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Cites
Entry
Date
1NC v KU - KY RD 3
Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kansas Khatri-Schile | Judge: Whitmore 1 Targeted killings and drones are distinct – drones are a weapon’s tech. Anderson 13 (Kenneth, a professor of international law at American University and a member of the Task Force on National Security and Law at the Hoover Institution, “The Case for Drones” Commentary Magazine, June, https://www.commentarymagazine.com/download/pdfs/article-135-06-0-14-16448.pdf?a=16448, JL)
This feature of Predators and Reapers—the two ¶ forms of drones really at AND seen most dramatically in the Bin Laden raid by the ¶ Navy SEALs. Violation: The aff limit’s an instance of the president’s authority to commit targeted killings by restricting the means and not the power itself. Limits: Aff explodes the topic by allowing any number of affs that restrict instances of presidential authority without actually limiting authority itself. Ground: Their aff allows the aff to spike all our links to prez powers DA’s by claiming they don’t actually limit the authority of the president to use targeted killings. Education: Forces debates about the instance instead of the authority itself being good or bad. Voter for fairness and education.
President Barack Obama started September in an agonizing, extended display of how little sway AND “They don’t suddenly start going the other way as people rethink this.” Criticism of authority guts focus and agenda goals Kriner 10 Douglas L, assistant professor of political science at Boston University “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War”, University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010, page 68-69.
If President Obama can stick to his guns, he will win his October standoff AND If he retreats, he will embolden his opponents and demoralize his supporters. That collapses the global economy Davidson 9/10 Adam, economy columnist for The New York Times, co-founder of Planet Money, NPR’s team of economics reporters, “Our Debt to Society,” NYT, 2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will AND free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier. Global Nuclear War Merlini 11 Cesare, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, “A Post-Secular World?”, Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of AND theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
Under the draft agreement brokered by Russia with the United States, Syria is to AND confirmed the role of the United States as an anchor of global security. Congressional intervention kills international credibility of our threats – guarantees crisis escalation. Waxman 8/25 (Matthew, Professor of Law at Columbia and Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy for the Council on Foreign Relations, “The Constitutional Power to Threaten War,” August 25, Yale Law Journal, vol. 123, JL)
A claim previously advanced from a presidentialist perspective is that stronger legislative checks on war AND to use force in order to prevent a confrontation which might escalate.179 Credibility of presidential threats is the key internal link to hegemony Bolton 9 John R, Senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute and Former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, “The danger of Obama's dithering,” Los Angeles Times, October 18, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/oct/18/opinion/oe-bolton18
Weakness in American foreign policy in one region often invites challenges elsewhere, because our AND the face of criticism and adversity, engagement simply embodies weakness and indecision. The impact is great power wars Khalilzad 11 Zalmay, Former United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations, and former director of policy planning at the Defense Department, February 8, “The Economy and National Security; If we don’t get our economic house in order, we risk a new era of multi-polarity,” http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad
We face this domestic challenge while other major powers are experiencing rapid economic growth. AND the United States is the most significant barrier facing Chinese hegemony and aggression. 4 The President of the United States should issue an Executive Order committing the executive branch to Solicitor General representation and advance consultation with the Office of Legal Counsel over decisions regarding the targeted killing authority of the president. The Department of Justice officials should counsel against the president authorizing targeted killing through the AUMF. The Executive Order should also require written publication of Office of Legal Counsel opinions.
The CP is competitive and solves the case - OLC rulings don’t remove authority but are binding precedent. Morrison, 10 Trevor, Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, STARE DECISIS IN THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL, “STARE DECISIS IN THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL,” Columbia Law Review, October 2010, 110 Colum. L. Rev. 1448, Lexis On the other hand, an OLC that says "yes" too often is AND is remote and does not meaningfully threaten the effective bindingness of OLC's decisions.
Overstretch Alt causes to changing nature of war Barry, 12 Tom, directs the TransBorder Project at the Center for International Policy and is the author of Border Wars from MIT Press and numerous books on U.S.-Latin American relations, Drone Proliferation: Other Chapters and Other Challenges, CATO Unbound, January 17, 2012, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/17/tom-barry/drone-proliferation-other-chapters-other-challenges
Cortright makes a strong case that drones make military action more likely since U. AND Iraq and Afghanistan wars less than acts of “national sacrifice and mobilization.” Drone production doesn’t conflate with effective war capabilities Gilli, 13 Andrea Gilli and Mauro Gilli, Department of Social and Political Science, European University Institute and Department of Political Science, Northwestern University, 2013 APSA Annual Conference, Attack of the Drones: Should we fear the proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles?, http://www.papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2299962
Third, since many UAVs are generally less sophisticated in terms of platform’s design and AND warfare capabilities (precision, resolution, bandwidth, processing speed, etc.). Drones make conflict less likely Goure, 12 Daniel, vice president of the Lexington Institute, Drones and the Changing Nature of Warfare: Hold the Presses!, CATO Unbound, January 13, 2012, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/13/daniel-goure/drones-changing-nature-warfare-hold-presses
