Tournament: Ndt | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgetown Engler-McCoy | Judge: Box, Stone, Whitmore
1
A. Interpretation – the Aff must specify their agent,  the United States is multiple agencies 

B. Voting issue for fairness and education

Specifying key to testing desirability – no other way to fully test the possible ways war powers checks are implemented, takes out the most specific links, counterplans, and solvency arguments.
2. Key to topic education – agency based questions are directly relevant to the topic, it is the only way to understand policy crafting.
3. The damage is done – 2ac clarification skews 1nc strategy and pre-round prep.
4. Inevtiably causes link spiking
1
Congressional intervention kills flexibility of our threats – guarantees crisis escalation.
Waxman 8/25
(Matthew, Professor of Law at Columbia and Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy for the Council on Foreign Relations, “The Constitutional Power to Threaten War,” August 25, Yale Law Journal, vol. 123, JL)

A claim previously advanced from a presidentialist perspective is that stronger legislative checks on war
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to use force in order to prevent a confrontation which might escalate.179
Extinction
Johson 6
Karlton, Army War College, “Temporal and Scalar Mechanics of Conflict Strategic Implications of Speed and Time on the American Way of War,” http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a449394.pdf

The U.S. Army War College uses the acronym “VUCA” to
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with rigor and discipline in order to understand their far-reaching implications.
2
Accepting the inevitable justice of war blinds us to pacifist alternatives and make solutions to the root of violence impossible.
Cady 10
Duane L., prof of philosophy, Hamline university, From Warism to Pacifism: A Moral Continuum, pp. 23-24
The widespread, unquestioning acceptance of warism and the corresponding reluctance to consider pacifism as
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a given war or the morality of specific acts within a particular war.

The question of how we FRAME WAR impacts our war consciousness - this is key to all social justice and to prevent extinction from perpetual conflict.
Lawrence, 9
Grant, “Military Industrial "War" Consciousness Responsible for Economic and Social Collapse,” OEN—OpEdNews, March 27
As a presidential candidate, Barack Obama called Afghanistan ''the war we must win.
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will be forced to live the life our present war consciousness is creating.

The alternative is to position ourselves outside the rhetoric of inevitable war – this is key to biotic survival.
Demenchonok, 9
Edward, Worked as a senior researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the
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and Sociology, Volume 68, Issue 1, Pages 9-49
Where, then, does the future lie? Unilateralism, hegemonic political anarchy,
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also of the extent, quality, and urgency of our present choices.

3
No standalone Iran bill will pass – even if one can Obama will veto it
Benari 3/23/14 By Elad Benari; First Publish: 3/23/2014, 5:40 AM; Senators Urge Obama to Stand Firm Against Iran; http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/178782#.UzTfVK1dVCM TonyPlayBoy
23 U.S. senators on Saturday sent a letter to President Barack Obama
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his country, the nuclear deal reached in Geneva would be “dead”.

Republican strategy will make it a rider to EVERYTHING – nothing gets through the Senate otherwise – that includes the plan
Rogin 2/5/14 The Daily Beast; Josh Rogin is senior correspondent for national security and politics for The Daily Beast. He previously worked at Newsweek, Foreign Policy magazine, Congressional Quarterly, Federal Computer Week magazine, and Japan’s leading daily newspaper; 02.05.14; GOP Will Force Reid to Save Obama’s Iran Policy—Over and Over Again; http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/05/gop-will-force-reid-to-save-obama-s-iran-policy-over-and-over-again.html  TonyPlayboy
The Republican Senate caucus is planning to use every parliamentary trick in the book to
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pushing the vote total past a veto-proof two-thirds supermajority.¶
Sanction bill guarantees US backing of Israeli strikes on Iran – encourages Israel to act
Perr 12/24/13 – B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton's call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore's and John Kerry's presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, “Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran” Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran#

As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
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these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.
Global war
Trabanco 9 – Independent researcher of geopoltical and military affairs (1/13/09, José Miguel Alonso Trabanco, “The Middle Eastern Powder Keg Can Explode at anytime,” http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=vaandaid=11762**)

In case of an Israeli and/or American attack against Iran, Ahmadinejad's government
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to be playing with fire right in the middle of a powder keg.

4
The United States House of Representatives should pass a joint resolution stating the Executive’s war powers authority for targeted killing as a first resort outside zones of active hostilities should be restricted. The United States Senate should also pass the resolution.
Has the same affect as a statutory bill on the President’s war powers
The Constitution Project 5 DECIDING TO USE FORCE ABROAD: WAR POWERS  in a System of  CHECKS AND BALANCES; 2005; http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/War_Powers_Deciding_To_Use_Force_Abroad1.pdf//TonyPlayBoy

While the Constitution does not prescribe the form of congressional approval for the ¶ use
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view about the President’s decision to use force to protect vital national interests.

Solvency
Obama will signing statement the aff—hollows the restriction out
Jeffrey Crouch, assistant professor of American politics at American University, Mark J. Rozell, acting dean and a professor of public policy at George Mason University, and Mitchel A. Sollenberger, associate professor of political science at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, December 2013, The Law: President Obama's Signing Statements and the Expansion of Executive Power, Presidential Studies Quarterly 43.4 *Only read the green against indefinite detention

In a January 2013 signing statement, President Barack Obama stated that his constitutional powers
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some of the more aggressive forms of constitutional signing statements that impact appropriations.

No definition of hostilities guarantees circumvention
Farley ’12 (Benjamin R. Farley, J.D. with honors, Emory University School of Law, 2011. Editor-in-Chief, Emory International Law Review, 2010-2011. M.A., The George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs, 2007, South Texas Law Review, 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385, “ARTICLE: Drones and Democracy: Missing Out on Accountability?”, Winter, 2012)
Congress should strengthen the WPR regime by defining hostilities in a manner that links hostilities
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the various prudential doctrines that have counseled against entertaining WPR cases thus far.
He will use UN resolution, NATO troops, etc to claim that forces are in supporting roles and not hostilities 

NY Times 11 CHARLIE SAVAGE and MARK LANDLER; Charles Savage is a Washington correspondent for The New York Times. Mr. Savage covered national legal affairs for the Boston Globe from 2003 to 2008.  He received a Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting the American Bar Association's Silver Gavel Award and the Gerald R. Ford Prize graduated summa cum laude with degrees in English and American literature from Harvard College. Mark Landler is a White House correspondent for The New York Times. Graduate of Georgetown University, and was a Reuter Fellow at Oxford University in 1997; Published: June 15, 2011; White House Defends Continuing U.S. Role in Libya Operation; http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/16/us/politics/16powers.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0 AnthonyOgbuli

The report came one day after the House Speaker, John A. Boehner,
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Council resolution, which authorized air power for the purpose of defending civilians.
Establishing new restrictions that only apply to targeted killings causes a shift to signature strikes
Jeh Johnson 13, former Pentagon General Counsel, 3/18/13, “Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A “Drone Court”: Some Pros and Cons,” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/
Also, beware of creating the wrong set of incentives for those who must conduct
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Qaeda terrorist who might be a U.S. citizen wanders in?
Signature strikes are far worse for all of their impacts---this turns the case on a grand scale  
David Hastings Dunn 13, Reader in International Politics and Head of Department in the Department of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Birmingham, UK, and Stefan Wolff, Professor of International Security at the University of Birmingham in the UK, March 2013, “Drone Use in Counter-Insurgency and Counter-Terrorism: Policy or Policy Component?,” in Hitting the Target?: How New Capabilities are Shaping International Intervention, ed. Aaronson and Johnson, http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/Hitting_the_Target.pdf
Yet an important distinction needs to be drawn here between acting on operational intelligence that
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used, and perceived, as a blanket approach against an entire community.

Adv 1
Allies increasingly agree that TKs are appropriate as a first resort even outside of hot conflict zones
Geoffrey S. Corn 12, Professor of Law and Presidential Research Professor, South Texas College of Law, 2012, “Blurring the Line Between the Jus ad Bellum and the Jus in Bello,” in Non-International Armed Conflict in the Twenty-First Century, p. 75-76
The statement by Legal Advisor Koh following the Bin Laden raid addressing U.S
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-day capabilities, techniques, and technological innovations of terrorist organizations.1'9
The allied governments that oppose targeted killings think they’re inherently illegal no matter what---the plan’s obviously insufficient to meet their standards
Kenneth Anderson 9, Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University, and Research Fellow, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 5/11/09, “Targeted Killing in U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy and Law,” http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2009/5/1120counterterrorism20anderson/0511_counterterrorism_anderson.pdf
Similarly, very few people in the United States, regardless of political persuasion,
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views of the subject under both international and domestic law.
US anti-terror intel is fine on its own – outstrips everybody else
Barton Gellman and Greg Miller, 8-29-2013, “Top secret ‘black budget’ reveals US spy agencies’ spending,” LA Daily News, http://www.dailynews.com/government-and-politics/20130829/top-secret-black-budget-reveals-us-spy-agencies-spending
“The United States has made a considerable investment in the Intelligence Community since the
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rivals or exceeds the levels reached at the height of the Cold War.
EU collapse is inevitable and has no impact
Walt 11—Prof of IR @ Harvard
Stephen M., The coming erosion of the European Union, 8/18/11, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/08/18/the_coming_erosion_of_the_european_union
I began with the rather obvious point that the highwater mark of Europe's global influence
AND
of engaging in a futile effort to hold back the tides of history.
-Terrorists can not mount effective attacks
Byman and Fair, 10 - * senior fellow at the Brookings Institution's Saban Center for Middle East Policy and the director of Georgetown University's Center for Peace and Security Studies AND  assistant professor at Georgetown University's Center for Peace and Security Studies (Daniel and Christine, “The Case for Calling Them Nitwits,” The Atlantic, July/August, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/07/the-case-for-calling-them-nitwits/8130/)
But this view of the jihadist community is wildly off the mark. To be
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-be suicide bombers died last July after one such embrace in Paktika.
-Terrorists wont use WMD’s
John Mueller is a professor of political science at Ohio State “THE ATOMIC TERRORIST: ASSESSING THE LIKELIHOOD” Jan. 1. 2008. Accessed July 19, 2010. http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/jmueller/APSACHGO.PDF Donnie
Meanwhile, although there have been plenty of terrorist attacks in the world since 2001
AND
or dirty bomb in the United States was "probably a near thing."
Obama wont retaliate with nuclear weapons
Crowley 10 (Michael Senior Editor the New Republic, January, “Obama and Nuclear Deterrence”, http://www.tnr.com/node/72263 

