Tournament: tournament | Round: 7 | Opponent: Oklahoma Harris-Abubakare | Judge: Koehle
1AC
The only ethical demand available to modern politics is that of the Slave and the Savage, the demand for the end of America itself. This cry, born out of the belly of slave ships and the churning vertigo of constitutive genocide, exposes the grammar of the Affirmative’s calls for larger institutional access as a fundamental fortification of White Settler and Slave Master civil society by its diversionary focus on the ethicality of the policies and practices of the United States as opposed to the a priori question its very existence. This silence of the Affirmative’s assumptive logic renders them unaccountable to the revolutionary political ontology of Redness and Blackness and thereby sets the stage for the various dramas of conflictual relationships i.e. class struggle, gender conflict, immigrants rights, etc. that are made possible by the antagonism between Settler and Savage, Master and Slave.
Wilderson 2010 Frank B., killed apartheid officials in South Africa, nuff said, Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages 1-5
WHEN i WAS a young student at Columbia University in New York there was a
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foundation of the close reading of feature films and political theory that follows.

While the afterlife of slavery is far from an abstraction in the lived reality of blackness, recourse to the sociological empirics of suffering already codifies the category of “exploitation” as the base grammar of suffering, ignoring the gratuitousness of anti-black violence and enshrining the call for more public policy as the limit point of our revolutionary demands. This elides the way in which civil society is parasitic on The Middle Passage and thus how Humanity itself can only be constituted in opposition to the fundamentally anti-Human position of the slave. It is this libidinal economy of anti-blackness which exists as the condition of possibility for the violence of the world.
Wilderson 2010
Frank B., again, dude straight up MURKED white supremacists like buk buk, Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages 10-11
Regarding the Black position, some might ask why, after claims successfully made on
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occur? The woman at the gates of Columbia University awaits an answer.

Vote affirmative – freedom is an illusion created by the shackles of civil society, we must burn the United States Federal Government to the ground
Farley 5 – Boston College gender-modified words denoted by brackets
(Anthony, “Perfecting Slavery”, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028andcontext=lsfp, dml)

What is to be done? Two hundred years ago, when the slaves in
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the slave must become to pursue its calling that is not a calling.

Life will not change for the better absent an assault on the establishment. That doesn’t mean we will live to enjoy the fruits of the revolution but it DOES mean that we should pursue revolutionary suicide because death is inevitable and this is the only one worth pursuing.
Huey P. Newton 1973, Co-founder of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, Revolutionary Suicide, pages 2-6 

Connected to reactionary suicide, although even more painful and degrading, is a spiritual
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fruits. That would be a contradiction. The reality will be grimmer.

If our alternative leads to violent revolution, that most definitely solves
George Jackson1972, Revolutionary, Blood in My Eye, pages 59-62 

The enemy culture, the established government, exists first of all because of
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is no possibility of an establishment government ever overcoming a determined internal enemy.

Their calls to prevent wars just gloss over the ongoing living apocalypse for people of color.
Rodriguez 2008, (Dylan, Associate Professor at University of California Riverside, " WARFARE AND THE TERMS OFENGAGEMENT," in Abolition Now: Ten Years of Strategy and Struggle against the Prison Industrial Complex, p.93-100.)

We are collectively witnessing, surviving, and working in a time of unprecedented state
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, every desperate act, and every attack aborted or drowned in blood." 

Policy is only going to come after our radical abolitionist pedagogy starts to go into effect.
Dylan Rodriguez, D Rod Will Make Ya Jump, “Disorientation of the Teaching Act: Abolition as Pedagogical Position”, Radical Teacher, Number 88, Summer 2010, p. 7-19
Perhaps, then, there is no viable or defensible pedagogical position other than an
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is significantly dependent on our willingness to embrace this form of pedagogical audacity.
We outweigh, their characterization of nuclear peace in doomsday scenarios separates the question of apocalyptic violence from racial justice ignoring that THE WORLD HAS ALREADY ENDED for people of color and that their focus on mere survivability ignores that nuclear holocaust is waged on a daily basis against non-white bodies, only our bottom up resistance solves and specifically so in the context of women of color
Omolade 1984, Barbara, Calvin College’ first dean of multicultural affairs, “Women of Color and the Nuclear Holocaust”, Women’s Studies Quarterly vol. 12, No. 2 

To raise these issues effectively, the movement for nuclear dis- armament must overcome
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the ability to eat and to provide for the future of our people.

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wyoming Marcum-Pauli | Judge: Harris
Night raids continue in the status quo and threathen the stability and relations in the region
Gosztola ‘14
Kevin Gosztola Wednesday January 15, 2014 5:01 pm, A PUBLIC RELATIONS EXERCISE’: TPP AGREEMENT CHAPTER FOR ENVIRONMENT RELEASED BY WIKILEAKS MORE ON THE PRESS AND THE QUESTION OF TORTURE IN THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL Night Raid by US-Backed Forces Reportedly Leads to Death of Eight Afghan Civilians After Airstrike »http:dissenter.firedoglake.com/2014/01/15/night-raid-by-us-backed-forces-reportedly-leads-to-death-of-eight-afghan-civilians-after-airstrike/ Afghan National Army commandos from 6th Special Operations Kandak (U.S. Army Photo by Pfc. James K. McCann / Released)

There are few confirmed details currently, but what is known suggests that forces led
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kind of night time operations to be helpful in bringing about a deal.
Obama has ramped up TF 373 operations driving resentment and regional instability.
IPS 8/24
IPS - Inter Press Service, August 24, 2010, AFGHANISTAN: TASK FORCE 373, THE SECRET KILLERS - PART 1, Pratap Chatterjee*

"Find, fix, finish, and follow-up" - also known
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were not there, they would not be fighting the U.S."
Specifically, raids cause civilian deaths, anti-Americanism, and internal Afghan instability – ending operations is critical
Durrani, 12
Sumaira, Global Research, US Killings of Innocent Civilians in Afghanistan and Pakistan, June 13, 2012, http://www.globalresearch.ca/us-killings-of-innocent-civilians-in-afghanistan-and-pakistan 

Civilian casualties have been a foremost concern in Afghanistan and Pakistan since the presence of
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stop air strikes, night raids, and drone attacks in both countries.
Night Raids have lead to increase in torture and warlordism
Human Right Watch 12
http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-afghanistan

Armed conflict with the Taliban and other insurgents escalated in 2011, but Afghanistan’s military
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A compromise in September 2011 resulted in nine members of parliament being removed.

That causes Afghani justice system backsliding leading to endemic human rights abuses including torture
Human Right Watch 12
http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-afghanistan

Afghanistan’s justice system remains weak and compromised, and a large proportion of the population
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abusive interrogation and lead to gaps in training, management, and oversight.
Strong Afghan judiciary key to post-drawdown strategy
ICG 10 (International Crisis Group, November 17, “REFORMING AFGHANISTAN’S BROKEN JUDICIARY”, http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/afghanistan/19520Reforming20Afghanistans20Broken20Judiciary.ashx)

A substantial course correction is needed to restore the   rule of law in Afghanistan.
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control of detention facilities is smooth, transparent and adheres to international law.
Post-drawdown Afghan state collapse leads to nuclear war
Cronin 13
(Audrey Kurth Cronin is Professor of Public Policy at George Mason University and author of How Terrorism Ends and Great Power Politics and the Struggle over Austria. Thinking Long on Afghanistan: Could it be Neutralized? Center for Strategic and International Studies The Washington Quarterly • 36:1 pp. 55_72 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2013.751650)

With ISAF withdrawal inevitable, a sea change is already underway: the question is
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except this time the outcome could be not just terrorism but nuclear war.
Multiple scenarios for escalation
Rubin, 11
(Joel, Director of Policy and Government Affairs, Ploughshares Fund, former congressional aide and diplomat, fellow at the State Department in both Near Eastern Affairs and Political-Military Affairs, Master’s degree in Public Policy and Business Administration from Carnegie Mellon University and a Bachelor’s degree in Politics from Brandeis University, Huffington Post, 77/2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joel-rubin/middle-east-nuclear-threat_b_891178.html)

The national security calculus of keeping U.S. forces in Afghanistan has shifted
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has the greatest risk of arms races and nuclear conflict in the world.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Rochester Haddad-Lim | Judge: loghry
Plan
Text – The United States Federal Government should abolish the authority to engage in targeted killing.
Just War
Contention 1 is Just War
The United States Government justifies its targeted killing operations with the theory of Just War, the idea that there can be moral justifications for conflict and moral ways of waging war.  As the United States Government rationalizes its current wars, it has conversely opened a space for challenging the entire foundation of State killing. Interrogating the justifications for targeted killing operations exposes the inherent contradictions in just war theory.
Provost-Smith 13 (Patrick, former Assistant Professor of the History of Christianity at Harvard Divinity School, Ph.D. in history from Johns Hopkins; “A Drone’s Eye View: Global Anti-Terrorism and the Existential Crisis of Just War Theory,” in Journal for Cultural and Religious Theory vol. 12 no. 3, Spring  2013)
As drones become the new centerpiece of counter-terrorism and counterinsurgency warfare, questions
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a millennium before St. Augustine’s own influential writings on the topic.14
Highlighting the violence of ongoing drone warfare challenges the status quo narrative of humanitarianism- there is no such thing as just war. The idea that modern warfare has become less violent has been used to silence opposition and legitimize war.
Terrell 13 (Brian Terrell is a co-coordinator of Voices for Creative Nonviolence, Drones and Gadflies, Sept 13,  http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/09/13/drones-and-gadflies/)
My own anti-drone activism began with protests at Creech Air Force Base in
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their own consciences, perhaps the responsibility of haunting them falls to us.
Just war theory is in the business of legitimizing violence-It controls the conversation and our imagination-Technology and strategy have combined to create a cycle of infinite targets and endless war.
Provost-Smith 13 (Patrick, former Assistant Professor of the History of Christianity at Harvard Divinity School, Ph.D. in history from Johns Hopkins; “A Drone’s Eye View: Global Anti-Terrorism and the Existential  Crisis of Just War Theory,” in Journal for Cultural and Religious Theory vol. 12 no. 3, Spring 2013)
Swirling in the circularity of the justificans bellum, increasingly aided by developments in artificial
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archaic” theory of just and unjust wars are merely proclaiming the obvious.
Highlighting the issue of drone warfare is a useful starting point for a larger interrogation of State killing-Exposing the history of targeted killing is an important mechanism for challenging the secret global war on terrorism.
Noble 12 (Doug, activist with the Upstate Coalition to Ground the Drones, Assassination Nation, July 19, http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/07/19/assassination-nation/)
This striking new transparency, the official acknowledgment for the first time of a broad
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killing still being perpetrated globally – and covertly – by our Assassination Nation.

