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1AC KCKCC
Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Washburn | Judge: JT 1AC – TK (KCKCC) Plan Plan: The Unites States Congress should amend the Authorization for the Use Military Force to restrict the president’s targeting authority in a non-international armed conflicts to individuals who are members of organized armed groups of a non-state party engaged in hostilities. ADV – Restraint Drone tech is inevitable but how they are used is a function of political will – US action is the key internal link to controlling the future of drone warfare. Farley, 11 Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, World Politics Review, 10-12-11, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States AND policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting. Specifically US practices ignore international norms of proportionality and distinction undermining the very nature of restraint in international law. ICG, 13 International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796 President Obama, has argued that “there is nothing in international law … that AND , and they are entitled to defend themselves before a court of law. US must act now to lock in norms and a legal framework or risk gutting the entire system of international law – checks on the executive are key. Brooks, 13 Rosa, professor at Georgetown University, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights April 23, 2013 Right now, the United States has a decided technological advantage when it comes to AND them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities? And – China models US drone usage – restraints are key to creating new norms CBS News, 13 China emerges as new force in drone warfare, May 3, 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/ Chinese aerospace firms have developed dozens of drones, known also as unmanned aerial vehicles AND There needs to be agreement on what the limits are," he said.
Chinese drone adventurism leads to miscalc over the Senkakus – U.S. gets drawn in Brimley, 13 Shawn, vice president of the Asia Program at the Center for a New American Security, The Drone War Comes To Asia, http://hrana.org/articles/2013/09/the-drone-war-comes-to-asia/ Without a doubt, China’s drone adventure 100-miles north of the Senkakus was AND political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war. Escalates to extinction Strait Times, 2k CHING CHEONG – SENIOR JOURNALIST @ THE STRAIT TIMES, NO ONE GAINS IN A WAR OVER TAIWAN, JUNE 25, LEXIS THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a AND should that come to pass, we would see the destruction of civilization.
Lack of checks on US executive influences global drone policy and makes accidental war inevitable. Dowd, 13 Alan, writes on national defense, foreign policy, and international security. His writing has appeared in multiple publications including Parameters, Policy Review, The Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, World Politics Review, American Outlook, The Baltimore Sun, The Washington Times, The National Post, The Wall Street Journal Europe, The Jerusalem Post, and The Financial Times Deutschland, Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings, Parameters, 42(4), Winter Spring, 2013, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/1_Article_Dowd.pdf If we argue that drone pilots are not in the battlespace, which seems reasonable AND spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies. Leads to collapse of deterrence and all conflicts go nuclear Boyle, 13 Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term AND legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use. Indo-Pak war is the greatest threat of nuclear extinction. Chaffin, 11 Greg, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most AND lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.
ADV - Pakistan Targeting low-level militants drives anti-American sentiment and undermines counter-terrorism in Pakistan. Hamid, 13 Moshin, Pakistan: Why Drones Don’t Help, NY Review of Books, May, 23, 2013, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/may/23/pakistan-why-drones-dont-help/?pagination=false The report from Stanford and NYU highlights research separately conducted by Reuters and by the AND . The country must be responsible for dealing with its own extremist groups. And – despite promises strikes will continue. Mazetti, 13 Mark, Despite Administration Promises, Few Signs of Change in Drone Wars, NYT, August 2, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/us/politics/drone-war-rages-on-even-as-administration-talks-about-ending-it.html?pagewanted=all WASHINGTON — There were more drone strikes in Pakistan last month than any month since AND Pakistan,” Mr. Zenko said, “or Yemen for that matter.” Lack of congressional restrictions undermines Pakistani government credibility risking a violent coup. Khan, 8-29 Muhammed, PhD scholar in international law in University of Salzburg, The Drone Dilemma, Pakistan Today, 8-29-13, http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/08/29/comment/columns/the-drone-dilemma-2/ During his first term, President Obama launched more than six times as many drone AND be committing a political suicide which might even turn into a bloody revolt.
Ending the targeting of low-level operatives key to cooperation and legitimacy of the government – prefer our comparative evidence. Boyle, 13 Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf The extent to which the Obama administration has targeted lower-ranked operatives is not AND Al-Qaeda and strengthened local insurgent forces challenging the Yemeni government.53
The plan is the CRUCIAL step in undermining hardliners – focus on principles of distinction and proportionality are key. ICG, 13 International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796 The lack of candour from the U.S. and Pakistan governments on the AND oversight by the Senate and House Armed Services Committees and appropriate judicial review. Pakistan state collapse guts the global economy and draws every major nation into a nuclear world war 3. Walayat, 10 Nadeem, 20 years experience of trading derivatives, portfolio management and analysing the financial markets, including one of few who both anticipated and Beat the 1987 Crash, Pakistan Collapse Could Trigger Global Great Depression and World War III, The Market Oracle, January 16, 2010, http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article16543.html During 2009 the 2600 terrorist attacks resulted in the number of deaths soaring to more AND as the 1930's Great Deflationary Depression ultimately resulted in the Second World War. Economic collapse causes war, miscalc and terror. Royal, 10 Jedediah, Director of Cooperativ e Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.
ADV - Legitimacy Current drone doctrine is unsustainable – only Congress reform it Hayden, 13 Tom, The Peace and Justice Resource Center and The Nation, 'Bug Splat': Think Tank and Rep. Ellison Call for Drone Reform, http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/read.php?itemid=13074 The report credits protests by human rights, peace advocates and journalists for causing a AND policies, or the future will become far more secret than the past. Lacking statutory reform kills program legitimacy – leaks and legal criticism Chesney, 13 Robert, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the University of Texas School of Law, Senior Fellow of the Brookings Institution, Trust, but Codify: Metadata, Drones, and Legal Transparency, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/06/trust-but-codify-metadata-drones The point is very clear with the metadata program, which depends on a non AND sustainable if these elements were brought into the light and entrenched in statute. Controlled use of drones make all conflict less likely. Goure, 12 Daniel, vice president of the Lexington Institute, Drones and the Changing Nature of Warfare: Hold the Presses!, CATO Unbound, January 13, 2012, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/13/daniel-goure/drones-changing-nature-warfare-hold-presses Has the accelerated use of drones opened a new chapter in the history of warfare AND , but we should remember that drones don’t kill terrorists, governments do.
Unchecked drone assassinations sets a dangerous precedent and inevitably collapses US hegemony. Boyle, 13 Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf If the US fails to take these steps, its unchecked pursuit of drone technology AND to shrug off the loss of life that drones inflict on others today.
Hegemony arguments are non-unique – unregulated drones roll back the entire policy and threaten US freedom of action. Zenko, 13 Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, CFR Center for Preventive Action, Council Special Report, January, 2013, http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736 Over the past decade, the use of unmanned aerial systems—commonly referred to AND allowing U.S. officials to openly address concerns and counter misinformation. Drone restrictions are inevitable – taking action now prevents backlash that potentially cripples flexibility and makes armed conflict more likely. Zenko, 13 Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, CFR Center for Preventive Action, Council Special Report, January, 2013, http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736 In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared: “Where force AND if the United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.