Has the accelerated use of drones opened a new chapter in the history of warfare AND , but we should remember that drones don’t kill terrorists, governments do. Plan crushes local movements and skews non-legal responses – recreates violence and turns the case. Adrian Vermeule, prof of Law at Harvard University Law School, Eric A Posner., prof of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press 2011 Our thesis is that these modifications to liberal legalism fail. Either they do not AND way to improve upon it, under the conditions of the administrative state. Cred Soft power now – either academia solves or there is only a risk that multiple alt causes erode it inevitably. Wallin 13(Robert, writer for the American Security Project, 4-29-2013, “War of the Soft Powers”, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2013/war-of-the-soft-powers/)
Despite the ebb and flow of American Soft power since the turn of the century AND pursuing negative actions and neglecting the very things that make it so strong. Soft Power Fails JOFFE 6 (JOSEF is also the Marc and Anita Abramowitz Fellow in International Relations at the Hoover Institution and a courtesy professor of political science at Stanford University. Since 1999, he has been an associate of the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University. “The Perils of Soft Power”http:www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/magazine/14wwln_lede.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)
In recent years, a number of American thinkers, led by Joseph S. AND priesthood. So America's soft power is not only seductive but also subversive. Alt causes – the aff can’t restore leadership Helle 6-20-10 Helle C. Dale is senior fellow for Public Diplomacy at the Heritage Foundation, “Just Wild About Obama”, http://blog.heritage.org/2010/06/20/just-wild-about-obama/
(It should be noted that the Obama administration does not always adhere to its AND at the expense American global leadership, which will take years to recover. Soft power meaningless in the middle east Ferguson, ‘3 Niall Ferguson, MA, D.Phil.,is the Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University and William Ziegler Professor at Harvard Business School, “POWER,” Foreign Policy, January | February 2003, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/Ning/archive/archive/134/Thinkagain-power.qxd.pdf
But the trouble with soft power is that it’s, well, soft. All AND and Nike trainers are today’s version of the same Janus- faced phenomenon. No warming—we’ve entered a 30 year period of cooling—proved by PDOs
PACIFIC DECADAL OSCILLATION Easterbrook 10—geology professor specializing in climate effects (Don, geology professor emeritus at Western Washington University http://myweb.wwu.edu/dbunny/research/global/easterbrook_climate-cycle-evidence.pdf EVIDENCE OF THE CAUSE OF GLOBAL WARMING AND COOLING: RECURRING GLOBAL, DECADAL, CLIMATE CYCLES RECORDED BY GLACIAL FLUCTUATIONS, ICE CORES, OCEAN TEMPERATURES, HISTORIC MEASUREMENTS AND SOLAR VARIATIONS) ‘Global warming’ (the term used for warming from 1977 to 1998) is AND , but also assure that cool temperatures will continue for several more decades.
Multiple alt causes to disease spread Bower and Chalk, ‘3 Jennifer Brower and Peter Chalk, Jennifer Brower is a science and technology policy analyst. Peter Chalk is a political scientist, “Vectors Without Borders The Spread of Global Pathogens Can Imperil Us All,” RAND, Summer 2003, http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/summer2003/vectors.html In the latter half of the 20th century, almost 30 new human diseases were AND increase the likelihood that people will come into contact with potentially fatal diseases.
No extinction Gladwell, ‘95 Malcolm Gladwell, The New Republic, July 17 and 24, 1995, excerpted AND , but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.
Many alt causes to loss of biodiversity Strieker, ‘2 Gary Strieker, Scientists agree world faces mass XTinction CNN.com August 23, 2002, L/N
Yet most scientists agree that human activity is causing rapid deterioration in biodiversity. Expanding human settlements, logging, mining, agriculture and pollution are destroying ecosystems, upsetting nature's balance and driving many species to extinction.
Ecosystems are resilient Hearnshaw et. al., ‘5 Hearnshaw et al, Commerce Division, Lincoln University, 2005 (E.J.S.; Ecosystem health demystified: An ecological concept determined by economic means
Most empirical evidence seems to suggest that patterns present in ecosystems are for the most AND incorporating potential, connectedness and ecological resilience variables together (see Equation 2).
The U.S. military—in particular, the Special Operations Command ( AND be insufficient to provide a meaningful check against arbitrary and overzealous Executive actions. Targeted killing regulation is impossible Alston 11 (Philip, professor – NYU Law, 2 Harv. Nat'l Sec. J. 283)
Despite the existence of a multiplicity of techniques by which the CIA might be held AND turn now to examine the feasibility and desirability of pursuing such an option.
10/18/13
1NC v MoState - KY RD 6
Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Missouri State Carlson-Cole | Judge: Box 1 Targeted killings and drones are distinct – drones are a weapon’s tech. Anderson 13 (Kenneth, a professor of international law at American University and a member of the Task Force on National Security and Law at the Hoover Institution, “The Case for Drones” Commentary Magazine, June, https://www.commentarymagazine.com/download/pdfs/article-135-06-0-14-16448.pdf?a=16448, JL)
This feature of Predators and Reapers—the two ¶ forms of drones really at AND seen most dramatically in the Bin Laden raid by the ¶ Navy SEALs. Violation: The aff limit’s an instance of the president’s authority to commit targeted killings by restricting the means and not the power itself. Limits: Aff explodes the topic by allowing any number of affs that restrict instances of presidential authority without actually limiting authority itself. Ground: Their aff allows the aff to spike all our links to prez powers DA’s by claiming they don’t actually limit the authority of the president to use targeted killings. Education: Forces debates about the instance instead of the authority itself being good or bad. Voter for fairness and education.
President Barack Obama started September in an agonizing, extended display of how little sway AND “They don’t suddenly start going the other way as people rethink this.” Criticism of authority guts focus and agenda goals Kriner 10 Douglas L, assistant professor of political science at Boston University “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War”, University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010, page 68-69.
