Tournament: UGA | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison | Judge: Joe Bellon
Plan

The federal judiciary should strike down the President’s targeting killing policy involving drone strikes on the grounds that it violates international law. 

Contention 1 - Solvency

Despite international legal precedents, US federal courts have failed to meaningfully rule on targeted killing drone policy – only establishing a judicial legal basis for drones perceptually solves global legitimacy
Ramsden, 2013Michael, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, The Chinese University of Hong Kong., "Assessing U.S. Targeted Killings Under An International Human Rights Law Framework." Groninger Journal of International Law. Vol. 1, No. 1,  www.grojil.org/01-Ramsden20-20Assessing20US20Targeted20Killings20UNder20an20International20HRL20Framework.pdf, accessed: 8-14-13, SpS
A further requirement is that any use of lethal force must be subject to review
AND
presumably according discretion to states as to how it investigates deprivations of life.
Similar pronouncements can be found in Strasbourg, where the European Court of Human Rights
AND
against abuse and ensure that targeted killings only occur in accordance with law.
Empirically the U.S. can solve - American power is dynamic and can set norms that are respected and enforced
James Whibley – 2013. (M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand in 2012 and his research is soon to be published in Intelligence and National Security, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, “The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent,” 2/6/2013, http://journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/, Accessed 10/12/2013, WSH) 

In a recent article, David Wood expresses concern over the start of a drone
AND
, then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.

Judicial incorporation of customary international law will be perceived and modeled—this leads to the bolstering of international law:   
Douglas Sylvester, 1994 professor of law at the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law at Arizona State University, Spring, 1994, 42 Buffalo L. Rev. 555, Lexis 

3. Countervailing Arguments. The preceding sections have shown that historical and theoretical objections
AND
laws are made explicit it will become more difficult for violations to occur.

Post hoc judicial review solves competency and secrecy and provides accountability
Vladeck, 2013
Stephen, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship,
American University Washington College of Law, “DRONES AND THE WAR ON TERROR:
WHEN CAN THE U.S. TARGET ALLEGED AMERICAN TERRORISTS OVERSEAS?”, accessed: 8-16-13, SpS

At first blush, it may seem like many of these issues would be equally salient in the context of after-the-fact damages suits. But as long as such a regime was designed carefully and conscientiously, I believe that virtually all of these concerns could be mitigated.
For starters, retrospective review doesn’t raise anywhere near the same concerns with regard to
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S.C. § 1534,24 as a model for such proceedings
More to the point, it should also follow that courts would be far more
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the attack is also something that can only reasonably be assessed post hoc.
In addition to the substantive questions, it will also be much easier for courts to review the government’s own internal procedures after they are employed, especially if the government itself is already conducting after-action reviews that could be made part of the (classified) record in such cases. Indeed, the government’s own analysis could, in many cases, go a long way toward proving the lawfulness vel non of an individual strike.

Contention 2 – Deterrence

Current US targeted killing policy has triggered a global drones arms race – this will erode the deterrence norm which makes nuclear conflict and accidental wars inevitable
Boyle, La Salle University Assistant Political Science Professor, 2013
Michael J., e was previously a Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow
AND
1Boyle.pdf, accessed: 7-4-13, SpS

The race for drones
An important, but overlooked, strategic consequence of the Obama administration’s embrace of drones
AND
where it was shot down by the Israeli air force in October 2012.
A global arms race for drone technology is already under way. According to one
AND
that will fade as more suppliers offer drones that can match US capabilities.
Third, lethal drones create the possibility that the norms on the use of force
AND
from following the American lead and using drone strikes to eliminate potential threats. 