Our call for action against drone violence strikes at the nexus of oppression that afflicts all communities- the 1ac is critical to connecting the dots between racism, domestic violence and the imperial war machine
Janani, 13
(Author and editor at BGD, http://www.blackgirldangerous.org/2013/08/08/201388zimmermans-and-drones-antiblackness-and-global-domination/ 10/4/13)
I want to build on this analysis further, to a structural level. I
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dots between the tactics of enslavement, incarceration, colonialism, and empire.

This infinite war will culminate in planetary extinction.
Hanrahan 11 (Clare, Militarism and the "Economics of Extinction," http://warisacrime.org/content/militarism-and-economics-extinction
War is an all out assault on life. Every living being is in peril
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with the economics of extinction."  We cannot let this be the end.
WISHFUL THINKING – You can’t ignore or wish away the state—it commits violence in your name whether you choose to acknowledge it or not, that’s how it justifies endless violence AND TARGETS INDIVIDUAL BODIES
Campos 07 (Joseph H. Campos, The State and Terrorism: National Security and the Mobilization of Power, google books pg 101)
Later it was discovered that the U.S.' strikes against terrorist facilities
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enacted by the state in the face of terrorism's "uncivilized" nature.
ANTIWAR IS THE ANSWER – Antiwar activism is the best starting point to get people involved with emancipatory criticisms of the federal governments relationship to the black body—spills over to other movements on social justice.
Heaney and Rojas-prof organizational studies and sociology, Indiana-12 (Antiwar Politics and Paths of Activist Participation on the Left, http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/papers/rojas_working20paper.pdf)
Charles Tilly (1985) famously argued that war making facilitated state building because wars
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antiwar movement is much more likely to send it recruits to other movements.

Solvency
Contention 2 is Solvency
Just war theory is an obstacle to new ways of understanding and relating to the world-The focus on asking WHICH WARS, forecloses the possibility of asking IF WAR? The 1AC encourages us to move beyond the narrow debates over morality and legality and onto a broader focus that can start to challenge structural violence.
CMSM 13 (CMSM is an association of the leadership of men in religious and apostolic institutes in the United States, Armed Drones: Do They Make us Better People?, May 30, http://www.cmsm.org/documents/05-30-13_CMSM_Statement_Armed_Drones.pdf)
Focusing on the “just war” theory as the key frame of moral analysis
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concerns and a fuller vision of "humanity" we should attend to.
The performance of the 1ac is critical to the ballot- we fill the debate space with knowledge of the interconnection between anti-black violence, drone strikes and the American imperial war machine- Each one… reach one….. teach one – this is an essential step in stalwart resistance to violence here and abroad
Pinkney, 13
(Larry, Editorial Board Member and Columnist for Black Commentator, former Black Panther Party Member, Is Opposing Obama's 'Kill List' and Drone Missile Murders Being Anti-Black? http://blackcommentator.com/500/500_kir_opposing_kill_list_anti_black.html 10/4/13)
It is perhaps the irony of ironies in this 21st century that the United States
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teach one. Onward, then, my sisters and brothers. Onward!
Aff is key to reinvigorating democratic politics by focusing on policy based solutions to drone strikes
Mellor, 13
(Ewan, E. European University Institute, Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs, Paper for BISA Conference 2013, http://www.bisa.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_bisaandtask=download_paperandno_html=1andpassed_paper_id=398 9/11/13)
This paper has discussed the empirics of the policies of drone strikes in the ongoing
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the public engagement and political activism that are necessary for democratic politics.52
Using the state strategically solves —rejection makes it worse
Stefano Guzzini, Assistant Professor at Central European Univ., Realism in International Relations and International Political Economy, 98, p. 212

Therefore, in a third step, this chapter also claims that it is impossible
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the name, although not always necessarily in the spirit, of realism.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: JMU BM | Judge: Lundberg,Atchison, Allen
1AC – Plan
The United States Congress should restrict the president’s targeted killing war powers authority to individuals who are members of organized armed groups of a non-state party engaged in hostilities.
1AC – Norms
Contention One is Norms
Drone tech is inevitable – US action is the key internal link to controlling how they are used
Farley, 11
Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, World Politics Review, 10-12-11, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent 

Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
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policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting.
US practices ignore international norms of proportionality and distinction undermining the very nature of restraint in international law.
ICG, 13
International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796 

President Obama, has argued that “there is nothing in international law … that
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, and they are entitled to defend themselves before a court of law.
US must act now key to norms and a legal framework – inaction collapses I-Law – checks on the executive are key.
Brooks, 13
Rosa, professor at Georgetown University, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights April 23, 2013

Right now, the United States has a decided technological advantage when it comes to
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them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?
International norms have a positive affect on state behavior – multiple empirical studies
Guzman, 7                                                                                                                   
Andrew, Jackson H. Ralston Professor of Law and Associate Dean at UC Berkeley School of Law, where he is also the Director of the Advanced Law Degree Programs, and Associate Dean for International and Advanced Degree Programs, How International Law Works: A Rational Choice Theory, 2007
The book explains how international law is able to affect state behavior despite a lack
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. If that is correct, international l

Tournament: tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Trinity Ha-Mithani | Judge: Allen
1AC
Plan
The United States Congress should restrict the president’s targeting authority in a non-international armed conflict to individuals who are members of organized armed groups of a non-state party engaged in hostilities. 

ADV 1
Contention 1 is Restraint
Drone tech is inevitable – US action is the key internal link to controlling how they are used
Farley, 11
Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, World Politics Review, 10-12-11, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
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policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting.
US practices ignore international norms of proportionality and distinction undermining the very nature of restraint in international law.
ICG, 13
International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796
President Obama, has argued that “there is nothing in international law … that
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, and they are entitled to defend themselves before a court of law.
US must act now key to norms and a legal framework – inaction collapses I-Law – checks on the executive are key.
Brooks, 13
Rosa, professor at Georgetown University, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights April 23, 2013
Right now, the United States has a decided technological advantage when it comes to
AND
them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?
International norms have a positive affect on state behavior – multiple empirical studies
Guzman, 7                                                                                                                   Andrew, Jackson H. Ralston Professor of Law and Associate Dean at UC Berkeley School of Law, where he is also the Director of the Advanced Law Degree Programs, and Associate Dean for International and Advanced Degree Programs, How International Law Works: A Rational Choice Theory, 2007
The book explains how international law is able to affect state behavior despite a lack
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. If that is correct, international law must be having an effect.
Scenario One – Deterrence
Squo Lack of checks on drone policy and makes accidental war inevitable.
Dowd, 13
Alan, writes on national defense, foreign policy, and international security. His writing has appeared in multiple publications including Parameters, Policy Review, The Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, World Politics Review, American Outlook, The Baltimore Sun, The Washington Times, The National Post, The Wall Street Journal Europe, The Jerusalem Post, and The Financial Times Deutschland, Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings, Parameters, 42(4), Winter Spring, 2013, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/1_Article_Dowd.pdf
If we argue that drone pilots are not in the battlespace, which seems reasonable
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spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies.
Collapses deterrence and all conflicts go nuclear
Boyle, 13
Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
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legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.
Nuclear deterrence deters rogue states, CBW attacks, and prolif -- impact is extinction
Schneider, ‘8
 Mark, a Senior Analyst with the National Institute for Public Policy, Before his retirement from the Department of Defense, Dr. Schneider served in a number of senior positions within the Office of Secretary of Defense for Policy including Principal Director for Forces Policy, Principal Director for Strategic Defense, Space and Verification Policy, Director for Strategic Arms Control Policy and Representative of the Secretary of Defense to the Nuclear Arms Control Implementation Commissions. He also served in the senior Foreign Service as a Member of the State Department Policy Planning Staff, the Professional Staff of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, the Department of Energy, the Energy Research and Development Administration and the Atomic Energy Commission. Prior to his government career, Dr. Schneider served as a Senior Political Scientist with the BMD Corporation, a policy analyst with the Stanford Research Institute and taught at the University of Southern California and California State University at Los Angeles, “The Future of the US Nuclear Deterrent” Comparative Strategy, July-September 2008, 27:4, p345-360 

According to the Pentagon’s Quadrennial Defense Review, the United States must maintain a “
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legacy arms control and its constraints upon U.S. conventional capabilities.
Russo-Balkan war goes nuclear causes extinction

Chicago Daily Herald, Staff, “Dogs of War,” May 9, 1999, lexis.

We hear the grim rationale for sending in ground troops "to salvage the credibility
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point of world conflict resulting in nuclear war and incalculable self-destruction.
Scenario Two – China
China models US drone usage – restraints are key to new norms
CBS News, 13
China emerges as new force in drone warfare, May 3, 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/
Chinese aerospace firms have developed dozens of drones, known also as unmanned aerial vehicles
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There needs to be agreement on what the limits are," he said.
Chinese drone adventurism causes miscalc over the Senkakus – U.S. gets drawn in
Brimley, 13
Shawn, vice president of the Asia Program at the Center for a New American Security, The Drone War Comes To Asia, http://hrana.org/articles/2013/09/the-drone-war-comes-to-asia/
Without a doubt, China’s drone adventure 100-miles north of the Senkakus was
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political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war.
Extinction
Strait Times, 2k
CHING CHEONG – SENIOR JOURNALIST @ THE STRAIT TIMES, NO ONE GAINS IN A WAR OVER TAIWAN, JUNE 25, LEXIS
THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a
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should that come to pass, we would see the destruction of civilization.
Highest probability – drones lower the bar for aggression on both sides
Parker, 13
Richard, NY TIMES, Pilotless Planes, Pacific Tensions, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/13/opinion/drones-and-the-rivalry-between-the-us-and-china.html?smid=go-shareand_r=1and
This exercise is the beginning of a new chapter in military history: autonomous
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fully understand, and so are all the more likely to fall into.