If President Obama can stick to his guns, he will win his October standoff AND If he retreats, he will embolden his opponents and demoralize his supporters. That collapses the global economy Davidson 9/10 Adam, economy columnist for The New York Times, co-founder of Planet Money, NPR’s team of economics reporters, “Our Debt to Society,” NYT, 2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will AND free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier. Global Nuclear War Merlini 11 Cesare, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, “A Post-Secular World?”, Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of AND theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
Under the draft agreement brokered by Russia with the United States, Syria is to AND confirmed the role of the United States as an anchor of global security. Congressional intervention kills international credibility of our threats – guarantees crisis escalation. Waxman 8/25 (Matthew, Professor of Law at Columbia and Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy for the Council on Foreign Relations, “The Constitutional Power to Threaten War,” August 25, Yale Law Journal, vol. 123, JL)
A claim previously advanced from a presidentialist perspective is that stronger legislative checks on war AND to use force in order to prevent a confrontation which might escalate.179 Credibility of presidential threats is the key internal link to hegemony Bolton 9 John R, Senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute and Former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, “The danger of Obama's dithering,” Los Angeles Times, October 18, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/oct/18/opinion/oe-bolton18
Weakness in American foreign policy in one region often invites challenges elsewhere, because our AND the face of criticism and adversity, engagement simply embodies weakness and indecision. The impact is great power wars Khalilzad 11 Zalmay, Former United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations, and former director of policy planning at the Defense Department, February 8, “The Economy and National Security; If we don’t get our economic house in order, we risk a new era of multi-polarity,” http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad
We face this domestic challenge while other major powers are experiencing rapid economic growth. AND the United States is the most significant barrier facing Chinese hegemony and aggression. 4 The President of the United States should issue an Executive Order committing the executive branch to Solicitor General representation and advance consultation with the Office of Legal Counsel over decisions regarding the targeted killing authority of the president. The Department of Justice officials should counsel against the president authorizing targeted killing through the AUMF. The Executive Order should also require written publication of Office of Legal Counsel opinions.
The CP is competitive and solves the case - OLC rulings don’t remove authority but are binding precedent. Morrison, 10 Trevor, Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, STARE DECISIS IN THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL, “STARE DECISIS IN THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL,” Columbia Law Review, October 2010, 110 Colum. L. Rev. 1448, Lexis On the other hand, an OLC that says "yes" too often is AND is remote and does not meaningfully threaten the effective bindingness of OLC's decisions.
Overstretch Alt causes to changing nature of war Barry, 12 Tom, directs the TransBorder Project at the Center for International Policy and is the author of Border Wars from MIT Press and numerous books on U.S.-Latin American relations, Drone Proliferation: Other Chapters and Other Challenges, CATO Unbound, January 17, 2012, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/17/tom-barry/drone-proliferation-other-chapters-other-challenges
Cortright makes a strong case that drones make military action more likely since U. AND Iraq and Afghanistan wars less than acts of “national sacrifice and mobilization.” Drone production doesn’t conflate with effective war capabilities Gilli, 13 Andrea Gilli and Mauro Gilli, Department of Social and Political Science, European University Institute and Department of Political Science, Northwestern University, 2013 APSA Annual Conference, Attack of the Drones: Should we fear the proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles?, http://www.papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2299962
Third, since many UAVs are generally less sophisticated in terms of platform’s design and AND warfare capabilities (precision, resolution, bandwidth, processing speed, etc.). Drones make conflict less likely Goure, 12 Daniel, vice president of the Lexington Institute, Drones and the Changing Nature of Warfare: Hold the Presses!, CATO Unbound, January 13, 2012, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/13/daniel-goure/drones-changing-nature-warfare-hold-presses
Has the accelerated use of drones opened a new chapter in the history of warfare AND , but we should remember that drones don’t kill terrorists, governments do. Plan crushes local movements and skews non-legal responses – recreates violence and turns the case. Adrian Vermeule, prof of Law at Harvard University Law School, Eric A Posner., prof of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press 2011 Our thesis is that these modifications to liberal legalism fail. Either they do not AND way to improve upon it, under the conditions of the administrative state. Cred Soft power now – either academia solves or there is only a risk that multiple alt causes erode it inevitably. Wallin 13(Robert, writer for the American Security Project, 4-29-2013, “War of the Soft Powers”, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2013/war-of-the-soft-powers/)
Despite the ebb and flow of American Soft power since the turn of the century AND pursuing negative actions and neglecting the very things that make it so strong. Soft Power Fails JOFFE 6 (JOSEF is also the Marc and Anita Abramowitz Fellow in International Relations at the Hoover Institution and a courtesy professor of political science at Stanford University. Since 1999, he has been an associate of the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University. “The Perils of Soft Power”http:www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/magazine/14wwln_lede.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)
In recent years, a number of American thinkers, led by Joseph S. AND priesthood. So America's soft power is not only seductive but also subversive. Alt causes – the aff can’t restore leadership Helle 6-20-10 Helle C. Dale is senior fellow for Public Diplomacy at the Heritage Foundation, “Just Wild About Obama”, http://blog.heritage.org/2010/06/20/just-wild-about-obama/
(It should be noted that the Obama administration does not always adhere to its AND at the expense American global leadership, which will take years to recover. Soft power meaningless in the middle east Ferguson, ‘3 Niall Ferguson, MA, D.Phil.,is the Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University and William Ziegler Professor at Harvard Business School, “POWER,” Foreign Policy, January | February 2003, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/Ning/archive/archive/134/Thinkagain-power.qxd.pdf
But the trouble with soft power is that it’s, well, soft. All AND and Nike trainers are today’s version of the same Janus- faced phenomenon. No warming—we’ve entered a 30 year period of cooling—proved by PDOs
PACIFIC DECADAL OSCILLATION Easterbrook 10—geology professor specializing in climate effects (Don, geology professor emeritus at Western Washington University http://myweb.wwu.edu/dbunny/research/global/easterbrook_climate-cycle-evidence.pdf EVIDENCE OF THE CAUSE OF GLOBAL WARMING AND COOLING: RECURRING GLOBAL, DECADAL, CLIMATE CYCLES RECORDED BY GLACIAL FLUCTUATIONS, ICE CORES, OCEAN TEMPERATURES, HISTORIC MEASUREMENTS AND SOLAR VARIATIONS) ‘Global warming’ (the term used for warming from 1977 to 1998) is AND , but also assure that cool temperatures will continue for several more decades.