Collapse of the nuclear deterrence norm guarantees extinction
Freedman, 2013
Lawrence, is Professor of War Studies and Vice Principal at King’s College in London, and a member of the TWQ editorial board, "Disarmament and Other Nuclear Norms," ncsis.org/files/publication/TWQ_13Spring_Freedman.pdf, accessed: 8-13-13, SpS

Rhetoric that urges elimination on the assumption that the only alternative is Armageddon is not
AND
and of non-/use, as in accepting the responsibility of restraint.
The impact is empirical – assumptions of rationality don’t disprove deterrence theory – attempts to understand motivations for war reduce the risk of conflict
Payne, National Institute for Public Policy President, DOD Forces Policy Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (2002-2003), Missouri State Defense and Strategic Studies Grad. Dept. Head, Nuclear Strategy Forum Co-Chairman, Comparative Strategy Editor-In-Chief, 2003  Keith, "The Fallacies of Cold War Deterrence and a New Direction," http://www.unm.edu/~gleasong/300/su2006/keith_payne_fallacies.pdf

There is no adequate alternative to the hard task of attempting to ascertain the particular
AND
relatively more informed by the opponents’ various motivations and cost-benefit calculations.

Accidental drone wars spark conflicts in every global nuclear hotspot
Dowd, 2013
Alan W., writes on national defense, foreign policy, and international security
AND
Vol43No1.pdf, accessed: 8-15-13, SpS

Error War
If these geo-political consequences of remote-control war do not get our attention, then the looming geo-strategic consequences should.
AND
remote-control pilots will do much to promote a liberal global order.
It would be ironic if the promise of risk-free warpresented by drones spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies. 

Contention 3 - International Law
US permissive drone policy is modeled globally - collapses international law
Alston, 2011
Philip, is the John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law. The author was UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010. “The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders,” Accessed: 8-14-13, SpS

Because the United States inevitably contributes disproportionately to the shaping of global regime rules,
AND
United States before long when invoked by other states with highly problematic agendas.

All their “I Law fails” cards are non-unique – I Law fails because America is not engaged – our policies on drones and the war on terror are uniquely capable of establishing real respect for international law – if we don’t act now others will shape the international system against us   
Brian Lowenberg – 2013. (J.D., University of Houston Law Center (2004); Duke University Law School Transnational Law Institute (Geneva, Switzerland) (2002); B.A., International Affairs, Trinity University (2001)). He is a Partnership-Track Associate practicing with McElroy, Deutsch, Mulvaney and Carpenter, L.L.P. in Philadelphia, PA where he represents international clients in products liability cases, premises liability actions, and commercial litigation. He is also a former Casenotes and Comments Editor of this Journal, “THE UNITED STATES AS A BENEVOLENT INTERNATIONAL LEVIATHAN* AND THE NEED FOR FRAMING A RESPONSE TO THE EMBASSY ATTACKS PURSUANT TO RECOGNIZABLE INTERNATIONAL LAW,” 6/4/2013, http://www.hjil.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Lowenberg-Final.pdf, Accessed 12/3/2013, WSH) 

International law, by nature of its very name, should conjure up images of
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-Iraq War and Iraq’s attempt to systematically exterminate the Kurdish Iraqis.38
There were other traces of American support for an ICTI between the Gulf War and
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where there is no authoritative structure to ensure the sanctity of international law.
This internal link to international law outweighs alternate causes – the status quo actively prompts other countries to violate I-LAW
Owen Bowcott - 2012. (Owen Bowcott is legal affairs correspondent. He was formerly the Guardian's Ireland correspondent and also worked on the foreign newsdesk, The Guardian News Paper, “Drone strikes threaten 50 years of international law, says UN rapporteur,” 6/21/2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jun/21/drone-strikes-international-law-un, Accessed 7/25/2013, WSH)
QUOTE: The US policy of using aerial drones to carry out targeted killings presents
AND
surveillance, rather than relying on intelligence about specific al-Qaida activists. 

Effective international law solves warming and multiple scenarios for nuclear war
Institute for Energy and Environmental Research 2
and the Lawyers Committee on Nuclear Policy, Rule of Power or Rule of Law? An Assessment of U.S. Policies and Actions Regarding Security-Related Treaties, May, http://www.ieer.org/reports/treaties/execsumm.pdf
The evolution of international law since World War II is largely a response to the
AND
state has followed the U.S. example and opted out of compliance
Warming means extinction if nothing is done
Graciela Chichilnisky – 2013. (Professor of Economics and of Statistics Director, Columbia Consortium for Risk Management (CCRM) Columbia University, 6th Annual Distinguished Lecture Chautauque Series on International StudiesKeynote Address for Women’s History MonthEastern Kentucky University, “Avoiding Extinction,” at least 2010, http://www.chichilnisky.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Avoiding-Extinction-EKU-revised-Jan-23-2013.pdf, Accessed 8/16/2013, WSH)

For the first time ever, humans dominate Planet Earth. We are changing the
AND
? Will humans survive? The issue now is how to avoid extinction.