ADV 2
Contention 2 is Legitimacy
Targeting low-level militants drives anti-American sentiment and undermines counter-terrorism in Pakistan.
Hamid, 13
Moshin, Pakistan: Why Drones Don’t Help, NY Review of Books, May, 23, 2013, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/may/23/pakistan-why-drones-dont-help/?pagination=false
The report from Stanford and NYU highlights research separately conducted by Reuters and by the
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. The country must be responsible for dealing with its own extremist groups.
Strikes will continue.
Mazetti, 13
Mark, Despite Administration Promises, Few Signs of Change in Drone Wars, NYT, August 2, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/us/politics/drone-war-rages-on-even-as-administration-talks-about-ending-it.html?pagewanted=all
WASHINGTON — There were more drone strikes in Pakistan last month than any month since
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Pakistan,” Mr. Zenko said, “or Yemen for that matter.”
Lack of congressional restrictions undermines Pakistani government credibility risking a violent coup.
Khan, 8-29
Muhammed, PhD scholar in international law in University of Salzburg, The Drone Dilemma, Pakistan Today, 8-29-13, http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/08/29/comment/columns/the-drone-dilemma-2/
During his first term, President Obama launched more than six times as many drone
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be committing a political suicide which might even turn into a bloody revolt.
The plan is the CRUCIAL step in undermining hardliners – focus on principles of distinction and proportionality are key.
ICG, 13
International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796
The lack of candour from the U.S. and Pakistan governments on the
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oversight by the Senate and House Armed Services Committees and appropriate judicial review.
Ending the targeting of low-level operatives key to cooperation and legitimacy –comparative evidence.
Boyle, 13
Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The extent to which the Obama administration has targeted lower-ranked operatives is not
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Al-Qaeda and strengthened local insurgent forces challenging the Yemeni government.53
Pakistan state collapse guts the global economy and causes nuclear world war 3.
Walayat, 10
Nadeem, 20 years experience of trading derivatives, portfolio management and analysing the financial markets, including one of few who both anticipated and Beat the 1987 Crash, Pakistan Collapse Could Trigger Global Great Depression and World War III, The Market Oracle, January 16, 2010, http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article16543.html
During 2009 the 2600 terrorist attacks resulted in the number of deaths soaring to more
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as the 1930's Great Deflationary Depression ultimately resulted in the Second World War.
Economic collapse causes war, and terror
Royal, 10
Jedediah, Director of Cooperativ e Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

SOLVO
?
Contention 3 is Solvency
ONLY Congressional oversight is the key internal link to credible rules of the road and international norms. Presidential action leaves the door open to unstrained unilateralism.
Maxwell, 12
Mark David, a Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS FEELING SAFE?, National Defense University, 64:1, 1st quarter, 2012, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html
In order to alleviate both of these quandaries, Congress must step in with legislative
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what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law. JFQ

Current administration policy must be codified to solve
Dworkin, 13
Anthony, senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, “Drones And Targeted Killing: Defining A European Position”, July, http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR84_DRONES_BRIEF.pdf
In both Pakistan and Yemen, there may have been times when some drone strikes
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to serve as a precedent for other states that wish to claim it.
Drone doctrine is unsustainable – only Congress reforms solve and are sustainable
Hayden, 13
Tom, The Peace and Justice Resource Center and The Nation, 'Bug Splat': Think Tank and Rep. Ellison Call for Drone Reform, http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/read.php?itemid=13074
The report credits protests by human rights, peace advocates and journalists for causing a
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policies, or the future will become far more secret than the past.
Lacking statutory reform kills program – leaks and legal criticism
Chesney, 13
Robert, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the University of Texas School of Law, Senior Fellow of the Brookings Institution, Trust, but Codify: Metadata, Drones, and Legal Transparency, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/06/trust-but-codify-metadata-drones
The point is very clear with the metadata program, which depends on a non
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sustainable if these elements were brought into the light and entrenched in statute.

Prefer empiricism and falsifiability – non-falsifiability disproves their methodology, destroys debate, and causes extinction
Coyne, 6
Jerry a – Author and Writer for the Times, A plea for empiricism, FOLLIES OF THE WISE, Dissenting essays, 405pp. Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker and Hoard

Supernatural forces and events, essential aspects of most religions, play no role
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politics and religion, we desperately need to heed Crews’s plea for empiricism.
Crisis operations enforcement – defining acceptable targets enables faster executive decisions and flexibility   
Cronogue, 13
Graham, Duke University School of Law, J.D, A NEW AUMF: DEFINING COMBATANTS IN THE
WAR ON TERROR, DUKE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE and INTERNATIONAL LAW, 377, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1294andcontext=djcil 

Though the President’s inherent authority to act in times of emergency and war can arguably
AND
be deemed as implicit delegation of war making power to the executive.82

Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kansas Carey-Duff | Judge: Zendeh
Plan
The United States Congress should restrict the president’s targeted killing authority to individuals who are members of organized armed groups of a non-state party engaged in hostilities. 

Contention 1 is Restraint

Drone tech is inevitable – US action is the key internal link to controlling how they are used
Farley, 11
Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, World Politics Review, 10-12-11, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting.

US practices ignore international norms of proportionality and distinction undermining the very nature of restraint in international law.
ICG, 13
International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796
President Obama, has argued that “there is nothing in international law … that
AND
, and they are entitled to defend themselves before a court of law.

US must act now key to norms and a legal framework – inaction collapses I-Law – checks on the executive are key.
Brooks, 13
Rosa, professor at Georgetown University, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights April 23, 2013
Right now, the United States has a decided technological advantage when it comes to
AND
them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

International norms have a positive affect on state behavior – multiple empirical studies
Guzman, 7                                                                                                                   Andrew, Jackson H. Ralston Professor of Law and Associate Dean at UC Berkeley School of Law, where he is also the Director of the Advanced Law Degree Programs, and Associate Dean for International and Advanced Degree Programs, How International Law Works: A Rational Choice Theory, 2007
The book explains how international law is able to affect state behavior despite a lack
AND
. If that is correct, international law must be having an effect.

Scenario One – Deterrence 

Squo Lack of checks on drone policy and makes accidental war inevitable.
Dowd, 13
Alan, writes on national defense, foreign policy, and international security. His writing has appeared in multiple publications including Parameters, Policy Review, The Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, World Politics Review, American Outlook, The Baltimore Sun, The Washington Times, The National Post, The Wall Street Journal Europe, The Jerusalem Post, and The Financial Times Deutschland, Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings, Parameters, 42(4), Winter Spring, 2013, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/1_Article_Dowd.pdf
If we argue that drone pilots are not in the battlespace, which seems reasonable
AND
spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies.

Collapses deterrence and all conflicts go nuclear
Boyle, 13
Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
AND
legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.

Nuclear deterrence deters rogue states, CBW attacks, and prolif -- impact is extinction
Schneider, ‘8
 Mark, a Senior Analyst with the National Institute for Public Policy, Before his retirement from the Department of Defense, Dr. Schneider served in a number of senior positions within the Office of Secretary of Defense for Policy including Principal Director for Forces Policy, Principal Director for Strategic Defense, Space and Verification Policy, Director for Strategic Arms Control Policy and Representative of the Secretary of Defense to the Nuclear Arms Control Implementation Commissions. He also served in the senior Foreign Service as a Member of the State Department Policy Planning Staff, the Professional Staff of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, the Department of Energy, the Energy Research and Development Administration and the Atomic Energy Commission. Prior to his government career, Dr. Schneider served as a Senior Political Scientist with the BMD Corporation, a policy analyst with the Stanford Research Institute and taught at the University of Southern California and California State University at Los Angeles, “The Future of the US Nuclear Deterrent” Comparative Strategy, July-September 2008, 27:4, p345-360
According to the Pentagon’s Quadrennial Defense Review, the United States must maintain a “
AND
legacy arms control and its constraints upon U.S. conventional capabilities. 

Russo-Balkan war goes nuclear causes extinction
Chicago Daily Herald, Staff, “Dogs of War,” May 9, 1999, lexis.
We hear the grim rationale for sending in ground troops "to salvage the credibility
AND
point of world conflict resulting in nuclear war and incalculable self-destruction.

Scenario Two – China

China models US drone usage – restraints are key to new norms
CBS News, 13
China emerges as new force in drone warfare, May 3, 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/
Chinese aerospace firms have developed dozens of drones, known also as unmanned aerial vehicles
AND
There needs to be agreement on what the limits are," he said.

Chinese drone adventurism causes miscalc over the Senkakus – U.S. gets drawn in
Brimley, 13
Shawn, vice president of the Asia Program at the Center for a New American Security, The Drone War Comes To Asia, http://hrana.org/articles/2013/09/the-drone-war-comes-to-asia/
Without a doubt, China’s drone adventure 100-miles north of the Senkakus was
AND
political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war.

Extinction
Strait Times, 2k
CHING CHEONG – SENIOR JOURNALIST @ THE STRAIT TIMES, NO ONE GAINS IN A WAR OVER TAIWAN, JUNE 25, LEXIS
THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a
AND
should that come to pass, we would see the destruction of civilization.

Highest probability – drones lower the bar for aggression on both sides
Parker, 13
Richard, NY TIMES, Pilotless Planes, Pacific Tensions, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/13/opinion/drones-and-the-rivalry-between-the-us-and-china.html?smid=go-shareand_r=1and
This exercise is the beginning of a new chapter in military history: autonomous
AND
fully understand, and so are all the more likely to fall into.