The Los Angeles Times ran an important story yesterday about the Obama administration's Nuclear Posture
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or any president, for that matter--would go through with it.
No extinction
Frost 5 (Robin, teaches political science at Simon Fraser University, British Colombia, “Nuclear Terrorism after 9/11,” Adelphi Papers, December)

An existential threat. When applied to nuclear terrorism, the phrase ‘existential threat’
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radiological device or devices could do any significant damage on a national level.
-No risk of war or relations collapse – practical necessity ensures no escalation
Sestanovich '8
Professor of International Diplomacy at Columbia and George F Keenan Senior Fellow for Russian studies @ CFR Stephen, Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Professor of International Diplomacy at Columbia University and George F. Kennan Senior Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, He was Ambassador-at-Large for the former Soviet Union from 1997 to 2001, November/December,“what has Moscow done?”, foreign affairs,  http://www.scrapsofmoscow.org/2008/11/time-to-repair-relationship.html

Against this backdrop, Russia's invasion of a small neighbor might have seemed to be
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not changed this outlook, and for the foreseeable future probably nothing will.

Adv 2
your aff doesn’t solve that and it eviscerates the LOAC
Blank 12 – Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Emory University School of Law
Laurie, 2012, "TARGETED STRIKES: THE CONSEQUENCES OF BLURRING THE ARMED CONFLICT AND SELF-DEFENSE JUSTIFICATIONS" William Mitchell Law Review, Vol. 38 http://www.wmitchell.edu/lawreview/Volume38/documents/11.BlankFINAL.pdf

IV. CONSEQUENCES AND CONCERNS Using both the armed conflict and self-defense justifications
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with regard to the protective and discriminating purposes of both bodies of law.
Norms don’t solve.
Amitai Etzioni 13, Professor of IR at GWU, March-April, MILITARY REVIEW, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf

Other critics contend that by the United States using drones, it leads other countries
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). In such circumstances, the role of norms is much more limited.    

Only compliance with Self-defense norm – not other international norms
Ohlin ‘11
(Jens David Ohlin “THE FUTURE OF LEGAL THEORY: ESSAY AND COMMENT: NASH EQUILIBRIUM AND INTERNATIONAL LAW” Cornell Law Review¶ May, 2011¶ Cornell Law Review¶ 96 Cornell L. Rev. 869 Lexis, TSW)

The same analysis would apply in a multilateral context. Consider, for example,
AND
, no state has reason to unilaterally change its strategy in the game.
Restricting war powers authority causes the executive shift to self-defense justification --- guts the plan’s signal and causes global instability
Barnes, 12
J.D. at Boston University and M.A. in Law and Diplomacy at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University (Spring 2012, Beau D., Military Law Review, “REAUTHORIZING THE “WAR ON TERROR”: THE LEGAL AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE AUMF’S COMING OBSOLESCENCE,” 211 Mil. L. Rev. 57)

2. Effect on the International Law of Self-Defense¶ A failure to
AND
and rooting counterterrorism efforts within a more durable, legal foundation." n152
No international convergence on norms – no check and I-lawyer disagreements
Murphy ‘05
(Sean D. Murphy Professor, George Washington University Law School. B.A., Catholic University; J.D., Columbia University; LL.M., Cambridge University; S.J.D., University of Virginia. “BRAVE NEW WORLD: U.S. RESPONSES TO THE RISE IN INTERNATIONAL CRIME: ARTICLE: THE DOCTRINE OF PREEMPTIVE SELF-DEFENSE” Villanova Law Review¶ October, 2005¶ 50 Vill. L. Rev. 699 Lexis, TSW)

The strikingly divergent views on the legality of preemptive self-defense no doubt have
AND
law may become clearer and more helpful for states in ordering their relations.

Use of force norm can’t be eroded self-defense is the norm
Ryngaert ‘12
(CEDRIC RYNGAERT Associate Professor of International Law, Utrecht University; Associate Professor of International Law, Leuven University; Rapporteur of the International Law Association's Committee on Non-State Actors. “REFLECTIONS ON A DECADE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL THEORY: SNAPSHOTS FROM A DECADE OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL LIFE:” Melbourne Journal of International Law¶ June 2012¶ Melbourne Journal of International Law¶ 13 Melbourne J. of Int'l Law 266, Lexis, TSW)

Let us now turn to what is possibly Lubell's most controversial stated principle, developed
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Ecuador), Kenya (in Somalia), or Turkey (in Iraqi Kurdistan).

No offense – China will not use drones militarily
Erickson, 13
Andrew, associate professor at the Naval War College and an Associate in Research at Harvard University's Fairbank Centre, China has drones. Now how will it use them?, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html

Beijing is already using drones to photograph the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands it disputes with
AND
scholars, however, have publicly considered the use of drone strikes overseas.
No US-China war
Allison and Blackwill 3/5
(Graham, director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and Douglas Dillon Professor at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government and Robert D., Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. foreign policy at the Council on Foreign Relations , 2013, "Interview: Lee Kuan Yew on the Future of U.S.- China Relations," http://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/03/interview-lee-kuan-yew-on-the-future-of-us-china-relations/273657/)

Competition between the United States and China is inevitable, but conflict is not.
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long term, they do not see themselves as disadvantaged in this fight.
South China Sea and Senkaku tension inevitable but won’t escalate even if they win a huge internal link
Meidan 12
Michal, China Analyst at the Eurasia Group, 8/7/12, “Guest post: Why tensions will persist, but not escalate, in the South China Sea,” http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2012/08/07/guest-post-why-tensions-will-persist-but-not-escalate-in-the-south-china-sea/#axzz2Cbw54ORc

These tensions are likely to persist. And Beijing is not alone in perpetuating them
AND
in other deepwater plays elsewhere, as its attempted takeover of Nexen demonstrates.

Strengthening the credibility of American commitments causes China to harden in resent toward the international community – no durable drones solvency
Michael Auslin, November 5, 2013. “Tensions Are Escalating in The East China Sea,”
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303482504579178850122997242
Japan's military is also modernizing after years of stagnation, and now it has to
AND
will back down, becoming more resentful of today's international system than before.
causes SCS conflict
Fisk and Ramos 13 – *PhD, visiting assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University PhD, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University
Kerstin and Jennifer, April 2013, “Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm” International Studies Perspectives Wiley Online Library
China¶ Though scholars debate the strategic culture of China, the dominant view has
AND
drones are an obvious choice for states committed to preventive self-defense.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas Kilpatrick-Stransky | Judge: Allsup
The only ethical demand available to modern politics is that of the Slave and the Savage, the demand for the end of America itself. This cry, born out of the belly of slave ships and the churning vertigo of constitutive genocide, exposes the grammar of the Affirmative’s calls for larger institutional access as a fundamental fortification of White Settler and Slave Master civil society by its diversionary focus on the ethicality of the policies and practices of the United States as opposed to the a priori question its very existence. This silence of the Affirmative’s assumptive logic renders them unaccountable to the revolutionary political ontology of Redness and Blackness and thereby sets the stage for the various dramas of conflictual relationships i.e. class struggle, gender conflict, immigrants rights, etc. that are made possible by the antagonism between Settler and Savage, Master and Slave.
Wilderson 2010 Frank B., killed apartheid officials in South Africa, nuff said, Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages 1-5
WHEN i WAS a young student at Columbia University in New York there was a
AND
foundation of the close reading of feature films and political theory that follows.
Their new found form of public deliberation structurally cannot include the position of the slave because they are denied personhood by definition – the structural violence of slavery cannot be articulated in the political
Hartman ‘9 Saidiya, professor of English and comparative literature and women's and gender studies at Columbia University, “Redressing the Pained Body: Toward a Theory of Practice”, in American Studies: An Anthology, pp.343-344

In order to illuminate the significance of performance and the articulation of social struggle in
AND
even without a "person," in the usual meaning of the term.
The affirmative positions freedom as a question of reclaiming humanity and participation – this view cannot take into account the gratuitous violence enacted on the slave. Expanding the inclusionary circle of civil society can never include Blackness because it is founded in contradistinction to it – their humanism is birthed from the murder of the slave.
Wilderson ’10 Frank, Associate Professor at UC Irvine’s Department of Drama and African American Studies, Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pp. 21-23

Again, what is important for us to glean from these historians is that the
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infinite—for they have no line of flight leading to the Slave.

Vote neg – freedom is an illusion created by the shackles of civil society, we must burn the 1AC to the ground
Farley 5 – Boston College gender-modified words denoted by brackets
(Anthony, “Perfecting Slavery”, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028andcontext=lsfp, dml)

What is to be done? Two hundred years ago, when the slaves in
AND
the slave must become to pursue its calling that is not a calling.