Air pollution is rampant worldwide—we’re specifically losing the battle against acid rain:
Joseph Masilamany, 2/15/2013 (staff writer, “Air-pocalypse in the making,” http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/business/2013/02/15/air-pocalypse-in-the-making/, Accessed 2/18/2013, rwg)
PETALING JAYA: The world is losing the battle for clean air. In spite
AND
 of total production – more than US$5 billion a year.
(--) Effective international law solves acid rain:
Mark L. Glode and Beverly Nelson Glode, 1993 (Master's in Civil Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and J.D., University of Bridgeport School of Law, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, “TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION: ACID RAIN AND UNITED STATES-CANADIAN RELATIONS,” Fall 1993, 20 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev. 1, Lexis, accessed 7/23/2013, rwg)
The Montreal Protocol affirmed the role of traditional international law in bringing about solutions to
AND
has delayed and complicated resolution of transboundary air pollution between the two countries.
(--) Acid rain threatens extinction:
John E. Carroll, 1989 (Environmental Conservation Program at the University of New Hampshire, October 1989, “The Acid Challenge to Security,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, accessed via google books, February 18, 2013, rwg)
The question is how long this will take, and how much damage will be
AND
and the ecosystem as a home for Homo sapiens hangs in the balance.
(--) New satellite date confirms the Earth is facing severe water shortages:
Daily Mail, 2/13/2013 (“Warnings of severe water shortages in the Middle East after satellites show freshwater reserves the size of the Dead Sea have dried up,” http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2278040/Nasa-warn-freshwater-shortages-Middle-East-study-shows-diminished-reserves.html, Accessed 2/18/2013, rwg)
Vast freshwater reserves nearly equivalent in size to the Dead Sea have
AND
 They say the precious water stocks have gone because of poor water management, increased demands for groundwater, and a major drought in 2007.
(--) International law is key to solve water shortages
Christopher L. Kukk and David A. Deese, 1996 (Ph.D. candidate in political science at Boston College and Director of International Studies at Boston College, UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs, “AT THE WATER'S EDGE: REGIONAL CONFLICT AND COOPERATION OVER FRESH WATER,” 1 UCLA J. Int'l L. and For. Aff. 21, Lexis, accessed 7/23/2013, rwg)
Although the "difficulties" of severe water shortages may be alleviated by new technologies
AND
not inevitable and that the water scarcity-conflict link can be broken.
(--) Impending water shortages threaten human survival:
Miriam C. Nagel, 2013 (“Water Shortages,” http://www.highbeam.com/topics/water-shortages-t25820, Accessed 2/18/2013, rwg)
There is no shortage of water on Earth. However, there is a shortage
AND
they are needed and of handling wastewater, particularly in densely populated regions.
(--) International law is key to solving disease:
David P. Fidler, 2003 (“Emerging Trends in International Law Concerning Global Infectious Disease Control,” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2958540/, accessed 7/23/2013, rwg)
International cooperation has become critical in controlling infectious diseases. In this article, I
AND
disease control—embodied in the International Health Regulations—may be moribund.
(--) Diseases risk extinction:  
The Scotsman, 9/11/1995 (“The mega death,” Lexis)
Bullets and bombs may be the weapons of the present, but plagues, viruses
AND
ordained evolutionary programme," warns Nobel Laureate Joshua Lederberg in The Coming Plague.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: App State | Judge:
Plan

The federal judiciary should strike down the President’s targeting killing policy involving drones strikes on the grounds that it violates international law. 

