexis In The Paquete Habana, n101 the Supreme Court of the United States declared that AND , in arguing that international law is binding upon United States courts. n115
Charming Betsy was about using IL for interpretation, not substantive limits Benson 11 J. Taylor Benson, Creighton Law Review June, 2011 44 Creighton L. Rev. 1277 SYMPOSIUM ON MORAL AND ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES IN WAR, TERRORISM, AND MILITARY LAW: NOTE: INTERNATIONAL LAWS-OF-WAR, WHAT ARE THEY GOOD FOR? THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT IN AL-BIHANI V. OBAMA CORRECTLY CLARIFIED THAT INTERNATIONAL LAWS-OF-WAR DO NOT LIMIT THE PRESIDENT'S AUTHORITY TO DETAIN ENEMY COMBATANTS lexis 3. The Charming Betsy Canon: The Supreme Court of the United States Commanded AND common law, the Court interpreted the statute in favor of Shattuck. n130
Sosa decision rejected that IL is independently enforceable in US courts Benson 11 J. Taylor Benson, Creighton Law Review June, 2011 44 Creighton L. Rev. 1277 SYMPOSIUM ON MORAL AND ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES IN WAR, TERRORISM, AND MILITARY LAW: NOTE: INTERNATIONAL LAWS-OF-WAR, WHAT ARE THEY GOOD FOR? THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT IN AL-BIHANI V. OBAMA CORRECTLY CLARIFIED THAT INTERNATIONAL LAWS-OF-WAR DO NOT LIMIT THE PRESIDENT'S AUTHORITY TO DETAIN ENEMY COMBATANTS lexis 2. Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain: The Supreme Court of the United AND that the substantive provisions of that document were not self-executing. n179
Adv 1 The IL rejection in Al-Bihani was only dicta – it had no precendent value. The Circuit rejection of en banc rehearing made this clear. THERE ARE 3 CARDS HERE – JUST READ THE FIRST Bellinger 11 B. Bellinger III, Partner at Arnold and Porter LLP and an Adjunct Senior Fellow in International and National Security Law at the Council on Foreign Relations, served as the Legal Adviser for the U.S. Department of State from 2005 to 2009. Vijay M. Padmanabhan,Visiting Assistant Professor at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law and was an attorney adviser at the U.S. Department of State from 2003 to 2008. American Journal of International Law April, 2011 105 A.J.I.L. 201 ARTICLE: DETENTION OPERATIONS IN CONTEMPORARY CONFLICTS: FOUR CHALLENGES FOR THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS AND OTHER EXISTING LAW n90 Al-Bihani v. Obama, 590 F.3d at 871 ( AND (arguing law of war is limiting principle on detention authorized by AUMF). Dicta means no precedent is set Nolo 13 Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary 2013 http://www.nolo.com/dictionary/dictum-term.html Dictum A remark, statement, or observation of a judge that is not a AND dictum," which means a remark by the way, or an aside.
IL (international law) limits detention ONLY IF it has been incorporated in statutes or treaties. The Al-Bihani court was correct since it has not been incorporated. Benson 11 J. Taylor Benson, Creighton Law Review June, 2011 44 Creighton L. Rev. 1277 SYMPOSIUM ON MORAL AND ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES IN WAR, TERRORISM, AND MILITARY LAW: NOTE: INTERNATIONAL LAWS-OF-WAR, WHAT ARE THEY GOOD FOR? THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT IN AL-BIHANI V. OBAMA CORRECTLY CLARIFIED THAT INTERNATIONAL LAWS-OF-WAR DO NOT LIMIT THE PRESIDENT'S AUTHORITY TO DETAIN ENEMY COMBATANTS lexis In the case of Al-Bihani v. Obama n214 (Al-Bihani AND war cited in his defense are of no authority in federal courts. n227
Laws of war are NON-self executing – the treaties apply only if incorporated in statutes. The plan would violate this Supreme court doctrine. Dore 11 Philip Dore, J.D./D.C.L., 2012, Paul M. Hebert Law Center, Louisiana State University. Louisiana Law Review Fall, 2011 Louisiana Law Review 72 La. L. Rev. 255 COMMENT: Greenlighting American Citizens: Proceed with Caution A. Are International Law Norms Automatically a Part of U.S. Domestic AND affirmative evidence that the treaty was not intended to have domestic effect. n95
Prolif solves inevitable miscalculations and escalation and new nuclear states will fit into a deterrence world order and prevent the outbreak of major wars
Waltz in ‘3 Kenneth N., Genius and Adjunct Professor, Columbia University, Professor Emeritus, UC-Berkeley, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed, with Scott D. Sagan, p.43-45. What will a world populated by a few more nuclear states look like? I AND the gradual spread of nuclear weapons is more to be welcomed than feared. The spread of nuclear weapons slows the pace of rapid balance shifts at the regional level. This solves the outbreak and escalation of catastrophic war
Alagappa in ‘8 Muthiah, Distinguished Senior Fellow at East-West Center, “Nuclear Weapons and National Security”, in The Long Shadow: Nuclear Weapons and Security in 21st Century Asia, ed. M. Alagappa, 479-480 Nuclear weapons cast a long shadow that informs in fundamental ways the strategic policies and AND a responsible manner and are experiencing rapid growth in other dimensions of power. Spreading of nuclear weapons introduces strategic stability and advances peace—incidence of wars decrease
Alagappa in ‘8 Muthiah, Distinguished Senior Fellow at East-West Center, “Exploring Roles”, in The Long Shadow: Nuclear Weapons and Security in 21st Century Asia, ed. M. Alagappa, p. 100 Small Nuclear Forces, Peace, and Stability. Building on the argument that small AND , will decrease the incidence of war among the new states as well. Adv 2
Implementation in law takes out their treaty link. A climate treaty could not be self-executing. It would have to be written into US law. To implement a climate treaty the US would have to write regulations for emissions, etc. The Al-Bihani decision, was based on international law that has not been written into US law. (previous card and next card also say this) Benson 11 J. Taylor Benson, Creighton Law Review June, 2011 44 Creighton L. Rev. 1277 SYMPOSIUM ON MORAL AND ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES IN WAR, TERRORISM, AND MILITARY LAW: NOTE: INTERNATIONAL LAWS-OF-WAR, WHAT ARE THEY GOOD FOR? THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT IN AL-BIHANI V. OBAMA CORRECTLY CLARIFIED THAT INTERNATIONAL LAWS-OF-WAR DO NOT LIMIT THE PRESIDENT'S AUTHORITY TO DETAIN ENEMY COMBATANTS lexis In Al-Bihani v. Obama n314 ("Al-Bihani I"), AND petition for rehearing en banc was unanimously denied by the circuit court. n321 Montreoal protocols already have supporting implementing legislation. EPA 07 (The 20th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. http://www.epa.gov/ozone/downloads/MP20_QandA.pdf) 3) What has EPA done about ozone layer depletion? ¶ As part of AND phase-out in sectors where the transition to alternatives is ¶ ongoing.
Your theory on ozone depletion is out of date- cosmic ray cycles, not cfc’s or emissions account for depletion. Exchange Magazine ‘9 Exchange, Magazine for Business/Economic Development/Entrepreneurs, March 24, 2009, “UW Prof Says Cyclic Ozone Hole Proves Cosmis Ray Theory,” http://www.exchangemagazine.com/morningpost/2009/week13/Tuesday/032409.htm A University of Waterloo scientist says that an observed cyclic hole in the ozone layer AND as between cosmic ray intensity and the ozone hole over the South Pole. Ozone holes shrink and your impact is empirically denied Exchange Magazine “9 Exchange, Magazine for Business/Economic Development/Entrepreneurs, March 24, 2009, “UW Prof Says Cyclic Ozone Hole Proves Cosmis Ray Theory,” http://www.exchangemagazine.com/morningpost/2009/week13/Tuesday/032409.htm "The total ozone values in the ozone hole in November and December nearly reached AND examine these predictions," Lu writes in his article for Physical Review Letter.
Alt causes – A. Deforestation. Nordhaus 8 Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger, Founders-Break Through Institute, Break Through, p. 64
None of this is to deny the ecological reality. The burning of forests, AND destruction of the Amazon would still leave the global climate system in jeopardy. B. Agriculture Mead 11 January 30, 2011 Mad Meat Making Scientist Proves Climate Doomsayers Wrong Walter Russell Mead Via Meadia http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2011/01/30/mad-meat-making-scientist-proves-climate-doomsayers-wrong/ According to a United Nations report (which must as we all know be completely AND while milk output is set to climb from 580 to 1043 million tonnes.
Cosmic rays and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), both already implicated in depleting the Earth’s ozone AND temperature kept nearly constant or only rose by about 0.1 C.
Worst climate impacts take decades to arrive and don’t assume adaptation Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, “Climate Change and Economic Growth,” online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf The heart of the debate about climate change comes from numerous warnings from scientists and AND range climate risks. What is needed are long-run balanced responses.
Technological adaptation is coming now and solves Moore ’08 Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, Stanford, (Thomas Gale 7/9/12 “Global warming; the good, the bad and the ugly and the efficient” EMBO reports http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3317379/?tool=pmcentrez)KG Even if the pessimists are correct and future climate change reduces food production, wicked AND allow our descendants to deal with almost any difficulties that climate change brings.
We're past the tipping point – scientific consensus Solomon et al 10 Susan Solomon et. Al, Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ph.D. in Climotology University of California, Berkeley, Nobel Peace Prize Winner, Chairman of the IPCC, Gian-Kasper Plattner, Deputy Head, Director of Science, Technical Support Unit Working Group I, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Affiliated Scientist, Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland, John S. Daniel, research scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Ph.D. in physics from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Todd J. Sanford, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado Daniel M. Murphy, Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder Gian-Kasper Plattner, Deputy Head, Director of Science, Technical Support Unit Working Group I, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Affiliated Scientist, Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland Reto Knutti, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule Zurich and Pierre Friedlingstein, Chair, Mathematical Modelling of Climate Systems, member of the Science Steering Committee of the Analysis Integration and Modeling of the Earth System (AIMES) programme of IGBP and of the Global Carbon Project (GCP) of the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP), 8/31/2010, “Persistence of climate changes due to a range of greenhouse gases,” PNAS vol. 107, no. 43, http://www.pnas.org/content/107/43/18354.full.pdf+htmlvkoneru Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and other greenhouse gases increased over the AND thermal inertia (9). This paper focuses on emissions over a century.
No global tech transfer – trade barriers prevent adoption Hall and Helmers 10 Bronwyn H. Hall, Professor of the Graduate School – UC Berkeley, Christian Helmers, University of Oxford - Department of Economics, The role of patent protection in (clean/green) technology transfer 24 October 2010 http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/5706 There are a number of other issues apart from intellectual property rights that are of AND subsidise demand for green technology produced abroad, in particular in large emerging economies
11/5/13
1NC Quarters UCO v OU LW
Tournament: Uco | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Oklahoma Leonardi-Wyde | Judge: Cook, Gordon, Taylor The only ethical demand available to modern politics is that of the Slave and the Savage, the demand for the end of America itself. This cry, born out of the belly of slave ships and the churning vertigo of constitutive genocide, exposes the grammar of the Affirmative’s calls for larger institutional access as a fundamental fortification of White Settler and Slave Master civil society by its diversionary focus on the ethicality of the policies and practices of the United States as opposed to the a priori question its very existence. This silence of the Affirmative’s assumptive logic renders them unaccountable to the revolutionary political ontology of Redness and Blackness and thereby sets the stage for the various dramas of conflictual relationships i.e. class struggle, gender conflict, immigrants rights, etc. that are made possible by the antagonism between Settler and Savage, Master and Slave. Wilderson 2010 Frank B., killed apartheid officials in South Africa, nuff said, Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages 1-5 WHEN i WAS a young student at Columbia University in New York there was a AND foundation of the close reading of feature films and political theory that follows.
While the afterlife of slavery is far from an abstraction in the lived reality of blackness, recourse to the sociological empirics of suffering already codifies the category of “exploitation” as the base grammar of suffering, ignoring the gratuitousness of anti-black violence and enshrining the call for more public policy as the limit point of our revolutionary demands. This elides the way in which civil society is parasitic on The Middle Passage and thus how Humanity itself can only be constituted in opposition to the fundamentally anti-Human position of the slave. It is this libidinal economy of anti-blackness which exists as the condition of possibility for the violence of the world. Wilderson 2010 Frank B., again, dude straight up MURKED white supremacists like buk buk, Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages 10-11 Regarding the Black position, some might ask why, after claims successfully made on AND occur? The woman at the gates of Columbia University awaits an answer.
What is to be done? Two hundred years ago, when the slaves in AND the slave must become to pursue its calling that is not a calling.
Life will not change for the better absent an assault on the establishment. That doesn’t mean we will live to enjoy the fruits of the revolution but it DOES mean that we should pursue revolutionary suicide because death is inevitable and this is the only one worth pursuing. Huey P. Newton 1973, Co-founder of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, Revolutionary Suicide, pages 2-6
Connected to reactionary suicide, although even more painful and degrading, is a spiritual AND fruits. That would be a contradiction. The reality will be grimmer.
If our alternative leads to violent revolution, that most definitely solves George Jackson1972, Revolutionary, Blood in My Eye, pages 59-62
The enemy culture, the established government, exists first of all because of AND is no possibility of an establishment government ever overcoming a determined internal enemy.