Life will not change for the better absent an assault on the establishment. That doesn’t mean we will live to enjoy the fruits of the revolution but it DOES mean that we should pursue revolutionary suicide because death is inevitable and this is the only one worth pursuing.
Huey P. Newton 1973, Co-founder of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, Revolutionary Suicide, pages 2-6 

Connected to reactionary suicide, although even more painful and degrading, is a spiritual
AND
fruits. That would be a contradiction. The reality will be grimmer.

If our alternative leads to violent revolution, that most definitely solves
George Jackson1972, Revolutionary, Blood in My Eye, pages 59-62 

The enemy culture, the established government, exists first of all because of
AND
is no possibility of an establishment government ever overcoming a determined internal enemy.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Missouri State Parsian-Hackett | Judge: Chase
Obama’s push secures CIR
Lopez 1 -1 (Oscar, Brooklyn-based writer, Graduating from the University of Melbourne in 2011 with a BA (Honors) Oscar was awarded the Keith Macartney Scholarship for the Arts, the Louise Homfrey Award and the Hannah Barry Memorial Award, “New Year 2014: 4 Reasons Immigration Reform Will Pass In 2014,” http://www.latintimes.com/new-year-2014-4-reasons-immigration-reform-will-pass-2014-141778, CMR) 

Immigration reform is set to be the key issue of 2014. Following Mitt Romney's
AND
, comprehensive legislation is one thing we can be sure of in 2014.
The plan saps capital and causes defections
Loomis 7 Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at Georgetown University, “Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy”, March 2, 2007, pg 36-37, http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php

Declining political authority encourages defection. American political analyst Norman Ornstein writes of the domestic
AND
affects the character of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic.
Political capital is key
Orlando Sentinel 11-1-13 "What we think: It'll take both parties to clear immigration logjam" articles.orlandosentinel.com/2013-11-01/news/os-ed-immigration-reform-congress-20131031_1_immigration-reform-comprehensive-reform-house-republicans

For those who thought the end of the government shutdown would provide a break from
AND
earn citizenship. House Democratic leaders will have to underscore the president's message.
The impact is clean tech
Herman 10 (Richard, founder of Richard T. Herman and Associates, an immigration and business law firm in Cleveland, Ohio which serves a global clientele in over 10 languages, Robert L. Smith is a veteran journalist who covers international cultures and immigration issues for the Cleveland Plain Dealer, Ohio’s largest newspaper, “Why Immigrants Can Drive The Green Economy,” http://www.ilw.com/articles/2010,0630-herman.shtm, CMR) 

It should come as no surprise that immigrants will help drive the green revolution.
AND
talent needed to invent and commercialize alternative energy technology and other emerging technologies.
Extinction
Flournoy 12 – PhD and MA from the University of Texas, Former Dean of the University College @ Ohio University, Former Associate Dean @ State University of New York and Case Institute of Technology, Project Manager for University/Industry Experiments for the NASA ACTS Satellite, Currently Professor of Telecommunications @ Scripps College of Communications @ Ohio University (Don, "Solar Power Satellites," January, Springer Briefs in Space Development, Book)

In the Online Journal of Space Communication , Dr. Feng Hsu, a NASA
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of which is the mighty energy resource of our Sun” (Hsu 2010

Tournament: tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Central Oklahoma Vance-Yost | Judge: Tews
To be ‘resolved’ is to express an opinion regarding some action following the colon.
Words and Phrases 1964 (Permanent Edition )
Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”.  

Should” is an auxiliary verb which expresses the desirability of the action of the verb phrase following it, which, in the case, is “substantially increase statutory and/or judicial restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States in one or more of the following areas: targeted killing; indefinite detention; offensive cyber operations; or introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities.”
Cambridge Dictionary, 2000Cambridge University Press p.792

Should – v. aux. Used to express that it is necessary, desirable, admirable, or imperative to perform the action of the following verb
Statutory laws are specific written instructions from a legislature
West’s 08 (West’s encyclopedia of American Law 2008, “Statute,” http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/statute+law)
An act of a legislature that declares, proscribes, or commands something; a
AND
first laws to consult in finding the law that applies to a case.
Judicial belongs to court of law
Oxford English Dictionary Online (Oxford University
(http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/101916?redirectedFrom=judicial+#eid)
Of or belonging to judgment in a court of law, or to a judge in relation to this function; pertaining to the administration of justice; proper to a court of law or a legal tribunal; resulting from or fixed by a judgment in court.

Restrict means that presidential war powers authority must still be usable
Words and Phrases 04 (Volume 37A, p. 406)
Or. 1986.  To “restrict” rather than to prohibit, motor vehicle traffic on beaches means that the Department of Transportation may allow traffic within spatial and temporal limits consistent with the general public’s recreational use of beach under statute authorizing Department to establish zones on the ocean shore where travel by motor vehicles shall be restricted or prohibited.  ORS 390.660, 3990.668, 390.668(1).  Hay v. Oregon Dept. of Transp., 719 P.2d 860, 301 Or. 129—Autos 5(1).

B) Violation— The affirmative does not defend a policy to increase restrictions on war powers
C) Vote Negative—
1) Without Limits debate becomes impossible—T is a jurisdictional voting issue
Shively 2k—Professor of Political Science, Texas A and M
Ruth, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 181-2
The requirements thus far are primarily negative.  The ambiguists must say “no”
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

2) Role of the Ballot: Our role of the ballot is that the affirmative must present a topical affirmative as per the resolution and the negative must prove it undesirable or offer a competing policy option. 

3) Process impact:– this is the only academic forum where we get education based on clash and competition. If we aren’t able to prepare in advance for affirmatives the round becomes a 2 hour conference presentation about whatever books and articles they are reading, This education o/w any content specific education because
 a) you can get content specific education in any other forum
b) Without critical thinking skills developed through clash and competition we can’t effectively act on content-specific knowledge  
English et al 7
Eric English, Stephen Llano, Gordon R. Mitchell, Catherine E. Morrison, John Rief and Carly Woods, all former debate coaches, “Debate as a Weapon of Mass Destruction” http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/JPubs/EnglishDAWG.pdf
It is our position, however, that rather than acting as a cultural technology
AND
heirs to brand the activity as a ‘‘weapon of mass destruction.’’
c) without clash-based education we are likely to come to the wrong conclusions about the content b/c we don’t see both sides

4) Switch-side debating on the topic is uniquely important.  It allows debaters to become better advocates and increases critical thinking – it also solves all your offense
Dybvig and Iverson 99
Kristin Chisholm Dybvig, and Joel O. Iverson, Can Cutting Cards Carve into Our Personal Lives: An Analysis of Debate Research on Personal Advocacy, http://www.uvm.edu/~debate/dybvigiverson1000.html
Not all debate research appears to generate personal advocacy and challenge peoples' assumptions. Debaters
AND
of various policy proposals helps debaters to strengthen their own stance on issues.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Missouri State Parsian-Hackett | Judge: Chase
President has multiple mechs to circumvent – empirically he will if Congress doesn’t agree with him 

Shmoop University 8 Shmoop Editorial Team. "Limits on Presidential Power, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008; http://www.shmoop.com/executive-branch/limits-presidential-power.html AnthonyOgbuli

The debate over the War Powers Act reminds us that the presidency continues to evolve
AND
provisions as they encroached upon his powers to appoint and remove branch employees.
Obama has and will just continue to outright reject giving out information under the guise of national security – allows him to get away with anything
Guardian 13 Glenn Greenwald; Glenn Greenwald is a columnist on civil liberties and US national security issues for the Guardian. A former constitutional lawyer, he was until 2012 a contributing writer at Salon. He is the author of How Would a Patriot Act?  Friday 22 February 2013 09.46 EST Obama officials refuse to say if assassination power extends to US soil; http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/feb/22/obama-brennan-paul-assassinations-filibuster AnthonyOgbuli

Indeed it does. In fact, it is repellent to think that any member
AND
and US citizens are being barred from knowing what those legal claims are.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas Kilpatrick-Stransky | Judge: Allsup
LX-The affirmatives usage of the term cyber war is not neutral—in fact, it has been strategically used by military planners to expand the definition of war and justify future interventions
Lawson, 12
Sean Lawson, Professor of Communication at the University of Utah, First Monday.org, Putting the “war” in cyberwar: Metaphor, analogy, and cybersecurity discourse in the United States. http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3848/3270, PS

Revolutionary change and the law of war

The law of war is codified in the United Nations Charter, international treaties,
AND
that, therefore, it is the law of war that is inadequate.
Representations of all cyber conflict as war fuels the expansion of militarism
Schneier, 10
Bruce, fellow at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, a program fellow at the New America Foundation's Open Technology Institute, a board member of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, an Advisory Board Member of the Electronic Privacy Information Center, and the Security Futurologist for BT, The Threat of Cyberwar Has Been Grossly Exaggerated, https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2010/07/the_threat_of_c.html

You can see this variety in what the media has mislabeled as "cyberwar."
AND
and to ignore the limits on power that often get jettisoned during wartime.