Extinction Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7, CMR)
Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads AND the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.
Solvency ONLY Congressional oversight is the key internal link to credible rules of the road and international norms. Presidential action leaves the door open to unstrained unilateralism. Maxwell, 12 Mark David, a Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS FEELING SAFE?, National Defense University, 64:1, 1st quarter, 2012, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html In order to alleviate both of these quandaries, Congress must step in with legislative AND what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law. JFQ
Codifying TK standards is key to establishing a clear legal precedent in a time when norm are in flux. Twomey, 13 Laura, Trinity College Dublin, Setting a Global Precedent: President Obama's Codification of Drone Warfare, Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative law, March 14, 2013, http://www.cjicl.org.uk/index.php/cjicl-blog/setting-a-global-precedent-president-obamas-codification-of-drone-warfare It is clear that, as the first State to deploy remote targeting technology in AND warfare, a model which lacks a clear enemy and a demarcated battlefield.
Precedents set by the president are only perceived domestically and don’t restrain future administrations. Eland, 13 Ivan, Director of the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute. Dr. Eland has spent 15 years working for Congress on national security issues, including stints as an investigator for the House Foreign Affairs Committee and Principal Defense Analyst at the Congressional Budget Office, Dangerous Precedent of Drone Wars, The Consortium News, June 4, 2013, http://consortiumnews.com/2013/06/04/dangerous-precedent-of-drone-wars/ Prior to the 2012 election, President Barack Obama told aides that he wanted to AND expansive Bush/Obama “war on terror” as their unfortunate precedent.
10/13/13
1AC Round 1 UNLV - Targeted Killing
Tournament: tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Nevada Las Vegas Rodriguez-Velto | Judge: Brazelton Plan Plan: The Unites States Congress should restrict the president’s targeting authority in a non-international armed conflicts to individuals who are members of organized armed groups of a non-state party engaged in hostilities. ADV – Restraint Drone tech is inevitable but how they are used is a function of political will – US action is the key internal link to controlling the future of drone warfare. Farley, 11 Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, World Politics Review, 10-12-11, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States AND policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting. Specifically US practices ignore international norms of proportionality and distinction undermining the very nature of restraint in international law. ICG, 13 International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796 President Obama, has argued that “there is nothing in international law … that AND , and they are entitled to defend themselves before a court of law. US must act now to lock in norms and a legal framework or risk gutting the entire system of international law – checks on the executive are key. Brooks, 13 Rosa, professor at Georgetown University, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights April 23, 2013 Right now, the United States has a decided technological advantage when it comes to AND them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities? And – China models US drone usage – restraints are key to creating new norms CBS News, 13 China emerges as new force in drone warfare, May 3, 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/ Chinese aerospace firms have developed dozens of drones, known also as unmanned aerial vehicles AND There needs to be agreement on what the limits are," he said.
Chinese drone adventurism leads to miscalc over the Senkakus – U.S. gets drawn in Brimley, 13 Shawn, vice president of the Asia Program at the Center for a New American Security, The Drone War Comes To Asia, http://hrana.org/articles/2013/09/the-drone-war-comes-to-asia/ Without a doubt, China’s drone adventure 100-miles north of the Senkakus was AND political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war. Escalates to extinction Strait Times, 2k CHING CHEONG – SENIOR JOURNALIST @ THE STRAIT TIMES, NO ONE GAINS IN A WAR OVER TAIWAN, JUNE 25, LEXIS THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a AND should that come to pass, we would see the destruction of civilization.
Lack of checks on US executive influences global drone policy and makes accidental war inevitable. Dowd, 13 Alan, writes on national defense, foreign policy, and international security. His writing has appeared in multiple publications including Parameters, Policy Review, The Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, World Politics Review, American Outlook, The Baltimore Sun, The Washington Times, The National Post, The Wall Street Journal Europe, The Jerusalem Post, and The Financial Times Deutschland, Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings, Parameters, 42(4), Winter Spring, 2013, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/1_Article_Dowd.pdf If we argue that drone pilots are not in the battlespace, which seems reasonable AND spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies. Leads to collapse of deterrence and all conflicts go nuclear Boyle, 13 Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term AND legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use. Indo-Pak war is the greatest threat of nuclear extinction. Chaffin, 11 Greg, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most AND lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.
ADV - Pakistan Targeting low-level militants drives anti-American sentiment and undermines counter-terrorism in Pakistan. Hamid, 13 Moshin, Pakistan: Why Drones Don’t Help, NY Review of Books, May, 23, 2013, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/may/23/pakistan-why-drones-dont-help/?pagination=false The report from Stanford and NYU highlights research separately conducted by Reuters and by the AND . The country must be responsible for dealing with its own extremist groups. And – despite promises strikes will continue. Mazetti, 13 Mark, Despite Administration Promises, Few Signs of Change in Drone Wars, NYT, August 2, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/us/politics/drone-war-rages-on-even-as-administration-talks-about-ending-it.html?pagewanted=all WASHINGTON — There were more drone strikes in Pakistan last month than any month since AND Pakistan,” Mr. Zenko said, “or Yemen for that matter.” Lack of congressional restrictions undermines Pakistani government credibility risking a violent coup. Khan, 8-29 Muhammed, PhD scholar in international law in University of Salzburg, The Drone Dilemma, Pakistan Today, 8-29-13, http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/08/29/comment/columns/the-drone-dilemma-2/ During his first term, President Obama launched more than six times as many drone AND be committing a political suicide which might even turn into a bloody revolt.
Ending the targeting of low-level operatives key to cooperation and legitimacy of the government – prefer our comparative evidence. Boyle, 13 Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf The extent to which the Obama administration has targeted lower-ranked operatives is not AND Al-Qaeda and strengthened local insurgent forces challenging the Yemeni government.53
The plan is the CRUCIAL step in undermining hardliners – focus on principles of distinction and proportionality are key. ICG, 13 International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796 The lack of candour from the U.S. and Pakistan governments on the AND oversight by the Senate and House Armed Services Committees and appropriate judicial review. Pakistan state collapse guts the global economy and draws every major nation into a nuclear world war 3. Walayat, 10 Nadeem, 20 years experience of trading derivatives, portfolio management and analysing the financial markets, including one of few who both anticipated and Beat the 1987 Crash, Pakistan Collapse Could Trigger Global Great Depression and World War III, The Market Oracle, January 16, 2010, http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article16543.html During 2009 the 2600 terrorist attacks resulted in the number of deaths soaring to more AND as the 1930's Great Deflationary Depression ultimately resulted in the Second World War. Economic collapse causes war, miscalc and terror. Royal, 10 Jedediah, Director of Cooperativ e Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.