The AFF is built upon a division between death and life in which the latter is valorized and the former demonized and expunged. The AFF builds their politics around the abolition of death. Such a demonization of those who choose death reaffirms the foundational division which forms all other oppression. The division between death and life, necessitated by the AFF, ensures the perpetuation of mass violence by sciencto-capitalism. Robinson 2012 /Andrew, Political Theorist, Activist Based in the UK and research fellow affiliated to the Centre for the Study of Social and Global Justice (CSSGJ), University of Nottingham, “Jean Baudrillard: The Rise of Capitalism and the Exclusion of Death”, March 30, http://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/in-theory-baudrillard-2/ Symbolic exchange – or rather, its suppression – plays a central role in the emergence of capitalism. Baudrillard sees a change happening over time. Regimes based on symbolic exchange (differences are exchangeable and related) are replaced by regimes based on equivalence (everything is, or means, the same). Ceremony gives way to spectacle, immanence to transcendence.¶ Baudrillard’s view of capitalism is derived from Marx’s analysis of value. Baudrillard accepts Marx’s view that capitalism is based on a general equivalent. Money is the general equivalent because it can be exchanged for any commodity. In turn, it expresses the value of abstract labour-time. Abstract labour-time is itself an effect of the regimenting of processes of life, so that different kinds of labour can be compared. Capitalism is derived from the autonomisation or separation of economics from the rest of life. It turns economics into the ‘reality-principle’. It is a kind of sorcery, connected in some way to the disavowed symbolic level. It subtly shifts the social world from an exchange of death with the Other to an eternal return of the Same. Capitalism functions by reducing everything to a regime based on value and the production of value. To be accepted by capital, something must contribute value. This creates an immense regime of social exchange. However, this social exchange has little in common with symbolic exchange. It ultimately depends on the mark of value itself being unexchangeable. Capital must be endlessly accumulated. States must not collapse. Capitalism thus introduces the irreversible into social life, by means of accumulation.¶ According to Baudrillard, capitalism rests on an obsession with the abolition of death. Capitalism tries to abolish death through accumulation. It tries to ward off ambivalence (associated with death) through value (associated with life). But this is bound to fail. General equivalence – the basis of capitalism – is itself the ever-presence of death. The more the system runs from death, the more it places everyone in solitude, facing their own death. Life itself is fundamentally ambivalent. The attempt to abolish death through fixed value is itself deathly.¶ Accumulation also spreads to other fields. The idea of progress, and linear time, comes from the accumulation of time, and of stockpiles of the past. The idea of truth comes from the accumulation of scientific knowledge. Biology rests on the separation of living and non-living. According to Baudrillard, such accumulations are now in crisis. For instance, the accumulation of the past is undermined, because historical objects now have to be concealed to be preserved – otherwise they will be destroyed by excessive consumption. Value is produced from the residue or remainder of an incomplete symbolic exchange. The repressed, market value, and sign-value all come from this remainder. To destroy the remainder would be to destroy value.¶ Capitalist exchange is always based on negotiation, even when it is violent. The symbolic order does not know this kind of equivalential exchange or calculation. And capitalist extraction is always one-way. It amounts to a non-reversible aggression in which one act (of dominating or killing) cannot be returned by the other. It is also this regime which produces scarcity – Baudrillard here endorses Sahlins’ argument. Capitalism produces the Freudian “death drive”, which is actually an effect of the capitalist culture of death. For Baudrillard, the limit to both Marx and Freud is that they fail to theorise the separation of the domains they study – the economy and the unconscious. It is the separation which grounds their functioning, which therefore only occurs under the regime of the code.¶ Baudrillard also criticises theories of desire, including those of Deleuze, Foucault, Freud and Lacan. He believes desire comes into existence based on repression. It is an effect of the denial of the symbolic. Liberated energies always leave a new remainder; they do not escape the basis of the unconscious in the remainder. Baudrillard argues that indigenous groups do not claim to live naturally or by their desires – they simply claim to live in societies. This social life is an effect of the symbolic. Baudrillard therefore criticises the view that human liberation can come about through the liberation of desire. He thinks that such a liberation will keep certain elements of the repression of desire active.¶ Baudrillard argues that the processes which operate collectively in indigenous groups are repressed into the unconscious in metropolitan societies. This leads to the autonomy of the psyche as a separate sphere. It is only after this repression has occurred that a politics of desire becomes conceivable. He professes broad agreement with the Deleuzian project of unbinding energies from fixed categories and encouraging flows and intensities. However, he is concerned that capitalism can recuperate such releases of energy, disconnecting them so they can eventually reconnect to it. Unbinding and drifting are not fatal to capitalism, because capitalism itself unbinds things, and re-binds things which are unbound. What is fatal to it is, rather, reversibility.¶ Capitalism continues to be haunted by the forces it has repressed. Separation does not destroy the remainder. Quite the opposite. The remainder continues to exist, and gains power from its repression. This turns the double or shadow into something unquiet, vampiric, and threatening. It becomes an image of the forgotten dead. Anything which reminds us of the repressed aspects excluded from the subject is experienced as uncanny and threatening. It becomes the ‘obscene’, which is present in excess over the ‘scene’ of what is imagined.¶ This is different from theories of lack, such as the Lacanian Real. Baudrillard’s remainder is an excess rather than a lack. It is the carrier of the force of symbolic exchange.¶ Modern culture dreams of radical difference. The reason for this is that it exterminated radical difference by simulating it. The energy of production, the unconscious, and signification all in fact come from the repressed remainder. Our culture is dead from having broken the pact with monstrosity, with radical difference. The West continues to perpetrate genocide on indigenous groups. But for Baudrillard, it did the same thing to itself first – destroying its own indigenous logics of symbolic exchange. Indigenous groups have also increasingly lost the symbolic dimension, as modern forms of life have been imported or imposed. This according to Baudrillard produces chronic confusion and instability.¶ Gift-exchange is radically subversive of the system. This is not because it is rebellious. Baudrillard thinks the system can survive defections or exodus. It is because it counterposes a different ‘principle of sociality’ to that of the dominant system. According to Baudrillard, the mediations of capitalism exist so that nobody has the opportunity to offer a symbolic challenge or an irreversible gift. They exist to keep the symbolic at bay. The affective charge of death remains present among the oppressed, but not with the ‘properly symbolic rhythm’ of immediate retaliation.¶ The Church and State also exist based on the elimination of symbolic exchange. Baudrillard is highly critical of Christianity for what he takes to be a cult of suffering, solitude and death. He sees the Church as central to the destruction of earlier forms of community based on symbolic exchange.¶ Baudrillard seems to think that earlier forms of the state and capitalism retained some degree of symbolic exchange, but in an alienated, partially repressed form. For instance, the imaginary of the ‘social contract’ was based on the idea of a sacrifice – this time of liberty for the common good. In psychoanalysis, symbolic exchange is displaced onto the relationship to the master-signifier. I haven’t seen Baudrillard say it directly, but the impression he gives is that this is a distorted, authoritarian imitation of the original symbolic exchange. Nonetheless, it retains some of its intensity and energy. Art, theatre and language have worked to maintain a minimum of ceremonial power.¶ It is the reason older orders did not suffer the particular malaise of the present. It is easy to read certain passages in Baudrillard as if he is bemoaning the loss of these kinds of strong significations. This is initially how I read Baudrillard’s work. But on closer inspection, this seems to be a misreading. Baudrillard is nostalgic for repression only to the extent that the repressed continued to carry symbolic force as a referential. He is nostalgic for the return of symbolic exchange, as an aspect of diffuse, autonomous, dis-alienated social groups.¶ Death¶ Death plays a central role in Baudrillard’s theory, and is closely related to symbolic exchange. According to Baudrillard, what we have lost above all in the transition to alienated society is the ability to engage in exchanges with death. Death should not be seen here in purely literal terms. Baudrillard specifies early on that he does not mean an event affecting a body, but rather, a form which destroys the determinacy of the subject and of value – which returns things to a state of indeterminacy. Baudrillard certainly discusses actual deaths, risk-taking, suicide and so on. But he also sees death figuratively, in relation to the decomposition of existing relations, the “death” of the self-image or ego, the interchangeability of processes of life across different categories. For instance, eroticism or sexuality is related to death, because it leads to fusion and communication between bodies. Sexual reproduction carries shades of death because one generation replaces another. Baudrillard’s concept of death is thus quite similar to Bakhtin’s concept of the grotesque. Death refers to metamorphosis, reversibility, unexpected mutations, social change, subjective transformation, as well as physical death.¶ According to Baudrillard, indigenous groups see death as social, not natural or biological. They see it as an effect of an adversarial will, which they must absorb. And they mark it with feasting and rituals. This is a way of preventing death from becoming an event which does not signify. Such a non-signifying event is absolute disorder from the standpoint of symbolic exchange. For Baudrillard, the west’s idea of a biological, material death is actually an idealist illusion, ignoring the sociality of death. Poststructuralists generally maintain that the problems of the present are rooted in the splitting of life into binary oppositions. For Baudrillard, the division between life and death is the original, founding opposition on which the others are founded. After this first split, a whole series of others have been created, confining particular groups – the “mad”, prisoners, children, the old, sexual minorities, women and so on – to particular segregated situations. The definition of the ‘normal human’ has been narrowed over time. Today, nearly everyone belongs to one or another marked or deviant category.¶ The original exclusion was of the dead – it is defined as abnormal to be dead. “You livies hate us deadies”. This first split and exclusion forms the basis, or archetype, for all the other splits and exclusions – along lines of gender, disability, species, class, and so on. This discrimination against the dead brings into being the modern experience of death. Baudrillard suggests that death as we know it does not exist outside of this separation between living and dead. The modern view of death is constructed on the model of the machine and the function. A machine either functions or it does not. The human body is treated as a machine which similarly, either functions or does not. For Baudrillard, this misunderstands the nature of life and death.¶ The modern view of death is also necessitated by the rise of subjectivity. The subject needs a beginning and an end, so as to be reducible to the story it tells. This requires an idea of death as an end. It is counterposed to the immortality of social institutions. In relation to individuals, ideas of religious immortality is simply an ideological cover for the real exclusion of the dead. But institutions try to remain truly immortal. Modern systems, especially bureaucracies, no longer know how to die – or how to do anything but keep reproducing themselves. The internalisation of the idea of the subject or the soul alienates us from our bodies, voices and so on. It creates a split, as Stirner would say, between the category of ‘man’ and the ‘un-man’, the real self irreducible to such categories. It also individualises people, by destroying their actual connections to others. The symbolic haunts the code as the threat of its own death. The society of the code works constantly to ward off the danger of irruptions of the symbolic.¶ The mortal body is actually an effect of the split introduced by the foreclosure of death. The split never actually stops exchanges across the categories. In the case of death, we still ‘exchange’ with the dead through our own deaths and our anxiety about death. We no longer have living, mortal relationships with objects either. They are reduced to the instrumental. It is as if we have a transparent veil between us.¶ Symbolic exchange is based on a game, with game-like rules. When this disappears, laws and the state are invented to take their place. It is the process of excluding, marking, or barring which allows concentrated or transcendental power to come into existence. Through splits, people turn the other into their ‘imaginary’. For instance, westerners invest the “Third World” with racist fantasies and revolutionary aspirations; the “Third World” invests the west with aspirational fantasies of development. In separation, the other exists only as an imaginary object. Yet the resultant purity is illusory. For Baudrillard, any such marking or barring of the other brings the other to the core of society. “We all” become dead, or mad, or prisoners, and so on, through their exclusion. The goal of ‘survival’ is fundamental to the birth of power. Social control emerges when the union of the living and the dead is shattered, and the dead become prohibited. The social repression of death grounds the repressive socialisation of life. People are compelled to survive so as to become useful. For Baudrillard, capitalism’s original relationship to death has historically been concealed by the system of production, and its ends. It only becomes fully visible now this system is collapsing, and production is reduced to operation. In modern societies, death is made invisible, denied, and placed outside society. For example, elderly people are excluded from society. People no longer expect their own death. As a result, it becomes unintelligible. It keeps returning as ‘nature which will not abide by objective laws’. It can no longer be absorbed through ritual. Western society is arranged so death is never done by someone else, but always attributable to ‘nature’. This creates a bureaucratic, judicial regime of death, of which the concentration camp is the ultimate symbol. The system now commands that we must not die – at least not in any old way. We may only die if law and medicine allow it. Hence for instance the spread of health and safety regulations. On the other hand, murder and violence are legalised, provided they can be re-converted into economic value. Baudrillard sees this as a regressive redistribution of death. It is wrested from the circuit of social exchanges and vested in centralised agencies.¶ For Baudrillard, there is not a social improvement here. People are effectively being killed, or left to die, by a process which never treats them as having value. On the other hand, even when capitalism becomes permissive, inclusive and tolerant, it still creates an underlying anxiety about being reduced to the status of an object or a marionette. This appears as a constant fear of being manipulated. The slave remains within the master’s dialectic for as long as ‘his’ life or death serves the reproduction of domination. ? Suicide acts as a countergift which challenges the capitalism imposition and drive for life and productivity. The AFF’s claim that one should approach suicide and choose life fits beautifully into the neoliberal drive for production. Riley 2010 Michael, ‘‘A new kind of fear’’: Jean¶ Baudrillard’s neo-Durkheimian theory¶ of mass-mediated suicide International Social Science Journal Volume 58, Issue Supplement s1, Article first published online: 24 JAN 2010 Just as the violence of the mourners is¶ fundamentally framed by the collective needs AND challenge¶ presented by American empire to the rest of¶ the world. ? Suicide is a radical act, not a cowardly refusal of life or struggle; rather, suicide constitutes a break from the incessant command that one must be productive. Suicide steals back one’s body from the capitalist machine and refuses the calculated and preprogrammed life necessitated by modernity. Think of prison suicides which protest the abject state of domination and deprecation they are forced to endure. We need not defend murder just that the philosophical demand to always choose life is problematic. Riley 2010 Michael, ‘‘A new kind of fear’’: Jean¶ Baudrillard’s neo-Durkheimian theory¶ of mass-mediated suicide International Social Science Journal Volume 58, Issue Supplement s1, Article first published online: 24 JAN 2010 This analysis, however, does not achieve its most¶ detailed exposition until a AND the¶ system precisely in its rejection of the logic of¶ individualism.
Policy is only going to come after our radical abolitionist pedagogy starts to go into effect. Dylan Rodriguez, D Rod Will Make Ya Jump, “Disorientation of the Teaching Act: Abolition as Pedagogical Position”, Radical Teacher, Number 88, Summer 2010, p. 7-19 Perhaps, then, there is no viable or defensible pedagogical position other than an AND is significantly dependent on our willingness to embrace this form of pedagogical audacity.
And, our impacts outweigh: their scenarios separates the question of apocalyptic violence from racial justice, ignoring that THE WORLD HAS ALREADY ENDED for people of color and that their focus on mere survivability elides the nuclear holocaust waged on a daily basis against non-white bodies. Omolade 1984, Barbara, Calvin College’ first dean of multicultural affairs, “Women of Color and the Nuclear Holocaust”, Women’s Studies Quarterly vol. 12, No. 2
To raise these issues effectively, the movement for nuclear dis- armament must overcome AND the ability to eat and to provide for the future of our people.
Social death theory is a prerequisite to understanding affirmating of life, their understanding of life is a unique link Sexton 2011 (Jared, Director, African American Studies, UC Irvine, “The Social Life of Social Death: On Afro-Pessimism and Black Optimism,” http://www.faculty.uci.edu/profile.cfm?faculty_id=5113.) 23 Elsewhere, in a discussion of Du Bois on the study of AND arguments (should) begin, but they cannot (yet) proceed.
The affirmative positions a question of reclaiming humanity through the affirmation of life – this view cannot take into account the gratuitous violence enacted on the slave. Expanding the inclusionary circle of civil society can never include Blackness because it is founded in contradistinction to it – their humanism is birthed from the murder of the slave. Wilderson ’10 Frank, Associate Professor at UC Irvine’s Department of Drama and African American Studies, Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pp. 21-23
Again, what is important for us to glean from these historians is that the AND infinite—for they have no line of flight leading to the Slave.
11/5/13
1NC Round 2 UCO v Dartmouth BP
Tournament: Uco | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dartmouth College Belhachmi-Packer | Judge: Box 1 Interpretation: Restrictions are direct prohibitions Northglenn 11 (City of Northglenn Zoning Ordinance, “Rules of Construction – Definitions”, http://www.northglenn.org/municode/ch11/content_11-5.html)
Section 11-5-3. Restrictions. As used in this Chapter 11 AND building, structure or thing shall be authorized by any permit or license. Restrictions on authority are distinct from conditions Conner 78 William, former federal judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York United States District Court, S. D. New York, CORPORACION VENEZOLANA de FOMENTO v. VINTERO SALES, http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781560452FSupp1108_11379
Plaintiff next contends that Merban was charged with notice of the restrictions on the authority AND were not authorized to act except upon the fulfillment of the specified conditions. Violation: The plan is not a direct prohibition, it’s a minor condition. Limits – Regulation and oversight of authority allows a litany of new affs in each area. Core generic links to EVERY precious few DAs is to a prohibition on war powers. At best they justify indirect restrictions Ground – Conditions based CPs are key negative ground. Voter for fairness and education – prefer competing interpretations over reasonability. 2 A. Interpretation: Hostilities are defined as war in the context of presidential powers Smith 7 R. Andrew, City of Chicago Law Department in the Municipal Prosecution Division. “Symposium on Electronic Privacy in the Information Age: Breaking the Stalemate: The Judiciary’s Constitutional Role in Disputes Over the War Powers”. Valparaiso University Law Review. Summer 2007. MM Baker v. Carr demonstrates that the purpose of the political question doctrine is to AND powers because only congress may determine that a legal state of war exists. B. Violation—we are not at war C. RTP
Most real world—war powers only exist during the time of war and not at any other time— 2. Precision—the lack of precision has allowed presidents to start wars—Precision has real world impacts, adds 190 countries to the topic
3. Extra T – they limit presidential actions in non-US conflicts – disproves the resolution independent voter
3 Congressional intervention kills flexibility of our threats – guarantees crisis escalation. Waxman 8/25 (Matthew, Professor of Law at Columbia and Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy for the Council on Foreign Relations, “The Constitutional Power to Threaten War,” August 25, Yale Law Journal, vol. 123, JL)
A claim previously advanced from a presidentialist perspective is that stronger legislative checks on war AND to use force in order to prevent a confrontation which might escalate.179
Extinction Johson 6 Karlton, Army War College, “Temporal and Scalar Mechanics of Conflict Strategic Implications of Speed and Time on the American Way of War,” http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a449394.pdf
The U.S. Army War College uses the acronym “VUCA” to AND with rigor and discipline in order to understand their far-reaching implications.
4 Text: The United States federal government should threaten to strike military installations in the Islamic Republic of Iran if it does not end their nuclear weapons program CP solves: McKenzie and Flower 12 David McKenzie and Kevin Flower are writers for CNN's Security Clearance, which examines national and global security, terrorism and intelligence, as well as the economic, military, political and diplomatic effects of it around the globe, 1-24-12, “Yadlin: Keep Iran military options on table”, http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2012/01/24/yadlin-keep-iran-military-options-on-table/
Amos Yadlin, the recently retired chief of of Israeli military intelligence, told CNN’s AND getting to its end goal of developing a nuclear weapon, Yadlin said.
5 The representations of the proliferating countries in US nuclear policy are ideological and oriental—these representations reinforce a global system of colonial domination and racism—policies based on these representations accelerate the dangers posed by and in the third world—turns the case
Gusterson in 99 Hugh, Associate Professor of Anthropology and Science and Technology @ MIT, Nuclear Weapons and the Other in Western Imagination, Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 1. (Feb., 1999), pp. 111-143
Following Anthony Giddens (1979), I define ideology as a way of constructing political AND problems produced by a world system dominated by First World institutions and states.
Discursive constructions of the other reify a system of racial and colonial domination which makes extinction inevitable
That race (or for that matter racism) figures so prominently in the calculus AND of the racist state, the murderous state, and the suicidal state.
While other strategies may solve the double standard inherent in proliferation discourse only by highlighting and rejecting the Orientalist discourse within this rhetoric can overcome its racism
Gusterson in 99 Hugh, Associate Professor of Anthropology and Science and Technology @ MIT, Nuclear Weapons and the Other in Western Imagination, Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 1. (Feb., 1999), pp. 111-143
Because I have set out to criticize a particular kind of policy talk rather AND Union and the originator of the policy of containment in the Cold War:
Solvency President has multiple mechs to circumvent – empirically he will if Congress doesn’t agree with him
The debate over the War Powers Act reminds us that the presidency continues to evolve AND provisions as they encroached upon his powers to appoint and remove branch employees.
Obama has and will just continue to outright reject giving out information under the guise of national security – allows him to get away with anything Guardian 13 Glenn Greenwald; Glenn Greenwald is a columnist on civil liberties and US national security issues for the Guardian. A former constitutional lawyer, he was until 2012 a contributing writer at Salon. He is the author of How Would a Patriot Act? Friday 22 February 2013 09.46 EST Obama officials refuse to say if assassination power extends to US soil; http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/feb/22/obama-brennan-paul-assassinations-filibusterAnthonyOgbuli
Indeed it does. In fact, it is repellent to think that any member AND and US citizens are being barred from knowing what those legal claims are.
Adv 1 Iran will not attack anyone—econ, defensive military posture Darling 10 (Daniel, is an international military markets analyst with Forecast International Inc., an aerospace and defense research company. “Just How Powerful is the Iranian Military” http://thefastertimes.com/defensespending/2010/04/28/iranian-smoke-and-mirrors/) Though militarily capable enough to match its Arab neighbors, an Iranian first-strike AND promote itself as the implacable foe of Western interference in the Muslim world.
Your predictions of Iran fail BERGENAS 10 (JOHAN BERGENAS is a Research Associate at the Henry L. Stimson Center. August 21, 2010. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66738/johan-bergenas/the-nuclear-domino-myth) Another achievement came during the 2010 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Review Conference, when the United AND Middle East, this type of rapid development is just not technologically feasible. Nuclear Iran will not cause war—actually solves miscalc Lowther 10 (Adam B. Lowther is a defense analyst at the Air Force Research Institute. “Iran’s Two-Edged Bomb” Feb. 9. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/09/opinion/09lowther.html) What about the downside — that an unstable, anti-American regime would be AND give us hopes of a renaissance of American influence in the Middle East.
No spillover or attack Layne 6 (Christopher Layne is Associate Professor of International Affairs at the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University and a member of the Board of Directors of the Coalition for a Realistic Foreign Policy. “Iran: The Logic of Deterrence” http://www.amconmag.com/article/2006/apr/10/00007/) For the same reason, Iran’s possession of nuclear weapons will not invest Tehran with AND because it could be contained and deterred successfully by the United States.
Spreading of nuclear weapons introduces strategic stability and advances peace—incidence of wars decrease
Alagappa in ‘8 Muthiah, Distinguished Senior Fellow at East-West Center, “Exploring Roles”, in The Long Shadow: Nuclear Weapons and Security in 21st Century Asia, ed. M. Alagappa, p. 100 Small Nuclear Forces, Peace, and Stability. Building on the argument that small AND , will decrease the incidence of war among the new states as well.
Nuclear deterrence solves offensive force postures that spark major wars—nuclear weapons cause a paradigm shift to defense and deterrence
Alagappa in ‘8 Muthiah, Distinguished Senior Fellow at East-West Center, “Reinforcing National Security and Regional Stability”, in The Long Shadow: Nuclear Weapons and Security in 21st Century Asia, ed. M. Alagappa, P. 524-525 In 2003, I argued that the role of force in Asian international politics was AND the region that emphasizes conventional defense, nuclear deterrence, and political assurance.
Prolif Good— A. Terrorism—US provides security guarantees to solve Lowther 10 (Adam B. Lowther is a defense analyst at the Air Force Research Institute. “Iran’s Two-Edged Bomb” Feb. 9. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/09/opinion/09lowther.html) First, Iran’s development of nuclear weapons would give the United States an opportunity to AND regional dynamic significantly, and provides some leverage for us to demand reforms.
Terrorism causes nuclear miscalc –extinction Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 (“After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld) Washington’s early response to a terrorist nuclear attack on its own soil might also raise AND for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.