Multiple alt causes to disease spread Bower and Chalk, ‘3 Jennifer Brower and Peter Chalk, Jennifer Brower is a science and technology policy analyst. Peter Chalk is a political scientist, “Vectors Without Borders The Spread of Global Pathogens Can Imperil Us All,” RAND, Summer 2003, http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/summer2003/vectors.html In the latter half of the 20th century, almost 30 new human diseases were AND increase the likelihood that people will come into contact with potentially fatal diseases.
No extinction Gladwell, ‘95 Malcolm Gladwell, The New Republic, July 17 and 24, 1995, excerpted AND , but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.
Many alt causes to loss of biodiversity Strieker, ‘2 Gary Strieker, Scientists agree world faces mass XTinction CNN.com August 23, 2002, L/N
Yet most scientists agree that human activity is causing rapid deterioration in biodiversity. Expanding human settlements, logging, mining, agriculture and pollution are destroying ecosystems, upsetting nature's balance and driving many species to extinction.
Ecosystems are resilient Hearnshaw et. al., ‘5 Hearnshaw et al, Commerce Division, Lincoln University, 2005 (E.J.S.; Ecosystem health demystified: An ecological concept determined by economic means
Most empirical evidence seems to suggest that patterns present in ecosystems are for the most AND incorporating potential, connectedness and ecological resilience variables together (see Equation 2).
The U.S. military—in particular, the Special Operations Command ( AND be insufficient to provide a meaningful check against arbitrary and overzealous Executive actions. Targeted killing regulation is impossible Alston 11 (Philip, professor – NYU Law, 2 Harv. Nat'l Sec. J. 283)
Despite the existence of a multiplicity of techniques by which the CIA might be held AND turn now to examine the feasibility and desirability of pursuing such an option.
10/18/13
1NC v SFSU - UMKC RD 3
Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 3 | Opponent: San Francisco State Andrade-Turner | Judge: Box Framework - Middle Ground 1NC A. Our framework – the affirmative must defend that the United States federal government should (topic)
B. Our interpretation is crucial to giving meaning to wording of the resolution –
Agent of action – use of a colon makes the USFG the agent of the resolution Webster’s Guide to Grammar and Writing – 2K http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/colon.htm Use of a colon before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a AND the sentence, begin the clause after the colon with a capital letter.
2. “Should” denotes an expectation of government action American Heritage Dictionary – 2K www.dictionary.com 3 Used to express probability or expectation
C. Violation – The affirmative does not affirm government action for the purpose of defending the resolution
D. Reasons to prefer –
(_) Establishing the subject of contest – a predictable interpretation of terms in the resolution is a pre-condition for *contest* - the *meaning of terms* must precede their impact turns Ruth Lessl Shively, Assoc Prof Polisci at Texas AandM, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 181-2 The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no AND . In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.
Collective decision-making – although cumbersome, collectivism is the only objective form of decision-making on issues like the plan – their calculus is founded within naïve self-interest and eliminates impartial deliberation Thomas A. Spragens, Professor of Polisci at Duke, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 90-1 In another equally important respect, however, Plato was, as a consequence of AND , is no small contribution to the democratic enterprise of self-governance.
(_) Our argument solves their offense – our argument isn’t that USFG action should be an *exclusive* focus, but *must be* affirmed in combination with their advocacy. Their refusal to answer the resolutional question artificially distorts the literature base and collapses all advocacy Mitchell and Suzuki, ‘4. Gordon and Takeshi, Professors at the University of Pittsburgh and Tsuda College, Tokyo, “Beyond The Daily Me: ARGUMENTATION in an age of Enclave Deliberation,” Paper presented at the Second Tokyo Conference on Argumentation, August 2-5, 2004, Tokyo, Japan, http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/JPubs/MitchellSuzuki3.rtf. The Daily Me is an online newspaper of the future that gives readers the ultimate AND seen as synergistically reinforcing activities, not mutually exclusive modes of argumentative praxis. FIRST PRIORITY 1NC
Focus on immigration and racism excludes Natives —only by placing native experience first can we stop the ongoing genocide of Native peoples Lawrence and Dua 5 Bonita Lawrence , Enakshi Dua, Decolonizing Antiracism, Social Justice. Volume: 32. Issue: 4. Publication Year: 2005. Page Number: 120+.
IN CONTINUOUS CONVERSATIONS OVER THE YEARS, WE HAVE DISCUSSED OUR DISCOMFORT with the manner ¶ AND¶ relation to decolonization and antiracism, we are beginning with our own locations. ¶ Bonita" I first encountered antiracism and postcolonial theory when I began attending university AND genocide that established and maintains all of the settler states within the Americas. ? FIRST, THE AFF’S ETHICS ARE GENOCIDAL – THEY NATURALIZE THE IMPERIAL COORDINATES THEIR ETHICAL PROJECT IS SITUATED WITHIN – AUTHENTIC ETHICAL LIBERATION FROM COLONIALISM REQUIRES A WILLINGNESS TO EXTERMINATE THE SETTLER MEISTER, 11 (ROBERT – PROF OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT @ UC SANTA CRUZ, AFTER EVIL: A POLITICS OF HUMAN RIGHTS, P. GOOGLE BOOKS, CVILLE, NOTE: EV IS GENDER-MODIFIED)
The Roots of Genocide The secular logic of genocide arises from the moral psychology AND return-to-sender of the genocidal message of the colonialism itself.