Contention 2 is Legitimacy

Targeting low-level militants drives anti-American sentiment and undermines counter-terrorism in Pakistan.
Hamid, 13
Moshin, Pakistan: Why Drones Don’t Help, NY Review of Books, May, 23, 2013, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/may/23/pakistan-why-drones-dont-help/?pagination=false
The report from Stanford and NYU highlights research separately conducted by Reuters and by the
AND
. The country must be responsible for dealing with its own extremist groups.

Strikes will continue.
Mazetti, 13
Mark, Despite Administration Promises, Few Signs of Change in Drone Wars, NYT, August 2, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/us/politics/drone-war-rages-on-even-as-administration-talks-about-ending-it.html?pagewanted=all
WASHINGTON — There were more drone strikes in Pakistan last month than any month since
AND
Pakistan,” Mr. Zenko said, “or Yemen for that matter.” 

Lack of congressional restrictions undermines Pakistani government credibility risking a violent coup.
Khan, 8-29
Muhammed, PhD scholar in international law in University of Salzburg, The Drone Dilemma, Pakistan Today, 8-29-13, http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/08/29/comment/columns/the-drone-dilemma-2/
During his first term, President Obama launched more than six times as many drone
AND
be committing a political suicide which might even turn into a bloody revolt.

The plan is the CRUCIAL step in undermining hardliners – focus on principles of distinction and proportionality are key.
ICG, 13
International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796
The lack of candour from the U.S. and Pakistan governments on the
AND
oversight by the Senate and House Armed Services Committees and appropriate judicial review.

Ending the targeting of low-level operatives key to cooperation and legitimacy –comparative evidence.
Boyle, 13
Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The extent to which the Obama administration has targeted lower-ranked operatives is not
AND
Al-Qaeda and strengthened local insurgent forces challenging the Yemeni government.53

Pakistan state collapse guts the global economy and causes nuclear world war 3.
Walayat, 10
Nadeem, 20 years experience of trading derivatives, portfolio management and analysing the financial markets, including one of few who both anticipated and Beat the 1987 Crash, Pakistan Collapse Could Trigger Global Great Depression and World War III, The Market Oracle, January 16, 2010, http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article16543.html
During 2009 the 2600 terrorist attacks resulted in the number of deaths soaring to more
AND
as the 1930's Great Deflationary Depression ultimately resulted in the Second World War.

Economic collapse causes war, and terror
Royal, 10
Jedediah, Director of Cooperativ e Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.
?
Contention 3 is Solvency

ONLY Congressional oversight is the key internal link to credible rules of the road and international norms. Presidential action leaves the door open to unstrained unilateralism.
Maxwell, 12
Mark David, a Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS FEELING SAFE?, National Defense University, 64:1, 1st quarter, 2012, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html
In order to alleviate both of these quandaries, Congress must step in with legislative
AND
what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law. JFQ

Congress action is key – sustains separation of powers
Capito 2007, Charles L., Wash and Lee L. Reve. 297, 2007, Inadequate Checks and Balances: Critiquing the Imbalance of Power in Arms Export Regulation?, flaw.wlu.edu/deptimages/Law20Review/64-120Capito20Note.pdf
B. A Congressional Solution Is Preferable to a Judicial Remedy¶ There are legislative
AND
the Executive's use or abuse¶ of delegated authority in foreign relations.258

Prevents nuke war and extinction
Hemesath 2k (J.D./M.S.F.S. Georgetown University Law Center, School of Foreign Service, 2001; B.A. University of California at Los Angeles, 1996.88 Geo. L. J. 2473. Lexis Nexis Academic)
Politically, nuclear weapons wield such powerful and unique symbolic effects n70 that a decision
AND
judicial reasoning that would resolve this debate in favor of either side. n78

Current administration policy must be codified to solve
Dworkin, 13
Anthony, senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, “Drones And Targeted Killing: Defining A European Position”, July, http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR84_DRONES_BRIEF.pdf
In both Pakistan and Yemen, there may have been times when some drone strikes
AND
to serve as a precedent for other states that wish to claim it.

Drone doctrine is unsustainable – only Congress reforms solve and are sustainable
Hayden, 13
Tom, The Peace and Justice Resource Center and The Nation, 'Bug Splat': Think Tank and Rep. Ellison Call for Drone Reform, http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/read.php?itemid=13074
The report credits protests by human rights, peace advocates and journalists for causing a
AND
policies, or the future will become far more secret than the past.

Lacking statutory reform kills program – leaks and legal criticism
Chesney, 13
Robert, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the University of Texas School of Law, Senior Fellow of the Brookings Institution, Trust, but Codify: Metadata, Drones, and Legal Transparency, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/06/trust-but-codify-metadata-drones
The point is very clear with the metadata program, which depends on a non
AND
sustainable if these elements were brought into the light and entrenched in statute.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Trinity Vail-Yorko | Judge: Allen
1AC
Plan
The United States Congress should restrict the president’s targeting authority in a non-international armed conflict to individuals who are members of organized armed groups of a non-state party engaged in hostilities. 

ADV 1
Contention 1 is Restraint
Drone tech is inevitable – US action is the key internal link to controlling how they are used
Farley, 11
Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, World Politics Review, 10-12-11, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting.
US practices ignore international norms of proportionality and distinction undermining the very nature of restraint in international law.
ICG, 13
International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796
President Obama, has argued that “there is nothing in international law … that
AND
, and they are entitled to defend themselves before a court of law.
US must act now key to norms and a legal framework – inaction collapses I-Law – checks on the executive are key.
Brooks, 13
Rosa, professor at Georgetown University, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights April 23, 2013
Right now, the United States has a decided technological advantage when it comes to
AND
them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?
International norms have a positive affect on state behavior – multiple empirical studies
Guzman, 7                                                                                                                   Andrew, Jackson H. Ralston Professor of Law and Associate Dean at UC Berkeley School of Law, where he is also the Director of the Advanced Law Degree Programs, and Associate Dean for International and Advanced Degree Programs, How International Law Works: A Rational Choice Theory, 2007
The book explains how international law is able to affect state behavior despite a lack
AND
. If that is correct, international law must be having an effect.
Scenario One – Deterrence
Squo Lack of checks on drone policy and makes accidental war inevitable.
Dowd, 13
Alan, writes on national defense, foreign policy, and international security. His writing has appeared in multiple publications including Parameters, Policy Review, The Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, World Politics Review, American Outlook, The Baltimore Sun, The Washington Times, The National Post, The Wall Street Journal Europe, The Jerusalem Post, and The Financial Times Deutschland, Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings, Parameters, 42(4), Winter Spring, 2013, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/1_Article_Dowd.pdf
If we argue that drone pilots are not in the battlespace, which seems reasonable
AND
spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies.
Collapses deterrence and all conflicts go nuclear
Boyle, 13
Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
AND
legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.
Nuclear deterrence deters rogue states, CBW attacks, and prolif -- impact is extinction
Schneider, ‘8
 Mark, a Senior Analyst with the National Institute for Public Policy, Before his retirement from the Department of Defense, Dr. Schneider served in a number of senior positions within the Office of Secretary of Defense for Policy including Principal Director for Forces Policy, Principal Director for Strategic Defense, Space and Verification Policy, Director for Strategic Arms Control Policy and Representative of the Secretary of Defense to the Nuclear Arms Control Implementation Commissions. He also served in the senior Foreign Service as a Member of the State Department Policy Planning Staff, the Professional Staff of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, the Department of Energy, the Energy Research and Development Administration and the Atomic Energy Commission. Prior to his government career, Dr. Schneider served as a Senior Political Scientist with the BMD Corporation, a policy analyst with the Stanford Research Institute and taught at the University of Southern California and California State University at Los Angeles, “The Future of the US Nuclear Deterrent” Comparative Strategy, July-September 2008, 27:4, p345-360 

According to the Pentagon’s Quadrennial Defense Review, the United States must maintain a “
AND
legacy arms control and its constraints upon U.S. conventional capabilities.
Russo-Balkan war goes nuclear causes extinction

Chicago Daily Herald, Staff, “Dogs of War,” May 9, 1999, lexis.

We hear the grim rationale for sending in ground troops "to salvage the credibility
AND
point of world conflict resulting in nuclear war and incalculable self-destruction.
SOLVO
?
Contention 3 is Solvency
ONLY Congressional oversight is the key internal link to credible rules of the road and international norms. Presidential action leaves the door open to unstrained unilateralism.
Maxwell, 12
Mark David, a Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS FEELING SAFE?, National Defense University, 64:1, 1st quarter, 2012, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html
In order to alleviate both of these quandaries, Congress must step in with legislative
AND
what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law. JFQ

Current administration policy must be codified to solve
Dworkin, 13
Anthony, senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, “Drones And Targeted Killing: Defining A European Position”, July, http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR84_DRONES_BRIEF.pdf
In both Pakistan and Yemen, there may have been times when some drone strikes
AND
to serve as a precedent for other states that wish to claim it.
Drone doctrine is unsustainable – only Congress reforms solve and are sustainable
Hayden, 13
Tom, The Peace and Justice Resource Center and The Nation, 'Bug Splat': Think Tank and Rep. Ellison Call for Drone Reform, http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/read.php?itemid=13074
The report credits protests by human rights, peace advocates and journalists for causing a
AND
policies, or the future will become far more secret than the past.
Lacking statutory reform kills program – leaks and legal criticism
Chesney, 13
Robert, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the University of Texas School of Law, Senior Fellow of the Brookings Institution, Trust, but Codify: Metadata, Drones, and Legal Transparency, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/06/trust-but-codify-metadata-drones
The point is very clear with the metadata program, which depends on a non
AND
sustainable if these elements were brought into the light and entrenched in statute.
External checks are effective
Aziz Z. Huq 12, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School, "Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)", May 25, www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/400-ah-binding.pdf
Paulson ’ s genuflection and Obama ’ s reticence, I will contend here,
AND
political actors’ exertions and legal rules will prove effective in limiting such discretion.
Even if they aren’t – the president will go along with them anyway
Bradley and Morrison 13
Curtis, William Van Alstyne Professor of Law, Duke Law School. and Trevor, Liviu Librescu Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, Presidential Power, Historical Practice, And Legal Constraint, 2013 Directors of The Columbia Law Review Association, Inc. Columbia Law Review May, 2013, L/N

