Tournament: UT Dallas | Round: 2 | Opponent: UT San Antonio | Judge:
OCO 1AC

CONTENTION 1: HEGEMONY

Scenario 1: Terrorism
Current focus on OCO trades off with defensive cyber security – We need cyber defense to stop cyber terrorist attacks
Gjelten 13 (Tom Gjelten is a correspondent for NPR. Jan/Feb 2013, First Strike: US Cyber Warriors Seize the Offensive http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/first-strike-us-cyber-warriors-seize-offensive)

When the Pentagon launched its much-anticipated “Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace”
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of Sanger’s reporting. “He nailed it,” one participant told me.
Terrorists will attack the water supply with chemical weapons
Waterman 13 (Shaun Waterman, The Washington Times, August 28, 2013, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/aug/28/syria-iran-capable-of-launching-a-cyberwar/?page=all.)

Syria and its ally Iran have been building cyberattack capabilities for years and soon might
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This is going to be a lingering problem,” Mr. Chertoff said.
Chemical terrorism causes nuclear retaliation
Conley 03 (Lt Col Harry W. Conley, USAF, chief of the Systems Analyxis Brancch, Directorate of Requreiments, Headquares Air Combat Commmnd, Langley AFB, Virginia, “Assessing US Policy for Retaliating to a Chemical or Biological Attack,”)

How should the United States determine its response to a chemical or biological attack against
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subject to a CBW attack is not a matter of if but when.
In 1969 President Richard Nixon stopped all biological weapons programs in America. More recently
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weapons to massive conventional retaliation to (most recently) nuclear retaliation.”8

Fresh water is necessary for life - contamination destroys any possibility for life on earth
Jackson et al 01 (Robert B. Jackson, Stephen R. Carpenter, Clifford N. Dahm, Diane M. McKnight, Robert J. Naiman, Sandra L. Postel, and Steven W. Running, Issue in Ecology, Published by the Ecological Society of America, Number 9, Spring 2001, “Water in a Changing World,”)

Life on land and in the lakes, rivers, and other freshwater habitats of
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extinction, and further fragment wetlands, rivers, deltas, and estuaries.
Based on the scientific evidence currently available, we conclude that:
• More than half of the world’s accessible freshwater runoff is already appropriated for human use.
• More than a billion people currently lack access to clean drinking water, and almost three billion lack basic sanitation services.
• Because human population will grow faster than any increase in accessible supplies of fresh water, the amount of freshwater available per person will decrease in the coming century.
• Climate change will intensify the earth’s water cycle in the next century, generally increasing rainfall, evaporation rates, and the occurrence of storms, and significantly altering the nutrient cycles in land-based ecosystems that influence water quality.
• At least 90 percent of river flows in the United States are strongly affected by dams, reservoirs, interbasin diversions, and irrigation withdrawals that fragment natural channels.
• Globally, 20 percent of freshwater fish species are threatened or extinct, and freshwater species make up 47 percent of all federally listed endangered animals in the United States.
Growing demands on freshwater resources are creating an urgent need to link research with improved
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on freshwater systems and assures efficient use and equitable distribution of these resources.
Scenario 2: China
Aggressive first use posture legitimizes an international model of offensive cyber attacks
Healey 13 (Jason Healey is director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative at the Atlantic Council, March 8, 2013, “Obama’s Cyberwarfare Strategy Will Backfire,” http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/03/08/clandestine-american-strategy-on-cyberwarfare-will-backfire)

America's generals and spymasters have decided they can secure a better future in cyberspace through
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driving U.S. policy, sadly, to that very end. 

For 2AC – reverse causal evidence – NFU would improve modelling/relations

That provokes East Asian war
Solana 13 (Javier Solana was EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy, Secretary-General of NATO, and Foreign Minister of Spain. He is currently President of the ESADE Center for Global Economy and Geopolitics and Distinguished Fellow at the Brookings Institution, September 17, 2013, Europe’s Smart Asian Pivot, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-eu-s-startegic-advantages-in-asia-by-javier-solana)

MADRID – For the first time in centuries, the focus of the global economy
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would withstand only a limited degree of strain in the turbulent years ahead.
Asian war escalates – extinction
Mohan 13 (C. Raja Mohan, a distinguished fellow at the Observer Research Foundation in New Delhi, ADBI Institute, Asian Development Bank Institute, March 2013, “Emerging Geopolitical Trends and Security in the Association of South East Asian Nations, the People’s Republic of China, and India (ACI) Region”)

Three broad types of conventional conflict confront Asia. The first is the prospect of
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former has disappointed while the latter has yet to demonstrate its full potential.
Chinese cyber attacks kill military power projection – military relies on information technology and we are on the brink now for major attacks – action must be taken now
Nielson 12 (Suzanne C. Nielsen is a Colonel in the U.S. Army, directs the International Relations Program in the Department of Social Sciences at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, an intelligence officer by background, Published for the Foreign Policy Research Institute by Elsevier Ltd., Summer 2013, “Pursuing Security in Cyberspace: Strategic and Organizational Challenges”)