SECOND, ROOT CAUSE – ONLY DECOLONIZATION CAN SOLVE THE ROOT CAUSE OF OPPRESSION WITHIN SETTLER CULTURE – IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO END RACISM WITHOUT STARTING IN INDIAN COUNTRY CHURCHILL, 3 (WARD – FORMER CHAIR OF THE ETHNIC STUDIES DEPARTMENT, UNTIL JULY 2007 HE WAS A TENURED PROFESSOR OF AMERICAN INDIAN STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO/BOULDER, ACTS OF REBELLION: THE WARD CHURCHILL READER, P. XV, CVILLE)
This book follows Foucauldian procedure. In the U.S., irrespective of AND responses far more substantial than that made on 9-1-1.
THIRD, IT’S TRY OR DIE – DECOLONIZATION IS THE ONLY WAY TO CONTROL THE STATE – OTHERWISE, EXTINCTION IS INEVITABLE CHURCHILL, 99 (WARD, A BREACH OF TRUST: THE RADIOACTIVE COLONIZATION OF NATIVE NORTH AMERICA, AMERICAN INDIAN CULTURE AND RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL. 23, NO. 4, CVILLE)
It is worth observing that the ensuing decolonization of Native North America would offer AND planet so thoroughly irradiated as to deny them the possibility of life itself.
OUR ALTERNATIVE IS TO REJECT THE AFFIRMATIVE AND PURSUE INDIGENOUS LAND RETURN AS A FIRST PRIORITY CHURCHILL, 96 (WARD – PROF OF ETHNIC STUDIES @ U COLORADO BOULDER/BA AND MA IN COMM @ SANGAMON STATE, FROM A NATIVE SON, P. 520–530, CVILLE)
I’ll debunk some of this nonsense in a moment, but first I want AND first priority for everyone seriously committed to accomplishing positive change in North America. Case Drone proliferation is inevitable Wittes and Singh 2013 (Benjamin Wittes and Ritika Singh, Drones Are a Challenge — and an Opportunity, How Drones Are Changing Warfare, January 11, 2013, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/11/benjamin-wittes-ritika-singh/drones-are-challenge-opportunity)
The logic of these weapons is so overpowering, both as a means of conducting AND United States is going to be ahead of this curve or behind it. Massive shift to drones as the instruments of Obama’s foreign policy – no sign of reduced reliance magnifies the scope of the link that oversight has. Cohen 12 (Michael, a senior fellow at the American Security Project, “The Imperial Presidency: Drone Power and Congressional Oversight”, World Politics Review, July, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12194/the-imperial-presidency-drone-power-and-congressional-oversight, JL)
The Libya intervention is, in key regards, Obama’s most ostentatious expansion of executive AND troops are put in harm’s way, there is barely any public scrutiny. No solvency – drones will be used for surveillance which means long term criminal actions will be contained
The state is inevitable – no amount of criminal and illegal activity will break down the state – if that was true than the U.S. shouldn’t exist right now – cx proves, the state doesn’t go away
THE SOVEREIGN ABILITY TO CAPTURE LIFE IS CONDITIONED UPON ITS ABILITY TO DETERMINE THE THRESHOLD OF POLITICAL INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION – THEY ENTRENCH THE VERY SYSTEM THAT THEY INDICT AS RACIST WHEN THEY CONDITION WHAT THEY COUNT AS INCLUSION UPON DEBATE WINS AND EXCLUSION WITH DEBATE LOSSES CALDWELL, 4 (ANNE, BIO-SOVEREIGNTY AND THE EMERGENCE OF HUMANITY, THEORY AND EVENT, 7:2, PROJECT MUSE, CVILLE)
Sovereignty's capture of life has been conditional upon the separation of natural and political AND calls up and depends upon the life caught within sovereignty: homo sacer.
ATTEMPTING TO INTEGRATE RACIAL MINORITIES WITHIN THE DEBATE COMMUNITY WILL FAIL – IT IS USED TO ALLOW WHITE JUDGES THE OPPORTUNITY TO RECONCILE THE CONTRADICTION BETWEEN THEIR OWN MATERIAL PRIVILEGE AND THE RACIAL EXCLUSION VIA GIVING A RUBBER STAMP TO INCLUSION AN INCLUSIVE BALLOT CURRY, 8 (TOMMY – PROF @ SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIV, SAVED BY THE BELL: DERRICK BELL’S RACIAL REALISM AS PEDAGOGY, PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES IN EDUCATION, VOLUME 39 37, http://www.ovpes.org/2008/Curry.pdf, CVILLE) ? CRT has a noticeable presence in the work of education scholarship on race, AND a relevant, philosophically sound basis for a critical race philosophy of education.
10/18/13
1NC v Texas - UMKC RD 5
Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas Bhattacharjee-Jones | Judge: Osborn 1 Targeted killings and drones are distinct – drones are a weapon’s tech. Anderson 13 (Kenneth, a professor of international law at American University and a member of the Task Force on National Security and Law at the Hoover Institution, “The Case for Drones” Commentary Magazine, June, https://www.commentarymagazine.com/download/pdfs/article-135-06-0-14-16448.pdf?a=16448, JL)
This feature of Predators and Reapers—the two ¶ forms of drones really at AND seen most dramatically in the Bin Laden raid by the ¶ Navy SEALs. Violation: The aff limit’s an instance of the president’s authority to commit targeted killings by restricting the means and not the power itself. Limits: Aff explodes the topic by allowing any number of affs that restrict instances of presidential authority without actually limiting authority itself. Ground: Their aff allows the aff to spike all our links to prez powers DA’s by claiming they don’t actually limit the authority of the president to use targeted killings. Education: Forces debates about the instance instead of the authority itself being good or bad. Voter for fairness and education.