Insisting on a sharp distinction between the law governing presidential authority that is subject to
AND
than an internal sense of fidelity to law (or judicial review). n120

ADV 2

Advantage 2 is preempting the inevitable
Extinction-level impacts should be treated as the highest priority – magnitude trumps probability when survival is at stake.
Anders Sandberg, James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, et al., with Jason G. Matheny, Ph.D. candidate in Health Policy and Management at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Special Consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and Milan M. ?irkovi?, Senior Research Associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and Assistant Professor of Physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 2008 (“How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September 8th, Available Online at http://thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction)
The facts are sobering. More than 99.9 percent of species that have
AND
neuroscience, and developing international policies to reduce the risk of catastrophic accidents.
Consequentialism is good and key – only reason to vote.  
Isaac
Professor of Political Science at Indiana-Bloomington, Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale (Jeffery C., Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” p. Proquest) 

As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Prior questions fail
Owen 2 David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a
AND
the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
Anthropocentric viewpoints are inevitable
human nature ensures that we will never be able to accept a non-anthropocentric viewpoint
Beth Mendenhall, student of philosophy and pol sci at KSU, 4-2009. “The Environmental Crises: Why We Need Anthropocentrism” Stance Volume 2, http://www.bsu.edu/libraries/virtualpress/stance/2009_spring/5Menderhall.pdf
As humans, it is probably impossible to escape a human-centered ethic to
AND
realism, the idea that we can have knowledge of objective moral facts.

Our view of nature is inevitable and necessary to prevent ecological collapse – this controls the ethics debate
Pollan, ‘6 – Knight Professor of Journalism at UC Berkeley. “An Animal’s Place,” 11-10, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500efd7153ef933a25752c1a9649c8b63andpagewanted=6. 

The farmer would point out that even vegans have a ''serious clash of interests'' with
AND
Whatever else it is, our meat eating is something very deep indeed.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 7 | Opponent: Kansas Robb-Murphy | Judge: Haynal
1AC
Plan
The United States Congress should restrict the president’s targeting authority in a non-international armed conflict to individuals who are members of organized armed groups of a non-state party engaged in hostilities. 

ADV 1
Contention 1 is Restraint
Drone tech is inevitable – US action is the key internal link to controlling how they are used
Farley, 11
Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, World Politics Review, 10-12-11, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting.
US practices ignore international norms of proportionality and distinction undermining the very nature of restraint in international law.
ICG, 13
International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796
President Obama, has argued that “there is nothing in international law … that
AND
, and they are entitled to defend themselves before a court of law.
US must act now key to norms and a legal framework – inaction collapses I-Law – checks on the executive are key.
Brooks, 13
Rosa, professor at Georgetown University, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights April 23, 2013
Right now, the United States has a decided technological advantage when it comes to
AND
them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?
International norms have a positive affect on state behavior – multiple empirical studies
Guzman, 7                                                                                                                   Andrew, Jackson H. Ralston Professor of Law and Associate Dean at UC Berkeley School of Law, where he is also the Director of the Advanced Law Degree Programs, and Associate Dean for International and Advanced Degree Programs, How International Law Works: A Rational Choice Theory, 2007
The book explains how international law is able to affect state behavior despite a lack
AND
. If that is correct, international law must be having an effect.
Scenario One – Deterrence
Squo Lack of checks on drone policy and makes accidental war inevitable.
Dowd, 13
Alan, writes on national defense, foreign policy, and international security. His writing has appeared in multiple publications including Parameters, Policy Review, The Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, World Politics Review, American Outlook, The Baltimore Sun, The Washington Times, The National Post, The Wall Street Journal Europe, The Jerusalem Post, and The Financial Times Deutschland, Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings, Parameters, 42(4), Winter Spring, 2013, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/1_Article_Dowd.pdf
If we argue that drone pilots are not in the battlespace, which seems reasonable
AND
spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies.
Collapses deterrence and all conflicts go nuclear
Boyle, 13
Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
AND
legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.
Nuclear deterrence deters rogue states, CBW attacks, and prolif -- impact is extinction
Schneider, ‘8
 Mark, a Senior Analyst with the National Institute for Public Policy, Before his retirement from the Department of Defense, Dr. Schneider served in a number of senior positions within the Office of Secretary of Defense for Policy including Principal Director for Forces Policy, Principal Director for Strategic Defense, Space and Verification Policy, Director for Strategic Arms Control Policy and Representative of the Secretary of Defense to the Nuclear Arms Control Implementation Commissions. He also served in the senior Foreign Service as a Member of the State Department Policy Planning Staff, the Professional Staff of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, the Department of Energy, the Energy Research and Development Administration and the Atomic Energy Commission. Prior to his government career, Dr. Schneider served as a Senior Political Scientist with the BMD Corporation, a policy analyst with the Stanford Research Institute and taught at the University of Southern California and California State University at Los Angeles, “The Future of the US Nuclear Deterrent” Comparative Strategy, July-September 2008, 27:4, p345-360 

According to the Pentagon’s Quadrennial Defense Review, the United States must maintain a “
AND
legacy arms control and its constraints upon U.S. conventional capabilities.
Russo-Balkan war goes nuclear causes extinction

Chicago Daily Herald, Staff, “Dogs of War,” May 9, 1999, lexis.

We hear the grim rationale for sending in ground troops "to salvage the credibility
AND
point of world conflict resulting in nuclear war and incalculable self-destruction.
Scenario Two – China
China models US drone usage – restraints are key to new norms
CBS News, 13
China emerges as new force in drone warfare, May 3, 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/
Chinese aerospace firms have developed dozens of drones, known also as unmanned aerial vehicles
AND
There needs to be agreement on what the limits are," he said.
Chinese drone adventurism causes miscalc over the Senkakus – U.S. gets drawn in
Brimley, 13
Shawn, vice president of the Asia Program at the Center for a New American Security, The Drone War Comes To Asia, http://hrana.org/articles/2013/09/the-drone-war-comes-to-asia/
Without a doubt, China’s drone adventure 100-miles north of the Senkakus was
AND
political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war.
Extinction
Strait Times, 2k
CHING CHEONG – SENIOR JOURNALIST @ THE STRAIT TIMES, NO ONE GAINS IN A WAR OVER TAIWAN, JUNE 25, LEXIS
THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a
AND
should that come to pass, we would see the destruction of civilization.
Highest probability – drones lower the bar for aggression on both sides
Parker, 13
Richard, NY TIMES, Pilotless Planes, Pacific Tensions, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/13/opinion/drones-and-the-rivalry-between-the-us-and-china.html?smid=go-shareand_r=1and
This exercise is the beginning of a new chapter in military history: autonomous
AND
fully understand, and so are all the more likely to fall into.

ADV 2
Contention 2 is Legitimacy
Targeting low-level militants drives anti-American sentiment and undermines counter-terrorism in Pakistan.
Hamid, 13
Moshin, Pakistan: Why Drones Don’t Help, NY Review of Books, May, 23, 2013, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/may/23/pakistan-why-drones-dont-help/?pagination=false
The report from Stanford and NYU highlights research separately conducted by Reuters and by the
AND
. The country must be responsible for dealing with its own extremist groups.
Strikes will continue.
Mazetti, 13
Mark, Despite Administration Promises, Few Signs of Change in Drone Wars, NYT, August 2, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/us/politics/drone-war-rages-on-even-as-administration-talks-about-ending-it.html?pagewanted=all
WASHINGTON — There were more drone strikes in Pakistan last month than any month since
AND
Pakistan,” Mr. Zenko said, “or Yemen for that matter.”
Lack of congressional restrictions undermines Pakistani government credibility risking a violent coup.
Khan, 8-29
Muhammed, PhD scholar in international law in University of Salzburg, The Drone Dilemma, Pakistan Today, 8-29-13, http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/08/29/comment/columns/the-drone-dilemma-2/
During his first term, President Obama launched more than six times as many drone
AND
be committing a political suicide which might even turn into a bloody revolt.
The plan is the CRUCIAL step in undermining hardliners – focus on principles of distinction and proportionality are key.
ICG, 13
International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796
The lack of candour from the U.S. and Pakistan governments on the
AND
oversight by the Senate and House Armed Services Committees and appropriate judicial review.
Ending the targeting of low-level operatives key to cooperation and legitimacy –comparative evidence.
Boyle, 13
Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The extent to which the Obama administration has targeted lower-ranked operatives is not
AND
Al-Qaeda and strengthened local insurgent forces challenging the Yemeni government.53
Pakistan state collapse guts the global economy and causes nuclear world war 3.
Walayat, 10
Nadeem, 20 years experience of trading derivatives, portfolio management and analysing the financial markets, including one of few who both anticipated and Beat the 1987 Crash, Pakistan Collapse Could Trigger Global Great Depression and World War III, The Market Oracle, January 16, 2010, http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article16543.html
During 2009 the 2600 terrorist attacks resulted in the number of deaths soaring to more
AND
as the 1930's Great Deflationary Depression ultimately resulted in the Second World War.
Economic collapse causes war, and terror
Royal, 10
Jedediah, Director of Cooperativ e Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

SOLVO
?
Contention 3 is Solvency
ONLY Congressional oversight is the key internal link to credible rules of the road and international norms. Presidential action leaves the door open to unstrained unilateralism.
Maxwell, 12
Mark David, a Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS FEELING SAFE?, National Defense University, 64:1, 1st quarter, 2012, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html
In order to alleviate both of these quandaries, Congress must step in with legislative
AND
what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law. JFQ

Current administration policy must be codified to solve
Dworkin, 13
Anthony, senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, “Drones And Targeted Killing: Defining A European Position”, July, http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR84_DRONES_BRIEF.pdf
In both Pakistan and Yemen, there may have been times when some drone strikes
AND
to serve as a precedent for other states that wish to claim it.
Drone doctrine is unsustainable – only Congress reforms solve and are sustainable
Hayden, 13
Tom, The Peace and Justice Resource Center and The Nation, 'Bug Splat': Think Tank and Rep. Ellison Call for Drone Reform, http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/read.php?itemid=13074
The report credits protests by human rights, peace advocates and journalists for causing a
AND
policies, or the future will become far more secret than the past.
Lacking statutory reform kills program – leaks and legal criticism
Chesney, 13
Robert, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the University of Texas School of Law, Senior Fellow of the Brookings Institution, Trust, but Codify: Metadata, Drones, and Legal Transparency, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/06/trust-but-codify-metadata-drones
The point is very clear with the metadata program, which depends on a non
AND
sustainable if these elements were brought into the light and entrenched in statute.