The question of how we FRAME WAR impacts our war consciousness - this is key to all social justice and to prevent extinction from perpetual conflict.
Lawrence, 9
Grant, “Military Industrial "War" Consciousness Responsible for Economic and Social Collapse,” OEN—OpEdNews, March 27
As a presidential candidate, Barack Obama called Afghanistan ''the war we must win.
AND
will be forced to live the life our present war consciousness is creating.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Texas Hartzell-Martinez | Judge: Taylor
Capture over kill now
David Corn 13, Washington Bureau Chief at Mother Jones,  5/23/13, “Obama's Counterterrorism Speech: A Pivot Point on Drones and More?,” http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/05/obama-speech-drones-civil-liberties
So Obama's speech Thursday on counterterrorism policies—which follows his administration's acknowledgment yesterday that
AND
11 period. That journey, though, may be a long one.
Plan reverses SQ? we kill
Jack Goldsmith 09, a professor at Harvard Law School and a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, assistant attorney general in the Bush administration, 5/31/09, “The Shell Game on Detainees and Interrogation,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/29/AR2009052902989.html
The cat-and-mouse game does not end there. As detentions at
AND
help the terrorists. But it does make us feel better about ourselves.
Capture key to stop terrorist—recruiting arguments are false
Thiessen 13 Marc Thiessen. a fellow at AEI, interviewing Congressman Mike Pompeo (R), who represents
Kansas’s Fourth Congressional District and serves on the House Intelligence Committee, graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, graduate of Harvard Law School, 7-9-13, “CLOSING GITMO? A CONVERSATION WITH REP. MIKE POMPEO”, http://www.aei.org/files/2013/07/15/-closing-gitmo-transcript_140008739936.pdf

MR. THIESSEN:¶ So President Obama has said that closing¶ Guantanamo is in
AND
coming from these detainees that is relevant to the continued war on terror.

The impact is extinction
Ayson 10
(Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33(7), July)

A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
consultation from Washington that the latter found itself unable or unwilling to provide.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Central Oklahoma Vance-Yost | Judge: Tews
The Aff begins with a speech from the privileged position of the phallocentric economy.  Their 1ac forgets to discsuss the original starting point of social relations which is the subjugation of the feminine
Irigaray ‘4
(Luce, femme fatale An ethics of sexual difference pg. 10-11)
In order to distance oneself, must one be able to take?  To speak
AND
to the power of the maternal-feminie which he diminishes or destroys.

The forgetting of sexual difference invites the worst genocide in history.   We must recognize our historical place and move beyond the phallocratic roles that structure our society.  This is crucial to overcoming the murderous divides among populations
Irigaray 91 - French feminist, philosopher linguist cultural theorist
(Luce, “Equality or Different?” in the Irigaray Reader edited by Margaret Whitford pg. 32-33)
Demanding equality, as women, seems to me to be an erroneous expression of
AND
mutation, in which life is in danger for a variety of reasons.

Vote negative to reject the politics of aff and in order to inhabit the silence of the 1ac- our alternative begins with sexual difference as the point of departure from the dominate culture- this is crucial to avoiding the erasure of feminine subjectivity of the aff and the squo – our alternative solves 100 of the aff because ending the exploitation of women is crucial to recasting the social order
Franks 3 - doctoral candidate oxford university
(Mary Anne, Obscene Undersides: Women and Evil between the Taliban and the United States Hypatia 18.1)
In This Sex Which is Not One (1985) Irigaray allows herself to imagine
AND
fighting back in ways that the West is not yet able to recognize.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Missouri State Parsian-Hackett | Judge: Chase
AFF’s attempts at legal constraint is oriented to the past making them inherently reactive and limit the potential for non-legal responses.
Vermeule and Posner, 11
Adrian Vermeule, prof of Law at Harvard University Law School, Eric A Posner., prof of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press 2011
Our thesis is that these modifications to liberal legalism fail. Either they do not
AND
way to improve upon it, under the conditions of the administrative state.

This enables the worst forms of liberal violence and racism.
Dossa ‘99
Shiraz, Department of Political Science, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, “Liberal Legalism: Law, Culture and Identity,” The European Legacy, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 73-87,1
No discipline in the rationalized arsenal of modernity is as rational, impartial, objective
AND
liberal law but the juridically and humanly inferior Other, the perpetual foreigner.

The alternative is to reject the AFF and endorse political, rather than legal restrictions on Presidential war powers authority.
Goldsmith, 12
Jack, Harvard Law School Professor, focus on national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, and conflict of laws, Former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense, Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, March 2012, Power and Constraint, p. 205-209
DAVID BRIN is a science-fiction writer who in 1998 turned his imagination to
AND
thus accountability to) actors inside and outside the presidency much more extensive.
5
Text: The President of the United States should issue an Executive Order committing the executive branch to Solicitor General representation and advance consultation with the Office of Legal Counsel over decisions regarding indefinite detention.
The Department of Justice officials should counsel the president restrict his ability States to assert, on behalf of the United States, immunity from judicial review through a statutory cause of action allowing civil suits brought against the United States by those unlawfully injured by indefinite detention
The Executive Order should also require written publication of Office of Legal Counsel opinions.
The CP is competitive and solves the case - OLC rulings don’t remove authority but are binding precedent.
Morrison, 10
Trevor, Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, STARE DECISIS IN THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL, “STARE DECISIS IN THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL,” Columbia Law Review, October 2010, 110 Colum. L. Rev. 1448, Lexis
On the other hand, an OLC that says "yes" too often is
AND
is remote and does not meaningfully threaten the effective bindingness of OLC's decisions.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 8 | Opponent: Northwestern McCarty-Pei | Judge: Heidt, Kallmyer, Walters
1
Interpretation – Restrictions have to restrain an action in this case a war power authority
Restriction means confine/restrain
Corpus Juris Secundum 31
Volume 54, p. 735
RESTRICT:  To confine; to limit; to prevent (a person or thing) from passing a certain limit in any kind of action; to restrain; to restrain without bounds.
Authority is separate from the discretion to act
Erik Luna, professor of law at the University of Utah, May 2000, 85 Iowa L. Rev. 1107, lexis
For present purposes, a modest definition will suffice--discretion is the power to
AND
act at all. In other words, the actor is without discretion.
Neg ground- they can get the squo, also allows them to spike our links based decreasing authority
XFT T – they create something that could limit, it’s an independent voter skews ground aff, kills education
Limits – makes thousands of affs topical – anything that results in a possible limit
Education – topic is supposed to be about reductions in war powers – they remove that
2
The President of the United States should issue an Executive Order committing the executive branch to Solicitor General representation and advance consultation with the Office of Legal Counsel over decisions regarding targeted killing
The Department of Justice officials involved should counsel against the president using war powers authority to assert, on behalf of the United States, immunity from judicial review by establishing a cause of action allowing civil suits brought against the United States by those unlawfully injured by targeted killing operations, their heirs, or next friends in security cleared legal proceedings.
The Executive Order should also require written publication of Office of Legal Counsel opinions.
The CP is competitive and solves the case - OLC rulings don’t remove authority but are binding precedent.
Morrison, 10
Trevor, Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, STARE DECISIS IN THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL, “STARE DECISIS IN THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL,” Columbia Law Review, October 2010, 110 Colum. L. Rev. 1448, Lexis
On the other hand, an OLC that says "yes" too often is
AND
is remote and does not meaningfully threaten the effective bindingness of OLC's decisions.

3
No standalone Iran bill will pass – even if one can Obama will veto it
Benari 3/23/14 By Elad Benari; First Publish: 3/23/2014, 5:40 AM; Senators Urge Obama to Stand Firm Against Iran; http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/178782#.UzTfVK1dVCM TonyPlayBoy
23 U.S. senators on Saturday sent a letter to President Barack Obama
AND
his country, the nuclear deal reached in Geneva would be “dead”.

Republican strategy will make it a rider to EVERYTHING – nothing gets through the Senate otherwise – that includes the plan
Rogin 2/5/14 The Daily Beast; Josh Rogin is senior correspondent for national security and politics for The Daily Beast. He previously worked at Newsweek, Foreign Policy magazine, Congressional Quarterly, Federal Computer Week magazine, and Japan’s leading daily newspaper; 02.05.14; GOP Will Force Reid to Save Obama’s Iran Policy—Over and Over Again; http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/05/gop-will-force-reid-to-save-obama-s-iran-policy-over-and-over-again.html  TonyPlayboy
The Republican Senate caucus is planning to use every parliamentary trick in the book to
AND
pushing the vote total past a veto-proof two-thirds supermajority.¶
Sanction bill guarantees US backing of Israeli strikes on Iran – encourages Israel to act
Perr 12/24/13 – B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton's call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore's and John Kerry's presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, “Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran” Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran#

As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.
Global war
Trabanco 9 – Independent researcher of geopoltical and military affairs (1/13/09, José Miguel Alonso Trabanco, “The Middle Eastern Powder Keg Can Explode at anytime,” http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=vaandaid=11762**)

In case of an Israeli and/or American attack against Iran, Ahmadinejad's government
AND
to be playing with fire right in the middle of a powder keg.

4
Plan pushes the Threat of Force question to War Powers – gives congressional oversight/restrictive power – this destroys the effective Threats of Force  
Waxman 13 Matthew C. Waxman; Professor at Columbia Law School, an Adjunct Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and a Member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law; Syria, Threats of Force, and Constitutional War Powers, 123 YALE L.J. ONLINE 297 (2013), http://yalelawjournal.org/2013/11/7/waxman.html. TonyPlayBoy
The strength of these congressional political constraints on presidential threats of force is not well
AND
for which the President might also seek congressional authorization) is generally frail.¶

Specifically key to resolve the Russo-Ukraine incident peacefully – brink is now
Kavkaz Center 14 Department of Monitoring Kavkaz Center; Kavkaz Centre is a privately run, independent agency and does not represent the viewpoint of any state structures or the CRI government. CRIMEAN WAR II. U.S. and U.K. warn Russia faces significant costs over Ukraine invasion; Publication time: 3 March 2014, 14:17; http://www.kavkazcenter.com/eng/content/2014/03/03/18974.shtml TonyPlayBoy
David Cameron and Barack Obama have warned Russia will face significant costs if it does
AND
whether he can get away cost-free with this kind of behaviour.