ADV - Legitimacy Current drone doctrine is unsustainable – only Congress reform it Hayden, 13 Tom, The Peace and Justice Resource Center and The Nation, 'Bug Splat': Think Tank and Rep. Ellison Call for Drone Reform, http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/read.php?itemid=13074 The report credits protests by human rights, peace advocates and journalists for causing a AND policies, or the future will become far more secret than the past. Lacking statutory reform kills program legitimacy – leaks and legal criticism Chesney, 13 Robert, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the University of Texas School of Law, Senior Fellow of the Brookings Institution, Trust, but Codify: Metadata, Drones, and Legal Transparency, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/06/trust-but-codify-metadata-drones The point is very clear with the metadata program, which depends on a non AND sustainable if these elements were brought into the light and entrenched in statute. Controlled use of drones make all conflict less likely. Goure, 12 Daniel, vice president of the Lexington Institute, Drones and the Changing Nature of Warfare: Hold the Presses!, CATO Unbound, January 13, 2012, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/13/daniel-goure/drones-changing-nature-warfare-hold-presses Has the accelerated use of drones opened a new chapter in the history of warfare AND , but we should remember that drones don’t kill terrorists, governments do.
Unchecked drone assassinations sets a dangerous precedent and inevitably collapses US hegemony. Boyle, 13 Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf If the US fails to take these steps, its unchecked pursuit of drone technology AND to shrug off the loss of life that drones inflict on others today.
Hegemony arguments are non-unique – unregulated drones roll back the entire policy and threaten US freedom of action. Zenko, 13 Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, CFR Center for Preventive Action, Council Special Report, January, 2013, http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736 Over the past decade, the use of unmanned aerial systems—commonly referred to AND allowing U.S. officials to openly address concerns and counter misinformation. Drone restrictions are inevitable – taking action now prevents backlash that potentially cripples flexibility and makes armed conflict more likely. Zenko, 13 Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, CFR Center for Preventive Action, Council Special Report, January, 2013, http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736 In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared: “Where force AND if the United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.
Extinction Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7, CMR)
Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads AND the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.
Solvency ONLY Congressional oversight is the key internal link to credible rules of the road and international norms. Presidential action leaves the door open to unstrained unilateralism. Maxwell, 12 Mark David, a Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS FEELING SAFE?, National Defense University, 64:1, 1st quarter, 2012, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html In order to alleviate both of these quandaries, Congress must step in with legislative AND what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law. JFQ
Codifying TK standards is key to establishing a clear legal precedent in a time when norm are in flux. Twomey, 13 Laura, Trinity College Dublin, Setting a Global Precedent: President Obama's Codification of Drone Warfare, Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative law, March 14, 2013, http://www.cjicl.org.uk/index.php/cjicl-blog/setting-a-global-precedent-president-obamas-codification-of-drone-warfare It is clear that, as the first State to deploy remote targeting technology in AND warfare, a model which lacks a clear enemy and a demarcated battlefield.
Precedents set by the president are only perceived domestically and don’t restrain future administrations. Eland, 13 Ivan, Director of the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute. Dr. Eland has spent 15 years working for Congress on national security issues, including stints as an investigator for the House Foreign Affairs Committee and Principal Defense Analyst at the Congressional Budget Office, Dangerous Precedent of Drone Wars, The Consortium News, June 4, 2013, http://consortiumnews.com/2013/06/04/dangerous-precedent-of-drone-wars/ Prior to the 2012 election, President Barack Obama told aides that he wanted to AND expansive Bush/Obama “war on terror” as their unfortunate precedent.
11/5/13
1AC Round 4 UNLV - Targeted Killing Anti Blackness
Tournament: tournament | Round: 4 | Opponent: UT San Antonio Colwell-Robertson | Judge: Vitolo-Haddad The only ethical demand available to modern politics is that of the Slave and the Savage, the demand for the end of America itself. This cry, born out of the belly of slave ships and the churning vertigo of constitutive genocide, exposes the grammar of the Affirmative’s calls for larger institutional access as a fundamental fortification of White Settler and Slave Master civil society by its diversionary focus on the ethicality of the policies and practices of the United States as opposed to the a priori question its very existence. This silence of the Affirmative’s assumptive logic renders them unaccountable to the revolutionary political ontology of Redness and Blackness and thereby sets the stage for the various dramas of conflictual relationships i.e. class struggle, gender conflict, immigrants rights, etc. that are made possible by the antagonism between Settler and Savage, Master and Slave. Wilderson 2010 Frank B., killed apartheid officials in South Africa, nuff said, Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages 1-5 WHEN i WAS a young student at Columbia University in New York there was a AND foundation of the close reading of feature films and political theory that follows.
While the afterlife of slavery is far from an abstraction in the lived reality of blackness, recourse to the sociological empirics of suffering already codifies the category of “exploitation” as the base grammar of suffering, ignoring the gratuitousness of anti-black violence and enshrining the call for more public policy as the limit point of our revolutionary demands. This elides the way in which civil society is parasitic on The Middle Passage and thus how Humanity itself can only be constituted in opposition to the fundamentally anti-Human position of the slave. It is this libidinal economy of anti-blackness which exists as the condition of possibility for the violence of the world. Wilderson 2010 Frank B., again, dude straight up MURKED white supremacists like buk buk, Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages 10-11 Regarding the Black position, some might ask why, after claims successfully made on AND How, when, and where did such a split occur? The woman at the gates of Columbia University awaits an answer.
Thus, Anthony and I believe that The United States Federal Government should abolish the authority to engage in targeted killing as a way to burn down the State Vote aff– freedom is an illusion created by the shackles of civil society, we must burn the State to the ground Farley 5 – Boston College gender-modified words denoted by brackets (Anthony, “Perfecting Slavery”, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028andcontext=lsfp, dml)
What is to be done? Two hundred years ago, when the slaves in Haiti rose up, they, of necessity, burned everything: AND White-over-black, death, then, is what the slave must become to pursue its calling that is not a calling.
Life will not change for the better absent an assault on the establishment. That doesn’t mean we will live to enjoy the fruits of the revolution but it DOES mean that we should pursue revolutionary suicide because death is inevitable and this is the only one worth pursuing. Huey P. Newton 1973, Co-founder of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, Revolutionary Suicide, pages 2-6
Connected to reactionary suicide, although even more painful and degrading, is a spiritual AND fruits. That would be a contradiction. The reality will be grimmer.
If our alternative leads to violent revolution, that most definitely solves George Jackson1972, Revolutionary, Blood in My Eye, pages 59-62
The enemy culture, the established government, exists first of all because of AND is no possibility of an establishment government ever overcoming a determined internal enemy.
Their calls to prevent wars just gloss over the ongoing living apocalypse for people of color. Rodriguez 2008, (Dylan, Associate Professor at University of California Riverside, " WARFARE AND THE TERMS OFENGAGEMENT," in Abolition Now: Ten Years of Strategy and Struggle against the Prison Industrial Complex, p.93-100.)