He went on to say that the “formalization of military cyber capabilities creates another
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that the United States should be doing more to protect itself in cyberspace.
Engagement inevitable – maintaining heg is key to solve nuclear conflict and every geo-political hot spot and to fostering international cooperation which solves every existential threat
Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth 13 (Stephen G. Brooks, G. John Ikenberry, and William C. Wohlforth, January/February 2013 Issue of Foreign Affairs, Lean Forward In Defense of American Engagement, STEPHEN G. BROOKS is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. G. JOHN IKENBERRY is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul. WILLIAM C. WOHLFORTH is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. This article is adapted from their essay "Don't Come Home, America: The Case Against Retrenchment," International Security, Winter 2012-13. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward)

The details of U.S. foreign policy have differed from administration to administration
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balance against it, becomes overextended, or gets dragged into unnecessary wars.
If Washington got out of East Asia, Japan and South Korea would likely expand
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to pay for the expensive weaponry and equipment required for projecting power abroad.
The other side of the cost equation, the price of continued engagement, is
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in the South China Sea by pointing to established international law and norms.
The country's globe-spanning posture is the devil we know, and a world
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temptation need to present much more evidence before their case can be convincing.
KEEPING THE PEACE  Of course, even if it is true that the costs of
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believes that his support will strengthen Japan's security ties with the United States.
The United States' geopolitical dominance also helps keep the U.S. dollar in
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an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous.
Heg decline causes transition wars
Brzezinski 12 (Zbigniew Brzezinski was the National Security Advisor Under U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Author of the Forthcoming book Strategic Vision: America and the Crisis of Global Power, January 5, 2012, “After America How does the World Look in an Age of U.S. Decline? Dangerously Unstable.”    http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=full#sthash.s5FA5pOl.dpbs) 

Not so long ago, a high-ranking Chinese official, who obviously had
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policy -- or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil. 

Scenario 3: Soft Power
Squo working – lower war rates in years
Owen 11 (John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard, CATO Institute, Febuary 11, 2011, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony)

Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
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are now seeing is about much more than the humbling of a superpower.
Cyber Force Trades off with ability to leverage soft power – kills international perceptions
Belk and Noyes 12 (Robert Belk, naval aviator and Politico-Military Fellow studying international and global affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School, and Matthew Noyes, who studies international security policy and is a senior associate with the cybersecurity practice at Good Harbor Consulting, advised by Professor Joseph Nye and Professor Monica Toft, March 20, 2012, “On the Use of Offensive Cyber Capabilities: A Policy Analysis on Offensive US Cyber Policy”)

First, consider the normative permissibility of the action. What are the key constraints
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we must determine whether or not the operation or policy is ethically permissible.
Soft Power key to stop the spread of infectious disease
Nye 04 (Joseph S. Nye Jr. is dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government and author of the new book ‘Soft Power: the Means to Success in World Politics’)

Critics pointed out that the practice of preemption is not new, but turning it
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and developing a better balance of hard and soft power in foreign policy.
Pandemics Cripple the World Economy
McKibbin and Sidorenko 09 (Warwick J. McKibbin, Director of the Australian National University Centre for Applied macroeconomic Analysis, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and professorial fellow at the Lowy Institute for International Policy, and Alexandra A. Sidorenko, adjunct research fellow at Australian National University, April 28, 2009, “What a flu pandemic could cost the world,” http://experts.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/04/28/what_a_flu_pandemic_could_cost_the_world)

When the world sneezes, it's the global economy that catches the nastiest cold.
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relatively minor flu outbreak in Mexico City can send markets reeling in Tokyo.
THE PLAN:  THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, VIA CONGRESSIONAL OVERSIGHT, SHOULD SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASE RESTRICTIONS ON THE WAR POWERS AUTHORITY OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES BY PROHIBITING THE USE OF OFFENSIVE CYBER OPERATIONS. 

CONTENTION 2: SOLVENCY
Separation of Powers is Best for OCO’s
Dycus 2010 (Stephen, Professor at Vermont Law School, “Congress’s Role in Cyber Warfare,” 4 J. Nat'l Sec. L. and Pol'y 155, p. 166-171) PM

Congress’s active role in the development and implementation of cyber warfare policy is no guarantee
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experiences to work together to meet these challenges, as the Framers intended.
Congressional Oversight is Effective for OCO
Lorber 13 (Eric, J.D. Candidate University of Pennsylvania Law School and PhD Candidate Duke University Deparmtnent of Political Science, “Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?” p. 1000-1002) PM 

This analysis suggests that, given inherent weaknesses in the underlying statutory schemes, excluding
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and other nations develop and employ these capabilities with ever-greater frequency.