Only conflict escalates to extinction, - direct war and miscalc
Baum 14 Seth Baum; Executive Director, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute; Best And Worst Case Scenarios for Ukraine Crisis: World Peace And Nuclear War; Posted: 03/07/2014 10:16 am EST; http://www.huffingtonpost.com/seth-baum/best-and-worst-case-scena_b_4915315.html TonyPlayBoy

Here's the short version: The best case scenario has the Ukraine crisis being resolved
AND
Syria. Fortunately, the confusion was quickly resolved and no escalation occurred.

Solvency
Obama will signing statement the aff—hollows the restriction out
Jeffrey Crouch, assistant professor of American politics at American University, Mark J. Rozell, acting dean and a professor of public policy at George Mason University, and Mitchel A. Sollenberger, associate professor of political science at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, December 2013, The Law: President Obama's Signing Statements and the Expansion of Executive Power, Presidential Studies Quarterly 43.4 *Only read the green against indefinite detention

In a January 2013 signing statement, President Barack Obama stated that his constitutional powers
AND
some of the more aggressive forms of constitutional signing statements that impact appropriations.
Establishing new restrictions that only apply to targeted killings causes a shift to signature strikes
Jeh Johnson 13, former Pentagon General Counsel, 3/18/13, “Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A “Drone Court”: Some Pros and Cons,” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/
Also, beware of creating the wrong set of incentives for those who must conduct
AND
Qaeda terrorist who might be a U.S. citizen wanders in?

Adv 2
The NPT collapse now
ElBaradei 9 (Mohamed ElBaradei is Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency. This article reflects his personal views.
 “A New Start for Non-Proliferation” http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/transcripts/2009/dnegypt150709.html Donnie)
US President Barack Obama has injected fresh momentum into efforts - stalled for a decade
AND
to international security and ineffectual in responding to suspected cases of nuclear proliferation.
Prolif norms causes opaque prolif-that makes miscalc inevitable
Wesley 5 (Michael,Executive Director of the Lowy Institute for International Policy, Australian Journal of International Affairs, September, “It’s Time To Scrap the NPT,” EBSCO AnthonyOgbuli)
By prohibiting proliferation, without the capacity or moral authority to enforce such a prohibition
AND
doctrine, have been suspicious of US offers of assistance (Pregenzer 2003)
The representations of the proliferating countries in US nuclear policy are ideological and oriental—these representations reinforce a global system of colonial domination and racism—policies based on these representations accelerate the dangers posed by and in the third world—turns the case 

Gusterson in 99
Hugh, Associate Professor of Anthropology and Science and Technology @ MIT, Nuclear Weapons and the Other in Western Imagination, Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 1. (Feb., 1999), pp. 111-143
  Following Anthony Giddens (1979), I define ideology as a way of constructing
AND
problems produced by a world system dominated by First World institutions and states.
Discursive constructions of the other reify a system of racial and colonial domination which makes extinction inevitable 

Mbembe in 3
Public Culture 15(1): 11–40,  2003 , Necropolitics, Achille Mbembe, Translated by Libby Meintjes, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veiB8CVcIxUandfeature=related, 

That race (or for that matter racism) figures so prominently in the calculus
AND
of the racist state, the murderous state, and the suicidal state.

While other strategies may solve the double standard inherent in proliferation discourse only by highlighting and rejecting the Orientalist discourse within this rhetoric can overcome its racism  

Gusterson in 99
Hugh, Associate Professor of Anthropology and Science and Technology @ MIT, Nuclear Weapons and the Other in Western Imagination, Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 1. (Feb., 1999), pp. 111-143

Because I have set out to criticize a particular kind of policy talk rather than
AND
Union and the originator of the policy of containment in the Cold War:
Only compliance with Self-defense norm – not other international norms
Ohlin ‘11
(Jens David Ohlin “THE FUTURE OF LEGAL THEORY: ESSAY AND COMMENT: NASH EQUILIBRIUM AND INTERNATIONAL LAW” Cornell Law Review¶ May, 2011¶ Cornell Law Review¶ 96 Cornell L. Rev. 869 Lexis, TSW)

The same analysis would apply in a multilateral context. Consider, for example,
AND
, no state has reason to unilaterally change its strategy in the game.
Use of force norm can’t be eroded self-defense is the norm
Ryngaert ‘12
(CEDRIC RYNGAERT Associate Professor of International Law, Utrecht University; Associate Professor of International Law, Leuven University; Rapporteur of the International Law Association's Committee on Non-State Actors. “REFLECTIONS ON A DECADE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL THEORY: SNAPSHOTS FROM A DECADE OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL LIFE:” Melbourne Journal of International Law¶ June 2012¶ Melbourne Journal of International Law¶ 13 Melbourne J. of Int'l Law 266, Lexis, TSW)

Let us now turn to what is possibly Lubell's most controversial stated principle, developed
AND
Ecuador), Kenya (in Somalia), or Turkey (in Iraqi Kurdistan).

Adv 1
No impact to miscalc
Sevastopulo, 10/28/13 (Demetri, “China-Japan relations take turn for worse” Financial Times, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/db42ec8e-3fab-11e3-8882-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2kkvx15JT)

Last month, China flew a drone near the Senkaku, leading Japan to say
AND
months. Trade relations between the countries have also improved from last year.
Norms don’t solve.
Amitai Etzioni 13, Professor of IR at GWU, March-April, MILITARY REVIEW, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf

Other critics contend that by the United States using drones, it leads other countries
AND
). In such circumstances, the role of norms is much more limited.    
Restricting war powers authority causes the executive shift to self-defense justification --- guts the plan’s signal and causes global instability
Barnes, 12
J.D. at Boston University and M.A. in Law and Diplomacy at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University (Spring 2012, Beau D., Military Law Review, “REAUTHORIZING THE “WAR ON TERROR”: THE LEGAL AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE AUMF’S COMING OBSOLESCENCE,” 211 Mil. L. Rev. 57)

2. Effect on the International Law of Self-Defense¶ A failure to
AND
and rooting counterterrorism efforts within a more durable, legal foundation." n152

Adv 3
Allies increasingly agree that TKs are appropriate as a first resort even outside of hot conflict zones
Geoffrey S. Corn 12, Professor of Law and Presidential Research Professor, South Texas College of Law, 2012, “Blurring the Line Between the Jus ad Bellum and the Jus in Bello,” in Non-International Armed Conflict in the Twenty-First Century, p. 75-76
The statement by Legal Advisor Koh following the Bin Laden raid addressing U.S
AND
-day capabilities, techniques, and technological innovations of terrorist organizations.1'9
The allied governments that oppose targeted killings think they’re inherently illegal no matter what---the plan’s obviously insufficient to meet their standards
Kenneth Anderson 9, Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University, and Research Fellow, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 5/11/09, “Targeted Killing in U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy and Law,” http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2009/5/1120counterterrorism20anderson/0511_counterterrorism_anderson.pdf
Similarly, very few people in the United States, regardless of political persuasion,
AND
.S. views of the subject under both international and domestic law.
US anti-terror intel is fine on its own – outstrips everybody else
Barton Gellman and Greg Miller, 8-29-2013, “Top secret ‘black budget’ reveals US spy agencies’ spending,” LA Daily News, http://www.dailynews.com/government-and-politics/20130829/top-secret-black-budget-reveals-us-spy-agencies-spending
“The United States has made a considerable investment in the Intelligence Community since the
AND
rivals or exceeds the levels reached at the height of the Cold War.
-Terrorists can not mount effective attacks
Byman and Fair, 10 - * senior fellow at the Brookings Institution's Saban Center for Middle East Policy and the director of Georgetown University's Center for Peace and Security Studies AND  assistant professor at Georgetown University's Center for Peace and Security Studies (Daniel and Christine, “The Case for Calling Them Nitwits,” The Atlantic, July/August, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/07/the-case-for-calling-them-nitwits/8130/)
But this view of the jihadist community is wildly off the mark. To be
AND
-be suicide bombers died last July after one such embrace in Paktika.
We wouldn’t respond with nukes – it would be conventional.
Benen ‘10
Steve Benen. Political Animal. Washington Monthly. April 9, 2010. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2010_04/023278.php
To be sure, attacks on a country's computer networks can be severely damaging.
AND

it doesn't mean our conventional weapons couldn't serve as a sufficient deterrent.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: UMKC AF | Judge: Pipken, Bausch, Davis
The 1AC is a non-unique starting point, the idea that we should use the debate space as a site of conversation, and an expression for politics is already known, should already be happening, and has definitely been happening all year. The 1AC adds nothing progressive to the debate space – thus the 1AC is proposed in bad faith, yes racism is bad, yes the targeted killing of black bodies is bad, NOW WHAT! No Seriously now what, that’s the problem with the 1AC there isn’t a next level to it – that’s why they should lose this debate
The 1AC is functionally a recreation of State politics, State exclusion, and war powers within this space – democracy, public deliberation, and politics have structurally excluded the position of the slave, they are denied personhood by definition
Hartman ‘9 Saidiya, professor of English and comparative literature and women's and gender studies at Columbia University, “Redressing the Pained Body: Toward a Theory of Practice”, in American Studies: An Anthology, pp.343-344

In order to illuminate the significance of …in the usual meaning of the term.