Prefer empiricism and falsifiability – non-falsifiability disproves their methodology, destroys debate, and causes extinction
Coyne, 6
Jerry a – Author and Writer for the Times, A plea for empiricism, FOLLIES OF THE WISE, Dissenting essays, 405pp. Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker and Hoard

Supernatural forces and events, essential aspects of most religions, play no role
AND
politics and religion, we desperately need to heed Crews’s plea for empiricism.
Extinction comes first
Cummiskey ‘96
(David, Associate Philosophy Professor, Bates College, Kantian Consequentialism, p. 129-131)
It does, however, support the consequentialist interpretation. Since the moral demand to
AND
conclusion that the more persons with dignity who are saved, the better.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: JMU BM | Judge: Lundberg,Atchison, Allen
T
Bradley and Goldsmith ‘5
- Curtis and - Jack, Professors at University of Virginia and Harvard Law Schools Respectively, CONGRESSIONAL AUTHORIZATION AND THE
WAR ON TERRORISM, Harvard Law Review, Volume 118, May 2005

The AUMF is arguably more restrictive in one respect, and argua-bly broader
AND
of facts related to the exercise of his authority under the AUMF.147

K
External checks are effective
Aziz Z. Huq 12, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School, "Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)", May 25, www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/400-ah-binding.pdf
Paulson ’ s genuflection and Obama ’ s reticence, I will contend here,
AND
political actors’ exertions and legal rules will prove effective in limiting such discretion.

Extinction comes first
Cummiskey ‘96
(David, Associate Philosophy Professor, Bates College, Kantian Consequentialism, p. 129-131)
It does, however, support the consequentialist interpretation. Since the moral demand to
AND
conclusion that the more persons with dignity who are saved, the better.

Radical epistemological critiques of IR should be rejected. Our knowledge claims have value even if they are imperfect, and methodological pluralism is better than pure reflectivism.
Niarguinen ‘1
Dmitri, IR at Central European University, Transforming Realism: Irreducible Core Gives Life to New Interpretations
and Flexible Incarnations, RUBIKON E-JOURNAL, December 2001, the original website is inactive but remains available at
http://web.archive.org/web/20060503234134/http://venus.ci.uw.edu.pl/~rubikon/forum/dmitri.htm.
For the genuine link between constructivism and Realism to be taken seriously, certain elaborations
AND
to the understanding of world politics”71. Ergo, ita est.
*END OF ARTICLE*LAST FOOTNOTE CITES THE GUZZINI EVIDENCE

Legal reforms restrain the cycle of violence and prevent error replication
O’Cinneide 8
Colm, Senior Lecturer in Law at University College London, Strapped to the Mast: The Siren Song of Dreadful Necessity, the United Kingdom Human Rights Act and the Terrorist Threat, Ch 15 in Fresh Perspectives on the ‘War on Terror,’ ed. Miriam Gani and Penelope Mathew, http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html
This ‘symbiotic’ relationship between counter-terrorism measures and political violence, and the
AND
repression: the need for mobilisation in response may therefore also be diluted.
Prefer empiricism and falsifiability – non-falsifiability disproves their methodology, destroys debate, and causes extinction
Coyne, 6
Jerry a – Author and Writer for the Times, A plea for empiricism, FOLLIES OF THE WISE, Dissenting essays, 405pp. Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker and Hoard

Supernatural forces and events, essential aspects of most religions, play no role
AND
politics and religion, we desperately need to heed Crews’s plea for empiricism.

The Ks assumption of the modern being tangible means their impacts are built upon false assumptions
Grossberg 10 (Lawrence, Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 260) 

The question is neither empirical nor conceptual, but conjunctural and discursive. To theorize
AND
is never fully actualized, because it can be actualized in multiple ways.
Pacifism alternative fails---too optimistic and speculative
Brian Orend 6, Director of International Studies, and a Professor of Philosophy, at the University of Waterloo in Canada, "The Morality of War", Broadview Press, Google Books, p. 263
Summary¶ The goal of this chapter was to discuss and evaluate the pacifist alternative
AND
prospects, in our rough- and-tumble world, seem promising.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: JMU BM | Judge: Lundberg,Atchison, Allen
Norms
Collapse of program inevitable
Allied and public backlash kills the program – the plan is a key middle path  
Zenko, 13 Micah, fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department's Office of Policy Planning, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “U.S. Drone Strike Policies”, i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Drones_CSR65.pdf?
In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared: “Where force
AND
if the United States modified its drone policy in the way suggested below.
No link uniqueness – drones decreasing now, but don’t take out the advantage  
Bergen, 10/25/13 Peter, CNN, Did Obama keep his drone promises? http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/25/opinion/bergen-drone-promises/index.html
A study of drone strike activity since May 23, tabulated by the New America
AND
Louis Brandeis observed a century ago, "Sunlight is the best disinfectant."
Alt to drones is less force not more
Boyle, 13
Michael J, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf

Finally, a number of experts have argued that drone strikes are not only effec
AND
alternatives, not against extreme examples from wartime like the firebombing of Dresden.

TF
?
They say “circumvention”

1.  Not predictive – doesn’t refer to legislation to restrict Obama
   2.  Fiat solves – the president would sign our congressional legislation and comply with it – Maxwell says Congress has supremacy
   Self interest and pressure
   Pildes, 12
   Richard H, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381

In what ¶ they view as hard-headed realism, scholars like Posner and
AND
seems of limited pragmatic significance, as the ¶ next Part shows.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: JMU BM | Judge: Lundberg,Atchison, Allen
K
Claims of Root Causality are Silly Oversimplifications That Explain Nothing
May ‘2
Collin May 12-18-2002
http://innocentsabroad.blogspot.com/2002_12_15_innocentsabroad_archive.html#90069170

Unfortunately for our scholarly friends, there is a problem with root causes. Root
AND
an immediate and simplistic explanation to impress the gullible and justify the foolish.
We don’t call for role-playing, only policy-analysis-~--that’s effective and productive
Shulock 99 Nancy, PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC POLICY -~-- professor of Public Policy and Administration and director of the Institute for Higher Education Leadership and Policy (IHELP) at Sacramento State University, The Paradox of Policy Analysis: If It Is Not Used, Why Do We Produce So Much of It?, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 18, No. 2, 226–244 (1999)

In my view, none of these radical changes is necessary. As interesting as
AND
, can reshape the policy landscape. Policy analysis can supply the ideas.
Political simulation is empathic and better for decision-making
Harri Raisio 10, RESEARCHER AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VAASA -~-- Researcher, Faculty of Public Administration, University of Vaasa and PhD student in Social and Health Management, at the University of Vaasa, “The Public as Policy Expert: Deliberative Democracy in the Context of Finnish Health Care Reforms and Policies,” Journal of Public Deliberation, Volume 6, Issue 2, 2010, http://services.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1159andcontext=jpd

In deliberation something happens that typically fails to occur during ordinary  political discourse.  Much
AND
notion that public deliberation leads citizens to focus more on  the public good.
No impact-~--legal checks work
William E. Scheuerman 6, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Constellations, Vol. 13, No. 1. p. 116

Schmitt offers three reasons in support of this view. First, he implicitly relies
AND
such conflicts before an international court or tribunal probably would have failed.22
Prior questions will never be fully settled-~--action’s prior
Molly Cochran 99, Assistant Professor of International Affairs at Georgia Institute for Technology, “Normative Theory in International Relations

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: JMU BM | Judge: Lundberg,Atchison, Allen
2AC CIC
W/M – We limit the president’s authority to determine those responsible for 9/11 in the AUMF – AUMF allows you to target anyone sufficient for enemy status
Bradley and Goldsmith ‘5
- Curtis and - Jack, Professors at University of Virginia and Harvard Law Schools Respectively, CONGRESSIONAL AUTHORIZATION AND THE
WAR ON TERRORISM, Harvard Law Review, Volume 118, May 2005

The AUMF is arguably more restrictive in one respect, and argua-bly broader
AND
of facts related to the exercise of his authority under the AUMF.147

We meet the AUMF allows the President to target Nations in the squo – the plan restricts that as well, also the AUMF doesn’t identify groups it says any enemy we make criteria for an enemy
Cronogue evidence goes aff- And it says the AUMF authorizes force aginast those involved in 9/11 and that the prez has the authority to determine those responsible- plan on face limits that authority

C/I’s:
A) Decreasing authority requires reducing the permission to act, not the ability to act.
Taylor, 1996  (Ellen, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online)

The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
AND
is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

b) statutory restrictions limit president’s powers by applying specific criteria

Kershner 10 (Joshua, Articles Editor, Cardozo Law Review. J.D. Candidate (June 2011), Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, “Political Party Restrictions and the Appointments Clause: The Federal Election Commission's Appointments Process Is Constitutional” Cardozo Law Review de novo 2010 Cardozo L. Rev. De Novo 615)

The phrase “statutory restrictions” is used hereinafter to mean statutory language that ¶ restricts the President’s powers of nomination and appointment to those individuals meeting ¶ specific criteria. Examples include gender, state of residence, and most importantly political ¶ party.  
W/M the C/I’s- the plan limits the president’s permission to determine who meets the 9/11 nexus by applying the criteria set by the plan

Prefer our interp
a) Limits- our interp limits out oversight affs and aff’s based on assertions of authority. Their interp over limits by excluding affs that limit constitutional or court-provided war powers. And lack of solvency advocates limits the prolifertions of smaller affirmative
b) Edu- We are heart of his TK authority authority and our plan is the only way to include it in the topic
c) Bidirectionality is inevitable because whether a “restriction” increases prez power is a solvency question, which also proves their interp mixes burdens. Even if the aff is bidirectional it just increases disad link ground
d) Extra T isn’t a voter – it gives the negative more ground, and more links, also better for education, no brightline on what it looks like
Default to reasonability to prevent a race to the most limiting interpretation

Prefer Reasonability
Competing interpretations leads to a race to the bottom to find the most limiting definition. Kills substantive education. T is a zero risk option for the neg err aff.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 6 | Opponent: Kansas City Kansas CC Casas-Gonzaba | Judge: Girouard
Jacob and I believe: The United States Federal Government should not have the authority to engage in targeted killing.

