Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: California, Berkeley Martin-Epner | Judge: Allen
Full-text of the 1AC is uploaded below. (as read round 6)

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: UT Dallas Velasquez-Ogbuli | Judge: Murillo

Contention one is the status quo

Secret executive memos regarding cyber operations have become the infrastructure of the police state—the post-9/11 race towards secrecy has destroyed all government accountability

Roberts 13-former Assistant Secretary of the US Treasury and Associate Editor of the Wall Street Journal, PhD @ University of Virginia, Post-Grad fellow @ Berkeley 26 Oxford,  ~Paul, Counter Punch, and#34;The Police State is Real,and#34; 2/8/2013, http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/02/08/the-police-state-is-real/-http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/02/08/the-police-state-is-real/, DKP~

The Bush regime’s response to 9/11 and the Obama regime’s validation of this
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The criminals go free, and those who report the crimes are punished.¶ 

Specifically, presidential policy directive-20 infused War on Terror principles of secrecy into offensive cyber operations

Global Research 13-~Washington’s Blog, Centre for Research on Globalization, and#34;Global Cyberwarfare. High-Level US Intelligence Source: ’We Hack Everyone Everywhere’and#34;6/8/2013, http://www.globalresearch.ca/global-cyberwarfare-high-level-us-intelligence-source-we-hack-everyone-everywhere/5338193-http://www.globalresearch.ca/global-cyberwarfare-high-level-us-intelligence-source-we-hack-everyone-everywhere/5338193, DKP~

Glenn Greenwald – who broke the phone and internet spying stories this week – has
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), and to promote viewpoints which have nothing to do with keeping us safe

The effect moves beyond strategic operations – The shutdown of any meaningful debate about presidential powers combatting this censorship is necessary to understand the effects of offensive cyber operations

Gosztola 13-trusted author who publishes his writing regularly to OpEdNews and Open Salon and he is a 2009 Young People For Fellow. Kevin, The Dissenter, and#34;Top Secret Cybersecurity Policy Directive Revealed 26 the Debate Obama May ’Welcome’ But Never Have,and#34; http://dissenter.firedoglake.com/2013/06/08/top-secret-cybersecurity-policy-directive-revealed-the-debate-obama-may-welcome-but-never-have/-http://dissenter.firedoglake.com/2013/06/08/top-secret-cybersecurity-policy-directive-revealed-the-debate-obama-may-welcome-but-never-have/, DKP~
and#34;Cyber effectsand#34; is essentially a sanitized term developed by the Obama administration,
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on their authority to expand the national security state without any limitations whatsoever.

Thus we argue that the:

The United States Federal Government should repeal Presidential Policy Directive-20. 

Contention 2 is Hacktivism

Removing presidential Policy Directive-20 is key- the affirmative challenges a last ditch effort of the elite to crack down—OCO’s can now be used by the executive to attack citizens, telecommunications, websites, and protests in the name of and#34;national securityand#34;

Martin 13-Writer @ Global Research-Centre for Research on Globalization ~Patrick, Global Research, and#34;Obama’s ’Cyberwarfare First Strike’: Using Offensive Cyber Effects Operations (OCEO) to Destabilize Countries,and#34; 6/10/2013, http://www.globalresearch.ca/obamas-cyberwarfare-first-strike-using-offensive-cyber-effects-operations-oceo-to-destabilize-countries/5338457-http://www.globalresearch.ca/obamas-cyberwarfare-first-strike-using-offensive-cyber-effects-operations-oceo-to-destabilize-countries/5338457, DKP~

The directive ~Presidential Policy Directive-20~ also discusses possible cyber attacks by
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transportation, or anything else designated as and#34;criticaland#34; by the government.

AND, these domestic cyber-attacks are key to the Cheney and#34;continuity of governmentand#34; doctrine in which all power is given to a few in the executive branch, wholly excluding the legislative and judicial branches from having any say

Martin 13-Writer @ Global Research-Centre for Research on Globalization ~Patrick, Global Research, and#34;Obama’s ’Cyberwarfare First Strike’: Using Offensive Cyber Effects Operations (OCEO) to Destabilize Countries,and#34; 6/10/2013, http://www.globalresearch.ca/obamas-cyberwarfare-first-strike-using-offensive-cyber-effects-operations-oceo-to-destabilize-countries/5338457-http://www.globalresearch.ca/obamas-cyberwarfare-first-strike-using-offensive-cyber-effects-operations-oceo-to-destabilize-countries/5338457, DKP~

According to the directive, domestic cyber-warfare actions would be coordinated with dozens
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driven by the mounting social inequality and class antagonisms within the United States.