What’s even worse is the way they have perpetuated this system of debate the 1AC has turned Asaata Shakur into a fungible object, an characteriture that the main stream knows about and thus they can project their personal politics upon
Wilderson, award-winning author of Incognegro: A Memoir of Exile and Apartheid. He is one of two Americans to hold elected office in the African National Congress and is a former insurgent in the ANC’s armed wing, 2010  (Frank B. III “Introduction: Unspeakable Ethics” Red, White, and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, Pg 26-28) GG
Again, what is important for us to glean … It also created the Human out of culturally disparate entities from Europe to the East.

This destroys the possibilities for real  switch side debate – they don’t create a focal point for actual engagement for the problems that affect the Black Body – there isn’t a strategy we can engage within this has a unique impact on  the ability for us to create survival  strategies  for people of color within this space, those survival strategies are a link turn the whole affirmative because they mistakeningly distance themselves from the violence  that happens in this community for the violence that happens elsewhere – This destroys the negative’s ability to access ground to debate you – it becomes a question of accessibility for certain bodies within this space
Reject them to advocate a stealing away from the conversation they create, a stealing away from the politics of this space

Hartman explains…
Saidiya, Prof of African American History and Literature @ Columbia, Scenes of Subjection, 1997 p. 65-7
When the enslaved slipped away to have secret meetings, …articulation of insurgent claims that make need the medium of politics.74 

The ideology that the focus of the targeting of Assaata is the starting point for this question is fundamentally just another link
This Week In Blackness 13
("Drone Policy Is the Most Important Racism," http://thisweekinblackness.com/2013/07/25/drone-policy-is-the-most-important-racism/)
There are several incidents of privilege-blindness …executing white men’s philosophical priorities.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: UMKC AF | Judge: Pipken, Bausch, Davis
First, Links
A. Identity politics entrenches capitalism on two fronts—first it is a divide-and-rule strategy used by global capital to prevent labor from overtaking and second it perpetuates localism as a method of knowledge, destroying the political universalism of class, rendering the systems of oppression invisible
Hennessy (Prof @ SUNY Albany) 2K
Rosemary, Profit and Pleasure: Sexual Identities in Late Capitalism, Routledge

Basic to the structure of late capitalism is a new global …political projects that keep the structures of capitalism invisible.
B. Masking: Focusing on race only masks the perpetuation of capitalism—only by starting with capital can we overcome racism
Hooks 2K
(Bell, Author. Routledge “Where We Stand: Class Matters.”)

Pg7 Class matters. Race and gender can be …class-free-that what happened to O.J. could happen to any working man.
Next Impacts
A. Turns case—its an ethical question--Challenging global capitalism is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale 

Zizek and Daly 2k4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)

For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of …to that of a ‘glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix.
B. Extinction 

Meszaros 2K
 (Istvan, Prof. of Philosophy @ Univ. of Sussex. Monthly Review. January, LN)

Given the way in which the ongoing tends of global development assert themselves, …This is the only rational meaning of capital’s third way.
Alternative—Our alternative has two parts first, withdrawl and second method 

1. Withdrawal-- Our alternative is to completely withdraw from the ideology of capital – this is essential to destroy the fetish that allows capital to survive 

Johnston, interdisciplinary research fellow in psychoanalysis at Emory University, 2004
(Adrian, Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, December v9 i3 p259 page infotrac gjm)

Perhaps the absence of a detailed political roadmap …("Capitalist commodity fetishism or the truth? I choose fetishism"). 

2. The alternative is historical materialism. Historical materialist analysis is epistemologically superior to post-structuralism-it allows more effective analyses of power and the mobilization of discourses
Lapointe, 2007 Thierry. "Beyond an Historicism Without Subject: Agency and the Elusive Genealogies of State Sovereignty" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention, Feb 28, 2007 http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p180176_index.html

The primary objective of this volume is to bring social history back …and reproducing quite different set of social practices.
This means we must begin with Capitalism—it is the root cause of racism 

Bob Avakian, Chairman, Revolutionary Communist Party, “What Will It Take?” REVOLUTIONARY WORKER n. 899, March 23, 1997. Available from the World Wide Web at: http://rwor.org/a/firstvol/890-899/899/ask899.htm, accessed 5/1/05.

B.A.: It is true, and it is a real problem, that …inequality is THE RULE in society.
Their studies are methodologically bankrupt—it fails to analyze the intersection of modes of production and racism.  Marx is a better method to deconstruct white supremacy and racism because it interrogates racism and the modes of production which perpetuate inequalities and racism
Cole 9
Mike Cole, Bishop Grosseteste University College Lincoln, United Kingdom, Power and Education, Volume 1 Number 1 2009
www.wwwords.co.uk/POWER and http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/power.2009.1.1.111, , The Color-Line and the Class Struggle: a Marxist response to critical race theory in education as it arrives in the United Kingdom1

 Such revealing insights are of use and …understand and challenge all forms of racism.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: UMKC AF | Judge: Pipken, Bausch, Davis
Our role of the ballot is – You should vote for the team with the best methodology to solve for oppression – the framing for this is that we don’t have to win an alternative for the links and the alt evidence to act as independent case turns to the aff.
Methodology is the foremost point of departure to any political query. You should prioritize epistemology first because the way you think about problems determines how you respond to them and the consequences they engender.
Smith ’96 Steve, Professor of International Politics at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, “Positivism and Beyond,” International theory: Positivism and beyond, New York: Cambridge University Press, 12-1 3

But the stakes are also high because …considerable than at first sight seem to be the case.
Performance is not a mode of resistance - it gives too much power to the audience because the performer is structurally blocked from controlling the (re)presentation of their representations. This appeal turns their performance, the performance of nina simone, the performance of their authors
Phelan 96—chair of New York University's Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005, 146
Performance’s only life is in the …
memory to become present.
Star this card: your focus on the white undermines your ability to understand how the structure of racism persists and effects different ethnicities and including persons who identify as white—this non color coded racism is explosive causing ethics wars, balkanization, and violence—framing the debate through the lens of white supremacy make violence and racism inevitable only a Marxist methodology is the corrective
Cole 9
Mike Cole, Bishop Grosseteste University College Lincoln, United Kingdom, Power and Education, Volume 1 Number 1 2009
www.wwwords.co.uk/POWER and http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/power.2009.1.1.111, , The Color-Line and the Class Struggle: a Marxist response to critical race theory in education as it arrives in the United Kingdom1

 Another limit to the CRT argument …anti-Eastern European rhetoric on a regular basis.  
AND, Marxism is the starting point to understand and unpack white supremacy
Cole 9
Mike Cole, Bishop Grosseteste University College Lincoln, United Kingdom, Power and Education, Volume 1 Number 1 2009
www.wwwords.co.uk/POWER and http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/power.2009.1.1.111, , The Color-Line and the Class Struggle: a Marxist response to critical race theory in education as it arrives in the United Kingdom1

  The Marxist concept of racialization, I would argue, …(and xeno-racialization) inherently Marxist.
Their studies are methodologically bankrupt—it fails to analyze the intersection of modes of production and racism.  Marx is a better method to deconstruct white supremacy and racism because it interrogates racism and the modes of production which perpetuate inequalities and racism
Cole 9
Mike Cole, Bishop Grosseteste University College Lincoln, United Kingdom, Power and Education, Volume 1 Number 1 2009
www.wwwords.co.uk/POWER and http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/power.2009.1.1.111, , The Color-Line and the Class Struggle: a Marxist response to critical race theory in education as it arrives in the United Kingdom1

 Such revealing insights are of use and interest …connections to understand and challenge all forms of racism.
Look we all know you’ve seen this debate before, but the specificity of the link evidence in the debate makes this a new ball game
Extend the Hennessy evidence – the use of identity politics is a unique link to the it destroys coalitions to fight against capitalism by dividing people among identities, second it forces a localized form of knowledge production, and action which ignores the global material relationships that perpetuate this systems, this destroys political alternatives that rely on the universalism of class
Also extend the Hooks evidence – the focus on race specifically deflects attention towards the problems rooted in capital, without understanding that racism itself is rooted in capital    
Treating race as a social construction ignores why racism happens in the first place – narratives of specificity like the aff crowd out historical materialist analysis of racial exclusion
Young 1 (Robert professor of English @ University of Alabama, “The Linguistic Turn, Materialism and Race: Toward an Aesthetics of Crisis,” Callaloo, 24(1), Winter 2001, pp. 334-345, Project MUSE)

At the moment it is generally accepted that race is …so we can change it but also to collectively build the emancipatory subjectivities necessary to carry out revolutionary struggle.
Perm
They are going to make a convincing argument that they can also interrogate forms of class and economic status but the question of this debate is where 

1. Look the perm is offense for the negative – if they need the perm any offense to it has to be about their starting point, absent that it’s just a reason why their strategy can work in a Marxist lens which is a concession of alt solvency
   2. Severance – the alternative literally rejects the affirmative and capitalism – they sever out of plan – severance is bad it kills negative ground and education because they get to sever out of our links and that destroys clash – voter for fairness and education
   3. Links back to the kritik – if we win a risk of the link – the perm only allows capitalism a road to corrupt the world of the alternative
   We have several DA’s to the permutation
   A. Methodology DA –– they are writing from the wrong starting point co-opted by capitalism and extend the Smith 96 evidence epistemology is the most important thing to evaluate – their epistemology is flawed – you reject the permutation on face
   B. Footnoting DA – perm results in the alt becoming a footnote to the plan, undermining its transformative potential.
   Sirota 6 (David, Nationally Syndicated Newspaper Columnist, “The Dishonest Economic Fantasies Screwing Over Ordinary Americans,” Huffington Post, 1/22, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-sirota/the-dishonest-economic-fa_b_14263.html)