Next, Middle East war—key to broker peace between Israel/Palestine Lowther 10 (Adam B. Lowther is a defense analyst at the Air Force Research Institute. “Iran’s Two-Edged Bomb” Feb. 9. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/09/opinion/09lowther.html) Third, Israel has made clear that it feels threatened by Iran’s nuclear program. AND Tehran’s animosity toward Israel, and would ease longstanding tensions in the region.
Middle east war goes global and nuclear Primakov 9 (Yevgeny, President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry – Russian Federation, Member – Russian Academy of Science, “The Middle East Problem in the Context of International Relations”, Russia in Global Affairs, 3, July/September, http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/n_13593) The Middle East conflict is unparalleled in terms of its potential for spreading globally. AND seems that President Obama’s position does not completely rule out such a possibility.
Makes heg sustainable—weapons exports Lowther 10 (Adam B. Lowther is a defense analyst at the Air Force Research Institute. “Iran’s Two-Edged Bomb” Feb. 9. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/09/opinion/09lowther.html) Fourth, a growth in exports of weapons systems, training and advice to our AND tens of billions of dollars a year now spent on overseas counterinsurgency operations.
Nuclear war Kagan 7 (Robert Kagan is author, most recently, of Dangerous Nation: America’s Place in the World from Its Earliest Days to the Dawn of the Twentieth Century (Knopf, 2006). He is senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and senior transatlantic fellow at the German Marshall Fund “End of Dreams Return to History” http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/6136) The jostling for status and influence among these ambitious nations and would-be nations AND between them less likely, or it could simply make them more catastrophic.
Iran prolif key to the Russian economy –lower oil prices Romulous 9 (Aetius Romulous is a freelance contributor based in Canada. “The benefits of a nuclear Iran” http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/KK18Ak02.html) Russia does not want Iran to have the bomb. Russia is in the enviable AND it extends Russian influence into the Middle East through the regions latest hegemon.
Russian economic decline risks extinction Steven David, political scientist, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, January/February 1999, p AND this threat more than the chaos that would follow a Russian civil war.
Iran prolif solves Chinese oil security Romulous 9 (Aetius Romulous is a freelance contributor based in Canada. “The benefits of a nuclear Iran” http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/KK18Ak02.html Iran has oil. Iran is the world's fourth-largest crude exporter, a AND one thing, being able to pay for it is another.
Solves Chinese expansionism—alternative risks war Kaplan 10 (National Correspondent for the Atlantic Monthly (Robert D., Foreign Affairs AND eventual outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study
Adv 2 Israel will not strike…EVER Rubin 10 (Barry Rubin is director of the Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA) Center and editor of the Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA) Journal. His latest books are The Israel-Arab Reader (seventh edition, Viking-Penguin), the paperback edition of The Truth about Syria (Palgrave-Macmillan), and The Long War for Freedom: The Arab Struggle for Democracy in the Middle East (Wiley). http://pajamasmedia.com/blog/will-israel-attack-iran-dont-hold-your-breath/2/) Fourth, even if Israel wanted to attack now — which it doesn’t — such AND these factors, it is rather clear that no such attack is imminent.
Israel will not strike iran—they know the US will disapprove and US military presence in the middle east acts as a security guarantee to prevent launch Rubin 10 (Barry Rubin is director of the Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA) Center and editor of the Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA) Journal. His latest books are The Israel-Arab Reader (seventh edition, Viking-Penguin), the paperback edition of The Truth about Syria (Palgrave-Macmillan), and The Long War for Freedom: The Arab Struggle for Democracy in the Middle East (Wiley). http://pajamasmedia.com/blog/will-israel-attack-iran-dont-hold-your-breath/2/) Second, the whole Israeli strategy has been based on winning the maximum amount of AND a catastrophic mistake as long as possible and one can hardly blame them.
Experts admit they are wrong about their calculations—CIA insiders prove its not possible anyway Hayden 10 ( journalist @ the Atlantic wire “4 Reasons Israel Hasn't Bombed Iran” http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2010/07/4-reasons-israel-hasn-t-bombed-iran/23686/) In a deadly exercise of "will they or won't they" a rash of AND it would take for all its F-151s to accomplish the job.
Even if they do strike no escalation -Economics Tira 10 (Ron Tira, author of The Nature of War: Conicting Paradigms and Israeli Military E.ectiveness (2009), is a reservist in the Israeli Air Force’s Campaign Planning Department “A Military Attack on Iran? Considerations for Israeli Decision Making” July,http://kingsofwar.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/tira-iran.pdf) However, an attack might in fact be able to upset Iran’s strategy to realize AND leadership may conclude that it would upset the balance of Iran’s successful strategy.
11/5/13
1NC Round 2 UNLV v Gonzaga CK
Tournament: tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Gonzaga Clawson-Kostun | Judge: Saez 1NC 1NC USFG To be ‘resolved’ is to express an opinion regarding some action following the colon. Words and Phrases 1964 (Permanent Edition ) Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”.
The United States federal government refers to the actual government Black’s Law Dictionary 90 6th Ed., p. 695 In the United States, government consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in addition to administrative agencies. In a broader sense, includes the federal government and all its agencies and bureaus, state and county governments, and city and township governments.
Should” is an auxiliary verb which expresses the desirability of the action of the verb phrase following it, which, in the case, is “substantially increase statutory and/or judicial restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States in one or more of the following areas: targeted killing; indefinite detention; offensive cyber operations; or introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities.” Cambridge Dictionary, 2000Cambridge University Press p.792
Should – v. aux. Used to express that it is necessary, desirable, admirable, or imperative to perform the action of the following verb
B) Violation— The affirmative does not defend a policy enacted by the United States Federal Government to increase restrictions on war powers or make a demand on the USFG for such C) Vote Negative— 1) Without Limits debate becomes impossible—T is a jurisdictional voting issue Shively 2k—Professor of Political Science, Texas A and M Ruth, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 181-2 The requirements thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say “no” AND . In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.
2) Role of the Ballot: Our role of the ballot is that the affirmative must present a topical affirmative or demand as per the resolution and the negative must prove it undesirable or offer a competing policy option.
3) Process impact:– this is the only academic forum where we get education based on clash and competition. If we aren’t able to prepare in advance for affirmatives the round becomes a 2 hour conference presentation about whatever books and articles they are reading, This education o/w any content specific education because a) you can get content specific education in any other forum b) Without critical thinking skills developed through clash and competition we can’t effectively act on content-specific knowledge English et al 7 Eric English, Stephen Llano, Gordon R. Mitchell, Catherine E. Morrison, John Rief and Carly Woods, all former debate coaches, “Debate as a Weapon of Mass Destruction” http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/JPubs/EnglishDAWG.pdf It is our position, however, that rather than acting as a cultural technology AND heirs to brand the activity as a ‘‘weapon of mass destruction.’’ c) without clash-based education we are likely to come to the wrong conclusions about the content b/c we don’t see both sides
4) Switch-side debating on the topic is uniquely important. It allows debaters to become better advocates and increases critical thinking – it also solves all your offense Dybvig and Iverson 99 Kristin Chisholm Dybvig, and Joel O. Iverson, Can Cutting Cards Carve into Our Personal Lives: An Analysis of Debate Research on Personal Advocacy, http://www.uvm.edu/~debate/dybvigiverson1000.html Not all debate research appears to generate personal advocacy and challenge peoples' assumptions. Debaters AND of various policy proposals helps debaters to strengthen their own stance on issues.
5) Our interpretation of debate is key to accessing the forms of civic education that are reflexive prevent violent military mistakes like the response to 9/11 and preserve democracy Lane. 8 Eric Lane Issue #10, Fall 2008 America 101 How we let civic education slide—and why we need a crash course in the Constitution today. http://www.democracyjournal.org/10/6643.php?page=all
Things weren’t always this way; civics and current events courses were once common, AND answer, then, is to reinject civic literacy into our educational system.
6) The aff’s focus on localized politics can’t solve—the void of politics will be filled by reactionary elites, turning the aff and leading to massive forms of violence Boggs 97—Professor of Social Sciences at National University in LA Carl. The great retreat: Decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America. Theory and Society, Vol. 26, No. 6, Dec., 1997 The decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America poses a series AND universal, collec- tive interests that had vanished from civil society.75
7) Our interpretation is key to the agonistic forms of confrontation – that create a democratic debate space – this debate over inclusion is key to the antagonism that actually leads to inclusion and change in the debate space Mouffe 5 Chantal Mouffe; Belgian political theorist, held visiting positions at Harvard, Cornell, Princeton and the CNRS (Paris). Currently holds a professorship at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster in the United Kingdom, where she directs the Centre for the Study of Democracy 2005; “On the Political: Thinking in Action” AnthonyOgbuli
Many liberal theorists refuse to acknowledge the antagonistic dimension of politics and the role of AND only legitimate but also necessary. They provide the stuff of democratic politics. 8) Effective deliberation requires a forum of discussion that facilitates political agonism and the capacity to substantively engage the topic at hand-in short, a forum of debate where the negative can predict a stable mechanism (i.e. defending the plan) and respond to the aff is the most intellectually effective-this is crucial to affecting productive change in all facets of life-the process in this instance is more important than the substance of their advocacy Gutmann and Thompson 86 (Amy Gutmann 96 is the president of Penn and former prof @ Princeton, AND Dennis Thompson is Alfred North Whitehead Professor of Political Philosophy at Harvard University, Democracy and Disagreement, pp 1) Deliberative democracy involves reasoning about politics, and nothing has been more controversial in political AND of the conditions and content of deliberative democracy we begin to develop here.
1nc Postmodernist thought denies the objectivity of political programs such as the class struggle. This line of thinking weakens support for the class struggle that is key to emancipating society
The emphasis de Sousa places on plurality and difference is typical of postmodern schools of AND the proletariat a critical and leading role in the struggle for human emancipation.
Challenging global capitalism is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale
Zizek and Daly 2k4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol AND abject Other to that of a ‘glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix.
The alternative is historical materialism. Historical materialist analysis is epistemologically superior to post-structuralism-it allows more effective analyses of power and the mobilization of discourses Lapointe, 2007 Thierry. "Beyond an Historicism Without Subject: Agency and the Elusive Genealogies of State Sovereignty" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention, Feb 28, 2007 http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p180176_index.html
The primary objective of this volume is to bring social history back in IR in AND quite distinctive sets of objectives and reproducing quite different set of social practices. Case Existence and choice come first. People should be able to choose their value to life Kymlicka ‘3 (Will, professor of philosophy @ Queens University. Contemporary Political Thought: A Reader And Guide. Edited by Alan Finlayson, pp. 496-498) The defining feature of liberalism is that it ascribes certain fundamental freedoms to each individual AND judge what is valuable, and to learn about other ways of life. Must evaluate consequences – the alternative is moral absolutism that generates evil Isaac ‘2—Professor of Political Science at Indiana-Bloomington Jeffery C., Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” p. Proquest. As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It AND not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
We have to solve large-scale violent conflicts before we can focus on everyday forms of violence – they’re a key barrier to peace – and disproves gender produces endless cycles of war. Goldstein 1 Joshua Goldstein, Int’l Rel Prof @ American U, 2001, War and Gender, p. 412 First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working AND on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.
Fem understanding of war theory doesn’t open up space for divergent perspectives in IR – they just create a new closed system – exclusion is inevitable. Caprioli 4 “Feminist IR Theory and Quantitative Methodology: A Critical Analysis” Mary Caprioli, Dept. of Political Science, University of Tennessee. International Studies Review. Volume 42 Issue 1 Page 193-197, March 2004. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/0020-8833.00076 Conventional feminist IR scholars misrepresent the field of international relations in arguing that IR scholarship AND even perpetuates the existence of states, then policy prescriptions should be sought.
Merely exposing the assumptions of IR is not a sustainable strategy Murray ‘97 (Alastair, Politics Department at the University of Wales, Swansea, RECONSTRUCTING REALISM, p. 189) In the final analysis, then, Ashley's post-structuralist approach boils down AND , forever immersed in the expectation of deliverance, is manifestly unable to provide Discursive focus generates epistemological blind spots and won’t alter “security” structures. Hyde-Price ‘1 (Adrian, Prof. of Int’l Politics, Bath Univ., ‘Beware the Jabberwock!’ Security Studies in the 21st Century, EUROPE’S NEW SECURITY CHALLENGES, Heinz Gärtner, Adrian Hyde-Price and Erich Rieter, eds., p. 39) Securitization thus focuses almost exclusively on the discursive domain and eschews any attempt to determine AND serious empirical research and setting it adrift on a sea of floating signifiers. Don’t prioritize ontology and epistemology over the interpretative power of the 1AC authors – force them to prove the 1AC claims are inaccurate. Owen 2 David, Reader in Political Theory at the University of Southampton, Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653 Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a AND to the kind of vicious circle that they can, collectively, generate.
11/5/13
1NC Round 3 KCKCC v UMKC DW
Tournament: tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Missouri - Kansas City Desai-Wood | Judge: Harris T Interpretation – restriction requires prohibition of an entire topic list area Restriction means prohibition Corpus Juris Secundum 31 Volume 54, p. 735 RESTRICT: To confine; to limit; to prevent (a person or thing) from passing a certain limit in any kind of action; to restrain; to restrain without bounds.
Authority is power delegated to an agent Kelly 3 - judge for the State of Michigan (JOSEPH ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff, and LULA ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY and DANIEL P. BENNETT, Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants., No. 236749, COURT OF APPEALS OF MICHIGAN, 259 Mich. App. 187; 673 N.W.2d 776; 2003 Mich. App. LEXIS 2649; 93 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 244; 92 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1557, Lexis) Applying agency principles, a principal is responsible for the acts of its agents done AND be delegated in carrying out the principal's business." Id. at 1348.
“In the area” means all of the activities United Nations 13 (United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty, http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm) PART I¶ INTRODUCTION¶ Article 1 Use of terms and scope¶ 1. For the purposes of this Convention:¶ (1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;¶ (2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;¶ (3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area; Violations – the affirmative doesn’t prohibit --either it sets conditions that can be met, or just limits the scope
Voting issue – Limits – absent prohibition of an area, every single condition or regulation acts as a functional restriction on some single process of war powers authority – dozens of tiny mechanisms and small subsets of areas create an infinite number of affs that core lit doesn’t check Bidirectionality – absent a prohibition, the aff can create meaningless “conditions” that EXPAND presidential power – commission consultation proves Wilson Center No Date (War Powers Proposal Gives the President Even More Authority, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/war-powers-proposal-gives-the-president-even-more-authority) A privately organized Commission on War Powers recommended last week that the 1973 War Powers AND in Congress, behind closed doors and shielded by classified briefings and documents.
DA 1 – Politics
Debt Ceiling compromise will happen – Boehner and republicans are slowly caving already – Obama’s hardline stance and focus on no negotiations is key NPR 10 /10/13 SCOTT NEUMAN; Digital News writer and editor, handling breaking news and feature stories for NPR.org. He served as an Associated Press Asia-Pacific desk editor. A graduate from Purdue University, Neuman earned a Bachelor's degree in communications and electronic journalism. GOP Offers Debt Ceiling Deal; White House Says 'It's Encouraging'; October 10, 2013 11:39 AM; http://www.npr.org/people/131724812/scott-neumanAnthonyOgbuli House Speaker John Boehner says he and fellow Republicans are willing to compromise and pass AND , Carney was evasive.¶ "You're asking me hypotheticals," he said.
Criticism of authority guts focus and agenda goals Kriner 10 Douglas L, assistant professor of political science at Boston University “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War”, University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010, page 68-69.
If President Obama can stick to his guns, he will win his October standoff AND If he retreats, he will embolden his opponents and demoralize his supporters. That collapses the global economy Davidson 9/10 Adam, economy columnist for The New York Times, co-founder of Planet Money, NPR’s team of economics reporters, “Our Debt to Society,” NYT, 2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will AND free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier. Global Nuclear War Merlini 11 Cesare, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, “A Post-Secular World?”, Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of AND theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
DA 2 Despite current doubts drones are here to stay – they are a staple of the president’s strategy in the middle east Byman 13 (Daniel, Research Director, Saban Center for Middle East Policy and Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Saban Center for Middle East Policy, “Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington's Weapon of Choice” Foreign Affairs, July/August, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman, JL)
Despite President Barack Obama’s recent call to reduce the United States’ reliance on drones, AND drone warfare risks dragging the United States into conflicts it could otherwise avoid. Increased oversight kills the program effectiveness and compromises missions. Previous checks based on bureaucratic were removed and prove the link. Burnam-Fink 12 (Michael, doctoral student in the Human and Social Dimensions of Science and Technology Program of the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes at Arizona State University and Breakthrough Generation Fellow at the Breakthrough Institute in Oakland, “DRONE WARS” The Cairo Review of Global Affairs, http://www.aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/pages/articledetails.aspx?aid=168, JL)
One problem with the Powell Doctrine and strategic airpower after 9/11 is that AND different sections of the law, and are overseen by different Congressional committees. That results in a loss of influence in the region. The impact is large scale war with Iran – conflict draws in regional powers and spillsover. Stratfor 11 (Editors, Stratfor is a geopolitical intelligence firm that provides strategic analysis and forecasting to individuals and organizations around the world, “The Geopolitics of the United States, Part 2: American Identity and the Threats of Tomorrow” Aug 25, https://mysu.susqu.edu/personal/rusek/news/Saved20Articles/The20Geopolitics20of20the20United20States-Part202.pdf, JL)
Such power did not —and often still does not — sit well with Americans AND the next round of ¶ American conflict with the rest of the world. K Accepting the inevitable justice of war blinds us to pacifist alternatives and make solutions to the root of violence impossible. Cady 10 Duane L., prof of philosophy, Hamline university, From Warism to Pacifism: A Moral Continuum, pp. 23-24 The widespread, unquestioning acceptance of warism and the corresponding reluctance to consider pacifism as AND a given war or the morality of specific acts within a particular war.
The question of how we FRAME WAR impacts our war consciousness - this is key to all social justice and to prevent extinction from perpetual conflict. Lawrence, 9 Grant, “Military Industrial "War" Consciousness Responsible for Economic and Social Collapse,” OEN—OpEdNews, March 27 As a presidential candidate, Barack Obama called Afghanistan ''the war we must win. AND will be forced to live the life our present war consciousness is creating.
The alternative is to position ourselves outside the rhetoric of inevitable war – this is key to biotic survival. Demenchonok, 9 Edward, Worked as a senior researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the AND and Sociology, Volume 68, Issue 1, Pages 9-49 Where, then, does the future lie? Unilateralism, hegemonic political anarchy, AND also of the extent, quality, and urgency of our present choices.
Language is key – positing war as just is itself an act of political violence that must be questioned. Collins and Glover, 2 John, Assistant Prof. of Global Studies at St. Lawrence University, Ross, Visiting Professor of Sociology at St. Lawrence University, Collateral Language, p. 6-7 As any university student knows, theories about the “social con¬struction” and social AND less likely to avert our mental gaze from the physical effects of violence.