We are collectively witnessing, surviving, and working in a time of unprecedented state AND , every desperate act, and every attack aborted or drowned in blood."
Policy is only going to come after our radical abolitionist pedagogy starts to go into effect. Dylan Rodriguez, D Rod Will Make Ya Jump, “Disorientation of the Teaching Act: Abolition as Pedagogical Position”, Radical Teacher, Number 88, Summer 2010, p. 7-19 Perhaps, then, there is no viable or defensible pedagogical position other than an AND is significantly dependent on our willingness to embrace this form of pedagogical audacity.
We outweigh, their characterization of nuclear peace in doomsday scenarios separates the question of apocalyptic violence from racial justice ignoring that THE WORLD HAS ALREADY ENDED for people of color and that their focus on mere survivability ignores that nuclear holocaust is waged on a daily basis against non-white bodies, only our bottom up resistance solves and specifically so in the context of women of color Omolade 1984, Barbara, Calvin College’ first dean of multicultural affairs, “Women of Color and the Nuclear Holocaust”, Women’s Studies Quarterly vol. 12, No. 2
To raise these issues effectively, the movement for nuclear dis- armament must overcome AND the ability to eat and to provide for the future of our people.
Highlighting the issue of drone warfare is a useful starting point for a larger interrogation of State killing-Exposing the history of targeted killing is an important mechanism for challenging the secret global war on terrorism. Noble 12 (Doug, activist with the Upstate Coalition to Ground the Drones, Assassination Nation, July 19, http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/07/19/assassination-nation/) This striking new transparency, the official acknowledgment for the first time of a broad AND killing still being perpetrated globally – and covertly – by our Assassination Nation.
Our call for action against drone violence strikes at the nexus of oppression that afflicts all communities- the 1ac is critical to connecting the dots between racism, domestic violence and the imperial war machine Janani, 13 (Author and editor at BGD, http://www.blackgirldangerous.org/2013/08/08/201388zimmermans-and-drones-antiblackness-and-global-domination/ 10/4/13) I want to build on this analysis further, to a structural level. I AND dots between the tactics of enslavement, incarceration, colonialism, and empire.
The performance of the 1ac is critical to the ballot- we fill the debate space with knowledge of the interconnection between anti-black violence, drone strikes and the American imperial war machine- Each one… reach one….. teach one – this is an essential step in stalwart resistance to violence here and abroad Pinkney, 13 (Larry, Editorial Board Member and Columnist for Black Commentator, former Black Panther Party Member, Is Opposing Obama's 'Kill List' and Drone Missile Murders Being Anti-Black? http://blackcommentator.com/500/500_kir_opposing_kill_list_anti_black.html 10/4/13) It is perhaps the irony of ironies in this 21st century that the United States AND teach one. Onward, then, my sisters and brothers. Onward!
THE BLACK BODY IS IN THE CROSSHAIRS – Obama’s drone policy is setting extremely serious precedents that are dangerous for black people—everyone should speak out about this violence. Bloice et al 13 (Carl Bloice is a BlackCommentator.com Editorial Board member, writer and senior activist in San Francisco, a member of the National Coordinating Committee of the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism, a moderator at portside.org and formerly worked for a healthcare union. Bill Fletcher, Jr. is a long-time racial justice, labor and international activist and writer. He is a Senior Scholar with the Institute for Policy Studies and the immediate past president of TransAfrica Forum. He is the co-author of Solidarity Divided. Jamala is a long-time organizer and writer. She is a 2011 Alston-Bannerman Fellow and author of The Best of The Way I See It and Other Political Writings. She is the co-founder of the Organization for Black Struggle. “Black America and Obama’s Foreign Policy,” http://www.zcommunications.org/black-america-and-obama-s-foreign-policy-by-bill-fletcher-jr.html) Well, this is a partial list, but the point here is that there AND If not now, when? If not you (us), who?
Tournament: tournament | Round: 5 | Opponent: Fresno State Ahmed-Lewis | Judge: Rollins 1AC Anthony and I believe that The United States Federal Government should abolish the authority to engage in targeted killing.
Just War Advantage The United States Government justifies its targeted killing operations with the theory of Just War, the idea that there can be moral justifications for conflict and moral ways of waging war. As the United States Government rationalizes its current wars, it has conversely opened a space for challenging the entire foundation of State killing. Interrogating the justifications for targeted killing operations exposes the inherent contradictions in just war theory. Provost-Smith 13 (Patrick, former Assistant Professor of the History of Christianity at Harvard Divinity School, Ph.D. in history from Johns Hopkins; “A Drone’s Eye View: Global Anti-Terrorism and the Existential Crisis of Just War Theory,” in Journal for Cultural and Religious Theory vol. 12 no. 3, Spring 2013) As drones become the new centerpiece of counter-terrorism and counterinsurgency warfare, questions AND a millennium before St. Augustine’s own influential writings on the topic.14 Highlighting the violence of ongoing drone warfare challenges the status quo narrative of humanitarianism- there is no such thing as just war. The idea that modern warfare has become less violent has been used to silence opposition and legitimize war. Terrell 13 (Brian Terrell is a co-coordinator of Voices for Creative Nonviolence, Drones and Gadflies, Sept 13, http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/09/13/drones-and-gadflies/) My own anti-drone activism began with protests at Creech Air Force Base in AND their own consciences, perhaps the responsibility of haunting them falls to us. Just war theory is in the business of legitimizing violence-It controls the conversation and our imagination-Technology and strategy have combined to create a cycle of infinite targets and endless war. Provost-Smith 13 (Patrick, former Assistant Professor of the History of Christianity at Harvard Divinity School, Ph.D. in history from Johns Hopkins; “A Drone’s Eye View: Global Anti-Terrorism and the Existential Crisis of Just War Theory,” in Journal for Cultural and Religious Theory vol. 12 no. 3, Spring 2013) Swirling in the circularity of the justificans bellum, increasingly aided by developments in artificial AND archaic” theory of just and unjust wars are merely proclaiming the obvious. Highlighting the issue of drone warfare is a useful starting point for a larger interrogation of State killing-Exposing the history of targeted killing is an important mechanism for challenging the secret global war on terrorism. Noble 12 (Doug, activist with the Upstate Coalition to Ground the Drones, Assassination Nation, July 19, http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/07/19/assassination-nation/) This striking new transparency, the official acknowledgment for the first time of a broad AND killing still being perpetrated globally – and covertly – by our Assassination Nation.
Our call for action against drone violence strikes at the nexus of oppression that afflicts all communities- the 1ac is critical to connecting the dots between racism, domestic violence and the imperial war machine Janani, 13 (Author and editor at BGD, http://www.blackgirldangerous.org/2013/08/08/201388zimmermans-and-drones-antiblackness-and-global-domination/ 10/4/13) I want to build on this analysis further, to a structural level. I AND dots between the tactics of enslavement, incarceration, colonialism, and empire.