First, hacktavists are at the front of the global information war—revolutions against state oppression are grounded in cyber space

Penny 11-writer, journalist and activist who writes regularly for The New Statesman and the Independent, author of books about dissent ~Laurie, The Nation, and#34;Cyberactivism From Egypt to Occupy Wall Street,and#34; 10/31/2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/163922/rise-digital-natives~~23-http://www.thenation.com/article/163922/rise-digital-natives, DKP~

Hackers come in many forms, from criminals stealing credit card details to shadowy government
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being rewritten on terms not wholly in the control of nation-states.

And, the dissent politics of hacking is political freedom—it helped bring about revolution, allowed WikiLeaks to continue, and helps rebels communicate—this is the battlefield of the 21^st century

Penny 11-writer, journalist and activist who writes regularly for The New Statesman and the Independent, author of books about dissent ~Laurie, The Nation, and#34;Cyberactivism From Egypt to Occupy Wall Street,and#34; 10/31/2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/163922/rise-digital-natives~~23-http://www.thenation.com/article/163922/rise-digital-natives, DKP~

Like so much on the Internet, in a way, contemporary hacktivism started with
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do far faster than grown-ups and governments, and that’s adapt.
A free and open cyberspace is the cornerstone of 21st century movements and rebellion—allows for distribution, organization, opposition, and participation
Deibert and Rohozinski 10-*Professor of Political Science and Director of the Canada Centre
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4 Issue 1, pg. 21, Wiley Online Library, DKP~ 

Cyberspace, in particular the Internet, has made networking between likeminded individuals and groups
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challenge  nondemocratic, authoritarian, and competitive authoritarian regimes, resistance networks.’

This cyber activism is the new wave of civil disobedience—dissent is the only way to have an open democratic society, to make informed political decisions, and to create meaningful debate about government policy

Hayase 13-contributing writer to Culture Unplugged, global citizen blogger @ Journal Between Words, she brings out deeper dimensions of socio-cultural events at the intersection between politics and psychology to share insight on future social evolution, PhD Candidate in Philosophy ~Nozomi, Counter Punch, and#34;Manning, Snowden and Assange, The Rise of the Internet Dissidents,and#34; 8/13/2013, http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/08/13/the-rise-of-the-internet-dissidents/,-http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/08/13/the-rise-of-the-internet-dissidents/, DKP~

NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden’s volcanic revelations of ubiquitous US surveillance are in their third month
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vision of a new world and of a more open and just society.

Even if the executive ignores congressional ruling, it would get leaked to the pubic
Frankel 7 ~Max, and#34;The Washington Back Channel,and#34; The New York Times, March 25, 2007 p. l/n~

Sitting in court, I kept thinking back to 1971 and my effort to unwrap
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eager to provide a forum — the press is probably the most important.

This is particularly true in the context of cyber operations—empirics

Gosztola 13-trusted author who publishes his writing regularly to OpEdNews and Open Salon and he is a 2009 Young People For Fellow. ~Kevin, The Dissenter, and#34;Top Secret Cybersecurity Policy Directive Revealed 26 the Debate Obama May ’Welcome’ But Never Have,and#34; http://dissenter.firedoglake.com/2013/06/08/top-secret-cybersecurity-policy-directive-revealed-the-debate-obama-may-welcome-but-never-have/-http://dissenter.firedoglake.com/2013/06/08/top-secret-cybersecurity-policy-directive-revealed-the-debate-obama-may-welcome-but-never-have/, DKP~

Back in November 2012, the Washington Post reported on a and#34;secretand#34; presidential
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Greenwald and is the latest in a series of leaks on government surveillance.

These forms of dissent are necessary—widespread conformity and lack of public information cause the worst forms of injustice, oppression, and violence

Sunstein 3-Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law @ Harvard Law School, JD @ Harvard Law School, former Professor of Political Science @ the University of Chicago ~Cass, Why Societies Need Dissent, 2003, pg. 6, DKP~

The problem is that widespread conformity deprives the public of information that it needs to
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their jobs, face ostracism, or at least have some difficult months.¶ 

Although the dissent of the affirmative is at the core of new challenges to corporate domination, government violence, and oppression, our argument is also about compassion and caring for others—cyber activism is a way of building connections between people that embody our collective consciousness capable of truly toppling regimes of domination—regardless of success in congress, the 1AC is capable of political change from the ground up