Tournament: D3 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Oklahoma LM | Judge: Sean Kennedy
Plan: The President of the United States should not have the war powers authority to engage in murder through targeted killing. 

Contention One
Contention One is State Violence
The violence of targeted killing renders victims of the state psychologically invisible via the distance and dehumanization of data. Targets are homogenized and clustered, difference and identity are turned into spatial coordinates to be eliminated from the privileged position of the pilot. The system of drone warfare represents the latest method for techno-scientific violence to obliterate difference, interrogation of practices is key.
Wall and Monahan, 11
Tyler and Torin, Department of Criminal Justice, Eastern Kentucky University, Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes, Theoretical Criminology, 15(3), http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf
Drone systems necessarily objectify, and most likely dehumanize, people targeted by them.
AND
camouflage and mobility to evade the reach of surveillance and violence from above.
Violence goes beyond the destruction of the body. Targeted killings reduce and blur ontological borders that objectifies identity. The stare of the drone normalizes violence against the other by reducing difference to risk calculus and targets on a screen. Only by using drones as a prism for theorizing and interrogating all intersections of technology and state violence can we unravel the violence inherent to these practices.
Wall and Monahan, 11
Tyler and Torin, Department of Criminal Justice, Eastern Kentucky University, Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes, Theoretical Criminology, 15(3), http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf
As surveillance and military devices, drones offer a prism for theorizing the technological politics
AND
—will continue, as will unjustifiable interventions based on profiles and probabilities.
Drones illustrate the relationship between surveillance by the state and the militarization of the mind. We have to recognize the violent potential that exists in the rationalization of mindless targeted killing. This systems guarantees eradication of difference and endless violence.
Wall and Monahan, 11
Tyler and Torin, Department of Criminal Justice, Eastern Kentucky University, Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes, Theoretical Criminology, 15(3), http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf
The corporeal politics of space, place, and identity are powerfully inflected by technological  
AND
to theorize actuarial forms of surveillance and social control taken to the extreme.
This violence is not distinct or unique to places like Pakistan or Yemen. The violent nightmare of drone surveillance has created organic contraband out of the bodies of immigrants. The encroaching movement of drone capabilities onto the borders is only the tip of the iceberg.
D’Almeida, 13
Kanya, North America IPS, Virtual Warfare Escalates on U.S.-Mexico Border, 11-6-2013, http://ipsnorthamerica.net/news.php?idnews=3507
However, one thing that cannot be denied, according to Conroy, is the
AND
and there appears to be no end in sight," Boyce told IPS.
THE BLACK BODY IS IN THE CROSSHAIRS – Obama’s drone policy is setting extremely serious precedents that are dangerous for black people—everyone should speak out about this violence.
Bloice et al 13 (Carl Bloice is a BlackCommentator.com Editorial Board member, writer and senior activist in San Francisco, a member of the National Coordinating Committee of the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism, a moderator at portside.org and formerly worked for a healthcare union. Bill Fletcher, Jr. is a long-time racial justice, labor and international activist and writer. He is a Senior Scholar with the Institute for Policy Studies and the immediate past president of TransAfrica Forum. He is the co-author of Solidarity Divided. Jamala is a long-time organizer and writer. She is a 2011 Alston-Bannerman Fellow and author of The Best of The Way I See It and Other Political Writings. She is the co-founder of the Organization for Black Struggle. “Black America and Obama’s Foreign Policy,” http://www.zcommunications.org/black-america-and-obama-s-foreign-policy-by-bill-fletcher-jr.html)
Well, this is a partial list, but the point here is that there
AND
If not now, when? If not you (us), who?
Highlighting the issue of drone warfare is a useful starting point for a larger interrogation of State killing-Exposing the history of targeted killing is an important mechanism for challenging the secret global war on terrorism.
Noble 12 (Doug, activist with the Upstate Coalition to Ground the Drones, Assassination Nation, July 19, http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/07/19/assassination-nation/)
This striking new transparency, the official acknowledgment for the first time of a broad
AND
killing still being perpetrated globally – and covertly – by our Assassination Nation.

Contention Two
Contention 2
ANTIWAR IS THE ANSWER – Antiwar activism is the best starting point to get people involved with emancipatory criticisms of the federal governments relationship to the black body—spills over to other movements on social justice.
Heaney and Rojas-prof organizational studies and sociology, Indiana-12 (Antiwar Politics and Paths of Activist Participation on the Left, http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/papers/rojas_working20paper.pdf)
Charles Tilly (1985) famously argued that war making facilitated state building because wars
AND
antiwar movement is much more likely to send it recruits to other movements.
Our call for action against drone violence strikes at the nexus of oppression that afflicts all communities- the 1ac is critical to connecting the dots between racism, domestic violence and the imperial war machine
Janani, 13
(Author and editor at BGD, http://www.blackgirldangerous.org/2013/08/08/201388zimmermans-and-drones-antiblackness-and-global-domination/ 10/4/13)
I want to build on this analysis further, to a structural level. I
AND
dots between the tactics of enslavement, incarceration, colonialism, and empire.

The performance of the 1ac is critical to the ballot- we fill the debate space with knowledge of the interconnection between anti-black violence, drone strikes and the American imperial war machine- Each one… reach one….. teach one – this is an essential step in stalwart resistance to violence here and abroad
Pinkney, 13
(Larry, Editorial Board Member and Columnist for Black Commentator, former Black Panther Party Member, Is Opposing Obama's 'Kill List' and Drone Missile Murders Being Anti-Black? http://blackcommentator.com/500/500_kir_opposing_kill_list_anti_black.html 10/4/13)
It is perhaps the irony of ironies in this 21st century that the United States
AND
teach one. Onward, then, my sisters and brothers. Onward!
The stance of the 1AC is key. Absent reforms, education and changes in the way we conceptualize targeted killing is important. Targeted killing policies rationalize and valorize a form of exclusionary politics that racially homogenize difference.
Wall and Monahan, 11
Tyler and Torin, Department of Criminal Justice, Eastern Kentucky University, Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes, Theoretical Criminology, 15(3), http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf
The desire for omniscience through total vision is a common motif in theoretical treatments of
AND
to these non-combat geographies and their populations that we next turn.

Contention Three
Contention Three is How Do We Engage In Politics
Assumptions of co-option poisons the environment and makes productive politics impossible. Fear of co-optation contributes to a zero-sum mindset that makes cooperation and coalitions impossible.
Johnson 3 (Kevin, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, University of California at Davis, "The Struggle for Civil Rights: The Need for, and Impediments to, Political Coalitions Among and Within Minority Groups," lexis)
In zero sum games, groups fear conflict and betrayal; in that mindset,
AND
should not be viewed as a scarce resource to be allocated among groups.
Positions of “one right way to do politics” is exemplary of the internal conflicts that destroy community building against oppression
Plyler 2k6
(Jen, anti-poverty activist with Stop Community Food Centre, Masters in Social Work, How To Keep On Keeping On: Sustaining Ourselves in Community Organizing and Social Justice Struggles http://uppingtheanti.org/journal/article/03-how-to-keep-on-keeping-on/ 10/4/13)
Over and over, the prevailing reason cited for why activists leave movements has to
AND
groups. For me, that’s what constitutes ‘burning out.’¶

It is also destructive to any meaningful political movement against oppression- our focus on drone strikes is a piece of a long fight for cultural change- vote aff because our advocacy is essential to making a difference in people’s lives
Plyler 2k6
(Jen, anti-poverty activist with Stop Community Food Centre, Masters in Social Work, How To Keep On Keeping On: Sustaining Ourselves in Community Organizing and Social Justice Struggles http://uppingtheanti.org/journal/article/03-how-to-keep-on-keeping-on/ 10/4/13)
*Mac Scott, a white male who has been active in the environmental, anti-poverty, and immigrant rights movements in Canada and the U.S. since the late 1980s and who is currently a member of the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty (OCAP) and No One is Illegal (NOII); and Manuel Moreno who was very active with the Chilean Communist Party until the coup d’état in 1973, and who now works with the Coalition Against War and Racism (CAWR)*
On learning to work with a diversity of movements and tactics, Mac said:¶
AND
the future, and the future is much longer than you or me.

We use situated impartial knowledge.  It’s not a view from nowhere OR privileged insight to reality based on your own experience—it’s the claim to look at claims on face for their merits, irrespective of the power relations we diagnose
Lisa J. Disch 93, Professor of Political Theory – University of Minnesota, “More Truth Than Fact: Storytelling as Critical Understanding in the Writings of Hannah Arendt,” Political Theory 21:4, November
What Hannah Arendt called “my old fashioned storytelling”7 is at once the
AND
facts but to tell provocative stories that invite contestation form rival perspectives.15

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake Forest LeDuc-Washington | Judge: Elliott, Mathis, McBride

Contention One

Contention One is State Violence

The violence of targeted killing renders victims of the state psychologically irrelevant via the distance and dehumanization of data. Targets are homogenized and clustered, difference and identity are turned into spatial coordinates to be eliminated from the privileged position of the pilot. The system of drone warfare represents the latest method for techno-scientific violence to obliterate difference, interrogation of practices is key.