Let me be very clear - we can have a debate about …understanding in a very fundamental way how it is being used by the Establishment to wage a merciless class war against ordinary people.
C. Ethics DA – You have to ethically position yourself to stop believing capital to access the alternative – there is a moral side constraint to the perm

Holloway 2005 (PhD in Political Science @ University of Edinburgh – currently teaching at Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences at the Autonomous University of Puebla)  Human Dignity: Social Autonomy and the Critique of Capitalism. p. 173

The story of Frankenstein is …revolutionary politics. Perhaps it opens new hope.
D. Invisibility DA – Compromise only masks the impacts of capitalism destroying solvency
Hardt and Negri 2k (Michael, phd @ Washington University, and Antonio, prof @ Univeristy of Paris,“Empire”)
Even though their critiques of imperialism …confronted except by destroying capitalism itself.
LINK DEBATE
Extend the Hennessy evidence – the use of identity politics is a unique link to the it destroys coalitions to fight against capitalism by dividing people among identities, second it forces a localized form of knowledge production, and action which ignores the global material relationships that perpetuate this systems, this destroys political alternatives that rely on the universalism of class
Treating race as a social construction ignores why racism happens in the first place – narratives of specificity like the aff crowd out historical materialist analysis of racial exclusion
Young 1 (Robert professor of English @ University of Alabama, “The Linguistic Turn, Materialism and Race: Toward an Aesthetics of Crisis,” Callaloo, 24(1), Winter 2001, pp. 334-345, Project MUSE)

At the moment it is generally accepted …necessary to carry out revolutionary struggle.
Their argument renders other invisible and docile—this turns case
Perea, ’97 Juan F., Florida Prof of Law., California Law Review, October, 1997, 85 Calif. L. Rev. 1213
Hacker's justification for this focus is that …characterization is contrary to the history of these groups. 36

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: UMKC AF | Judge: Pipken, Bausch, Davis
The affirmative has a huge problem, what do they do to further black politics, the black body, solve for black violence, I don’t think they can answer that question, you should just vote on presumption the affirmative doesn’t do anything – the CX spent a lot of time talking about what are active politics, what do they look like, what do they do, they’ll say I’m being reductionist, but honestly if you can’t explain what the action of the affirmative  is or what/why it can exist in our space and help us – it’s probably because it doesn’t actually do anything – I will frame active politics for you – basically they point out a problem exist, that WE ALL IN THIS ROOM already know, I am pretty confident that everyone in this room understands that the black body is targeted and that we face violence from droning, especially in the instance of Asaata Shakur, now what, AGAIN I’ll say it NOW WHAT they are missing a next level to their argument, they point out a problem, say they don’t agree with it, and want to change the narrative you have three questions to ask yourself about this
The first HOW do they change the narrative, is it just by critiquing status quo problems if so this is a HUGE link to my the 1AC is non-unique we should have been, we are already critiquing these things
The second question is  WHAT does changing the narrative look like, if they can’t explain it to you that’s a problem
The third question is WHAT does changing the narrative do, what does their talking about it in this debate round, and why they don’t agree with it actually do, this is the quintessential problem they ALWAYS want to TALK about it, but they NEVER want to BE about it

We are a prerequisite to all of their impacts this is a methodology DA, and a prior question I this debate, just like framework – this is impacted out through the creation of survival strategies for black bodies and minorities and people of color, how do we create strategies that we can use to solve for violence within this space, how can we create strategies that we can export to solve for violence several topical version of their affirmatives that’s existed this year
Oklahoma BC, ran a Yancy based Looking White affirmative – the strategy was to reverse the gaze that is implicit to the black body,  by using it on the White body, making the white body fungible, and making them explicit and always under vision – this is a strategy that definitely meets because it gives us a survival strategy that we can use to resolve violence within this community as well as outside of it
We have, and so has Rutgers have ran a Fanon-esque, strategy to burn down you systems of oppression, they came to turn this space upside, destroys the norms that created it, destroy the structures that make oppression through violence, violence was that strategy 

Wilderson makes a very specific argument about the lack of an ontological border on the black body, this is why we are always subjected to forms of gratuitous violence because we do not have a the ontological buffer between us and violence that exist for other bodies, this is particularly  - this is why strategies are ncessary

This destroys the possibilities for real  switch side debate – they don’t create a focal point for actual engagement for the problems that affect the Black Body – there isn’t a strategy we can engage within this has a unique impact on  the ability for us to create survival  strategies  for people of color within this space, those survival strategies are a link turn the whole affirmative because they mistakeningly distance themselves from the violence  that happens in this community for the violence that happens elsewhere – This destroys the negative’s ability to access ground to debate you – it becomes a question of accessibility for certain bodies within this space

Mal x v mlk

Wilderson 2010 Frank B., killed apartheid officials in South Africa, nuff said, Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages 1-5
WHEN i WAS a young student at Columbia …feature films and political theory that follows.
2NC – Appropriation Turn
Turn: Appropriation
Shannon Sullivan, Penn State University, Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Vol. 18, No. 4, 2004. P. 301-2
While a white/Anglo person’s learning Spanish …once white people begin to understand and speak them.

2NC – White Fill In
Turn: Opens space for white hegemony
Shannon Sullivan, Penn State University, Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Vol. 18, No. 4, 2004, p. 302
This point was brought home to me when a Latina friend …presence inevitably (though not necessarily deliberately) produces.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Missouri State Parsian-Hackett | Judge: Chase
The CP is competitive and solves the case - OLC rulings don’t remove authority but are binding precedent.
Morrison, 10
Trevor, Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, STARE DECISIS IN THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL, “STARE DECISIS IN THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL,” Columbia Law Review, October 2010, 110 Colum. L. Rev. 1448, Lexis
On the other hand, an OLC that says "yes" too often is
AND
is remote and does not meaningfully threaten the effective bindingness of OLC's decisions.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Central Oklahoma Vance-Yost | Judge: Tews
Personal pronouns necessitate destructive dichotomies which assures violence, they adherence to grammatical rules make rhizomatic politics impossible   
Schantz 9 (ORLA SCHANTZ writes for the enlightenment underground,  “The Urdoxa of Personal Pronouns” http://enlightenmentunderground.blogspot.com/2009/03/urdoxa-of-personal-pronouns_28.html Donnie)
Grammar has always been the fearful guardian against the chaos of language, the general
AND
And so, dualisms fester like virus when they could thrive as rhizomes.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Texas Hartzell-Martinez | Judge: Taylor
Anthony and I believe that we should no longer label enemies of the United States as unlawful enemy combatants, thus allowing them to be classified under normal circumstances.
Counteradvocacy solves – root cause of your argument is the ability for the administration act outside of the limits of the law at their own whim – the root of this is the definition of unlawful enemy combatants
Abelev 9 Julia Abelev; a senior at the University of Washington majoring in philosophy and political science, fellowship with the 2009 UW Summer Insitute in the Arts and Humanities. Two Definitions, One Person: Washington Undergraduate Law Review • Vol III, Issue 1 • Autumn 2009 Guantanamo Bay and Empire’s Excess; http://students.washington.edu/wulr/archive/Fall_2009/Julia_Abelev_Guantanamo_Bay_and_Empire's_Excess.pdf AnthonyOgbuli

First, the administration invoked the Constitution to justify executive ¶ breaches of normal conduct
AND
by any legitimate authority, and with no country recognizing their ¶ humanity.
That stops torture which is the crucial internal link between the slide from a benign biopolitics to dangerous biopolitics 

Morton 8 Stephen senior lecturer in Anglophone literatures, university of Southampton, 2008¶, “torture, terrorism and colonial sovereignty,” Foucault in an age of terror: essays on biopolitics and the defense of society p.¶ 192-194 

It is precisely this understanding of the political that Foucault articulates in his definition of
AND
helps to make sense of ¶ contemporary formations of biopolitical and necropolitical control.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas Kilpatrick-Stransky | Judge: Allsup
To be ‘resolved’ is to express an opinion regarding some action following the colon.
Words and Phrases 1964 (Permanent Edition )
Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”.  

Should” is an auxiliary verb which expresses the desirability of the action of the verb phrase following it, which, in the case, is “substantially increase statutory and/or judicial restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States in one or more of the following areas: targeted killing; indefinite detention; offensive cyber operations; or introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities.”
Cambridge Dictionary, 2000Cambridge University Press p.792

Should – v. aux. Used to express that it is necessary, desirable, admirable, or imperative to perform the action of the following verb

B) Violation— The affirmative does not defend a policy to increase restrictions on war powers
C) Vote Negative—
1) Without Limits debate becomes impossible—T is a jurisdictional voting issue
Shively 2k—Professor of Political Science, Texas A and M
Ruth, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 181-2
The requirements thus far are primarily negative.  The ambiguists must say “no”
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

2) Role of the Ballot: Our role of the ballot is that the affirmative must present a topical affirmative as per the resolution and the negative must prove it undesirable or offer a competing policy option. 