President Barack Obama started September in an agonizing, extended display of how little sway AND “They don’t suddenly start going the other way as people rethink this.” Criticism of authority guts focus and agenda goals Kriner 10 Douglas L, assistant professor of political science at Boston University “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War”, University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010, page 68-69.
If President Obama can stick to his guns, he will win his October standoff AND If he retreats, he will embolden his opponents and demoralize his supporters. That collapses the global economy Davidson 9/10 Adam, economy columnist for The New York Times, co-founder of Planet Money, NPR’s team of economics reporters, “Our Debt to Society,” NYT, 2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will AND free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier. Global Nuclear War Merlini 11 Cesare, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, “A Post-Secular World?”, Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of AND theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
Under the draft agreement brokered by Russia with the United States, Syria is to AND confirmed the role of the United States as an anchor of global security. Congressional intervention kills international credibility of our threats – guarantees crisis escalation. Waxman 8/25 (Matthew, Professor of Law at Columbia and Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy for the Council on Foreign Relations, “The Constitutional Power to Threaten War,” August 25, Yale Law Journal, vol. 123, JL)
A claim previously advanced from a presidentialist perspective is that stronger legislative checks on war AND to use force in order to prevent a confrontation which might escalate.179 Credibility of presidential threats is the key internal link to hegemony Bolton 9 John R, Senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute and Former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, “The danger of Obama's dithering,” Los Angeles Times, October 18, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/oct/18/opinion/oe-bolton18
Weakness in American foreign policy in one region often invites challenges elsewhere, because our AND the face of criticism and adversity, engagement simply embodies weakness and indecision. The impact is great power wars Khalilzad 11 Zalmay, Former United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations, and former director of policy planning at the Defense Department, February 8, “The Economy and National Security; If we don’t get our economic house in order, we risk a new era of multi-polarity,” http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad
We face this domestic challenge while other major powers are experiencing rapid economic growth. AND the United States is the most significant barrier facing Chinese hegemony and aggression. 4 The President of the United States should issue an Executive Order committing the executive branch to Solicitor General representation and advance consultation with the Office of Legal Counsel over decisions regarding the targeted killing authority of the president. The Department of Justice officials should counsel against the president authorizing targeted killing through the AUMF. The Executive Order should also require written publication of Office of Legal Counsel opinions.
The CP is competitive and solves the case - OLC rulings don’t remove authority but are binding precedent. Morrison, 10 Trevor, Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, STARE DECISIS IN THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL, “STARE DECISIS IN THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL,” Columbia Law Review, October 2010, 110 Colum. L. Rev. 1448, Lexis On the other hand, an OLC that says "yes" too often is AND is remote and does not meaningfully threaten the effective bindingness of OLC's decisions.
Overstretch Alt causes to changing nature of war Barry, 12 Tom, directs the TransBorder Project at the Center for International Policy and is the author of Border Wars from MIT Press and numerous books on U.S.-Latin American relations, Drone Proliferation: Other Chapters and Other Challenges, CATO Unbound, January 17, 2012, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/17/tom-barry/drone-proliferation-other-chapters-other-challenges
Cortright makes a strong case that drones make military action more likely since U. AND Iraq and Afghanistan wars less than acts of “national sacrifice and mobilization.” Drone production doesn’t conflate with effective war capabilities Gilli, 13 Andrea Gilli and Mauro Gilli, Department of Social and Political Science, European University Institute and Department of Political Science, Northwestern University, 2013 APSA Annual Conference, Attack of the Drones: Should we fear the proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles?, http://www.papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2299962
Third, since many UAVs are generally less sophisticated in terms of platform’s design and AND warfare capabilities (precision, resolution, bandwidth, processing speed, etc.). Drones make conflict less likely Goure, 12 Daniel, vice president of the Lexington Institute, Drones and the Changing Nature of Warfare: Hold the Presses!, CATO Unbound, January 13, 2012, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/13/daniel-goure/drones-changing-nature-warfare-hold-presses
Has the accelerated use of drones opened a new chapter in the history of warfare AND , but we should remember that drones don’t kill terrorists, governments do. Plan crushes local movements and skews non-legal responses – recreates violence and turns the case. Adrian Vermeule, prof of Law at Harvard University Law School, Eric A Posner., prof of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press 2011 Our thesis is that these modifications to liberal legalism fail. Either they do not AND way to improve upon it, under the conditions of the administrative state. Cred Soft power now – either academia solves or there is only a risk that multiple alt causes erode it inevitably. Wallin 13(Robert, writer for the American Security Project, 4-29-2013, “War of the Soft Powers”, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2013/war-of-the-soft-powers/)
Despite the ebb and flow of American Soft power since the turn of the century AND pursuing negative actions and neglecting the very things that make it so strong. Soft Power Fails JOFFE 6 (JOSEF is also the Marc and Anita Abramowitz Fellow in International Relations at the Hoover Institution and a courtesy professor of political science at Stanford University. Since 1999, he has been an associate of the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University. “The Perils of Soft Power”http:www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/magazine/14wwln_lede.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)
In recent years, a number of American thinkers, led by Joseph S. AND priesthood. So America's soft power is not only seductive but also subversive. Alt causes – the aff can’t restore leadership Helle 6-20-10 Helle C. Dale is senior fellow for Public Diplomacy at the Heritage Foundation, “Just Wild About Obama”, http://blog.heritage.org/2010/06/20/just-wild-about-obama/
(It should be noted that the Obama administration does not always adhere to its AND at the expense American global leadership, which will take years to recover. Soft power meaningless in the middle east Ferguson, ‘3 Niall Ferguson, MA, D.Phil.,is the Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University and William Ziegler Professor at Harvard Business School, “POWER,” Foreign Policy, January | February 2003, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/Ning/archive/archive/134/Thinkagain-power.qxd.pdf
But the trouble with soft power is that it’s, well, soft. All AND and Nike trainers are today’s version of the same Janus- faced phenomenon. No warming—we’ve entered a 30 year period of cooling—proved by PDOs
PACIFIC DECADAL OSCILLATION Easterbrook 10—geology professor specializing in climate effects (Don, geology professor emeritus at Western Washington University http://myweb.wwu.edu/dbunny/research/global/easterbrook_climate-cycle-evidence.pdf EVIDENCE OF THE CAUSE OF GLOBAL WARMING AND COOLING: RECURRING GLOBAL, DECADAL, CLIMATE CYCLES RECORDED BY GLACIAL FLUCTUATIONS, ICE CORES, OCEAN TEMPERATURES, HISTORIC MEASUREMENTS AND SOLAR VARIATIONS) ‘Global warming’ (the term used for warming from 1977 to 1998) is AND , but also assure that cool temperatures will continue for several more decades.