Wall 26 Monahan, 11
~Tyler 26 Torin, Department of Criminal Justice, Eastern Kentucky University, Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes, Theoretical Criminology, 15(3), http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf~~
Drone systems necessarily objectify, and most likely dehumanize, people targeted by them.
AND
camouflage and mobility to evade the reach of surveillance and violence from above.

Violence goes beyond the destruction of the body. Targeted killings reduce and blur ontological borders that objectifies identity. The stare of the drone normalizes violence against the other by reducing difference to risk calculus and targets on a screen. Only by using drones as a prism for theorizing and interrogating all intersections of technology and state violence can we unravel the violence inherent to these practices.

Wall 26 Monahan, 11
~Tyler 26 Torin, Department of Criminal Justice, Eastern Kentucky University, Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes, Theoretical Criminology, 15(3), http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf~~
As surveillance and military devices, drones offer a prism for theorizing the technological politics
AND
—will continue, as will unjustifiable interventions based on profiles and probabilities.

Drones illustrate the relationship between surveillance by the state and the militarization of the mind. We have to recognize the violent potential that exists in the rationalization of mindless targeted killing. This systems guarantees eradication of difference and endless violence.

Wall 26 Monahan, 11
~Tyler 26 Torin, Department of Criminal Justice, Eastern Kentucky University, Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes, Theoretical Criminology, 15(3), http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf~~
The corporeal politics of space, place, and identity are powerfully inflected by technological  
AND
to theorize actuarial forms of surveillance and social control taken to the extreme.

This violence is not distinct or unique to places like Pakistan or Yemen. The violent nightmare of drone surveillance has created organic contraband out of the bodies of immigrants. The encroaching movement of drone capabilities onto the borders is only the tip of the iceberg.

D’Almeida, 13 
~Kanya, North America IPS, Virtual Warfare Escalates on U.S.-Mexico Border, 11-6-2013, http://ipsnorthamerica.net/news.php?idnews=3507~~
However, one thing that cannot be denied, according to Conroy, is the
AND
and there appears to be no end in sight," Boyce told IPS.

THE BLACK BODY IS IN THE CROSSHAIRS – Obama’s drone policy is setting extremely serious precedents that are dangerous for black people—everyone should speak out about this violence.

Bloice et al 13 (Carl Bloice is a BlackCommentator.com Editorial Board member, writer and senior activist in San Francisco, a member of the National Coordinating Committee of the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism, a moderator at portside.org and formerly worked for a healthcare union. Bill Fletcher, Jr. is a long-time racial justice, labor and international activist and writer. He is a Senior Scholar with the Institute for Policy Studies and the immediate past president of TransAfrica Forum. He is the co-author of Solidarity Divided. Jamala is a long-time organizer and writer. She is a 2011 Alston-Bannerman Fellow and author of The Best of The Way I See It 26 Other Political Writings. She is the co-founder of the Organization for Black Struggle. "Black America and Obama’s Foreign Policy," http://www.zcommunications.org/black-america-and-obama-s-foreign-policy-by-bill-fletcher-jr.html)
Well, this is a partial list, but the point here is that there
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If not now, when? If not you (us), who?

Highlighting the issue of drone warfare is a useful starting point for a larger interrogation of State killing-Exposing the history of targeted killing is an important mechanism for challenging the secret global war on terrorism.

Noble 12 (Doug, activist with the Upstate Coalition to Ground the Drones, Assassination Nation, July 19, http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/07/19/assassination-nation/)
This striking new transparency, the official acknowledgment for the first time of a broad
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killing still being perpetrated globally – and covertly – by our Assassination Nation.

Advocacy

The United States Congress should substantially increase restrictions on the president’s war powers authority to engage in targeted killing.

Contention Two

Contention 2

ANTIWAR IS THE ANSWER – Antiwar activism is the best starting point to get people involved with emancipatory criticisms of the federal governments relationship to the black body—spills over to other movements on social justice.

Heaney and Rojas-prof organizational studies and sociology, Indiana-12 (Antiwar Politics and Paths of Activist Participation on the Left, http://www.indiana.edu/~~workshop/papers/rojas_working20paper.pdf)
Charles Tilly (1985) famously argued that war making facilitated state building because wars
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antiwar movement is much more likely to send it recruits to other movements.

WISHFUL THINKING – You can’t ignore or wish away the state—it commits violence in your name whether you choose to acknowledge it or not, that’s how it justifies endless violence AND TARGETS INDIVIDUAL BODIES

Campos 07 (Joseph H. Campos, The State and Terrorism: National Security and the Mobilization of Power, google books pg 101)
Later it was discovered that the U.S.’ strikes against terrorist facilities
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enacted by the state in the face of terrorism’s "uncivilized" nature.

Our call for action against drone violence strikes at the nexus of oppression that afflicts all communities- the 1ac is critical to connecting the dots between racism, domestic violence and the imperial war machine

Janani, 13
(Author and editor at BGD, http://www.blackgirldangerous.org/2013/08/08/201388zimmermans-and-drones-antiblackness-and-global-domination/ ~10/4/13~)
I want to build on this analysis further, to a structural level. I
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dots between the tactics of enslavement, incarceration, colonialism, and empire.

The performance of the 1ac is critical to the ballot- we fill the debate space with knowledge of the interconnection between anti-black violence, drone strikes and the American imperial war machine- Each one… reach one….. teach one – this is an essential step in stalwart resistance to violence here and abroad

Pinkney, 13
(Larry, Editorial Board Member and Columnist for Black Commentator, former Black Panther Party Member, Is Opposing Obama’s ’Kill List’ 26 Drone Missile Murders Being Anti-Black? http://blackcommentator.com/500/500_kir_opposing_kill_list_anti_black.html ~10/4/13~)
It is perhaps the irony of ironies in this 21st century that the United States
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teach one. Onward, then, my sisters and brothers. Onward21

The stance of the 1AC is key. Absent reforms, education and changes in the way we conceptualize targeted killing is important. Targeted killing policies rationalize and valorize a form of exclusionary politics that racially homogenize difference.

Wall 26 Monahan, 11
~Tyler 26 Torin, Department of Criminal Justice, Eastern Kentucky University, Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes, Theoretical Criminology, 15(3), http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf~~
The desire for omniscience through total vision is a common motif in theoretical treatments of
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to these non-combat geographies and their populations that we next turn.

Aff is key to reinvigorating democratic politics by focusing on policy based solutions to drone strikes

Mellor, 13
(Ewan, E. European University Institute, Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs, Paper for BISA Conference 2013, http://www.bisa.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_bisa26task=download_paper26no_html=126passed_paper_id=398 ~9/11/13~)
This paper has discussed the empirics of the policies of drone strikes in the ongoing
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the public engagement and political activism that are necessary for democratic politics.52

Vote to become the shackles of the state. Simply raising consciousness and being educated about the atrocities committed by our government while good, doesn’t actually solve for anything – if you are outraged by unrestrained state violence vote affirmative – addressing the state is the only way for a mass movement to create change – otherwise you are complicit with the violence they create

Perino, 13
(Michael, Reflection on State Power, http://www.opednews.com/articles/Reflections-on-State-Power-by-Michael-Perino-130211-605.html ~9/11/13~)
In a system of highly centralized, hierarchical power, the goal is not to
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strike. Passive obedience to war crimes is merely silent complicity in them.

Contention Three

Contention Three is How Do We Engage In Politics

Assumptions of co-option poisons the environment and makes productive politics impossible. Fear of co-optation contributes to a zero-sum mindset that makes cooperation and coalitions impossible.

Johnson 3 (Kevin, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, University of California at Davis, "The Struggle for Civil Rights: The Need for, and Impediments to, Political Coalitions Among and Within Minority Groups," lexis)
In zero sum games, groups fear conflict and betrayal; in that mindset,
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should not be viewed as a scarce resource to be allocated among groups.

Positions of "one right way to do politics" is exemplary of the internal conflicts that destroy community building against oppression

Plyler 2k6
(Jen, anti-poverty activist with Stop Community Food Centre, Masters in Social Work, How To Keep On Keeping On: Sustaining Ourselves in Community Organizing and Social Justice Struggles http://uppingtheanti.org/journal/article/03-how-to-keep-on-keeping-on/ ~10/4/13~)
Over and over, the prevailing reason cited for why activists leave movements has to
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groups. For me, that’s what constitutes ’burning out.’¶

It is also destructive to any meaningful political movement against oppression- our focus on drone strikes is a piece of a long fight for cultural change- vote aff because our advocacy is essential to making a difference in people’s lives

Plyler 2k6
(Jen, anti-poverty activist with Stop Community Food Centre, Masters in Social Work, How To Keep On Keeping On: Sustaining Ourselves in Community Organizing and Social Justice Struggles http://uppingtheanti.org/journal/article/03-how-to-keep-on-keeping-on/ ~10/4/13~)
*Mac Scott, a white male who has been active in the environmental, anti-poverty, and immigrant rights movements in Canada and the U.S. since the late 1980s and who is currently a member of the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty (OCAP) and No One is Illegal (NOII); and Manuel Moreno who was very active with the Chilean Communist Party until the coup d’état in 1973, and who now works with the Coalition Against War and Racism (CAWR)*
On learning to work with a diversity of movements and tactics, Mac said:¶
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the future, and the future is much longer than you or me.

We use situated impartial knowledge.  It’s not a view from nowhere OR privileged insight to reality based on your own experience—it’s the claim to look at claims on face for their merits, irrespective of the power relations we diagnose

Lisa J. Disch 93, Professor of Political Theory – University of Minnesota, "More Truth Than Fact: Storytelling as Critical Understanding in the Writings of Hannah Arendt," Political Theory 21:4, November
What Hannah Arendt called "my old fashioned storytelling"7 is at once the
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facts but to tell provocative stories that invite contestation form rival perspectives.15