3) Process impact:– this is the only academic forum where we get education based on clash and competition. If we aren’t able to prepare in advance for affirmatives the round becomes a 2 hour conference presentation about whatever books and articles they are reading, This education o/w any content specific education because
 a) you can get content specific education in any other forum
b) Without critical thinking skills developed through clash and competition we can’t effectively act on content-specific knowledge  
c) without clash-based education we are likely to come to the wrong conclusions about the content b/c we don’t see both sides

4) Switch-side debating on the topic is uniquely important.  It allows debaters to become better advocates and increases critical thinking – it also solves all your offense
Dybvig and Iverson 99
Kristin Chisholm Dybvig, and Joel O. Iverson, Can Cutting Cards Carve into Our Personal Lives: An Analysis of Debate Research on Personal Advocacy, http://www.uvm.edu/~debate/dybvigiverson1000.html
Not all debate research appears to generate personal advocacy and challenge peoples' assumptions. Debaters
AND
of various policy proposals helps debaters to strengthen their own stance on issues.

5) Our interpretation of debate is key to accessing the forms of civic education that are reflexive prevent violent military mistakes like the response to 9/11 and preserve democracy
Lane. 8  Eric Lane Issue #10, Fall 2008 America 101 How we let civic education slide—and why we need a crash course in the Constitution today. http://www.democracyjournal.org/10/6643.php?page=all

Things weren’t always this way; civics and current events courses were once common,
AND
answer, then, is to reinject civic literacy into our educational system.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Texas Hartzell-Martinez | Judge: Taylor
Interpretation- 1. the affirmative has to defend a material action. 2. The affirmative has to have a stable advocacy statement.
Violation-
IS COME ON- you can talk about whatever you want, just have an action we can debate and have an advocacy statement so you can’t cheat.
Not defending an action means you can literally say racism is bad and sit down. No stable advocacy statement means we could k your methodology and you could just audible. This debate is not productive, it destroys clash, and it’s a waste of time.  Every reason why your aff is good is a reason to prefer our interpretation.
AND clash is predicated off of a stable topic, when there is no stability in a debate, all substantive argumentation is mooted.

Shively, 2k (Assistant Prof Political Science at Texas AandM, Ruth Lessl, Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2)JFS
The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no
AND
other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.
Lack of clash leads to exclusion and alienation

Tonn ’05 (Mari Boor, Professor of Communication – University of Maryland, “Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public”, Rhetoric and Public Affairs, Vol. 8, Issue 3, Fall)

Perhaps the most conspicuous effort at replacing public debate with therapeutic dialogue was President Clinton's
AND
nor attitude adjustments fostered through psychotherapy but, rather, unrestricted opportunities.102
And it’s a voter to preserve competitive and democratic debate
Pacifism DA – The aff never goes far enough. Simply raising consciousness and being educated about the atrocities committed by our government while good, doesn’t actually solve for anything – if you are outraged by unrestrained state violence vote affirmative to become the shackles of the State – addressing the state is the only way for a mass movement to create change – otherwise you are complicit with the violence they create
Perino, 13
(Michael, Reflection on State Power, http://www.opednews.com/articles/Reflections-on-State-Power-by-Michael-Perino-130211-605.html 9/11/13)
In a system of highly centralized, hierarchical power, the goal is not to
AND
strike. Passive obedience to war crimes is merely silent complicity in them.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Missouri State Parsian-Hackett | Judge: Chase
A. Interpretation 

1. Authority is s mass noun
   noun (plural authorities)¶ 1 mass noun the power or right to
   AND
   traffickers¶ official permission; sanction:¶ the money was spent without parliamentary authority

2. Mass nouns are not countable.
English club, 13
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/nouns-un-countable_2.htm
Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself
3.  there is a distinction between discretion and authority
“Authority” via “restrictions” is discretionary freedom
(discretion is an “all or nothing” question)
Erik Luna, professor of law at the University of Utah, May 2000, 85 Iowa L. Rev. 1107, lexis
For present purposes, a modest definition will suffice--discretion is the power to
AND
act at all. In other words, the actor is without discretion.
B.  Violation: The plan restricts instance of use and not the authority
C. Vote neg

Limits—this topic is huge already—allowing them to legislate an instant of the use and not restrict the authority would explode the topic 

Negative ground—Race to the margins ensures the specificity of their link turns for a tiny subset of the will always outweigh our links

Tournament: tournament | Round: 4 | Opponent: Central Oklahoma Vance-Yost | Judge: Robinson
Territorial identity movements are inherently racist – this tension produces a new round of minoritized groups who are ripe for ethnic cleansing
Bishai, dept of IR at London School of Economics and Political Science, 99
(Linda S. “Tales of Difference and Self-Determination: Narratives of Secession” Conference Paper presented ECPR Joint Workshops March 26-31 http://www.essex.ac.uk/ECPR/EVENTS/JOINTSESSIONS/PAPERARCHIVE/MANNHEIM/W22/BISHAI.PDF accessed 03/13/08)
The tragedy of Yugoslavia, as Hayden explains, was that the chauvinist politics of
AND
further agitation from groups within which will become minoritised if the movements succeed.
The aff creates a territorial identity that is rooted in a static conception of identity derived from a particular historical account.  This ontopoligical thinking leads to the formation of foreign other to be cleansed from the domestic population.  
Bishai, professor political science at Towson University, 2K4
(Linda, Forgetting Ourselves: Secession and the (Im)Possibility of Territorial Identity pg. 140-141)
The problem of secession—and secession is a problem rather than a solu¬tion—
AND
other." Self-cession is also a call for self-cleansing.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Central Oklahoma Vance-Yost | Judge: Tews
To be ‘resolved’ is to express an opinion regarding some action following the colon.
Words and Phrases 1964 (Permanent Edition )
Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”.  

Should” is an auxiliary verb which expresses the desirability of the action of the verb phrase following it, which, in the case, is “substantially increase statutory and/or judicial restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States in one or more of the following areas: targeted killing; indefinite detention; offensive cyber operations; or introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities.”
Cambridge Dictionary, 2000Cambridge University Press p.792

Should – v. aux. Used to express that it is necessary, desirable, admirable, or imperative to perform the action of the following verb
Statutory laws are specific written instructions from a legislature
West’s 08 (West’s encyclopedia of American Law 2008, “Statute,” http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/statute+law)
An act of a legislature that declares, proscribes, or commands something; a
AND
first laws to consult in finding the law that applies to a case.
Judicial belongs to court of law
Oxford English Dictionary Online (Oxford University
(http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/101916?redirectedFrom=judicial+#eid)
Of or belonging to judgment in a court of law, or to a judge in relation to this function; pertaining to the administration of justice; proper to a court of law or a legal tribunal; resulting from or fixed by a judgment in court.

Restrict means that presidential war powers authority must still be usable
Words and Phrases 04 (Volume 37A, p. 406)
Or. 1986.  To “restrict” rather than to prohibit, motor vehicle traffic on beaches means that the Department of Transportation may allow traffic within spatial and temporal limits consistent with the general public’s recreational use of beach under statute authorizing Department to establish zones on the ocean shore where travel by motor vehicles shall be restricted or prohibited.  ORS 390.660, 3990.668, 390.668(1).  Hay v. Oregon Dept. of Transp., 719 P.2d 860, 301 Or. 129—Autos 5(1).

B) Violation— The affirmative does not defend a policy to increase restrictions on war powers
C) Vote Negative—
1) Without Limits debate becomes impossible—T is a jurisdictional voting issue
Shively 2k—Professor of Political Science, Texas A and M
Ruth, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 181-2
The requirements thus far are primarily negative.  The ambiguists must say “no”
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

2) Role of the Ballot: Our role of the ballot is that the affirmative must present a topical affirmative as per the resolution and the negative must prove it undesirable or offer a competing policy option. 

3) Process impact:– this is the only academic forum where we get education based on clash and competition. If we aren’t able to prepare in advance for affirmatives the round becomes a 2 hour conference presentation about whatever books and articles they are reading, This education o/w any content specific education because
 a) you can get content specific education in any other forum
b) Without critical thinking skills developed through clash and competition we can’t effectively act on content-specific knowledge  
English et al 7
Eric English, Stephen Llano, Gordon R. Mitchell, Catherine E. Morrison, John Rief and Carly Woods, all former debate coaches, “Debate as a Weapon of Mass Destruction” http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/JPubs/EnglishDAWG.pdf
It is our position, however, that rather than acting as a cultural technology
AND
heirs to brand the activity as a ‘‘weapon of mass destruction.’’
c) without clash-based education we are likely to come to the wrong conclusions about the content b/c we don’t see both sides

4) Switch-side debating on the topic is uniquely important.  It allows debaters to become better advocates and increases critical thinking – it also solves all your offense
Dybvig and Iverson 99
Kristin Chisholm Dybvig, and Joel O. Iverson, Can Cutting Cards Carve into Our Personal Lives: An Analysis of Debate Research on Personal Advocacy, http://www.uvm.edu/~debate/dybvigiverson1000.html
Not all debate research appears to generate personal advocacy and challenge peoples' assumptions. Debaters
AND
of various policy proposals helps debaters to strengthen their own stance on issues.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Missouri State Parsian-Hackett | Judge: Chase
Congressional intervention kills flexibility of our threats – guarantees crisis escalation.
Waxman 8/25
(Matthew, Professor of Law at Columbia and Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy for the Council on Foreign Relations, “The Constitutional Power to Threaten War,” August 25, Yale Law Journal, vol. 123, JL)

A claim previously advanced from a presidentialist perspective is that stronger legislative checks on war
AND
to use force in order to prevent a confrontation which might escalate.179

Extinction
Johson 6
Karlton, Army War College, “Temporal and Scalar Mechanics of Conflict Strategic Implications of Speed and Time on the American Way of War,” http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a449394.pdf

The U.S. Army War College uses the acronym “VUCA” to
AND
with rigor and discipline in order to understand their far-reaching implications.