1NC – Solvency President has multiple mechs to circumvent – empirically he will if Congress doesn’t agree with him
The debate over the War Powers Act reminds us that the presidency continues to evolve AND provisions as they encroached upon his powers to appoint and remove branch employees.
Obama has and will just continue to outright reject giving out information under the guise of national security – allows him to get away with anything Guardian 13 Glenn Greenwald; Glenn Greenwald is a columnist on civil liberties and US national security issues for the Guardian. A former constitutional lawyer, he was until 2012 a contributing writer at Salon. He is the author of How Would a Patriot Act? Friday 22 February 2013 09.46 EST Obama officials refuse to say if assassination power extends to US soil; http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/feb/22/obama-brennan-paul-assassinations-filibusterAnthonyOgbuli
Indeed it does. In fact, it is repellent to think that any member AND and US citizens are being barred from knowing what those legal claims are. 1NC – Drone Prolif Arms race for drones isn’t inevitable or happening – political and diplomatic costs, conventional air defense and limited context for use all deter development. Prefer this comparative evidence. Singh 12 (Joseph, Pentagon Contributor for Time, and a researcher for the Center for a New American Security “Betting Against a Drone Arms Race” http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/, JL)
Bold predictions of a coming drones arms race are all the rage since the uptake AND air defenses, poor media coverage, and difficulties in accessing the region.¶ No arms race – U.S. advantage, tech progression, and military budgeting Moss, 13 Trefor, Asian politics, Defense and Security @ The Diplomat, Here Come…China’s Drones, http://thediplomat.com/2013/03/02/here-comes-chinas-drones/?all=true
Much like the emergence of drone technology, the rise of China and its AND modernizing in all areas of military technology – unmanned systems being no exception. They have it backwards - Drone shift deters Chinese risk taking and de-escalates tensions Gompert, 13 David, RAND, author of the new study Sea Power and American Interests in the Western Pacific, How to Avert a Sea Catastrophe with China, http://www.rand.org/blog/2013/05/how-to-avert-a-sea-catastrophe-with-china.html
Moreover, because Air-Sea Battle relies on computer networks for command and control AND long lead-times required, fiscal constraints and institutional-industrial inertia. US drones have the perceived and functional advantage Axe, 11 David, military correspondent @ the diplomat, US Drones Trump China Theatrics, http://thediplomat.com/2011/02/07/us-drones-trump-china-theatrics/?all=true
That one example aside, though, China is some distance behind the United States AND the Pacific balance of power—but in favour of the United States. No offense – China will not use drones militarily Erickson, 13 Andrew, associate professor at the Naval War College and an Associate in Research at Harvard University's Fairbank Centre, China has drones. Now how will it use them?, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html
Beijing is already using drones to photograph the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands it disputes with AND scholars, however, have publicly considered the use of drone strikes overseas. No conflict escalation – China isn’t suicidal Leuck, 13 Paul, Politics @ PolicyMic, Drones: Why Americans Shouldn't Worry About Them, http://www.policymic.com/articles/21556/drones-why-americans-shouldn-t-worry-about-them
One commonly expressed concern about drones is that America is setting a dangerous standard by AND airspace without being intercepted or shot down by U.S. air defenses
No risk of Sino-Indo war. Vembu ‘10 Venkatesan Vembu. September 10, 2010. “Are ‘war-mongers’ narrating the China-India story?” Daily News and Analysis India. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_are-war-mongers-narrating-the-china-india-story_1436118 Is all this unchecked nationalist AND whereas Chinese public perceptions of India are “benign”. Despite past skirmishes – conflict between India and China won’t escalate. Yuan ‘7 – Professor of International Policy Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies Jing-dong Yuan is director of the Nonproliferation Education Program at the Center for Nonproliferation Studies and an associate professor of international policy studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies. “The Dragon and the Elephant: Chinese-Indian Relations in the 21st Century”. The Washington Quarterly, Volume 30, Number 3, Summer 2007, pp. 131-144. Project Muse Despite unresolved territorial disputes, mutual suspicions over each other’s military buildup and strategic intent AND cooperation in trade, investment, energy, and cultural and educational exchanges. Relations are high – no war Yan ‘9 Zhang. China’s ambassador to India. 4/9/9. http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/09/stories/2009040955800900.htm. The year 2008 witnessed the comprehensive expanding and deepening of China-India relations. AND at the Financial Summit of the G20 held in Washington in November 2008.
1NC – Pakistan Pakistan gives us permission and approve of strikes – they just want deniability Groves 13 (Steven, Bernard and Barbara Lomas Senior Research Fellow in the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation, “Drone Strikes: The Legality of U.S. Targeting Terrorists Abroad” April 10, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/drone-strikes-the-legality-of-us-targeting-terrorists-abroad, JL)
In September 2012, The Wall Street Journal reported that the U.S. AND not express consent to the United States to conduct drone operations.31 Despite reductions, strikes will continue in Pakistan and they are still crucial to solving terror in rural regions – continued use is key to future counterterror success. Tripathi 8/29 (Anurag, Research Associate, Institute for Conflict Management, “Pakistan – US: Diminishing Drones – Analysis” 2013, http://www.eurasiareview.com/29082013-pakistan-us-diminishing-drones-analysis/, JL)
According to the New America Foundation (NAF), a total of 2788 people have AND and intimidation, which the report attributed to ‘Anti-Government Elements’. Indo/Pak war will not go nuclear—no one wants to strike first and fear of US involvement Enders ’02 “Experts say nuclear war still unlikely,”, David Enders, Daily News Editor, January 30th 2002, DA: 7/26/10, http://www.michigandaily.com/content/experts-say-nuclear-war-still-unlikely?page=0,0 University political science Prof. Ashutosh Varshney becomes animated when asked about the likelihood of AND command control system has strengthened. The trigger is in very safe hands."
No impact or risk from Pakistani loose nukes Mueller ’10 – professor of political science at OSU John Mueller, professor of political science at Ohio State University, Calming Our Nuclear Jitters, Issues in Science and Technology, Winter 2010, Vol. 26, Issue 2 The terrorist group might also seek to steal or illicitly purchase a "loose nuke AND and, in the case of Pakistan, the weapons would be disassembled.
The army will maintain control even during a coup. Cheema ‘8 Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, works for the Islambad Policy Research Institute. “Pakistan's nuclear assets”. March 16, 2008. http://ipripak.org/articles/newspapers/paknucas.shtml Turkish military chief’s statement appears to reflect the need to support and strengthen Pakistan with AND of the Taliban the Pakistan Army has lost its abilities to handle them. Pakistan is resilient there will be no collapse – their impacts are hype and based on a racist understanding. Burke ‘9 Jason Burke, senior foreign correspondent for the Observer. The Guardian. 3/15/2009. “Our skewed world view won't let us see the real Pakistan”. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/15/jason-burke-pakistan For many developing nations, all this would signal the state's total disintegration. This AND parties though they have never won more than 14 in an election.
MAD prevents war between India and Pakistan. Khan ‘11 A.Q. Khan, Doctor of Science, “Indo-Pak nuclear war unlikely”, 5/17/11, http://www.kashmirawareness.org/Article/View/6464 7/7/11 Khan has said that despite sabre-rattling between Islamabad and New Delhi, there AND as the once bitter enemies Germany and France live today," he added. No Indo-Pak war: Recent confidence building measures have decrease likelihood of nuclear use and conflict Botez 11 (Radu, Writer @ Open Security, a think tank specializing in contemporary conflicts, “ India-Pakistan talks slowly move forward,” June 29, http://www.opendemocracy.net/opensecurity/security_briefings/290611) At the end of last week, foreign secretaries Nirupama Rao of India and Salman AND issues both countries have gone to war over several times in the past. No Central Asian war -~-- cooperation’s most likely between Russia, China, and the US Weitz ‘6 Richard, Senior Fellow and Director at the Program Management Hudson Institute, “Averting a New Great Game in Central Asia,” The Washington Quarterly Central Asian security affairs have become much more complex than during the original nineteenth- AND opportunities for cooperative diplomacy in a region where bilateral ties traditionally have predominated.
11/7/13
1NC Round 3 UNLV v Fresno HT
Tournament: tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Fresno State Holley-Tate | Judge: bugrov 1NC USFG To be ‘resolved’ is to express an opinion regarding some action following the colon. Words and Phrases 1964 (Permanent Edition ) Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”.
The United States federal government refers to the actual government Black’s Law Dictionary 90 6th Ed., p. 695 In the United States, government consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in addition to administrative agencies. In a broader sense, includes the federal government and all its agencies and bureaus, state and county governments, and city and township governments.
Should” is an auxiliary verb which expresses the desirability of the action of the verb phrase following it, which, in the case, is “substantially increase statutory and/or judicial restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States in one or more of the following areas: targeted killing; indefinite detention; offensive cyber operations; or introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities.” Cambridge Dictionary, 2000Cambridge University Press p.792
Should – v. aux. Used to express that it is necessary, desirable, admirable, or imperative to perform the action of the following verb
B) Violation— The affirmative does not defend a policy enacted by the United States Federal Government to increase restrictions on war powers or make a demand on the USFG for such C) Vote Negative— 1) Without Limits debate becomes impossible—T is a jurisdictional voting issue Shively 2k—Professor of Political Science, Texas A and M Ruth, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 181-2 The requirements thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say “no” AND . In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.
2) Role of the Ballot: Our role of the ballot is that the affirmative must present a topical affirmative or demand as per the resolution and the negative must prove it undesirable or offer a competing policy option.
3) Process impact:– this is the only academic forum where we get education based on clash and competition. If we aren’t able to prepare in advance for affirmatives the round becomes a 2 hour conference presentation about whatever books and articles they are reading, This education o/w any content specific education because a) you can get content specific education in any other forum b) Without critical thinking skills developed through clash and competition we can’t effectively act on content-specific knowledge English et al 7 Eric English, Stephen Llano, Gordon R. Mitchell, Catherine E. Morrison, John Rief and Carly Woods, all former debate coaches, “Debate as a Weapon of Mass Destruction” http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/JPubs/EnglishDAWG.pdf It is our position, however, that rather than acting as a cultural technology AND heirs to brand the activity as a ‘‘weapon of mass destruction.’’ c) without clash-based education we are likely to come to the wrong conclusions about the content b/c we don’t see both sides
4) Switch-side debating on the topic is uniquely important. It allows debaters to become better advocates and increases critical thinking – it also solves all your offense Dybvig and Iverson 99 Kristin Chisholm Dybvig, and Joel O. Iverson, Can Cutting Cards Carve into Our Personal Lives: An Analysis of Debate Research on Personal Advocacy, http://www.uvm.edu/~debate/dybvigiverson1000.html Not all debate research appears to generate personal advocacy and challenge peoples' assumptions. Debaters AND of various policy proposals helps debaters to strengthen their own stance on issues.
5) Our interpretation of debate is key to accessing the forms of civic education that are reflexive prevent violent military mistakes like the response to 9/11 and preserve democracy Lane. 8 Eric Lane Issue #10, Fall 2008 America 101 How we let civic education slide—and why we need a crash course in the Constitution today. http://www.democracyjournal.org/10/6643.php?page=all
Things weren’t always this way; civics and current events courses were once common, AND answer, then, is to reinject civic literacy into our educational system.
6) The aff’s focus on localized politics can’t solve—the void of politics will be filled by reactionary elites, turning the aff and leading to massive forms of violence Boggs 97—Professor of Social Sciences at National University in LA Carl. The great retreat: Decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America. Theory and Society, Vol. 26, No. 6, Dec., 1997 The decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America poses a series AND universal, collec- tive interests that had vanished from civil society.75
7) Our interpretation is key to the agonistic forms of confrontation – that create a democratic debate space – this debate over inclusion is key to the antagonism that actually leads to inclusion and change in the debate space Mouffe 5 Chantal Mouffe; Belgian political theorist, held visiting positions at Harvard, Cornell, Princeton and the CNRS (Paris). Currently holds a professorship at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster in the United Kingdom, where she directs the Centre for the Study of Democracy 2005; “On the Political: Thinking in Action” AnthonyOgbuli
Many liberal theorists refuse to acknowledge the antagonistic dimension of politics and the role of AND only legitimate but also necessary. They provide the stuff of democratic politics. 8) Effective deliberation requires a forum of discussion that facilitates political agonism and the capacity to substantively engage the topic at hand-in short, a forum of debate where the negative can predict a stable mechanism (i.e. defending the plan) and respond to the aff is the most intellectually effective-this is crucial to affecting productive change in all facets of life-the process in this instance is more important than the substance of their advocacy Gutmann and Thompson 86 (Amy Gutmann 96 is the president of Penn and former prof @ Princeton, AND Dennis Thompson is Alfred North Whitehead Professor of Political Philosophy at Harvard University, Democracy and Disagreement, pp 1) Deliberative democracy involves reasoning about politics, and nothing has been more controversial in political AND of the conditions and content of deliberative democracy we begin to develop here.
K1 Trading autobiographical narrative for the ballot commodifies one’s identity and has limited impact on the culture that one attempt’s to reform – when autobiographical narrative “wins,” it subverts its own most radical intentions by becoming an exemplar of the very culture under indictment Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229) Although Williams is quick to detect insensitivity and bigotry in remarks made by strangers, AND Sacvan Bercovitch, "to have your dissent and make it too." n205
Performance is not a mode of resistance - it gives too much power to the audience because the performer is structurally blocked from controlling the (re)presentation of their representations. Appealing to the ballot is a way of turning over one’s identity to the same reproductive economy that underwrites liberalism Phelan 96—chair of New York University's Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005, 146 Performance’s only life is in the present. Performance cannot be saved, recorded, AND only a spur to memory, an encouragement of memory to become present.
This is precisely why autobiography is so easily coopted by liberalism – autobiography IS the practice of the liberal autonomous subject par excellence – this same notion of the liberal subject has historically been responsible for the Western conquest of the world. Even if their best intention is to resist the liberal subject, autobiography is understood by its consuming audience as the assertion of the classic autonomous subject – this subverts the political potential of performance by rendering one’s experience legible to the terms of liberalism . Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)
Although Williams is quick to detect insensitivity and bigotry in remarks made by strangers, AND , rather than subvert, autobiographical protagonists that serve the values of liberalism.
The very act of articulating why performance ought be attached to the ballot casts performance within the terms of liberalism’s discursive economy – this reduces their performance to a form of aesthetic formalism, this subordinates the political potential of performance to the narrow disciplinary concerns of academic knowledge production Phelan ‘96—chair of New York University's Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005, In his 1981 article Representation and the Limits of Interpretation, Eric E. Peterson AND reinvestigating the process of performance as art, not subject-object relations.
Identity arguments are only ever implicit explanations of the constitutive effects of the social order, never a manifestation of some metaphysical status. Experience does not create us; we constitute experience and identity in concert with others. Knowledge of experience is therefore not the province of the individual; instead, we can only know identity through the shared practices that make communities the locus of knowledge production.
Bhambra 10—U Warwick—AND—Victoria Margree—School of Humanities, U Brighton (Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’, http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_) We suggest that alternative models of identity and community are required from those put forward AND ” since they are produced by very real actions, practices and projects.
Confessional discourse of oppression creates a normative model of victimization that produces new identities around which subjects are ordered and marginalize. The stories we tell about oppression come to define what constitutes “true” oppression, recreating cycles of violence.
Brown 96 (Wendy, Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies, and Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California- Santa Cruz, Constitutions and 'Survivor Stories': In the 'folds of our own discourse' The Pleasures and Freedoms of Silence, The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, LN)
If, taken together, the two passages from Foucault we have been consider- AND this vein, that there is so little feminist writing on heterosexual pleasure?) ? Their emancipatory rhetoric attempts to bring marginalized identities into the forefront of analysis through discourse. The assumption that subjects of oppression can be liberated through speech acts allows the recolonization of truth in ways that depoliticize their condition, turning the case.
Brown 96 (Wendy, Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies, and Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California- Santa Cruz, Constitutions and 'Survivor Stories': In the 'folds of our own discourse' The Pleasures and Freedoms of Silence, The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, LN)
In the course of this work, I want to make the case for silence AND regulation of those lives, all the while depoliti- cizing their conditions. You should refuse to determine the validity and political value of their discourses. Abandoning your ability to successfully and fairly adjudicate their representations challenges expert mediation and consumption of their experiences.
Alcoff and Gray-Rosedale 96 (Linda and Laura, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science/Director of Women’s Studies @ Syracuse University, Associate Professor of English Northern Arizona University, Survivor Discourse: Transgression or Recuperation?, SIGNS Winter 93, Vol. 18, No. 2: 260-290, http://www.alcoff.com/content/survdis.html)
Our analysis suggests that the formulation of the primary political tactic for survivors should not AND judgement on us as if from a more "theoretically advanced" position. ? Tying the discourse of the oppressed to the ballot is an independent reason you should reject them. Using these types of representations in an adjudication process necessitates an analysis and determination of their story from a position of power that causes revictimization.
Alcoff and Gray-Rosedale 96 (Linda and Laura, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science/Director of Women’s Studies @ Syracuse University, Associate Professor of English Northern Arizona University, Survivor Discourse: Transgression or Recuperation?, SIGNS Winter 93, Vol. 18, No. 2: 260-290, http://www.alcoff.com/content/survdis.html)
Given Foucault's analysis, although confessional modes of discourse may appear to grant survivors an AND speaking subject and thus the recuperation of any transgressive potential which might exist. ? Their political strategy of breaking silence through reflecting on personal experience is particularly problematic in the context of war powers. Empirically, dominant forces have manipulated their conversational model to bolster masculine white supremacy and perpetuate military intervention. Boor Tonn 2005 – Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Maryland (Mari Boor Tonn, “Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public” Rhetoric and Public Affairs Vol. 8, No. 3) This widespread recognition that access to public deliberative processes and the ballot is a baseline AND therapeutic conversation and dialogue jeopardizes the very pulse and lifeblood of democracy itself. This widespread recognition that access to public deliberative processes¶ and the ballot is a AND conversation and dialogue jeopardizes the¶ very pulse and lifeblood of democracy itself.
The alternative is to use your ballot to plead the Fifth and refuse to comment on the 1AC. Voting for the 1AC subjects their speech act to unitary discourses of power within the debate community and is the ultimate act of colonization. Only silence can preserve your freedom as an ethical actor. Brown 2005 – Class of 1936 First Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley (Wendy, Edgework : Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics, p. 87-90) The paradoxical capacity of silence to engage opposites with regard to power— both to AND Commission on pornography as the violence done to all women by all pornography. ¶ The paradoxical capacity of silence to engage opposites with regard¶ to power— AND pornography¶ as the violence done to all women by all pornography.15 Case Existence and choice come first. People should be able to choose their value to life Kymlicka ‘3 (Will, professor of philosophy @ Queens University. Contemporary Political Thought: A Reader And Guide. Edited by Alan Finlayson, pp. 496-498) The defining feature of liberalism is that it ascribes certain fundamental freedoms to each individual AND judge what is valuable, and to learn about other ways of life. Must evaluate consequences – the alternative is moral absolutism that generates evil Isaac ‘2—Professor of Political Science at Indiana-Bloomington Jeffery C., Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” p. Proquest. As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It AND not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Claims of Root Causality are Silly Oversimplifications That Explain Nothing May ‘2 Collin May 12-18-2002 http://innocentsabroad.blogspot.com/2002_12_15_innocentsabroad_archive.html#90069170 Unfortunately for our scholarly friends, there is a problem with root causes. Root AND an immediate and simplistic explanation to impress the gullible and justify the foolish. No single cause of conflict Barnett et al 7 Michael, Hunjoon Kim, Madalene O’Donnell, Laura Sitea, Global Governance, “Peacebuilding: What is in a Name?”, Questia Because there are multiple contributing causes of conflict, almost any international assistance effort that AND there are good bureaucratic reasons for claiming that they are an invaluable partner.