Contention 1 - Solvency

Despite international legal precedents, US federal courts have failed to meaningfully rule on targeted killing drone policy – only establishing a judicial legal basis for drones perceptually solves global legitimacy
Ramsden, 2013
Michael, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, The Chinese University of Hong Kong., "Assessing U.S. Targeted Killings Under An International Human Rights Law Framework." Groninger Journal of International Law. Vol. 1, No. 1,  www.grojil.org/01-Ramsden20-20Assessing20US20Targeted20Killings20UNder20an20International20HRL20Framework.pdf, accessed: 8-14-13, SpS

A further requirement is that any use of lethal force must be subject to review
AND
presumably according discretion to states as to how it investigates deprivations of life.
Similar pronouncements can be found in Strasbourg, where the European Court of Human Rights
AND
importance of judicial review of targeted killings when reviewing the executive’s practice.82
The US executive has resisted calls for the introduction of external checks on its decisions
AND
Guantanamo Bay provide a poignant example of the dangers of unchecked power.85
IV. Conclusion
It has been argued in this article that the US justification for targeted killings,
AND
appropriate framework to assess the legality of depriving an individual of their life.
Whilst IHRL imposes stringent requirements for the use of lethal force, it is to
AND
different context and challenges arising from the extra-territorial uses of force.
Yet, IHRL is also relevant in another important way; in requiring the US
AND
against abuse and ensure that targeted killings only occur in accordance with law.

Judicial incorporation of customary international law will be perceived and modeled—this leads to the bolstering of international law:   
Douglas Sylvester, 1994 professor of law at the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law at Arizona State University, Spring, 1994, 42 Buffalo L. Rev. 555, Lexis 

3. Countervailing Arguments. The preceding sections have shown that historical and theoretical objections to a modern application of customary international law are not dispositive.
AND
Once these laws are made explicit it will become more difficult for violations to occur.

Other democracies will model the Supreme Court decision:
LUÍS ROBERTO BARROSO, 2012 (Professor of Constitutional Law, Rio de Janeiro State University, Spring, 2012, Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, 35 B.C. Int'l and Comp. L. Rev. 331, L/N, “HERE, THERE, AND EVERYWHERE: HUMAN DIGNITY IN CONTEMPORARY LAW AND IN THE TRANSNATIONAL DISCOURSE,” rwg)
In recent years, constitutional and supreme courts all over the world have begun engaging
AND
is, as with any other exchange, a two-way street.
Contention 2 – Deterrence
US targeted killing policy has triggered a global drones arms race – this will erode the deterrence norm which makes nuclear conflict and accidental wars inevitable
Boyle, La Salle University Assistant Political Science Professor, 2013
Michael J., e was previously a Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow
AND
1Boyle.pdf, accessed: 7-4-13, SpS

The race for drones
An important, but overlooked, strategic consequence of the Obama administration’s embrace of drones
AND
where it was shot down by the Israeli air force in October 2012.
A global arms race for drone technology is already under way. According to one
AND
that will fade as more suppliers offer drones that can match US capabilities.
The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
AND
and sold by rival Great Powers whose interests do not mirror its own.
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts
AND
powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.
Another dimension of this problem has to do with the risk of accident. Drones
AND
which can spread radioactive material like a dirty bomb if they crash.144
Third, lethal drones create the possibility that the norms on the use of force
AND
from following the American lead and using drone strikes to eliminate potential threats. 

Collapse of the nuclear deterrence norm guarantees extinction
Freedman, 2013
Lawrence, is Professor of War Studies and Vice Principal at King’s College in London, and a member of the TWQ editorial board, "Disarmament and Other Nuclear Norms," ncsis.org/files/publication/TWQ_13Spring_Freedman.pdf, accessed: 8-13-13, SpS

Rhetoric that urges elimination on the assumption that the only alternative is Armageddon is not
AND
of the terrible capacity to self-/destruct found in the international system.
The norms of nuclear nonproliferation, non-/use, and deterrence can be shown
AND
of their relevance to new types of conflict involving new types of actors.
There is an inescapable logic in the assertion that if nuclear weapons did not exist
AND
and of non-/use, as in accepting the responsibility of restraint.
The impact is empirical – assumptions of rationality don’t disprove deterrence theory – attempts to understand motivations for war reduce the risk of conflict
Payne, National Institute for Public Policy President, DOD Forces Policy Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (2002-2003), Missouri State Defense and Strategic Studies Grad. Dept. Head, Nuclear Strategy Forum Co-Chairman, Comparative Strategy Editor-In-Chief, 2003  Keith, "The Fallacies of Cold War Deterrence and a New Direction," http://www.unm.edu/~gleasong/300/su2006/keith_payne_fallacies.pdf

There is no adequate alternative to the hard task of attempting to ascertain the particular
AND
the past—with the unprecedented additional threats posed by mass destruction weapons.
Accumulating pertinent information about a challenger will never be complete, and the relevant information
AND
relatively more informed by the opponents’ various motivations and cost-benefit calculations.