Multiple alt causes to disease spread Bower and Chalk, ‘3 Jennifer Brower and Peter Chalk, Jennifer Brower is a science and technology policy analyst. Peter Chalk is a political scientist, “Vectors Without Borders The Spread of Global Pathogens Can Imperil Us All,” RAND, Summer 2003, http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/summer2003/vectors.html In the latter half of the 20th century, almost 30 new human diseases were AND increase the likelihood that people will come into contact with potentially fatal diseases.
No extinction Gladwell, ‘95 Malcolm Gladwell, The New Republic, July 17 and 24, 1995, excerpted AND , but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.
Many alt causes to loss of biodiversity Strieker, ‘2 Gary Strieker, Scientists agree world faces mass XTinction CNN.com August 23, 2002, L/N
Yet most scientists agree that human activity is causing rapid deterioration in biodiversity. Expanding human settlements, logging, mining, agriculture and pollution are destroying ecosystems, upsetting nature's balance and driving many species to extinction.
Ecosystems are resilient Hearnshaw et. al., ‘5 Hearnshaw et al, Commerce Division, Lincoln University, 2005 (E.J.S.; Ecosystem health demystified: An ecological concept determined by economic means
Most empirical evidence seems to suggest that patterns present in ecosystems are for the most AND incorporating potential, connectedness and ecological resilience variables together (see Equation 2).
The U.S. military—in particular, the Special Operations Command ( AND be insufficient to provide a meaningful check against arbitrary and overzealous Executive actions. Targeted killing regulation is impossible Alston 11 (Philip, professor – NYU Law, 2 Harv. Nat'l Sec. J. 283)
Despite the existence of a multiplicity of techniques by which the CIA might be held AND turn now to examine the feasibility and desirability of pursuing such an option.
10/18/13
1NC v Trinity - UMKC RD 8
Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 8 | Opponent: Trinity Ha-Mithani | Judge: Morris T Interpretation Statutory restrictions” shape criteria Kershner 10 (Joshua, Articles Editor, Cardozo Law Review. J.D. Candidate (June 2011), Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, “Political Party Restrictions and the Appointments Clause: The Federal Election Commission's Appointments Process Is Constitutional” Cardozo Law Review de novo 2010 Cardozo L. Rev. De Novo 615) n17 The phrase "statutory restrictions" is used hereinafter to mean statutory language that AND statutory restrictions on the President's powers of nomination and appointment by political party. B. Violation: The plan does not restrict the president’s war power authority to commit targeted killings, they mearly change the way oversight on them is conducted. C. Vote neg
Limits—this topic is huge already—allowing changes to oversight adds another layer to this topic that none of our offense applies too.
Negative ground—Oversight is the imbedded Voter for fairness and education – reasonability is always arbitrary so defer to competing interpreations.
Plan fails to specify the congress or courts – uniquely matters to this resolution It’s a voting issue – Guts CP / DA ground the question of politics or deference, congress or the courts, how the president circumvents, etc all stem from either the use of statute or judicial restrictions. Education – debating the mechanism of implementation is vital to learning about the process of war powers and the impact it has on us as citizens. F A. Our framework – the affirmative must defend that the United States federal government should substantially increase statutory and/or judicial restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States in one or more of the following areas: targeted killing; indefinite detention; offensive cyber operations; or introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities.
B. Our interpretation is crucial to giving meaning to wording of the resolution –
Should” denotes an expectation of government action American Heritage Dictionary – 2K www.dictionary.com Used to express probability or expectation
Violation – The affirmative does not affirm government action for the purpose of defending the resolution Standards Limits – implementation is key to our core link areas of the plan Contestation – implementation is key to the starting point of all debate rounds key to education. PTX CR will pass—leadership push Parkinson 9-12 John Parkinson is a writer for ABC News, “Congress Braces for Looming Fiscal Fight”, 9-12-13, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/09/congress-braces-for-looming-fiscal-fight/
Congress will once again address two of its most elusive and daunting fiscal challenges in AND do.¶ “Let’s stop these really juvenile political games,” he added.