This infinite war will culminate in planetary extinction. Hanrahan 11 (Clare, Militarism and the "Economics of Extinction," http://warisacrime.org/content/militarism-and-economics-extinction War is an all out assault on life. Every living being is in peril AND with the economics of extinction." We cannot let this be the end.
The performance of the 1ac is critical to the ballot- we fill the debate space with knowledge of the interconnection between anti-black violence, drone strikes and the American imperial war machine- Each one… reach one….. teach one – this is an essential step in stalwart resistance to violence here and abroad Pinkney, 13 (Larry, Editorial Board Member and Columnist for Black Commentator, former Black Panther Party Member, Is Opposing Obama's 'Kill List' and Drone Missile Murders Being Anti-Black? http://blackcommentator.com/500/500_kir_opposing_kill_list_anti_black.html 10/4/13) It is perhaps the irony of ironies in this 21st century that the United States AND teach one. Onward, then, my sisters and brothers. Onward!
Liberatory Politics Adv The United States has entered the new age of warfare, drones are the soldiers, this model of warfare is inevitable – it is too effective in the goals of the United States Mclean and Sussex 13 (Wayne, PhD researcher, politics and international relations at University of Tasmania, and Matthew Director Politics and IR @ Univ of Tasmania, The debate over military technology: in defence of drones, http://www.academia.edu/3628100/The_debate_over_military_technology_in_defence_of_drones 9/11/13) Fear of new technology -especially military technology - is by no means a new AND by the drone. That, alas, remains an altogether human trait. Absent limits on authority – the unjustified mass killing of innocent civilian populations in inevitable – the institution will only respond the institutional limits that do not allow “wiggle room” for these status quo practices
Guiora, 12Amos, Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah; author of LEGITIMATE TARGET: A CRITERIA-BASED APPROACH TO TARGETED KILLING, Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol: 45, 2012, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1and2.13.Article.Guiora.pdf
The U.S. drone policy raises profoundly important questions regarding the very nature AND ask. Capability cannot substitute for process and technology cannot substitute for analysis.
Our engagement is key – understanding of the policy relevance within State actions – and engaging the state, its policy makers and public sphere are the only way to restrain the drone program and give a conscious to the targeted killing program Mellor, 13 (Ewan, E. European University Institute, Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs, Paper for BISA Conference 2013, http://www.bisa.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_bisaandtask=download_paperandno_html=1andpassed_paper_id=398 9/11/13) This paper will explore the relationship between the just war tradition and the policy world AND development of a public conscience through a more general participation in public debate.
Refusing to engage with the state and the minutia of targeted killing policy makes it impossible to ever actually challenge and change these practices – this is the complicity of traditional leftist strategy that moral quietude is the equivalent of acceptance – the affirmative is the only way to force better practices on the government Mellor, 13 (Ewan, E. European University Institute, Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs, Paper for BISA Conference 2013, http://www.bisa.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_bisaandtask=download_paperandno_html=1andpassed_paper_id=398 9/11/13) This section of the paper considers more generally the need for just war theorists to AND country” that we are “especially obligated to criticise its policies.”51 Voting affirmative is key to engaging more directly with the government and holding them accountable for their policies – understanding governmental implications within resistance doesn’t cause an abdication of responsibility for utilitarianism but combination that allows for a reinvigoration of democratic politics Mellor, 13 (Ewan, E. European University Institute, Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs, Paper for BISA Conference 2013, http://www.bisa.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_bisaandtask=download_paperandno_html=1andpassed_paper_id=398 9/11/13) This paper has discussed the empirics of the policies of drone strikes in the ongoing AND the public engagement and political activism that are necessary for democratic politics.52
Simply raising consciousness and being educated about the atrocities committed under our targeted killing program while good, doesn’t actually solve for anything – if you are outraged by unrestrained state violence vote affirmative to become the shackles of the State – addressing the state is the only way for a mass movement to create change – otherwise you are complicit with the violence they create Perino, 13 (Michael, Reflection on State Power, http://www.opednews.com/articles/Reflections-on-State-Power-by-Michael-Perino-130211-605.html 9/11/13) In a system of highly centralized, hierarchical power, the goal is not to AND strike. Passive obedience to war crimes is merely silent complicity in them. The lack of statutory safeguards on the authorization of targeted killing that allows the United States to kill based off presumed affiliation and immanent threat abilities are so lax that is allows the government to killing whomever they please with no real proof or reasoning this has generated the biopolitical conditions for mass violence Shaw 13 (Ian, University of Glasgow, Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of U.S. Drone Warfare, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 4.3) In this section I explore how “life” is the target for the Predator AND , but virtualized forms of emergence that may become threats in the future97. The ability for the Executive to kill based off presumed dangerous and suspicious patterns of life – and the ability to eliminate people not fully identified has created a Predator Empire of global biopolitical power through the targeted killing program Shaw 13 (Ian, University of Glasgow, Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of U.S. Drone Warfare, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 4.3) ¶ I employ the provocative concept “Predator Empire” as a way of bringing AND in “real time” is what marks the Predator Empire as distinctive.
These dangerous applications of the targeted killing program that allow for the devastation of civilians as simple collateral damage are and will be encoded through the bureaucratic processes Shaw 13 (Ian, University of Glasgow, Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of U.S. Drone Warfare, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 4.3) There is not a single mention of the term drone or unmanned aerial vehicle in AND to the drone program itself: messy52 and all-too-human. The continuation of dangerous forms of biopolitics allows the cycles of violence that allow for the creation and destruction of those deemed unworthy i.e. the other Ajana 7Btihaj, Professor of Philosophy -London School of Economics, “Surveillance and Biopolitics Electronic Journal of Sociology”, 2007; http://www.sociology.org/content/2007/__btihaj_surveillances.pdf
Embedded within this biopolitical overdetermination is a murderous enterprise. Murderous not insofar as it AND . Such an image has been captured by Braidotti (1994: 20):
Our attack on the institutional root of dangerous biopolitics is necessary to stop the apparatuses that create disposable populations – the logic that in order for us to live they must die – the affirmative is the determination that we BOTH can live
Foucault charts the historical shift in sovereign power that has led to the current biopolitics AND as a touchstone for social meaning, political commitment, and ethical action.
The biopolitics of the unrestrained drone program, are the politics of genocide and the extermination of populations, this will inevitably birth a world where atomic conflicts rise up and destroy the world as we know it Dean 1 (Mitchell , Professor of Sociology at Macquarie University, Demonic Societies: Liberalism, biopolitics, and sovereignty.” Ethnographic Explorations of the Postcolonial State, ed. Hanson and Stepputat, p. 55-58)
Consider again the contrastive terms in which it is possible to view biopolitics and sovereignty AND according to Foucault. in the functioning of the modern state (232).