Accidental drone wars spark conflicts in every global nuclear hotspot
Dowd, 2013
Alan W., writes on national defense, foreign policy, and international security
AND
Vol43No1.pdf, accessed: 8-15-13, SpS

Error War
If these geo-political consequences of remote-control war do not get our attention, then the looming geo-strategic consequences should. If we make the argument that UCAV pilots are in the battlespace, then we are effectively saying that the battlespace is the entire earth. If that is the case, the unintended consequences could be dramatic.
First, if the battlespace is the entire earth, the enemy would seem to have the right to wage war on those places where UCAV operators are based. That’s a sobering thought, one few policymakers have contemplated.
Second, power-projecting nations are following America’s lead and developing their own drones
AND
or Poland or Georgia; China and any number of its wary neighbors.
China has at least one dozen drones on the drawing board or in production,
AND
plane tracking a US aircraft carrier near Taiwan and relaying targeting information.48
Equally worrisome, the proliferation of drones could enable nonpower-projecting nations—and
AND
by drones was cited to justify the war against Saddam Hussein’s Iraq.49
Of course, cutting-edge UCAVs have not fallen into undeterrable hands. But
AND
remote-control pilots will do much to promote a liberal global order.
It would be ironic if the promise of risk-free warpresented by drones spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies.

Contention 3 - International Law
US permissive drone policy is modeled globally - collapses international law
Alston, 2011
Philip, is the John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law. The author was UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010. “The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders,” Accessed: 8-14-13, SpS

Because the United States inevitably contributes disproportionately to the shaping of global regime rules,
AND
in a wide range of potential situations in the not too distant future.
In 2011 a senior official noted that while for the past two decades the United
AND
can also be ‘a messenger of death for enemies of mankind’.577
To date, the United States has opted to maintain a relatively flexible and open
AND
such killings would under no circumstances be permitted within the United States.579
Thus when the United States argues that targeted killings are legitimate when used in response
AND
. It has also refused to cooperate with any investigation or prosecution.582
In 2006 the Russian Parliament passed a law permitting the Federal Security Service (FSB) to kill alleged terrorists overseas, if authorized to do so by the President.583 The law defines terrorism and terrorist activity extremely broadly, including “practices of influencing the decisions of government, local self-government or international organizations by terrorizing the population or through other forms of illegal violent action,” and also any “ideology of violence.”584
Under the law, there appears to be no restriction on the use of military
AND
of military and special forces outside the country’s borders against external threats.”587
China is another case in point. It has consistently characterized unrest among its Uighur
AND
on the unconvincing grounds of Pakistan’s special relationship with the United States.589
A more realistic note was struck by Anne-Marie Slaughter after bin Laden’s killing
AND
acting within the scope of those rules it needs to provide the evidence.
F. Conclusion
This Article has not sought to spell out the options open to the United States
AND
United States before long when invoked by other states with highly problematic agendas.

This internal link to international law outweighs alternate causes – the status quo actively prompts other countries to violate I-LAW
Owen Bowcott - 2012. (Owen Bowcott is legal affairs correspondent. He was formerly the Guardian's Ireland correspondent and also worked on the foreign newsdesk, The Guardian News Paper, “Drone strikes threaten 50 years of international law, says UN rapporteur,” 6/21/2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jun/21/drone-strikes-international-law-un, Accessed 7/25/2013, WSH)
QUOTE: The US policy of using aerial drones to carry out targeted killings presents
AND
surveillance, rather than relying on intelligence about specific al-Qaida activists. 