Hayase 13-contributing writer to Culture Unplugged, global citizen blogger @ Journal Between Words, she brings out deeper dimensions of socio-cultural events at the intersection between politics and psychology to share insight on future social evolution, PhD Candidate in Philosophy ~Nozomi, Counter Punch, and#34;Manning, Snowden and Assange, The Rise of the Internet Dissidents,and#34; 8/13/2013, http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/08/13/the-rise-of-the-internet-dissidents/,-http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/08/13/the-rise-of-the-internet-dissidents/, DKP~

Before Snowden’s whistleblowing, Julian Assange saw the increasing force that was subverting the internet
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and creativity that have been suppressed in the trend toward extreme capitalism within the
transnational corporate-state.¶ Along with a new found courage, these young people
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the bill was defeated, it was lost by only 12 votes. It
brought huge shifts in public opinion about the security state and government secrecy. A grassroots
organization called and#34;Restore the Fourthand#34; quickly formed, which had its first round
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are a part of this rising Internet generation.¶ The battle has begun. 

The unexamined life is not worth living—the affirmative advances a comportment of resistance necessary for life to have meaning and value

Françoise Proust-http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hypatia/v015/15.4proust01.html 2k-Fall 2000. agregée in Philosophy, was a program director at the Collége Internationale de Philosophie, in addition to her post at the Université de Paris I. Her work centered on the problem of how to think politics and political action today. She is the author of Kant et le ton d’histoire (1991), L’Histoire à contretemps: Le temps historique chez Walter Benjamin (1994), Point de Passage (1994), and De la Resistance (1997).

We are indebted to Michel Foucault for having generalized, while also displacing, the
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It responds to a situation, it reacts to an event, it is therefore posterior, secondary, and subordinated to that which it resists. However,
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is nothing other than its capacity to play on and thwart irresistible resistances.
 

Contention three is Risk

If impacts are calculated by multiplying probability times magnitude, then every absurd probability of an infinite impact register as infinite – breaking down rational risk calculus

Kessler ’8 ~Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld,   and#34;From Insecurity to Uncertainty:  Risk and the Paradox of Security Politicsand#34; Alternatives  33 (2008), 211-232~ 

The problem of the second method is that it is very difficult to  and#34;calculate
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prevail than in situations where security problems can be assessed with relative certainty.   

This is particularly true in the context of OCO’s—policy solutions to risk just beget more risk—cycle continues until we become obsessed with it

Deibert and Rohozinski 10-*Professor of Political Science and Director of the Canada Centre
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Issue 1, pg. 18, Wiley Online Library, DKP~ 

Third, like Beck, we place a great deal of emphasis on unintended and
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are securing cyberspace, which leads to an insecurity of a different sort.

Cyber war depends on affective orientations towards apocalypse—Their political frame desensitizes publics through a circulation of continuous threat

Stevens 2013
~Tim Stevens, Department of War Studies, King’s College London and#34;Apocalyptic Visions: Cyber War and the Politics of Timeand#34; www.academia.edu/3291102/Apocalyptic_Visions_Cyber_War_and_the_Politics_of_Time-http://www.academia.edu/3291102/Apocalyptic_Visions_Cyber_War_and_the_Politics_of_Time~~ stevens f

Viewed as an ’accident’, strategic cyber war appears immanent to our contemporary ’
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of the catastrophe when and if it finally arrives (Grusin, 2010).¶ 

This apocalyptic rhetoric is at the heart of cybersecurity politics—the question of predictions being accurate takes a backseat to escalating threats in hopes predictions will someday become true

Stevens, 13 Tim Stevens, Prof. at , King’s College London Department of War Studies and#34;Apocalyptic Visions: Cyber War and the Politics of Timeand#34;  http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/31124211/Apocalyptic_Visions_-_Stevens_14-04-13.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIR6FSIMDFXPEERSA26Expires=137745518726Signature=xLDiNWVoQar2i4n0aIHuBof7maw3D26response-content-disposition=inline-http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/31124211/Apocalyptic_Visions_-_Stevens_14-04-13.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIR6FSIMDFXPEERSA26Expires=137745518726Signature=xLDiNWVoQar2i4n0aIHuBof7maw3D26response-content-disposition=inline BJM

  Apocalyptic thinking is inherently eschatological, interpreting history through the prism of finitude:   
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cyber war located with respect to this spirit of apocalyptic   modernity and postmodernity?