There are no link turns, or state links to this argument we understand that context matters – while dangerous forms of biopolitics link to our impacts, we also acknowledge biopolitics can be uniquely good – there are two disads to the conflation of these two things A. It ignores the way the good biopoitics of the state can be used to reduce structural violence and B. Unidirectionality makes it impossible to solve for the dangerous forms of biopolitics Dickinson 4 (Edward Ross, University of Cincinnati, “Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About “Modernity,”)
This understanding of the democratic and totalitarian potentials of biopolitics at the level of the AND with reat satisfaction on the changes they genuinely had the power to accomplish. Your policymaking and State bad arguments don’t apply – we control the root cause to all your internal links – confronting the ontological assumptions behind United States policy is key to reformism that solves all your impacts Mitchell 5(Andrew J., Stanford University, “Heidegger and Terrorism”, Research in Phenomenology, 35)
The will that dominates the modern era is personal, even if, as is AND metaphysical decisions that they do not master. (GA 69: 209) Restricting targeted killing is essential to have an applied ontology towards state action – only our advocacy bridges the gap Well 13 (Peter, Distinguished Professor and also Professor of Geography at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Theory of the drone 3: Killing grounds, http://geographicalimaginations.com/2013/07/29/theory-of-the-drone-3-killing-grounds/ 9/11/13) The system I’ve described here is one adopted by the US military, and how AND more to say about this on my own account in a later post.
Our dual form of engagement is necessary to actually solve – those that refuse the benefits of policy actions are left always theorizing and nothing less – this results in endless spectatorship as atrocities continue McClean 1 David E., Rutgers Philosophy Professor, Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope”, http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm
Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our Country AND critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."
Yes the government has flawed components but challenging our understanding of government is important and valuable through discussion of federal policies--- Learning that language allows us to confront and challenge those institutions outside of this round and resolves a lot of the impacts they discuss Hoppe99 Robbert, Professor of Policy and knowledge in the Faculty of Management and Governance at Twente University “Argumentative Turn,” Science and Public Policy, volume 26, number 3, June 1999, pages 201–210
ACCORDING TO LASSWELL (1971), policy science is about the production and application of AND and to a broader audience of an ideologically disoriented and politically disenchanted citizenry.
Our engagement alone is enough to vote affirmative – forcing students to assert policy solutions has tremendous research and education benefits and encourages them to become advocates for change rather than mere spectators Joyner 99 Professor of International Law in the Government Department at Georgetown University, 1999 (Christopher C., Spring, 199, 5 ILSA J Int'l and Comp L 377, Accessed on July 5, 2013) Use of the debate can be an effective pedagogical tool for education in the social AND the real world of policy analysis, political critique, and legal defense.
11/5/13
1AC UCO - Targeted Killing
Tournament: Uco | Round: 5 | Opponent: Baylor Barron-Evans | Judge: Elliott 1AC – TK (UCO) Plan Plan: The Unites States Congress should restrict the president’s targeting authority in a non-international armed conflicts to individuals who are members of organized armed groups of a non-state party engaged in hostilities. ADV – Restraint Drone tech is inevitable but how they are used is a function of political will – US action is the key internal link to controlling the future of drone warfare. Farley, 11 Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, World Politics Review, 10-12-11, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States AND policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting. Specifically US practices ignore international norms of proportionality and distinction undermining the very nature of restraint in international law. ICG, 13 International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796 President Obama, has argued that “there is nothing in international law … that AND , and they are entitled to defend themselves before a court of law. US must act now to lock in norms and a legal framework or risk gutting the entire system of international law – checks on the executive are key. Brooks, 13 Rosa, professor at Georgetown University, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights April 23, 2013 Right now, the United States has a decided technological advantage when it comes to AND them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities? And – China models US drone usage – restraints are key to creating new norms CBS News, 13 China emerges as new force in drone warfare, May 3, 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/ Chinese aerospace firms have developed dozens of drones, known also as unmanned aerial vehicles AND There needs to be agreement on what the limits are," he said.
Norms are key to reversing dangerous trends in Asia that risk miscalculation and great power war – norms are the key internal link. Brimley and Fitzgerald, 13 Ben and Ely, vice president of the Technology and National Security Program for a New American Security and deputy director of the Asia Program at the Center for a New American Security, The Drone War Comes to Asia, Foreign Policy, 9-17-2013 Without a doubt, China's drone adventure 100-miles north of the Senkakus was AND political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war. Escalates to extinction Strait Times, 2k CHING CHEONG – SENIOR JOURNALIST @ THE STRAIT TIMES, NO ONE GAINS IN A WAR OVER TAIWAN, JUNE 25, LEXIS THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a AND should that come to pass, we would see the destruction of civilization.
Lack of checks on US executive influences global drone policy and makes accidental war inevitable. Dowd, 13 Alan, writes on national defense, foreign policy, and international security. His writing has appeared in multiple publications including Parameters, Policy Review, The Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, World Politics Review, American Outlook, The Baltimore Sun, The Washington Times, The National Post, The Wall Street Journal Europe, The Jerusalem Post, and The Financial Times Deutschland, Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings, Parameters, 42(4), Winter Spring, 2013, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/1_Article_Dowd.pdf If we argue that drone pilots are not in the battlespace, which seems reasonable AND spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies. Leads to collapse of deterrence and all conflicts go nuclear Boyle, 13 Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term AND legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use. Indo-Pak war is the greatest threat of nuclear extinction. Chaffin, 11 Greg, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most AND lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.
Obama has ramped up TF 373 operations driving resentment and regional instability. IPS 8/24 IPS - Inter Press Service, August 24, 2010, AFGHANISTAN: TASK FORCE 373, THE SECRET KILLERS - PART 1, Pratap Chatterjee* "Find, fix, finish, and follow-up" - also known AND were not there, they would not be fighting the U.S." Specifically, raids cause civilian deaths, anti-Americanism, and internal Afghan instability – ending operations is critical Durrani, 12 Sumaira, Global Research, US Killings of Innocent Civilians in Afghanistan and Pakistan, June 13, 2012, http://www.globalresearch.ca/us-killings-of-innocent-civilians-in-afghanistan-and-pakistan Civilian casualties have been a foremost concern in Afghanistan and Pakistan since the presence of AND stop air strikes, night raids, and drone attacks in both countries. Causes great power wars that go nuclear – only scenario that deterrence doesn’t apply to Wesley, 10 Michael, Lowy Institute for International Policy, Stability in Afghanistan: Why it matters, accessed 8-1-13, http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2010/02/25/A-stable-Afghanistan-Why-we-should-care.aspx
Pakistan, India and China, on the other hand, have deep and enduring AND and control, leading to a vast, very likely nuclear, conflict. ADV - Pakistan Targeting low-level militants drives anti-American sentiment and undermines counter-terrorism in Pakistan. Hamid, 13 Moshin, Pakistan: Why Drones Don’t Help, NY Review of Books, May, 23, 2013, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/may/23/pakistan-why-drones-dont-help/?pagination=false The report from Stanford and NYU highlights research separately conducted by Reuters and by the AND . The country must be responsible for dealing with its own extremist groups. And – despite promises strikes will continue. Mazetti, 13 Mark, Despite Administration Promises, Few Signs of Change in Drone Wars, NYT, August 2, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/us/politics/drone-war-rages-on-even-as-administration-talks-about-ending-it.html?pagewanted=all WASHINGTON — There were more drone strikes in Pakistan last month than any month since AND Pakistan,” Mr. Zenko said, “or Yemen for that matter.” Lack of congressional restrictions undermines Pakistani government credibility risking a violent coup. Khan, 8-29 Muhammed, PhD scholar in international law in University of Salzburg, The Drone Dilemma, Pakistan Today, 8-29-13, http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/08/29/comment/columns/the-drone-dilemma-2/ During his first term, President Obama launched more than six times as many drone AND be committing a political suicide which might even turn into a bloody revolt.