In this chapter and in the six preceding chapters I have examined a number of AND the roots of war and developing strategies for grassroots movements to uproot them.
11/5/13
1NC Round 4 UCO v Kansas FG
Tournament: Uco | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas Foreman-Goh | Judge: Morris 1 Interpretation: Restrictions are direct prohibitions Northglenn 11 (City of Northglenn Zoning Ordinance, “Rules of Construction – Definitions”, http://www.northglenn.org/municode/ch11/content_11-5.html)
Section 11-5-3. Restrictions. As used in this Chapter 11 AND building, structure or thing shall be authorized by any permit or license. Restrictions on authority are distinct from conditions Conner 78 William, former federal judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York United States District Court, S. D. New York, CORPORACION VENEZOLANA de FOMENTO v. VINTERO SALES, http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781560452FSupp1108_11379
Plaintiff next contends that Merban was charged with notice of the restrictions on the authority AND were not authorized to act except upon the fulfillment of the specified conditions.
Hostilities are defined as war in the context of presidential powers Smith 7 R. Andrew, City of Chicago Law Department in the Municipal Prosecution Division. “Symposium on Electronic Privacy in the Information Age: Breaking the Stalemate: The Judiciary’s Constitutional Role in Disputes Over the War Powers”. Valparaiso University Law Review. Summer 2007. MM Baker v. Carr demonstrates that the purpose of the political question doctrine is to AND powers because only congress may determine that a legal state of war exists.
Violation: The plan is not a direct prohibition, it’s a minor condition, we are not in a space war Limits – Regulation and oversight of authority allows a litany of new affs in each area. Core generic links to EVERY precious few DAs is to a prohibition on war powers. At best they justify indirect restrictions. Precision—the lack of precision has allowed presidents to start wars—Precision has real world impacts, adds 190 countries to the topic Ground – Conditions based CPs are key negative ground. Voter for fairness and education – prefer competing interpretations over reasonability. 2 A. Interpretation “United States Armed Forces” only means personnel Eric Lorber – January 2013, EXECUTIVE WARMAKING AUTHORITY AND OFFENSIVE CYBER OPERATIONS: CAN EXISTING LEGISLATION SUCCESSFULLY CONSTRAIN PRESIDENTIAL POWER?, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science, JOURNAL OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW Vol. 15:3 , https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/1773-lorber15upajconstl9612013
As discussed above, critical to the application of the War Powers Resolution—especially AND is highly unlikely - such operations will not trigger the War Powers Resolution.¶
B. Violation—the aff includes weapons systems / other non-human capabilities C. RTP D. Predictable limits – The United States has hundreds of different weapons systems that could be deployed by any of the 4 services across over 200 countries – These include nukes, which was its own entire topic 4 years ago E. F. Ground – Deploying troops is the core question of the president’s war power because it puts troops in harm’s way – there’s no disadvantage to repositioning a forward-deployed systems
Ground – Deploying troops is the core question of the president’s war power because it puts troops in harm’s way – there’s no disadvantage to repositioning a forward-deployed systems 3 Congressional intervention kills flexibility of our threats – guarantees crisis escalation. Waxman 8/25 (Matthew, Professor of Law at Columbia and Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy for the Council on Foreign Relations, “The Constitutional Power to Threaten War,” August 25, Yale Law Journal, vol. 123, JL)
A claim previously advanced from a presidentialist perspective is that stronger legislative checks on war AND to use force in order to prevent a confrontation which might escalate.179
Extinction Johson 6 Karlton, Army War College, “Temporal and Scalar Mechanics of Conflict Strategic Implications of Speed and Time on the American Way of War,” http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a449394.pdf
The U.S. Army War College uses the acronym “VUCA” to AND with rigor and discipline in order to understand their far-reaching implications.
4 CIR will pass – republican support, lobby pressure, Obama and Boehner push
Professor Stephen I. Vladeck of American University has offered a remedy to this problem AND , systematic review of secret drone killings must come inside the executive branch. Political Capital is key to passage Daily Mail 10/17 David Marttosko, political editor, “Immigration battle threatens to dwarf debt-limit fight as many Republicans fear power of 17 MILLION newly legalized loyal Democrats,” www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2464112/Immigration-battle-threatens-dwarf-debt-limit-fight-Republicans-fear-power-17-MILLION-newly-legalized-loyal-Democrats.html
Republicans' new worst fear isn't defaulting on America's debts. If an immigration policy favored AND but Republicans have reason to suspect the other shoe is about to drop. CIR solves the economy—productivity and GDP growth
Marshall Fitz and Angela Kelly, "Immigration Reform Will Enhance Economic Recovery," Center for American Progress, 12-16-09, www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/12/pdf/immigration_economy.pdf, accessed 5-1-10.
Reports assessing the economic gains of legalizing the workforce are uniformly positive18: • A AND fees unequivocally delivers a better economic return than a single-minded enforcement. Economic collapse causes war, miscalc and terror. Royal, 10 Jedediah, Director of Cooperativ e Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.
5
AFF’s attempts at legal constraint is oriented to the past making them inherently reactive and limit the potential for non-legal responses. Vermeule and Posner, 11 Adrian Vermeule, prof of Law at Harvard University Law School, Eric A Posner., prof of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press 2011 Our thesis is that these modifications to liberal legalism fail. Either they do not AND way to improve upon it, under the conditions of the administrative state.
This enables the worst forms of liberal violence and racism. Dossa ‘99 Shiraz, Department of Political Science, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, “Liberal Legalism: Law, Culture and Identity,” The European Legacy, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 73-87,1 No discipline in the rationalized arsenal of modernity is as rational, impartial, objective AND liberal law but the juridically and humanly inferior Other, the perpetual foreigner.
The alternative is to reject the AFF and endorse political, rather than legal restrictions on Presidential war powers authority. Goldsmith, 12 Jack, Harvard Law School Professor, focus on national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, and conflict of laws, Former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense, Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, March 2012, Power and Constraint, p. 205-209 DAVID BRIN is a science-fiction writer who in 1998 turned his imagination to AND thus accountability to) actors inside and outside the presidency much more extensive.
1NC – Solvency President has multiple mechs to circumvent – empirically he will if Congress doesn’t agree with him
The debate over the War Powers Act reminds us that the presidency continues to evolve AND provisions as they encroached upon his powers to appoint and remove branch employees. Obama has and will just continue to outright reject giving out information under the guise of national security – allows him to get away with anything Guardian 13 Glenn Greenwald; Glenn Greenwald is a columnist on civil liberties and US national security issues for the Guardian. A former constitutional lawyer, he was until 2012 a contributing writer at Salon. He is the author of How Would a Patriot Act? Friday 22 February 2013 09.46 EST Obama officials refuse to say if assassination power extends to US soil; http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/feb/22/obama-brennan-paul-assassinations-filibusterAnthonyOgbuli
Indeed it does. In fact, it is repellent to think that any member AND and US citizens are being barred from knowing what those legal claims are.
Adv 1 ASAT prevent Space War
Blazejewski 08 (Kenneth Blazejewski, private practice in New York City, focusing primarily on international corporate and financial transactions, JD from NYU Law, 2008. “Space Weaponization and US China Relations,” http://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/2008/Spring/blazejewski.pdf) On this account, China’s primary concern with US space weaponiza- tion is its AND to weaponize outer space would lead to this mutu- ally undesirable path.
The “space sanctuary” idea is an irrational cold war relic - space is already being weaponized
Dolman 11 (PhD and Professor of Comparative Military Studies, and Cooper, Former Deputy of the DOD’s Strategic and Space Systems, 11 (Everett, PhD and Professor of Comparative Military Studies @ US Air Force School of Advanced Air and Space Studies and Recipient of Central Intelligence’s Outstanding Intelligence Analyst Award, and Henry, Former Deputy for the Strategic and Space Systems of the DOD and Chairman of High Frontier, a non-profit organization studying issues of missile defense and space, “Chapter 19: Increasing the Military Uses of Space,” Part of “Toward a Theory of Spacepower,” Edited by Charles Lutes and Peter Hays, National Defense University Press, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/spacepower/spacepower.pdf,) In this chapter, we make the case that opposition to increasing the militarization and AND threat from proliferating space technology among our adversaries as well as our friends. Space debris and MAD means space weapons will NEVER be used in a war
Shixiu 7 (Bao, senior fellow of military theory studies and international relations at the Institute for Military Thought Studies, Academy of Military Sciences of the PLA of China, visiting scholar at the Virginia Military Institute, “Deterrence Revisited: Outer Space,” China Security, Winter, 2007, p2-11, http://www.wsichina.org/cs5_1.pdf) It is a well-known phenomenon that the use of nuclear weapons is considered AND outcome of war, even if they are used as a first strike.
Diseases burn out – no spread Morse, 04 (Stephen, PhD, director of the Center for Public Health Preparedness, at the Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, May 2004, “Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: A Global Problem,” http://www.actionbioscience.org/newfrontiers/morse.html, Hensel) Morse: A pandemic is a very big epidemic. It requires a number of AND We also get complacent and do not take steps to prevent its spread. Impacts of disease are exaggerated – not enough momentum to kill humanity. Lind, ’11 – policy director at the New America Foundation Michael Lind, policy director of the New America Foundation's Economic Growth Program; “So Long, Chicken Little;” published in Foreign Policy, March/April 2011; http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/02/22/so_long_chicken_little?page=0,8; Jay There's nothing like a good plague to get journalists and pundits in afrenzy. Although AND fatigue on the part of a public subjected to endless Chicken Little scares.
Too many alt causes to environment Rani et al 2011 (Bina, Department of Engineering Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Poornima College of Engineering, *AND Upma Singh, School of Applied Science, Gautam Buddha University, *AND Raaz Maheshwari, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, June 2011, “Menace of Air Pollution Worldwide,” Advances in Bioresearch, Vol. 2 1, http://www.soeagra.com/abr_vol22011/1.pdf,)NR Natural sources ? Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little AND ? Volcanic activity, which produce sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates.
Worst climate impacts take decades to arrive and don’t assume adaptation Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, “Climate Change and Economic Growth,” online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf The heart of the debate about climate change comes from numerous warnings from scientists and AND range climate risks. What is needed are long-run balanced responses.
Technological adaptation is coming now and solves Moore ’08 Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, Stanford, (Thomas Gale 7/9/12 “Global warming; the good, the bad and the ugly and the efficient” EMBO reports http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3317379/?tool=pmcentrez)KG Even if the pessimists are correct and future climate change reduces food production, wicked AND allow our descendants to deal with almost any difficulties that climate change brings.
We're past the tipping point – scientific consensus Solomon et al 10 Susan Solomon et. Al, Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ph.D. in Climotology University of California, Berkeley, Nobel Peace Prize Winner, Chairman of the IPCC, Gian-Kasper Plattner, Deputy Head, Director of Science, Technical Support Unit Working Group I, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Affiliated Scientist, Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland, John S. Daniel, research scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Ph.D. in physics from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Todd J. Sanford, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado Daniel M. Murphy, Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder Gian-Kasper Plattner, Deputy Head, Director of Science, Technical Support Unit Working Group I, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Affiliated Scientist, Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland Reto Knutti, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule Zurich and Pierre Friedlingstein, Chair, Mathematical Modelling of Climate Systems, member of the Science Steering Committee of the Analysis Integration and Modeling of the Earth System (AIMES) programme of IGBP and of the Global Carbon Project (GCP) of the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP), 8/31/2010, “Persistence of climate changes due to a range of greenhouse gases,” PNAS vol. 107, no. 43, http://www.pnas.org/content/107/43/18354.full.pdf+htmlvkoneru Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and other greenhouse gases increased over the AND thermal inertia (9). This paper focuses on emissions over a century.
Multipolarity won’t happen – other powers are too far behind and Obama is merely shifting tactics to preserve heg Laidi 9 (Zaki Laidi, research director of the Centre for European Studies, 12/3/09, “Why Obama does not want a multipolar world order”, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fdee214c-e044-11de-8494-00144feab49a.html) As recently as five years ago, it was not possible to talk seriously about AND remain master of the game, for all the charm of Mr Obama.
Multipolarity would cause proliferation, terrorism, and nuclear wars Arbatov 7 (Alexei Arbatov, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, member of the Editorial Board of Russia in Global Affairs, “Is a New Cold War Imminent,” Russia in Global Affairs, No. 2, July-September 2007, http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/20/1130.html) However, the low probability of a new Cold War and the collapse of American AND of a nuclear device in one or several major capitals of the world.
Adv 2 Terrorists can not mount effective attacks Byman and Fair, 10 - * senior fellow at the Brookings Institution's Saban Center for Middle East Policy and the director of Georgetown University's Center for Peace and Security Studies AND assistant professor at Georgetown University's Center for Peace and Security Studies (Daniel and Christine, “The Case for Calling Them Nitwits,” The Atlantic, July/August, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/07/the-case-for-calling-them-nitwits/8130/) But this view of the jihadist community is wildly off the mark. To be AND -be suicide bombers died last July after one such embrace in Paktika.¶ Terrorists wont use WMD’s like their impact card says—they like conventional weapons John Mueller is a professor of political science at Ohio State “THE ATOMIC TERRORIST: ASSESSING THE LIKELIHOOD” Jan. 1. 2008. Accessed July 19, 2010. http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/jmueller/APSACHGO.PDFDonnie Meanwhile, although there have been plenty of terrorist attacks in the world since 2001 AND or dirty bomb in the United States was "probably a near thing." No extinction Frost 5 (Robin, teaches political science at Simon Fraser University, British Colombia, “Nuclear Terrorism after 9/11,” Adelphi Papers, December) An existential threat. When applied to nuclear terrorism, the phrase ‘existential threat’ AND radiological device or devices could do any significant damage on a national level.
Army checks Bandow 09- Senior Fellow @ Cato, former special assistant to Reagan (11/31/09, Doug, “Recognizing the Limits of American Power in Afghanistan,” Huffington Post, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=10924) From Pakistan's perspective, limiting the war on almost any terms would be better than AND state in the vain hope of salvaging Afghanistan would be a terrible mistake."
Indo/Pak war will not go nuclear—no one wants to strike first and fear of US involvement Enders ’02 “Experts say nuclear war still unlikely,”, David Enders, Daily News Editor, January 30th 2002, DA: 7/26/10, http://www.michigandaily.com/content/experts-say-nuclear-war-still-unlikely?page=0,0 University political science Prof. Ashutosh Varshney becomes animated when asked about the likelihood of AND command control system has strengthened. The trigger is in very safe hands."
NPT causes opaque prolif-that makes miscalc inevitable Wesley 5 (Michael,Executive Director of the Lowy Institute for International Policy, Australian Journal of International Affairs, September, “It’s Time To Scrap the NPT,” EBSCO AnthonyOgbuli) By prohibiting proliferation, without the capacity or moral authority to enforce such a prohibition AND doctrine, have been suspicious of US offers of assistance (Pregenzer 2003)
This uniquely increases the risk of nuclear terrorism Wesley 5 (Michael,Executive Director of the Lowy Institute for International Policy, Australian Journal of International Affairs, September, “It’s Time To Scrap the NPT,” EBSCO AnthonyOgbuli) As the dramatic revelations of the nature and extent of the A. Q. AND contributing to the ultimate nightmare: terrorists armed with nuclear or radiological weapons.
11/7/13
1NC Round 5 KCKCC v Emporia BT
Tournament: tournament | Round: 5 | Opponent: Emporia State Bonnet-Turley | Judge: Garcia-Lugo 1NC USFG To be ‘resolved’ is to express an opinion regarding some action following the colon. Words and Phrases 1964 (Permanent Edition ) Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”.
The United States federal government refers to the actual government Black’s Law Dictionary 90 6th Ed., p. 695 In the United States, government consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in addition to administrative agencies. In a broader sense, includes the federal government and all its agencies and bureaus, state and county governments, and city and township governments.
Should” is an auxiliary verb which expresses the desirability of the action of the verb phrase following it, which, in the case, is “substantially increase statutory and/or judicial restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States in one or more of the following areas: targeted killing; indefinite detention; offensive cyber operations; or introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities.” Cambridge Dictionary, 2000Cambridge University Press p.792
Should – v. aux. Used to express that it is necessary, desirable, admirable, or imperative to perform the action of the following verb
B) Violation— The affirmative does not have defend a policy enacted by the United States Federal Government, but it does have to defend one that engages the USFG to increase restrictions on war powers C) Vote Negative— 1) Without Limits debate becomes impossible—T is a jurisdictional voting issue Shively 2k—Professor of Political Science, Texas A and M Ruth, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 181-2 The requirements thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say “no” AND . In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.
B) All their impacts about the State being bad, that aren’t tied to them engaging the State are extra topical and an independent reason to reject the affirmative – we can assume every reason why they think the state is bad 2) Role of the Ballot: Our role of the ballot is that the affirmative must present a topical affirmative as per the resolution and the negative must prove it undesirable or offer a competing policy option.
3) Process impact:– this is the only academic forum where we get education based on clash and competition. If we aren’t able to prepare in advance for affirmatives the round becomes a 2 hour conference presentation about whatever books and articles they are reading, This education o/w any content specific education because a) you can get content specific education in any other forum b) Without critical thinking skills developed through clash and competition we can’t effectively act on content-specific knowledge English et al 7 Eric English, Stephen Llano, Gordon R. Mitchell, Catherine E. Morrison, John Rief and Carly Woods, all former debate coaches, “Debate as a Weapon of Mass Destruction” http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/JPubs/EnglishDAWG.pdf It is our position, however, that rather than acting as a cultural technology AND heirs to brand the activity as a ‘‘weapon of mass destruction.’’ c) without clash-based education we are likely to come to the wrong conclusions about the content b/c we don’t see both sides
4) Switch-side debating on the topic is uniquely important. It allows debaters to become better advocates and increases critical thinking – it also solves all your offense Dybvig and Iverson 99 Kristin Chisholm Dybvig, and Joel O. Iverson, Can Cutting Cards Carve into Our Personal Lives: An Analysis of Debate Research on Personal Advocacy, http://www.uvm.edu/~debate/dybvigiverson1000.html Not all debate research appears to generate personal advocacy and challenge peoples' assumptions. Debaters AND of various policy proposals helps debaters to strengthen their own stance on issues.