Effective international law solves warming and multiple scenarios for nuclear war
Institute for Energy and Environmental Research 2
and the Lawyers Committee on Nuclear Policy, Rule of Power or Rule of Law? An Assessment of U.S. Policies and Actions Regarding Security-Related Treaties, May, http://www.ieer.org/reports/treaties/execsumm.pdf
The evolution of international law since World War II is largely a response to the
AND
state has followed the U.S. example and opted out of compliance
Warming means extinction if nothing is done
Graciela Chichilnisky – 2013. (Professor of Economics and of Statistics Director, Columbia Consortium for Risk Management (CCRM) Columbia University, 6th Annual Distinguished Lecture Chautauque Series on International StudiesKeynote Address for Women’s History MonthEastern Kentucky University, “Avoiding Extinction,” at least 2010, http://www.chichilnisky.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Avoiding-Extinction-EKU-revised-Jan-23-2013.pdf, Accessed 8/16/2013, WSH)

For the first time ever, humans dominate Planet Earth. We are changing the
AND
? Will humans survive? The issue now is how to avoid extinction.

Air pollution is rampant worldwide—we’re specifically losing the battle against acid rain:
Joseph Masilamany, 2/15/2013 (staff writer, “Air-pocalypse in the making,” http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/business/2013/02/15/air-pocalypse-in-the-making/, Accessed 2/18/2013, rwg)
PETALING JAYA: The world is losing the battle for clean air. In spite
AND
 of total production – more than US$5 billion a year.
(--) Effective international law solves acid rain:
Mark L. Glode and Beverly Nelson Glode, 1993 (Master's in Civil Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and J.D., University of Bridgeport School of Law, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, “TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION: ACID RAIN AND UNITED STATES-CANADIAN RELATIONS,” Fall 1993, 20 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev. 1, Lexis, accessed 7/23/2013, rwg)
The Montreal Protocol affirmed the role of traditional international law in bringing about solutions to
AND
has delayed and complicated resolution of transboundary air pollution between the two countries.
(--) Acid rain threatens extinction:
John E. Carroll, 1989 (Environmental Conservation Program at the University of New Hampshire, October 1989, “The Acid Challenge to Security,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, accessed via google books, February 18, 2013, rwg)
The question is how long this will take, and how much damage will be
AND
and the ecosystem as a home for Homo sapiens hangs in the balance.
(--) New satellite date confirms the Earth is facing severe water shortages:
Daily Mail, 2/13/2013 (“Warnings of severe water shortages in the Middle East after satellites show freshwater reserves the size of the Dead Sea have dried up,” http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2278040/Nasa-warn-freshwater-shortages-Middle-East-study-shows-diminished-reserves.html, Accessed 2/18/2013, rwg)
Vast freshwater reserves nearly equivalent in size to the Dead Sea have been lost in the Middle East in the last decade
AND
water stocks have gone because of poor water management, increased demands for groundwater, and a major drought in 2007.
(--) International law is key to solve water shortages
Christopher L. Kukk and David A. Deese, 1996 (Ph.D. candidate in political science at Boston College and Director of International Studies at Boston College, UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs, “AT THE WATER'S EDGE: REGIONAL CONFLICT AND COOPERATION OVER FRESH WATER,” 1 UCLA J. Int'l L. and For. Aff. 21, Lexis, accessed 7/23/2013, rwg)
Although the "difficulties" of severe water shortages may be alleviated by new technologies
AND
not inevitable and that the water scarcity-conflict link can be broken.
(--) Impending water shortages threaten human survival:
Miriam C. Nagel, 2013 (“Water Shortages,” http://www.highbeam.com/topics/water-shortages-t25820, Accessed 2/18/2013, rwg)
There is no shortage of water on Earth. However, there is a shortage
AND
they are needed and of handling wastewater, particularly in densely populated regions.
(--) International law is key to solving disease:
David P. Fidler, 2003 (“Emerging Trends in International Law Concerning Global Infectious Disease Control,” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2958540/, accessed 7/23/2013, rwg)
International cooperation has become critical in controlling infectious diseases. In this article, I
AND
disease control—embodied in the International Health Regulations—may be moribund.
(--) Diseases risk extinction:  
The Scotsman, 9/11/1995 (“The mega death,” Lexis)
Bullets and bombs may be the weapons of the present, but plagues, viruses
AND
ordained evolutionary programme," warns Nobel Laureate Joshua Lederberg in The Coming Plague.