Ending the targeting of low-level operatives key to cooperation and legitimacy of the government – prefer our comparative evidence. Boyle, 13 Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf The extent to which the Obama administration has targeted lower-ranked operatives is not AND Al-Qaeda and strengthened local insurgent forces challenging the Yemeni government.53
The plan is the CRUCIAL step in undermining hardliners – focus on principles of distinction and proportionality are key. ICG, 13 International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796 The lack of candour from the U.S. and Pakistan governments on the AND oversight by the Senate and House Armed Services Committees and appropriate judicial review. Pakistan state collapse guts the global economy and draws every major nation into a nuclear world war 3. Walayat, 10 Nadeem, 20 years experience of trading derivatives, portfolio management and analysing the financial markets, including one of few who both anticipated and Beat the 1987 Crash, Pakistan Collapse Could Trigger Global Great Depression and World War III, The Market Oracle, January 16, 2010, http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article16543.html During 2009 the 2600 terrorist attacks resulted in the number of deaths soaring to more AND as the 1930's Great Deflationary Depression ultimately resulted in the Second World War. Economic collapse causes war, miscalc and terror. Royal, 10 Jedediah, Director of Cooperativ e Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.
ADV - Legitimacy Current drone doctrine is unsustainable – only Congress reform it Hayden, 13 Tom, The Peace and Justice Resource Center and The Nation, 'Bug Splat': Think Tank and Rep. Ellison Call for Drone Reform, http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/read.php?itemid=13074 The report credits protests by human rights, peace advocates and journalists for causing a AND policies, or the future will become far more secret than the past. Lacking statutory reform kills program legitimacy – leaks and legal criticism Chesney, 13 Robert, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the University of Texas School of Law, Senior Fellow of the Brookings Institution, Trust, but Codify: Metadata, Drones, and Legal Transparency, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/06/trust-but-codify-metadata-drones The point is very clear with the metadata program, which depends on a non AND sustainable if these elements were brought into the light and entrenched in statute. Controlled use of drones make all conflict less likely. Goure, 12 Daniel, vice president of the Lexington Institute, Drones and the Changing Nature of Warfare: Hold the Presses!, CATO Unbound, January 13, 2012, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/13/daniel-goure/drones-changing-nature-warfare-hold-presses Has the accelerated use of drones opened a new chapter in the history of warfare AND , but we should remember that drones don’t kill terrorists, governments do.
Unchecked drone assassinations sets a dangerous precedent and inevitably collapses US hegemony. Boyle, 13 Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf If the US fails to take these steps, its unchecked pursuit of drone technology AND to shrug off the loss of life that drones inflict on others today.
Extinction Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7, CMR)
Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads AND the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.
Solvency ONLY Congressional oversight is the key internal link to credible rules of the road and international norms. Presidential action leaves the door open to unstrained unilateralism. Maxwell, 12 Mark David, a Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS FEELING SAFE?, National Defense University, 64:1, 1st quarter, 2012, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html In order to alleviate both of these quandaries, Congress must step in with legislative AND what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law. JFQ
Codifying TK standards is key to establishing a clear legal precedent in a time when norm are in flux. Twomey, 13 Laura, Trinity College Dublin, Setting a Global Precedent: President Obama's Codification of Drone Warfare, Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative law, March 14, 2013, http://www.cjicl.org.uk/index.php/cjicl-blog/setting-a-global-precedent-president-obamas-codification-of-drone-warfare It is clear that, as the first State to deploy remote targeting technology in AND warfare, a model which lacks a clear enemy and a demarcated battlefield.
Precedents set by the president are only perceived domestically and don’t restrain future administrations. Eland, 13 Ivan, Director of the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute. Dr. Eland has spent 15 years working for Congress on national security issues, including stints as an investigator for the House Foreign Affairs Committee and Principal Defense Analyst at the Congressional Budget Office, Dangerous Precedent of Drone Wars, The Consortium News, June 4, 2013, http://consortiumnews.com/2013/06/04/dangerous-precedent-of-drone-wars/ Prior to the 2012 election, President Barack Obama told aides that he wanted to AND expansive Bush/Obama “war on terror” as their unfortunate precedent.
11/5/13
1AC-UTD VO-Round 1--UMKC
Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Washburn | Judge: JT 1AC – TK (UMKC) Plan Text – the United States Congress should restrict the president’s targeting authority in a non-international armed conflict to individuals who are members of organized armed groups of a non-state party engaged in hostilities. ADV – Restraint Drone tech is inevitable but how they are used is a function of political will – US action is the key internal link to controlling the future of drone warfare. Farley, 11 Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, World Politics Review, 10-12-11, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States AND policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting. Specifically US practices ignore international norms of proportionality and distinction undermining the very nature of restraint in international law. ICG, 13 International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796 President Obama, has argued that “there is nothing in international law … that AND , and they are entitled to defend themselves before a court of law. US targeted killing policies water down the notion of imminence gut any sense of proportionality – incorporating international law in the decision making process if key. Guiora, 13 Amos, N., S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted Killing: The Limits of Power, e-International Relations, 9-4-2012, http://www.e-ir.info/2012/09/04/targeted-killing-the-limits-of-power/ Targeted killing sits at the intersection of law, morality, strategy and policy. AND on both sides and to our fundamental values, are just too high. And – China models US drone usage – restraints are key to creating new norms CBS News, 13 China emerges as new force in drone warfare, May 3, 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/ Chinese aerospace firms have developed dozens of drones, known also as unmanned aerial vehicles AND There needs to be agreement on what the limits are," he said.