5) Our interpretation of debate is key to accessing the forms of civic education that are reflexive prevent violent military mistakes like the response to 9/11 and preserve democracy Lane. 8 Eric Lane Issue #10, Fall 2008 America 101 How we let civic education slide—and why we need a crash course in the Constitution today. http://www.democracyjournal.org/10/6643.php?page=all
Things weren’t always this way; civics and current events courses were once common, AND answer, then, is to reinject civic literacy into our educational system.
6) The aff’s focus on localized politics can’t solve—the void of politics will be filled by reactionary elites, turning the aff and leading to massive forms of violence Boggs 97—Professor of Social Sciences at National University in LA Carl. The great retreat: Decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America. Theory and Society, Vol. 26, No. 6, Dec., 1997 The decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America poses a series AND universal, collec- tive interests that had vanished from civil society.75
7) Our interpretation is key to the agonistic forms of confrontation – that create a democratic debate space – this debate over inclusion is key to the antagonism that actually leads to inclusion and change in the debate space Mouffe 5 Chantal Mouffe; Belgian political theorist, held visiting positions at Harvard, Cornell, Princeton and the CNRS (Paris). Currently holds a professorship at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster in the United Kingdom, where she directs the Centre for the Study of Democracy 2005; “On the Political: Thinking in Action” AnthonyOgbuli
Many liberal theorists refuse to acknowledge the antagonistic dimension of politics and the role of AND only legitimate but also necessary. They provide the stuff of democratic politics. 8) Effective deliberation requires a forum of discussion that facilitates political agonism and the capacity to substantively engage the topic at hand-in short, a forum of debate where the negative can predict a stable mechanism (i.e. defending the plan) and respond to the aff is the most intellectually effective-this is crucial to affecting productive change in all facets of life-the process in this instance is more important than the substance of their advocacy Gutmann and Thompson 86 (Amy Gutmann 96 is the president of Penn and former prof @ Princeton, AND Dennis Thompson is Alfred North Whitehead Professor of Political Philosophy at Harvard University, Democracy and Disagreement, pp 1) Deliberative democracy involves reasoning about politics, and nothing has been more controversial in political AND of the conditions and content of deliberative democracy we begin to develop here. K1 Musical performance cannot act as vehicle for resistance – it operates through a circular logic: one starts with identifying the groups that are “hegemonic” and the groups that are “marginal” and then simply valorizes the practices of those groups without rigorously researching and debating the material political conditions that produce poverty, racism, and violence. This undermines political agency by offering the false hope that engaging in the practices that become the markers of identity is political while remaining elusive whenever one is pressed to define the conditions of oppression that one opposes and whenever one is challenged to defend the substantive politics that might actual redress those conditions. Gitlin 97—sociology, Columbia (Todd, The anti-political populism of cultural studies, Dissent; Spring, Vol. 44, Iss. 2; p 77, ProQuest)
From the late 1960s onward, as I have said, the insurgent energy was AND politics. Let us not think that our academic work is already that.
Performance is not a mode of resistance - it gives too much power to the audience because the performer is structurally blocked from controlling the (re)presentation of their representations. Appealing to the ballot is a way of turning over one’s identity to the same reproductive economy that underwrites liberalism Phelan 96—chair of New York University's Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005, 146 Performance’s only life is in the present. Performance cannot AND only a spur to memory, an encouragement of memory to become present.
This is precisely why autobiography is so easily coopted by liberalism – autobiography IS the practice of the liberal autonomous subject par excellence – this same notion of the liberal subject has historically been responsible for the Western conquest of the world. Even if their best intention is to resist the liberal subject, autobiography is understood by its consuming audience as the assertion of the classic autonomous subject – this subverts the political potential of performance by rendering one’s experience legible to the terms of liberalism . Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)
Although Williams is quick to detect insensitivity and bigotry in remarks made by strangers, AND , rather than subvert, autobiographical protagonists that serve the values of liberalism.
The very act of articulating why performance ought be attached to the ballot casts performance within the terms of liberalism’s discursive economy – this reduces their performance to a form of aesthetic formalism, this subordinates the political potential of performance to the narrow disciplinary concerns of academic knowledge production Phelan ‘96—chair of New York University's Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005, In his 1981 article Representation and the Limits of Interpretation, Eric E. Peterson AND reinvestigating the process of performance as art, not subject-object relations.
Confessional discourse of oppression creates a normative model of victimization that produces new identities around which subjects are ordered and marginalize. The stories we tell about oppression come to define what constitutes “true” oppression, recreating cycles of violence.
Brown 96 (Wendy, Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies, and Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California- Santa Cruz, Constitutions and 'Survivor Stories': In the 'folds of our own discourse' The Pleasures and Freedoms of Silence, The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, LN)
If, taken together, the two passages from Foucault we have been consider- AND this vein, that there is so little feminist writing on heterosexual pleasure?) ? Their emancipatory rhetoric attempts to bring marginalized identities into the forefront of analysis through discourse. The assumption that subjects of oppression can be liberated through speech acts allows the recolonization of truth in ways that depoliticize their condition, turning the case.
Brown 96 (Wendy, Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies, and Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California- Santa Cruz, Constitutions and 'Survivor Stories': In the 'folds of our own discourse' The Pleasures and Freedoms of Silence, The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, LN)
In the course of this work, I want to make the case for silence AND regulation of those lives, all the while depoliti- cizing their conditions.
? You should refuse to determine the validity and political value of their discourses. Abandoning your ability to successfully and fairly adjudicate their representations challenges expert mediation and consumption of their experiences.
Alcoff and Gray-Rosedale 96 (Linda and Laura, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science/Director of Women’s Studies @ Syracuse University, Associate Professor of English Northern Arizona University, Survivor Discourse: Transgression or Recuperation?, SIGNS Winter 93, Vol. 18, No. 2: 260-290, http://www.alcoff.com/content/survdis.html)
Our analysis suggests that the formulation of the primary political tactic for survivors should not AND judgement on us as if from a more "theoretically advanced" position. ? Tying the discourse of the oppressed to the ballot is an independent reason you should reject them. Using these types of representations in an adjudication process necessitates an analysis and determination of their story from a position of power that causes revictimization.
Alcoff and Gray-Rosedale 96 (Linda and Laura, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science/Director of Women’s Studies @ Syracuse University, Associate Professor of English Northern Arizona University, Survivor Discourse: Transgression or Recuperation?, SIGNS Winter 93, Vol. 18, No. 2: 260-290, http://www.alcoff.com/content/survdis.html)
Given Foucault's analysis, although confessional modes of discourse may appear to grant survivors an AND speaking subject and thus the recuperation of any transgressive potential which might exist. ? Their political strategy of breaking silence through reflecting on personal experience is particularly problematic in the context of war powers. Empirically, dominant forces have manipulated their conversational model to bolster masculine white supremacy and perpetuate military intervention. Boor Tonn 2005 – Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Maryland (Mari Boor Tonn, “Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public” Rhetoric and Public Affairs Vol. 8, No. 3) This widespread recognition that access to public deliberative processes and the ballot is a baseline AND therapeutic conversation and dialogue jeopardizes the very pulse and lifeblood of democracy itself. This widespread recognition that access to public deliberative processes¶ and the ballot is a AND conversation and dialogue jeopardizes the¶ very pulse and lifeblood of democracy itself.
The alternative is to use your ballot to plead the Fifth and refuse to comment on the 1AC. Voting for the 1AC subjects their speech act to unitary discourses of power within the debate community and is the ultimate act of colonization. Only silence can preserve your freedom as an ethical actor. Brown 2005 – Class of 1936 First Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley (Wendy, Edgework : Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics, p. 87-90) The paradoxical capacity of silence to engage opposites with regard to power— both to AND Commission on pornography as the violence done to all women by all pornography. ¶ The paradoxical capacity of silence to engage opposites with regard¶ to power— AND pornography¶ as the violence done to all women by all pornography.15
Case Existence and choice come first. People should be able to choose their value to life Kymlicka ‘3 (Will, professor of philosophy @ Queens University. Contemporary Political Thought: A Reader And Guide. Edited by Alan Finlayson, pp. 496-498) The defining feature of liberalism is that it ascribes certain fundamental freedoms to each individual AND judge what is valuable, and to learn about other ways of life. Must evaluate consequences – the alternative is moral absolutism that generates evil Isaac ‘2—Professor of Political Science at Indiana-Bloomington Jeffery C., Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” p. Proquest. As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It AND not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Ethics requires calculative thinking ? Thurschwell in 3 (Adam thurschwell, associate professor of law @ Cleveland state, 2k3 cardozo law review, lexis) From the outset, then, ethical responsibility renders political responsibility - and the " AND no calculation can do justice to the infinite responsibility that genuine justice demands.
Claims of Root Causality are Silly Oversimplifications That Explain Nothing May ‘2 Collin May 12-18-2002 http://innocentsabroad.blogspot.com/2002_12_15_innocentsabroad_archive.html#90069170 Unfortunately for our scholarly friends, there is a problem with root causes. Root AND an immediate and simplistic explanation to impress the gullible and justify the foolish.
There is an infinite value to life- your framework causes extinction Kateb 92 Kateb, Professor of Politics at Princeton University, ‘92 (George, The Inner Ocean, pg. 144) To sum up the lines of thought that Nietzsche starts, I suggest first that AND the perspective of nothing, which in part is the perspective of extinction.
10/14/13
1NC Round 6 UCO v Kansas HR
Tournament: Uco | Round: 6 | Opponent: Kansas Hampton-Reed | Judge: Guha-Majumdar 1 To be ‘resolved’ is to express an opinion regarding some action following the colon. Words and Phrases 1964 (Permanent Edition ) Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”.
The United States federal government refers to the actual government Black’s Law Dictionary 90 6th Ed., p. 695 In the United States, government consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in addition to administrative agencies. In a broader sense, includes the federal government and all its agencies and bureaus, state and county governments, and city and township governments.
B) Violation— The affirmative does not defend a policy enacted by the United States Federal Government to increase restrictions on war powers C) Vote Negative— 1) Without Limits debate becomes impossible—T is a jurisdictional voting issue Shively 2k—Professor of Political Science, Texas A and M Ruth, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 181-2 The requirements thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say “no” AND . In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.
2) Role of the Ballot: Our role of the ballot is that the affirmative must present a topical affirmative as per the resolution and the negative must prove it undesirable or offer a competing policy option.
3) Process impact:– this is the only academic forum where we get education based on clash and competition. If we aren’t able to prepare in advance for affirmatives the round becomes a 2 hour conference presentation about whatever books and articles they are reading, This education o/w any content specific education because a) you can get content specific education in any other forum b) Without critical thinking skills developed through clash and competition we can’t effectively act on content-specific knowledge English et al 7 Eric English, Stephen Llano, Gordon R. Mitchell, Catherine E. Morrison, John Rief and Carly Woods, all former debate coaches, “Debate as a Weapon of Mass Destruction” http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/JPubs/EnglishDAWG.pdf It is our position, however, that rather than acting as a cultural technology AND heirs to brand the activity as a ‘‘weapon of mass destruction.’’ c) without clash-based education we are likely to come to the wrong conclusions about the content b/c we don’t see both sides
4) Switch-side debating on the topic is uniquely important. It allows debaters to become better advocates and increases critical thinking – it also solves all your offense Dybvig and Iverson 99 Kristin Chisholm Dybvig, and Joel O. Iverson, Can Cutting Cards Carve into Our Personal Lives: An Analysis of Debate Research on Personal Advocacy, http://www.uvm.edu/~debate/dybvigiverson1000.html Not all debate research appears to generate personal advocacy and challenge peoples' assumptions. Debaters AND of various policy proposals helps debaters to strengthen their own stance on issues.
5) Our interpretation of debate is key to accessing the forms of civic education that are reflexive prevent violent military mistakes like the response to 9/11 and preserve democracy Lane. 8 Eric Lane Issue #10, Fall 2008 America 101 How we let civic education slide—and why we need a crash course in the Constitution today. http://www.democracyjournal.org/10/6643.php?page=all
Things weren’t always this way; civics and current events courses were once common, AND answer, then, is to reinject civic literacy into our educational system.
6) The aff’s focus on localized politics can’t solve—the void of politics will be filled by reactionary elites, turning the aff and leading to massive forms of violence Boggs 97—Professor of Social Sciences at National University in LA Carl. The great retreat: Decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America. Theory and Society, Vol. 26, No. 6, Dec., 1997 The decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America poses a series AND universal, collec- tive interests that had vanished from civil society.75
7) Our interpretation is key to the agonistic forms of confrontation – that create a democratic debate space – this debate over inclusion is key to the antagonism that actually leads to inclusion and change in the debate space Mouffe 5 Chantal Mouffe; Belgian political theorist, held visiting positions at Harvard, Cornell, Princeton and the CNRS (Paris). Currently holds a professorship at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster in the United Kingdom, where she directs the Centre for the Study of Democracy 2005; “On the Political: Thinking in Action” AnthonyOgbuli
Many liberal theorists refuse to acknowledge the antagonistic dimension of politics and the role of AND only legitimate but also necessary. They provide the stuff of democratic politics. 8) Effective deliberation requires a forum of discussion that facilitates political agonism and the capacity to substantively engage the topic at hand-in short, a forum of debate where the negative can predict a stable mechanism (i.e. defending the plan) and respond to the aff is the most intellectually effective-this is crucial to affecting productive change in all facets of life-the process in this instance is more important than the substance of their advocacy Gutmann and Thompson 86 (Amy Gutmann 96 is the president of Penn and former prof @ Princeton, AND Dennis Thompson is Alfred North Whitehead Professor of Political Philosophy at Harvard University, Democracy and Disagreement, pp 1) Deliberative democracy involves reasoning about politics, and nothing has been more controversial in political AND of the conditions and content of deliberative democracy we begin to develop here.
2 Focus on the black-white binary excludes analysis of racism that affects other oppressed populations. Omission of this analysis is a reason to reject their scholarship. Perea 97—Professor of Law at the University of Florida Juan F. Perea, "The Black/White Binary Paradigm of Race: The "Normal Science" of American Racial Thought," Oct. 5, 1997, JSTOR Paradigms of race shape our understanding of race and our definition of racial problems. AND that will not fit the box are often not seen at all."29
The exclusion of Latinos, Asian Americans and Native Americans in the Black/White paradigm plays into white domination Bowman 1 (Kristi, prof of law @MSU, JD from Duke Duke Law Journal “The New Face of School Desegregation,” http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?50+Duke+L.+J.+1751) White privilege is reinforced when racial and ethnic groups are conceptualized not as White, AND as distinct groups that continue to suffer different harms is easily within reach.
Erasing the black/white binary solves for liberation from discrimination Delgado 2k- prof @ Seattle Law, Pulitzer Prize nominee (Richard, May, “Derrick Bell’s Toolkit- Fit to Dismantle That Famous House?” New York University Law Review, lexis, d.a. 7-13) Minority groups in the United States should consider abandoning all binaries, narrow nationalisms, AND some needed distance from it, before the path to liberation becomes clear.
3 A. Links:
Identity Politics: Identity politics entrenches capitalism on two fronts—first it is a divide-and-rule strategy used by global capital to prevent labor from overtaking and second it perpetuates localism as a method of knowledge, destroying the political universalism of class, rendering the systems of oppression invisible
Hennessy (Prof @ SUNY Albany) 2K Rosemary, Profit and Pleasure: Sexual Identities in Late Capitalism, Routledge
Basic to the structure of late capitalism is a new global division of labor. AND they tend to promote political projects that keep the structures of capitalism invisible.
2. Masking: Focusing on race only masks the perpetuation of capitalism—only by starting with capital can we overcome racism Hooks 2K (Bell, Author. Routledge “Where We Stand: Class Matters.”)
Pg7 Class matters. Race and gender can be used as screens to deflect attention AND that what happened to O.J. could happen to any working man
B. Impact we have two turns case and extinction
Turns case—its an ethical question--Challenging global capitalism is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale
Zizek and Daly 2k4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol AND abject Other to that of a ‘glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix. 2. Extinction
Meszaros 2K (Istvan, Prof. of Philosophy @ Univ. of Sussex. Monthly Review. January, LN)
Given the way in which the ongoing tends of global development assert themselves, in AND nuclear radiation. This is the only rational meaning of capital’s third way. C. Alternative—Our alternative has two parts first, withdrawl and second sequencing
Withdrawal-- Our alternative is to completely withdraw from the ideology of capital – this is essential to destroy the fetish that allows capital to survive
Johnston, interdisciplinary research fellow in psychoanalysis at Emory University, 2004 (Adrian, Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, December v9 i3 p259 page infotrac gjm)
Perhaps the absence of a detailed political roadmap in Zizek's recent writings isn't a major AND comforting fiction ("Capitalist commodity fetishism or the truth? I choose fetishism").
2. Must begin with Capitalism—it is the root cause of racism
Bob Avakian, Chairman, Revolutionary Communist Party, “What Will It Take?” REVOLUTIONARY WORKER n. 899, March 23, 1997. Available from the World Wide Web at: http://rwor.org/a/firstvol/890-899/899/ask899.htm, accessed 5/1/05.
B.A.: It is true, and it is a real problem, AND very fabric of society, so that inequality is THE RULE in society.
D. Framing
An epistemic critique of capitalism is the only way to escape the capitalist knowledge trap.
Schiwy, PhD Candidate in Romance Studies at Duke, andEnnis, PhD Candidate in Lit at Duke, 2002 (Freya and Michael, Nepantla: Views from the South 3.1 project muse gjm)
The essays gathered in this dossier respond to issues raised during the workshop “Knowledges AND of these articles are efforts to think about epistemology from the Andes.1
We must reinvent the political imagination – only re-politicization of the economy solves
Guardiola-Rivera, Professor at the Universidad Javeriana’s Insituto Pensar in Bogota, 2002 (Oscar, Nepantla: Views from the South 3.1 project muse gjm)
To “reinvent the political” means to “open up” the possibilities of AND that is never fully actualized, thus always deferring itself through successive crises.
1NC Case Existence and choice come first. People should be able to choose their value to life Kymlicka ‘3 (Will, professor of philosophy @ Queens University. Contemporary Political Thought: A Reader And Guide. Edited by Alan Finlayson, pp. 496-498) The defining feature of liberalism is that it ascribes certain fundamental freedoms to each individual AND judge what is valuable, and to learn about other ways of life.
Modernity isn’t the root cause of violence—it’s always proximately caused. The alternative leaves us unable to deal with any global problems. Curtler 97 – PhD Philosophy, Hugh, “rediscovering values: coming to terms with postnmodernism” 44-7 The second and third concerns, though, are more serious and to a degree AND instincts to get us out of the hole we have dug for ourselves.