Plan drains capital – Congress supports pres war powers Zelizer, 11 (Julian, professor of history and public affairs at Princeton University, "War powers belong to Congress and the president", June 27, www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/06/27/zelizer.war.powers/index.html NL) Princeton, New Jersey (CNN) -- When presidents send American troops into military AND on the campaign trail, should be a president who understands that reality. Political capital is key – republicans won’t risk 2014 majority Matthews, 7/26 – (Laura Matthews, Associated Press Staff Writer for the International Business Times. July 26, 2013. “Short On Time, Republicans Could Tackle Debt Ceiling Crisis With Continuing Resolution,” http://www.ibtimes.com/short-time-republicans-could-tackle-debt-ceiling-crisis-continuing-resolution-1360925)
The U.S. debt ceiling deadline that will likely occur in late October AND because, again, they’ve got real-live consequences and real dates.” Continuing resolution key to the global economy – US default causes investing scare Matthews, 7/26 – (Laura Matthews, Associated Press Staff Writer for the International Business Times. July 26, 2013. “Short On Time, Republicans Could Tackle Debt Ceiling Crisis With Continuing Resolution,” http://www.ibtimes.com/short-time-republicans-could-tackle-debt-ceiling-crisis-continuing-resolution-1360925)
Economists and market analysts generally agree that a U.S. government default would AND damaging consequences for the U.S. and global markets and economies.
When crisis strikes, they are quick to decide that capitalism is a failure and AND the world economy back on track, we may still have to fight. CP
Text – the President of the United States should release the United States Department of Justice memoranda outlining the legal basis and justifications for drone strikes in the area of targeted killing. Executive self-restraint is sufficient to solve – Sets norms, checks prolif, ILaw and misuse. Zenko, 13 Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, CFR Center for Preventive Action, Council Special Report, January, 2013, http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736
Beyond the United States, drones are proliferating even as they are becoming increasingly sophisticated AND the future, the United States should undertake the following specific policy recommendations. Case
Utilitarianism is the only framework you can evaluate public policy in Goodin, ‘95 Robert E. Goodin, Professor of Philosophy at the Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Utilitarianism as a public philosophy, 1995, p. 26 The great advantage of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids AND precious little sense in the private one even, as Chapter 3 shows.
EXTINCTION IS THE MOST HORRIFIC IMPACT IMAGINABLE – PUTTING DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS FIRST IS PUTTING A PART OF SOCIETY BEFORE THE WHOLE SCHELL, 82 (JONATHAN – PROF @ WESLEYAN UNIV, THE FATE OF THE EARTH, P. 136-137)
Implicit in everything that I have said so far about the nuclear predicament there AND of any object in life but of the subject that experiences all objects.
Concerns with moral goodness undercut political responsibility Isaac, ‘2 Jeffrey C. Isaac, Prof of Poly Sci and director of the center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life @ Indiana University, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Vol. 49 Issue 2 pg. 32-38, EBSCO, 2002 Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It AND not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
TURN – CRITICIZING BENEVOLENT INTERNATIONAL ACTION ON GROUNDS OF IMPERIALISM UNDERMINES THE LIBERATION OF OPPRESSED PEOPLES – AN ETHIC OF SOLIDARITY FOR ALL WHO ARE SUFFERING, EVEN IF IT MEANS CONTRIBUTING TO AMERICAN POWER, IS BEST SHAW, PROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS @ UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX, 2 (MARTIN, USES AND ABUSES OF ANTI-IMPERIALISM IN THE GLOBAL ERA, APRIL 7, HTTP://WWW.MARTINSHAW.ORG/EMPIRE.HTM)
It is worth asking how the politics of anti-imperialism distorts Western leftists' AND subsuming all regional contradictions into the false synthesis of a new Western imperialism.
To make reasonable judgements in such matters it is essential, in my view AND that a nuclear war was neither inevitable nor overdetermined during the Cold War.
TURN – THEIR TOTALIZING ANTI-IMPERIALISM MOVEMENT ABSOLVES ELITES OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR ATROCITIES CAREY, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL SCIENCE @ GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY, 2 (HENRY, THE POSTCOLONIAL STATE AND THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, P. 59-75)
First, we consider the dialectical effects of the psychological variables: the elite and AND sub-Saharan Africa and the Muslim states of south and southeast Asia.
THE STATE IS GOOD-''BREAKING DOWN THE STATE" JUST RESULTS IN BLOODY ANARCHY AND A NEW REGIME MORE BRUTAL THAN TNE LAST CARD ‘3 (Orson Scott, Author of Ender's Game, etc., "War Watch," Oct 26, http://www.ornery.orglessays/wanvatch/2003-1 0-26-1 . html) This group of terrorists called themselves "Anarchists," and their enemy was all government AND , rulers who obey the law and relinquish power without being forced to.
Wars are not the result of the state- they occur when individuals try to transcend the state system- the risk of violence is higher with THE AFF Holsti, 1985 (K.J., University of British Columbia, “The Necrologists of International Relations” Canadian Journal of Political Science 18.4 (dec.) pg. 683-684) I would argue that the great wars of the system were not a consequence of AND nineteenth century, and possibly the post-1945 period, have revealed.
We must not reject the state- limited and strategic use of the state is vital to successful politics and prevent violence Derrida, French philosopher, 2K (Jacques, “Intellectual Courage: An Interview AND One ought to operate with new dissociations and accept complex and differentiated practices.
The opportunity lies before us as Americans. The United States is in a position AND or being held hostage to events in a more volatile and violent one.
The examination of ethnic conflict has several implications for American foreign policy. First, AND . So the stakes are huge in moral as well as strategic terms.