This encourages overreach and risk taking that makes miscalculation likely leading to war. Gertz, 13 Bill, the senior editor of the Washington Free Beacon, Game of Drones, Washington Free Beacon, March 26, 2013, http://freebeacon.com/game-of-drones/ For the immediate future, the Chinese drones are monitoring disputed maritime and land boundaries AND Japan is expected to increase tensions over the Senkakus, the officials said. Conflict is likely – drones lower the bar for aggressive behavior on both sides. Parker, 13 Richard, NY TIMES, Pilotless Planes, Pacific Tensions, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/13/opinion/drones-and-the-rivalry-between-the-us-and-china.html?smid=go-shareand_r=1and This exercise is the beginning of a new chapter in military history: autonomous AND fully understand, and so are all the more likely to fall into. Extinction Strait Times, 2k CHING CHEONG – SENIOR JOURNALIST @ THE STRAIT TIMES, NO ONE GAINS IN A WAR OVER TAIWAN, JUNE 25, LEXIS THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a AND should that come to pass, we would see the destruction of civilization. The plans standards eliminates signature strikes and establishes an international norm of restraint. Haas, 13 Richard, President CFR, The President Has Too Much Latitude to Order Drone Strikes, CFR, 2-18-2013, http://www.cfr.org/drones/president-has-too-much-latitude-order-drone-strikes/p30021 Instead of the Justice Department criterion, what is needed is a standard that would AND the world who appreciate the need to balance legitimacy and self-preservation. Codifying TK standards is key to establishing a clear legal precedent in a time when norm are in flux. Twomey, 13 Laura, Trinity College Dublin, Setting a Global Precedent: President Obama's Codification of Drone Warfare, Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative law, March 14, 2013, http://www.cjicl.org.uk/index.php/cjicl-blog/setting-a-global-precedent-president-obamas-codification-of-drone-warfare It is clear that, as the first State to deploy remote targeting technology in AND warfare, a model which lacks a clear enemy and a demarcated battlefield. ADV - Pakistan The strategy of targeting low-level militants drives anti-American sentiment and undermines counter-terrorism in Pakistan. Hamid, 13 Moshin, Pakistan: Why Drones Don’t Help, NY Review of Books, May, 23, 2013, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/may/23/pakistan-why-drones-dont-help/?pagination=false If there is any misconception that the drone strikes are primarily counterterrorist in nature, AND . The country must be responsible for dealing with its own extremist groups. And – despite promises those strikes will continue. Mazetti, 13 Mark, Despite Administration Promises, Few Signs of Change in Drone Wars, NYT, August 2, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/us/politics/drone-war-rages-on-even-as-administration-talks-about-ending-it.html?pagewanted=all WASHINGTON — There were more drone strikes in Pakistan last month than any month since AND Pakistan,” Mr. Zenko said, “or Yemen for that matter.” Lack of congressional restrictions on signature killing undermines Pakistani government credibility risking a violent coup. Khan, 8-29 Muhammed, PhD scholar in international law in University of Salzburg, The Drone Dilemma, Pakistan Today, 8-29-13, http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/08/29/comment/columns/the-drone-dilemma-2/ During his first term, President Obama launched more than six times as many drone AND be committing a political suicide which might even turn into a bloody revolt. Ending the targeting of low-level operatives key to cooperation and legitimacy of the government – prefer our comparative evidence. Boyle, 13 Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf The extent to which the Obama administration has targeted lower-ranked operatives is not AND Al-Qaeda and strengthened local insurgent forces challenging the Yemeni government.53 The plan is the CRUCIAL step in undermining hardliners – focus on principles of distinction and proportionality are key. ICG, 13 International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796 The lack of candour from the U.S. and Pakistan governments on the AND oversight by the Senate and House Armed Services Committees and appropriate judicial review. Pakistan state collapse guts the global economy and draws every major nation into a nuclear world war 3. Walayat, 10 Nadeem, 20 years experience of trading derivatives, portfolio management and analysing the financial markets, including one of few who both anticipated and Beat the 1987 Crash, Pakistan Collapse Could Trigger Global Great Depression and World War III, The Market Oracle, January 16, 2010, http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article16543.html During 2009 the 2600 terrorist attacks resulted in the number of deaths soaring to more AND as the 1930's Great Deflationary Depression ultimately resulted in the Second World War.
ADV - Legitimacy Current drone doctrine is unsustainable – only Congress reform it Hayden, 13 Tom, The Peace and Justice Resource Center and The Nation, 'Bug Splat': Think Tank and Rep. Ellison Call for Drone Reform, http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/read.php?itemid=13074 The report credits protests by human rights, peace advocates and journalists for causing a AND policies, or the future will become far more secret than the past. Lacking statutory reform kills program legitimacy – leaks and legal criticism Chesney, 13 Robert, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the University of Texas School of Law, Senior Fellow of the Brookings Institution, Trust, but Codify: Metadata, Drones, and Legal Transparency, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/06/trust-but-codify-metadata-drones The point is very clear with the metadata program, which depends on a non AND sustainable if these elements were brought into the light and entrenched in statute. Controlled use of drones make all conflict less likely. Goure, 12 Daniel, vice president of the Lexington Institute, Drones and the Changing Nature of Warfare: Hold the Presses!, CATO Unbound, January 13, 2012, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/13/daniel-goure/drones-changing-nature-warfare-hold-presses Has the accelerated use of drones opened a new chapter in the history of warfare AND , but we should remember that drones don’t kill terrorists, governments do.
Unchecked drone assassinations sets a dangerous precedent and inevitably collapses US hegemony. Boyle, 13 Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf If the US fails to take these steps, its unchecked pursuit of drone technology AND to shrug off the loss of life that drones inflict on others today.
Hegemony arguments are non-unique – unregulated drones roll back the entire policy and threaten US freedom of action. Zenko, 13 Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, CFR Center for Preventive Action, Council Special Report, January, 2013, http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736 Over the past decade, the use of unmanned aerial systems—commonly referred to AND allowing U.S. officials to openly address concerns and counter misinformation. Drone restrictions are inevitable – taking action now prevents backlash that potentially cripples flexibility and makes armed conflict more likely. Zenko, 13 Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, CFR Center for Preventive Action, Council Special Report, January, 2013, http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736 In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared: “Where force AND if the United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.
Extinction Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7, CMR)
Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads AND the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.
Solvency ONLY Congressional oversight is the key internal link to credible rules of the road and international norms. Presidential action leaves the door open to unstrained unilateralism. Maxwell, 12 Mark David, a Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS FEELING SAFE?, National Defense University, 64:1, 1st quarter, 2012, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html In order to alleviate both of these quandaries, Congress must step in with legislative AND what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law. JFQ
Precedents set by the president are only perceived domestically and don’t restrain future administrations. Eland, 13 Ivan, Director of the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute. Dr. Eland has spent 15 years working for Congress on national security issues, including stints as an investigator for the House Foreign Affairs Committee and Principal Defense Analyst at the Congressional Budget Office, Dangerous Precedent of Drone Wars, The Consortium News, June 4, 2013, http://consortiumnews.com/2013/06/04/dangerous-precedent-of-drone-wars/ Prior to the 2012 election, President Barack Obama told aides that he wanted to AND expansive Bush/Obama “war on terror” as their unfortunate precedent.