White supremacy isn’t a monolithic root cause-~--proximate causes determined through empirics are more likely-~--and their arg shuts off productive debate over solutions Shelby 7 – Tommie Shelby, Professor of African and African American Studies and of Philosophy at Harvard, 2007, We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity Others might challenge the distinction between ideological and structural causes of black disadvantage, on AND developments (such as immigration policy or reduced federal funding for higher education).
11/5/13
1NC Round 6 UNLV v Puget Sound QB
Tournament: tournament | Round: 6 | Opponent: Puget Sound Queirolo-Brittenham | Judge: Odekirk T A. Authority is the legal right to take action, power is the ability to do so Forsythe and Hendrickson 96 David P. Forsythe, Professor and Chair of Political Science University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Ryan C. Hendrickson, Ph.D. Candidate University of Nebraska-Lincoln. “U.S. Use of Force Abroad: What Law for the President?” Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 4 The crisis is most precisely about authority, not power. Authority, in the AND most of the time, whatever the proper under ¶ standing of authority.
Statutory restrictions are limits on authority by congress these have to be on the war powers presented in the resolution, OCOs, Targeted Killing, Armed Forces, and Indefinite Detention Blacks Online Legal Dictionary 13 (2nd Edition, http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/) Statutory Restriction- Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.
Indefinite detention is the practice of detaining an arrested person by a national government or AND indefinite detention is permitted pursuant to section 412 of the USA Patriot Act. A. Violation-There is no restriction on the president—the aff doesn’t restrict the authority of the President statutorily or judicially. The aff’s efforts to repeal Army Regulation 210-35 are extra topical because only the war powers practices of indefinite detention are topical, whereas the aff includes non-war power detention policies. Also they restrict the President’s war powers in general not specific subsets of this C. Standards Ground. Our interp allows any aff that actually restricts authority through the courts or Congress. Their interp justifies social protest, individual actions, or any act that alters the material conditions of the President’s ability or willingness to act Limits Even if their aff is predictable, it justifies a litany of unpredictable affs, unlimiting the topic, and reducing topic education as negatives run towards generic Ks, and abusive, non-topic specific CPs. Xtra topical dejustifies the resolution and demands a negative ballot as the aff is insufficient to prove the resolution true, skews ground all the way affirmative, destroys negative ground, view through lens of predictability D. T is a voter for fairness and topic education
K The only ethical demand available to modern politics is that of the Slave and the Savage, the demand for the end of America itself. This cry, born out of the belly of slave ships and the churning vertigo of constitutive genocide, exposes the grammar of the Affirmative’s calls for larger institutional access as a fundamental fortification of White Settler and Slave Master civil society by its diversionary focus on the ethicality of the policies and practices of the United States as opposed to the a priori question its very existence. This silence of the Affirmative’s assumptive logic renders them unaccountable to the revolutionary political ontology of Redness and Blackness and thereby sets the stage for the various dramas of conflictual relationships i.e. class struggle, gender conflict, immigrants rights, etc. that are made possible by the antagonism between Settler and Savage, Master and Slave. Wilderson 2010 Frank B., killed apartheid officials in South Africa, nuff said, Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages 1-5 WHEN i WAS a young student at Columbia University in New York there was a AND foundation of the close reading of feature films and political theory that follows.
While the afterlife of slavery is far from an abstraction in the lived reality of blackness, recourse to the sociological empirics of suffering already codifies the category of “exploitation” as the base grammar of suffering, ignoring the gratuitousness of anti-black violence and enshrining the call for more public policy as the limit point of our revolutionary demands. This elides the way in which civil society is parasitic on The Middle Passage and thus how Humanity itself can only be constituted in opposition to the fundamentally anti-Human position of the slave. It is this libidinal economy of anti-blackness which exists as the condition of possibility for the violence of the world. Wilderson 2010 Frank B., again, dude straight up MURKED white supremacists like buk buk, Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages 10-11 Regarding the Black position, some might ask why, after claims successfully made on AND occur? The woman at the gates of Columbia University awaits an answer.
What is to be done? Two hundred years ago, when the slaves in AND the slave must become to pursue its calling that is not a calling.
Life will not change for the better absent an assault on the establishment. That doesn’t mean we will live to enjoy the fruits of the revolution but it DOES mean that we should pursue revolutionary suicide because death is inevitable and this is the only one worth pursuing. Huey P. Newton 1973, Co-founder of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, Revolutionary Suicide, pages 2-6
Connected to reactionary suicide, although even more painful and degrading, is a spiritual AND fruits. That would be a contradiction. The reality will be grimmer.
If our alternative leads to violent revolution, that most definitely solves George Jackson1972, Revolutionary, Blood in My Eye, pages 59-62
The enemy culture, the established government, exists first of all because of AND is no possibility of an establishment government ever overcoming a determined internal enemy.
Their calls to prevent wars just gloss over the ongoing living apocalypse for people of color. Rodriguez 2008, (Dylan, Associate Professor at University of California Riverside, " WARFARE AND THE TERMS OFENGAGEMENT," in Abolition Now: Ten Years of Strategy and Struggle against the Prison Industrial Complex, p.93-100.)
We are collectively witnessing, surviving, and working in a time of unprecedented state AND , every desperate act, and every attack aborted or drowned in blood."
Policy is only going to come after our radical abolitionist pedagogy starts to go into effect. Dylan Rodriguez, D Rod Will Make Ya Jump, “Disorientation of the Teaching Act: Abolition as Pedagogical Position”, Radical Teacher, Number 88, Summer 2010, p. 7-19 Perhaps, then, there is no viable or defensible pedagogical position other than an AND is significantly dependent on our willingness to embrace this form of pedagogical audacity.
Case If they will defend all conspiracy theories that puts them in a double bind – that allows conspiracy theories that mask biopolitics such as the Holocaust never happened TFR 13 The Fur Reich, secretary of Nation States, “The Holocaust never happened”, 1-26-13, http://forum.nationstates.net/viewtopic.php?f=20andt=221754
Here is the evidence: ¶ 1-The post WW2 books written by the AND Of these acts there is little or no mention in our history books.
No solvency – even after released from prisons, people are still reduced to bare life Colatrella 11 (Steven, taught at Bard College, the New School and the American University of Rome, Fulbright scholar, Chair of the Department of Political and Social Sciences at John Cabot University in Rome and President of the Iowa Sociological Association, “Nothing Exceptional: Against Agamben,” Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, vol.9. no.1, page 107-108, November 2011, Online, http://www.jceps.com/PDFs/09-1-05.pdf,)
Finally, Agamben, in his understanding of homo sacer seems to miss the most AND slavery and the slave trade, in the genocide of the Native Americans? Sovereignty means the state of exception is inevitable Colatrella 11 (Steven, taught at Bard College, the New School and the American University of Rome, Fulbright scholar, Chair of the Department of Political and Social Sciences at John Cabot University in Rome and President of the Iowa Sociological Association, “Nothing Exceptional: Against Agamben,” Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, vol.9. no.1, page 99, November 2011, Online, http://www.jceps.com/PDFs/09-1-05.pdf)
“The Sovereign” wrote Nazi lawyer and political theorist Carl Schmitt, “is AND bounds of all previously existing (and by implication illusory) legal limits. No solvency – too many alt causes to the state of exception – anything that expropriates Colatrella 11 (Steven, taught at Bard College, the New School and the American University of Rome, Fulbright scholar, Chair of the Department of Political and Social Sciences at John Cabot University in Rome and President of the Iowa Sociological Association, “Nothing Exceptional: Against Agamben,” Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, vol.9. no.1, page 99, November 2011, Online, http://www.jceps.com/PDFs/09-1-05.pdf)
My argument is that states of exception and the reduction of part or all of AND class organization by workers and the gains made using democracy to sustain economic conditions
No spillover solvency – Agamben’s theories don’t answer key questions – solving just in the instance of prisons doesn’t give us tools to solve the harms elsewhere Colatrella 11 (Steven, taught at Bard College, the New School and the American University of Rome, Fulbright scholar, Chair of the Department of Political and Social Sciences at John Cabot University in Rome and President of the Iowa Sociological Association, “Nothing Exceptional: Against Agamben,” Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, vol.9. no.1, page 99, November 2011, Online, http://www.jceps.com/PDFs/09-1-05.pdf)
Agamben therefore seeks to explain the present danger to civil liberties, the risk of AND or times? Why is this group under attack and not another one?
Epistemology and methodology don’t come first. Wendt ‘2k Alexander Wendt, Professor of Int’l Security, Dept of Political Science at Ohio State University. 2000. International Relations: Critical Concepts in Political Science. ed: Andrew Linklater, p. 640 An attempt to use a structurationist-symbolic interactionist discourse to bridge the two research AND they can come to see this through the smoke and heat of epistemology. Criticizing US power distracts from deterring global imperial powers that actually trigger the impact Shaw 2 Martin Shaw, professor of international relations at University of Sussex, April 7, Uses and Abuses of Anti-Imperialism in the Global Era, http://www.martinshaw.org/empire.htm It is fashionable in some circles, among which we must clearly include the organizers AND I shall return to these political issues at the end of this paper.
11/5/13
1NC Round 7 UNLV v Weber AM
Tournament: tournament | Round: 7 | Opponent: Weber State Auro-Mugweh | Judge: Robinson 1 Interpretation – restriction requires prohibition of an entire topic list area Restriction means prohibition Corpus Juris Secundum 31 Volume 54, p. 735 RESTRICT: To confine; to limit; to prevent (a person or thing) from passing a certain limit in any kind of action; to restrain; to restrain without bounds.
Authority is power delegated to an agent Kelly 3 - judge for the State of Michigan (JOSEPH ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff, and LULA ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY and DANIEL P. BENNETT, Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants., No. 236749, COURT OF APPEALS OF MICHIGAN, 259 Mich. App. 187; 673 N.W.2d 776; 2003 Mich. App. LEXIS 2649; 93 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 244; 92 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1557, Lexis) Applying agency principles, a principal is responsible for the acts of its agents done AND be delegated in carrying out the principal's business." Id. at 1348.
“In the area” means all of the activities United Nations 13 (United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty, http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm) PART I¶ INTRODUCTION¶ Article 1 Use of terms and scope¶ 1. For the purposes of this Convention:¶ (1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;¶ (2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;¶ (3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area; Targeted killings and drones are distinct – drones are a weapon’s tech. Anderson 13 (Kenneth, a professor of international law at American University and a member of the Task Force on National Security and Law at the Hoover Institution, “The Case for Drones” Commentary Magazine, June, https://www.commentarymagazine.com/download/pdfs/article-135-06-0-14-16448.pdf?a=16448, JL)
This feature of Predators and Reapers—the two ¶ forms of drones really at AND seen most dramatically in the Bin Laden raid by the ¶ Navy SEALs.
Violations – the affirmative doesn’t prohibit – and doesn’t reduce targeted killing at all
Voting issue – Limits – absent prohibition of an area, every single condition or regulation acts as a functional restriction on some single process of war powers authority – dozens of tiny mechanisms and small subsets of areas create an infinite number of affs that core lit doesn’t check Bidirectionality – absent a prohibition, the aff can create meaningless “conditions” that EXPAND presidential power – commission consultation proves Wilson Center No Date (War Powers Proposal Gives the President Even More Authority, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/war-powers-proposal-gives-the-president-even-more-authority) A privately organized Commission on War Powers recommended last week that the 1973 War Powers AND in Congress, behind closed doors and shielded by classified briefings and documents.
2 CP Text: The United States federal government should ban the use of drones for the targeted killing war power authority of the President of the United States of America except for the targeting of high value targets. CP competes, solves and doesn’t link to blowback or credibility – Strikes against High Value targets are key to prevent terror. Efficiency and accuracy of strikes solves any residual risk we don’t solve blowback. Young 13 (Alex, Harvard International Review, “A Defense of Drones” Feb 25, http://hir.harvard.edu/a-defense-of-drones, JL)
The War on Terror is no longer a traditional conflict. The diffuse, decentralized AND sows divisive suspicion inside enemy groups and distracts them from accomplishing their objectives.¶
Professor Stephen I. Vladeck of American University has offered a remedy to this problem AND , systematic review of secret drone killings must come inside the executive branch.
Political Capital is key to passage Daily Mail 10/17 David Marttosko, political editor, “Immigration battle threatens to dwarf debt-limit fight as many Republicans fear power of 17 MILLION newly legalized loyal Democrats,” www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2464112/Immigration-battle-threatens-dwarf-debt-limit-fight-Republicans-fear-power-17-MILLION-newly-legalized-loyal-Democrats.html
Republicans' new worst fear isn't defaulting on America's debts. If an immigration policy favored AND but Republicans have reason to suspect the other shoe is about to drop.
"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of skilled labor visas," predicted B. AND see the immigration opportunity as a bigger plus than not," he said. U.S.-India relations solve South Asian nuclear war Schaffer 2 Teresita – Director of the South Asia Program at the Center for Strategic and International Security, Washington Quarterly, p. Lexis
Washington's increased interest in India since the late 1990s reflects India's economic expansion and position AND people out of poverty depends critically on good relations with the United States. Extinction Hundley 12 Tom Hundley is senior editor at the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. This article for Foreign Policy is part of the Pulitzer Center's Gateway project on nuclear security. Race to the End http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/05/race_to_the_end?page=0,3
The arms race could make a loose nuke more likely. After all, Pakistan's AND it, but neither seems able to slow their dangerous race to annihilation.
4 The President of the United States commit the executive branch to Solicitor General representation and advance consultation with the Office of Legal Counsel over decisions regarding the targeted killing authority of the president. The Department of Justice officials should counsel against the president authorizing the of drones when using the targeted killing war power authority. The Executive Order should also require written publication of Office of Legal Counsel opinions. The CP is competitive and solves the case - OLC rulings don’t remove authority but are binding precedent. Morrison, 10 Trevor, Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, STARE DECISIS IN THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL, “STARE DECISIS IN THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL,” Columbia Law Review, October 2010, 110 Colum. L. Rev. 1448, Lexis
On the other hand, an OLC that says "yes" too often is AND is remote and does not meaningfully threaten the effective bindingness of OLC's decisions. 1NC – Solvency President has multiple mechs to circumvent – empirically he will if Congress doesn’t agree with him
The debate over the War Powers Act reminds us that the presidency continues to evolve AND provisions as they encroached upon his powers to appoint and remove branch employees.
Obama has and will just continue to outright reject giving out information under the guise of national security – allows him to get away with anything Guardian 13 Glenn Greenwald; Glenn Greenwald is a columnist on civil liberties and US national security issues for the Guardian. A former constitutional lawyer, he was until 2012 a contributing writer at Salon. He is the author of How Would a Patriot Act? Friday 22 February 2013 09.46 EST Obama officials refuse to say if assassination power extends to US soil; http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/feb/22/obama-brennan-paul-assassinations-filibusterAnthonyOgbuli
Indeed it does. In fact, it is repellent to think that any member AND and US citizens are being barred from knowing what those legal claims are.
Case – Terror Casualties are way down and drones are far more precise than alternatives---our ev uses the best data Michael Cohen 13, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 5/23/13, “Give President Obama a chance: there is a role for drones,” The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/23/obama-drone-speech-use-justified Drone critics have a much different take. They are passionate in their conviction that AND , drone strikes are a far more humane method of war-fighting. Blowback theory is flawed – no evidential links Anderson, 13 Kenneth, law professor at Washington College of Law, American University, a research fellow of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, a Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at the Brookings Institution, Real Clear Politics, The Case for Drones, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/05/24/the_case_for_drones_118548-4.html
Do the drone strikes make things unacceptably more difficult for ground forces attempting to carry AND grind or is reasonably objective, one can always offer the blowback scenario. HVTs matter – rigorous statistical data proves decapitation ends hostile groups Patrick Johnston, associate political scientist at the RAND Corporation, 8-18-2012, “Drone Strikes Keep Pressure on al-Qaida,” RAND, http://www.rand.org/commentary/2012/08/18/PJ.html My study of leadership decapitation in 90 counter-insurgencies since the 1970s shows that AND .S. counter-terrorism strategy has demonstrated a degree of effectiveness. Multiple alt causes to middle east cred – guts coop and intel sharing inevitably Neil Macdonald 9/5/13, Senior Washington Correspondent for CBC News, “Obama's indecision on Syria strains U.S. credibility: Neil Macdonald,” http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2013/09/04/f-vp-obama-congress-syria-missile-strike-neil-macdonald.html In fact, “red lines” are old hat in the Middle East. AND to call it a coup.¶ The list goes on. And on. Detention turns coop and blowback – bigger internal link. Roberts, Associate Professor of Philosophy at East Carolina University, ‘11 Rodney, “Utilitarianism and the Morality of Indefinite Detention”, Criminal Justice Ethics, Vol. 30, No. 1, RSR
Finally, ‘‘there is no evidence that preventive detention works. Comparative studies of AND can be selfdefeating*it may increase the likelihood of future attacks.31
Intel sharing and cooperation sustainable in the squo NYT 13 1/30, “Drone Strike Prompts Suit, Raising Fears for U.S. Allies”
The issue is more complex than drone-strike foes suggest, the current and AND , however controversial, of many of the most hardened Islamic extremist leaders.
Drones don’t cause blowback in Pakistan – better than the alternatives Fair 10 (C. Christine, assistant professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, 5/28/10, “Drone Wars”, Foregin Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/05/28/drone_wars)
Of course, the actual impact of the drone strikes is only part of the AND and therefore, an option that is preferable to the military's artillery campaigns." Drones are NOT the cause of terror recruiting – multiple alt causes. Barry, 12 Tom, directs the TransBorder Project at the Center for International Policy and is the author of Border Wars from MIT Press and numerous books on U.S.-Latin American relations, Drone Proliferation: Other Chapters and Other Challenges, CATO Unbound, January 17, 2012, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/17/tom-barry/drone-proliferation-other-chapters-other-challenges It is not at all clear that drone strikes in Pakistan, despite the ample AND on Pakistani troops in November 2011) precipitated the latest breakdown in relations.
Leadership decapitation works – comprehensive empirical studies prove Price, 12 Bryan C, Major @ U.S. Army/ former assistant Prof of Social Sciences @ U.S. military academy, Targeting Top Terrorists; How Leadership Decapitation Contributes to Counterterrorism, International Security
I argue that leadership decapitation significantly increases the mortality rate of terrorist groups, AND implications of bin Laden's death for al-Qaida and recommendations for policymakers. Deterrence, power projection, and psychological effects prevent terrorism Callam, 10 Andrew, M.A. in International Affairs program @ George Washington Univ, International Affairs Review, Drone Wars: Armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, http://www.iar-gwu.org/node/144
In counterinsurgency warfare, the main benefit of the armed drone is an increased ability AND psychological effect weaponized drones can have on both existing and potential enemy combatants. Alt causes to anti-American sentiments and recruitment Etzioni, 13 Amitai, the director of the Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies and a professor of International Affairs at the George Washington University, Drones: Say it with figures, http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Analysis/Outside-View/2013/04/30/Outside-View-Drones-Say-it-with-figures/UPI-25571367294880/
One may at first consider it obvious that, when American drones kill terrorists who AND United States were using cruise missiles? Or bombers? Or Special Forces? The economy is resilient Zumbrun and Varghese 12 (Joshua and Romy, reporters for Bloomberg News, “Fed’s Plosser Says U.S. Economy Proving Resilient to Shocks”, Bloomberg Businessweek, 5/9/12, http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-05-09/fed-s-plosser-says-u-dot-s-dot-economy-proving-resilient-to-shocks) Philadelphia Federal Reserve Bank President CharlesPlosser said the U.S. economy has proven AND proved resilient and growth picked up in the second half of the year.” Economic decline empirically doesn’t lead to war Naim 10 (Moises, a Senior Associate in the International Economics program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “It Didn't Happen”, Foreign Policy, January/February 2010, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/04/it_didnt_happen) Just a few months ago, the consensus among influential thinkers was that the economic AND of the most common predictions about the crisis that have been proven wrong:
effective deployment is the internal link to military technological innovation and deterrence. Clouet 12 (Dr. Louis-Marie, Director of Research, ISIT Paris, “Drones as Future Air Power Assets: The Dawn of Aviation 2.0?” http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.10072F978-3-642-25082-8_10.pdf, JL)
As the B-52 bomber and the ICBM were the symbols of the Cold AND a plane for an equivalent mission were¶ not been taken into account.
Hegemonic decline is inevitable – multiple reasons. Layne 12 Christopher Layne is professor and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at Texas A and M, January 27, 2012 (The National Interest, “The Almost Triumph of Offshore Balancing,” http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/almost-triumph-offshore-balancing-6405)
Although cloaked in the reassuring boilerplate about American military preeminence and global leadership, in AND during the next two decades will be its own decline and China’s rise.
Best data concludes hegemony doesn’t solve war Fettweis 11 (Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01495933.2011.605020)
Strategy Based on Faith, Not Evidence¶ It is perhaps worth noting that there AND analysis should be necessary to reach the conclusion that the two are unrelated.
Program credible and sustainable – won’t go away despite popular opposition. DoD shift guarantees durable sustainability Bellinger and Masters 13 (John B., Adjunct Senior Fellow for International and National Security Law, and Johnathan, Deputy Editor at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Seeking Daylight on U.S. Drone Policy” Interview, http://www.cfr.org/drones/seeking-daylight-us-drone-policy/p30348, JL)
The debate over U.S. drone policy continues to play out in the AND on those countries to either acknowledge or to deny that they've given consent. No impact to credibility Walt 11 (Stephen M., Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University, December 5, “Does the U.S. still need to reassure its allies?,” http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/05/us_credibility_is_not_our_problem)
A perennial preoccupation of U.S. diplomacy has been the perceived need to AND about it, but in most cases little incentive to actually do it.
Ongoing reveals from former US National Security Agency (NSA) analyst Edward Snowden implicate AND ears. Simply put, America has come off looking like a hypocrite. Cred low now—modeled by others Armstrong 13 Fulton Armstrong is a fellow at the Center for Latin America and Latino Studies at American University, “U.S. Credibility Takes Another Hit”, 6-17-13, http://aulablog.net/2013/06/17/u-s-credibility-takes-another-hit/
Since 9/11, the Bush administration has consciously refashioned the American role in AND politics to achieve a greater degree of influence over the dynamics of world politics
American Soft Power Fails- Multiple Warrants JOFFE 6 (JOSEF is also the Marc and Anita Abramowitz Fellow in International Relations at the Hoover Institution and a courtesy professor of political science at Stanford University. Since 1999, he has been an associate of the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University. “The Perils of Soft Power”http:www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/magazine/14wwln_lede.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)
In recent years, a number of American thinkers, led by Joseph S. AND priesthood. So America's soft power is not only seductive but also subversive.
11/5/13
1NC Round KCKCC 1 v OCU VY
Tournament: tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Central Oklahoma Vance-Yost | Judge: Morris T Interpretation – restriction requires prohibition of an entire topic list area Restriction means prohibition Corpus Juris Secundum 31 Volume 54, p. 735 RESTRICT: To confine; to limit; to prevent (a person or thing) from passing a certain limit in any kind of action; to restrain; to restrain without bounds.
Authority is power delegated to an agent Kelly 3 - judge for the State of Michigan (JOSEPH ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff, and LULA ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY and DANIEL P. BENNETT, Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants., No. 236749, COURT OF APPEALS OF MICHIGAN, 259 Mich. App. 187; 673 N.W.2d 776; 2003 Mich. App. LEXIS 2649; 93 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 244; 92 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1557, Lexis) Applying agency principles, a principal is responsible for the acts of its agents done AND be delegated in carrying out the principal's business." Id. at 1348.
“In the area” means all of the activities United Nations 13 (United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty, http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm) PART I¶ INTRODUCTION¶ Article 1 Use of terms and scope¶ 1. For the purposes of this Convention:¶ (1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;¶ (2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;¶ (3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area; Violations – the affirmative doesn’t prohibit --either it sets conditions that can be met, or just limits the scope
Voting issue – Limits – absent prohibition of an area, every single condition or regulation acts as a functional restriction on some single process of war powers authority – dozens of tiny mechanisms and small subsets of areas create an infinite number of affs that core lit doesn’t check Bidirectionality – absent a prohibition, the aff can create meaningless “conditions” that EXPAND presidential power – commission consultation proves Wilson Center No Date (War Powers Proposal Gives the President Even More Authority, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/war-powers-proposal-gives-the-president-even-more-authority) A privately organized Commission on War Powers recommended last week that the 1973 War Powers AND in Congress, behind closed doors and shielded by classified briefings and documents.
CP Thus Anthony and I advocate: The United States Congress should amend the National Defense Authorization Act of 2013 to require that targeted killings authorized by the President of the United States require the application of due process. Courts fail to solve – their precedent defers to the executive increasing his power – Congress has complete ability to check powers for indefinite detention – they control foreign affairs – even the strongest presidential viewing flows neg Harvard Law Review 12 Recent Legislation; 2012; http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_national_defense_authorization.pdfAnthonyOgbuli
Just as the Commander-in-Chief power is not preclusive with respect to AND Just because a congressional policy choice is wrong does not make it unconstitutional.
DA Roberts is leading a minimalist court now – voters right act decision proves
Danhof 13 Justin Danhof |The official blog of the National Center for Public Policy Research; General Counsel for the National Center for Public Policy Research, as well as Director of the Center's Free Enterprise Project. worked in the Miami-Dade State’s Attorney’s Office in the Economic Crimes and Cybercrimes Division, for the Massachusetts Alliance for Economic Development and at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission; Aug 5, 2013 at 4:37 PM; Judicial Minimalism: Tortured Reasoning, Tepid Results; http://www.conservativeblog.org/amyridenour/author/blogdanhofAnthonyOgbuli
“We issue no holding on §5 itself, only on the coverage formula AND something that is becoming a disturbing hallmark of his tenure as Chief Justice.
Activist liberal decisions like the plan have two impacts – a. creates capital for conservative decisions b. forces conservative judges to make conservative decisions to placate other conservative judges, politicians and the public
Politico 12 Josh Gerstein is a White House reporter for POLITICO, specializing in legal and national security issues. Gerstein was The New York Sun’s national reporter and covered national politics, terrorism trials and other legal stories of national significance; Gerstein worked for ABC News from 1995 to 2003 Gerstein attended Harvard College; 7/3/12 4:43 AM EDT; Liberals fear the John Roberts rebound; http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0712/78084.htmlAnthonyOgbuli
“A lot of us were considering this term to be an incredible blockbuster because AND make amends with conservative justices and conservatives in the public at large.
That means the court will vote against the EPA case – massive conservative pressure – that destroys the EPA regulatory assertiveness and power The Hill 13 By Ben Geman; Writer of the E² Wire, the Environment and Energy blog, at The Hill; former senior reporter with Greenwire News Service and Environment and Energy Daily; 04/19/13 06:14 PM ET; Bachmann, conservative groups ask Supreme Court to stop EPA climate rules; http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/295103-rep-bachmann-conservative-groups-urge-supreme-court-to-scuttle-epa-climate-rules#ixzz2d1FtRWvjAnthonyOgbuli
Conservative groups and a dozen House Republicans are petitioning the Supreme Court to review an AND broader regulatory program and must be stripped of the power to regulate emissions. EPA assertiveness is key to block the Keystone pipeline and prove Obama’s credibility on climate change Song 1/31/13 Lisa Song, “Obama's Climate Vow Elevates EPA Role in Keystone XL Review,” Bloomberg, Jan 31, 2013 10:05 AM CT, pg. http://tinyurl.com/ay4ujlm
Because the Canada-to-Nebraska oil pipeline crosses an international border, the AND second inaugural address where he pledged to take climate change seriously." Keystone pipeline is the biggest internal link to warming Pierrehumbert 11 - Professor in the Geophysical Sciences @ University of Chicago Raymond T. Pierrehumbert, “Keystone XL: Game over?,” Real Climate: Climate Science by Climate Scientist, 2 November 2011, pg. http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2011/11/keystone-xl-game-over/
The impending Obama administration…that this carbon shall not pass into the atmosphere.
Greatest risk of extinction The New York End Times 2006 http://newyorkendtimes.com/extinctionscale.asp) We rate Global Climate Change as a greater threat for human extinction in this century AND monitor war separately. However we also need to incorporate the dangers here .
Under the draft agreement brokered by Russia with the United States, Syria is to AND confirmed the role of the United States as an anchor of global security. Courts gut presidential flex – triggers the internal link to credible warfighting Yoo 13 John, professor of law at UC Berkeley, Visiting Scholar, American Enterprise Institute, June 19, Fox News, “Hiding behind judicial robes in the battle over national security” http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/defense/hiding-behind-judicial-robes-in-the-battle-over-national-security/
And this is where conservatives should be concerned. Until the 1978 FISA, presidents AND will further distort our founding document's original design to fight and win wars. Credibility of presidential threats is the key internal link to hegemony Bolton 9 John R, Senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute and Former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, “The danger of Obama's dithering,” Los Angeles Times, October 18, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/oct/18/opinion/oe-bolton18
Weakness in American foreign policy in one region often invites challenges elsewhere, because our AND the face of criticism and adversity, engagement simply embodies weakness and indecision. The impact is great power wars Khalilzad 11 Zalmay, Former United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations, and former director of policy planning at the Defense Department, February 8, “The Economy and National Security; If we don’t get our economic house in order, we risk a new era of multi-polarity,” http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad
We face this domestic challenge while other major powers are experiencing rapid economic growth. AND the United States is the most significant barrier facing Chinese hegemony and aggression.
K AFF’s attempts at legal constraint is oriented to the past making them inherently reactive and limit the potential for non-legal responses. Vermeule and Posner, 11 Adrian Vermeule, prof of Law at Harvard University Law School, Eric A Posner., prof of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press 2011 Our thesis is that these modifications to liberal legalism fail. Either they do not AND way to improve upon it, under the conditions of the administrative state.
This enables the worst forms of liberal violence and racism. Dossa ‘99 Shiraz, Department of Political Science, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, “Liberal Legalism: Law, Culture and Identity,” The European Legacy, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 73-87,1 No discipline in the rationalized arsenal of modernity is as rational, impartial, objective AND liberal law but the juridically and humanly inferior Other, the perpetual foreigner.
The alternative is to reject the AFF and endorse political, rather than legal restrictions on Presidential war powers authority. Goldsmith, 12 Jack, Harvard Law School Professor, focus on national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, and conflict of laws, Former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense, Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, March 2012, Power and Constraint, p. 205-209 DAVID BRIN is a science-fiction writer who in 1998 turned his imagination to AND thus accountability to) actors inside and outside the presidency much more extensive.
Case
Existence and choice come first. People should be able to choose their value to life Kymlicka ‘3 (Will, professor of philosophy @ Queens University. Contemporary Political Thought: A Reader And Guide. Edited by Alan Finlayson, pp. 496-498) The defining feature of liberalism is that it ascribes certain fundamental freedoms to each individual AND judge what is valuable, and to learn about other ways of life. Must evaluate consequences – the alternative is moral absolutism that generates evil Isaac ‘2—Professor of Political Science at Indiana-Bloomington Jeffery C., Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” p. Proquest. As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It AND not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Claims of Root Causality are Silly Oversimplifications That Explain Nothing May ‘2 Collin May 12-18-2002 http://innocentsabroad.blogspot.com/2002_12_15_innocentsabroad_archive.html#90069170 Unfortunately for our scholarly friends, there is a problem with root causes. Root AND an immediate and simplistic explanation to impress the gullible and justify the foolish. No single cause of conflict Barnett et al 7 Michael, Hunjoon Kim, Madalene O’Donnell, Laura Sitea, Global Governance, “Peacebuilding: What is in a Name?”, Questia Because there are multiple contributing causes of conflict, almost any international assistance effort that AND there are good bureaucratic reasons for claiming that they are an invaluable partner.
Merely exposing the assumptions of IR is not a sustainable strategy Murray ‘97 (Alastair, Politics Department at the University of Wales, Swansea, RECONSTRUCTING REALISM, p. 189) In the final analysis, then, Ashley's post-structuralist approach boils down AND , forever immersed in the expectation of deliverance, is manifestly unable to provide Discursive focus generates epistemological blind spots and won’t alter “security” structures. Hyde-Price ‘1 (Adrian, Prof. of Int’l Politics, Bath Univ., ‘Beware the Jabberwock!’ Security Studies in the 21st Century, EUROPE’S NEW SECURITY CHALLENGES, Heinz Gärtner, Adrian Hyde-Price and Erich Rieter, eds., p. 39) Securitization thus focuses almost exclusively on the discursive domain and eschews any attempt to determine AND serious empirical research and setting it adrift on a sea of floating signifiers. Discursive critiques of security fail. Aradau ‘1 Claudia Aradau, PhD Candidate in Government and Politics at the Open University. “Migration: The Spiral of (In)Security”. Rubikon E-Journal. March 2001. http://venus.ci.uw.edu.pl/~rubikon/forum/claudia1.htm 'Desecuritization' as promoted by both Waever and Huysmans is an impossible project, caught in AND a relocation of ‘symbolic territories', conquered by the 'professionals of security'.
Existence is a pre-requisite to ontology. Wapner ‘3 Paul, Associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, DISSENT, Winter, http://www.dissentmgazine.org/menutest/artiles/wi03/wapner.htm The third response to eco-criticism would require critics to acknowledge the ways in AND -critics must be supporters, in some fashion, of environmental preservation. Don’t prioritize ontology and epistemology over the interpretative power of the 1AC authors – force them to prove the 1NC claims are inaccurate. Owen 2 David, Reader in Political Theory at the University of Southampton, Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653 Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a AND to the kind of vicious circle that they can, collectively, generate. Epistemology and methodology don’t come first. Wendt ‘2k Alexander Wendt, Professor of Int’l Security, Dept of Political Science at Ohio State University. 2000. International Relations: Critical Concepts in Political Science. ed: Andrew Linklater, p. 640 An attempt to use a structurationist-symbolic interactionist discourse to bridge the two research AND they can come to see this through the smoke and heat of epistemology.
Sovereignty means the state of exception is inevitable Colatrella 11 (Steven, taught at Bard College, the New School and the American University of Rome, Fulbright scholar, Chair of the Department of Political and Social Sciences at John Cabot University in Rome and President of the Iowa Sociological Association, “Nothing Exceptional: Against Agamben,” Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, vol.9. no.1, page 99, November 2011, Online, http://www.jceps.com/PDFs/09-1-05.pdf)
“The Sovereign” wrote Nazi lawyer and political theorist Carl Schmitt, “is AND bounds of all previously existing (and by implication illusory) legal limits. No solvency – too many alt causes to the state of exception – anything that expropriates Colatrella 11 (Steven, taught at Bard College, the New School and the American University of Rome, Fulbright scholar, Chair of the Department of Political and Social Sciences at John Cabot University in Rome and President of the Iowa Sociological Association, “Nothing Exceptional: Against Agamben,” Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, vol.9. no.1, page 99, November 2011, Online, http://www.jceps.com/PDFs/09-1-05.pdf)
My argument is that states of exception and the reduction of part or all of AND class organization by workers and the gains made using democracy to sustain economic conditions
No spillover solvency – Agamben’s theories don’t answer key questions – solving just in the instance of prisons doesn’t give us tools to solve the harms elsewhere Colatrella 11 (Steven, taught at Bard College, the New School and the American University of Rome, Fulbright scholar, Chair of the Department of Political and Social Sciences at John Cabot University in Rome and President of the Iowa Sociological Association, “Nothing Exceptional: Against Agamben,” Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, vol.9. no.1, page 99, November 2011, Online, http://www.jceps.com/PDFs/09-1-05.pdf)
Agamben therefore seeks to explain the present danger to civil liberties, the risk of AND or times? Why is this group under attack and not another one?
Their impacts are wrong, they rely on a totalizing account of biopower – democratic welfare states check. Dickinson 4Edward Ross Dickinson, University of Cincinnati. “Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About "Modernity"”. Central European History, vol. 37, no. 1, 1—48. 2004. Cambridge Journals.
The need to theorize the place of the democratic welfare state in biopolitical, social AND of biopolitics, the only end point of the logic of social engineering. Their impact claims are overgeneralized, non-causal assertions—modern biopolitics includes economic pluralization and democracy that inhibits the rise to totalitarianism O’Kane 97 (“Modernity, the Holocaust, and politics”, Economy and Society, February, ebsco)
Chosen policies cannot be relegated to the position of immediate condition (Nazis in power AND and common attributes of modernity which stand in the way of modern genocides.
Biopolitics key to prevent global overpopulation Newland 2 (Lynda, 2002 “The Deployment of the Prosperous Family: Family Planning in West Java” Ph.D. on family planning and reproductive practices; gus MUSE)
These demographic projections triggered the international debate in such a way that women's reproductive health AND obedience to the state in the effort to maintain the face of nationhood.
Opop kills bioD guarantees warming Posner 2006 (October 15, Richard, United States judge, founder of the law and economics movement, professor at University of Chicago, author of several books on assorted topics such as law, philosophy, and economy)
The greatest costs of further population increases are likely to be costs external to individual AND will be devised and implemented before the effects of global warming become catastrophic.
Extinction Warner 94, Paul American University, Dept of International Politics and Foreign Policy, August, Politics and Life Sciences, , p 177 Massive extinction of species is dangerous, then, because one cannot predict which species AND is like playing Russian roulette, with our collective future as the stakes.
Although there are many places in the History of Sexuality that might indicate what Foucault AND mechanism of domination, and which today pervades the most diverse institutional settings.
Nuclear annihilation Lee ‘93(Morality, Prudence, and Nuclear Weapons, P. 39-40)
(P3)What would be the consequences if nuclear deterrence were abandoned mutually instead AND required, in consequentionalist terms, to maintain their policies of nuclear deterrence.
