Tournament: Districts | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wyoming BC | Judge: Frappier

1NC

We affirm that we become outlaws.

Nothing is settled in this world; the 1AC would not disagree that the world is a complex composition of chaos and change. In this way, the logic of the affirmation statement is problematic – it lapses back into state philosophy of identity and equation – Wyo BC ARE outlaws – this is negation and reactivity par excellence

Massumi ’87 Brian Massumi, "Translator’s Foreward: Pleasures of Philosophy," A Thousand Plateaus, University of Minnesota Press, 1987, p. xi-xiv
"State philosophy" is another word for the representational thinking that has characterized Western
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yourself humming them under your breath as you go about your daily business.

Prefer our stance of becoming over their microfascistic politics of being

Conley ’6 Verena Andermatt Conley, professor of literature at Harvard, "Borderlines," Deleuze and the Contemporary World, eds. Ian Buchanan and Adrian Parr, 2006, p. 95-100
In their dialogues and collaborations, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari enquire of the nature
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in accord with any and every utopian scenario, all identity is undone.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 3 | Opponent: Weber CS | Judge: Andy Red Dog Larson

Text: The United States federal government should establish a Targeted Killing Court with jurisdiction to apply a strict scrutiny standard to executive targeted killing orders.

Solves credibility advantage – credible legal norms are non-existent – US action to enhance transparency and predictability is key to influencing global actors

Byman ’13 Daniel L. Byman, Professor in the Security Studies Program of the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, Research Director, Saban Center for Middle East Policy, and Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Saban Center for Middle East Policy @ Brookings, former Director of the Center for Peace and Security Studies and the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, "Why Drones Work," Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman
The fact remains that by using drones so much, Washington risks setting a troublesome
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considers the law and the risks to civilians before ordering a strike. 

Solves terrorism advantage – consistent process key to diminish civilian casualties – status quo approach guarantees excessive, misguided, and insufficiently planned strikes

Guiora and Blank 12 (Amos and Laurie, prof of law at the SJ Quinney College of Law university of Utah, director of Emory Law’s International Humanitarian Law Clinic, dw: 8-10-2012, da: 9-11-2013, lido)
Ultimately, the lawfulness of targeted killing depends, in large part, on the
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on both sides and to our fundamental values, are just too high.

Net benefit is executive flex DA and the case turns and the politics DA

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: Whitman BM | Judge: Pointer

Signature strikes

Text: The President of the United States should restrict targets of targeted killing operations using pilotless aircraft units outside declared zones of conflict to individuals identified as leaders of transnational organizations with direct involvement in past or ongoing violent operations against the United States.

Executive action solves

Zenko 13 (Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, January 2013, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies", http://i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Drones_CSR65.pdf)

The president of the United States should limit targeted killings to individuals who U.
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in warfare in response to ground-based antiaircraft fire or aerial combat).

Tournament: Cal-Chico | Round: 4 | Opponent: CSUF BS | Judge: Lemuel, Joel

The need to "break the silence" reproduces violence and oppression by normalizing and codifying it - these essentialisms totalize subjects of subordination and short-circuit resistance

Brown ’96 Wendy Brown, Professor of Women’s Studies and Legal Studies at University of California - Santa Cruz, The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, 1996
These questions suggest that in legally codifying a fragment of an insurrec- tionary discourse
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emancipators, how our confessions become the norms by which we are regulated. 

Narratives essentialize identity groups as powerless and victimizes - this relegates subjectivity to victimhood and excludes anyone who doesn’t meet this model of subordination

Brown ’96 Wendy Brown, Professor of Women’s Studies and Legal Studies at University of California - Santa Cruz, The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, 1996
If, taken together, the two passages from Foucault we have been consider-
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is to articulate a variety of possibilities not otherwise available to the sufferer?

Tournament: Cal-Chico | Round: 1 | Opponent: Fresno State CB | Judge: Thach, Lee

Society is not ’straight’ or ’queer’—anti-assimilationism turns queer politics into exclusionary withdrawal from culture, retaining the violent drives for unity and identity which it seeks to escape

McKee ’99 Alan McKee, "’Resistance is Hopeless’: Assimilating Queer Theory," Social Semiotics, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1999, http://eprints.qut.edu.au/42011/2/42011.pdf jss
These are some of the elements by which a cultural interaction might be recognised as
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of exact fit which results in any meeting of the non—identical.

Edelmen’s fetish for rigid, unchanging notions of the symbolic tautologically erases the differences between fascism and progressive democracy. The underside of "no future" is a homogenization of history from the privileged eye of the present.

Cohen ’7 Jeffrey Cohen, Professor of English at George Washington University, "No Future: Terminus," In the Middle, 4/13/2007, http://www.inthemedievalmiddle.com/2007/04/no-future-terminus.html jss
No Future concludes with its strongest chapter, on Alfred Hitchcock’s The Birds, the
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that they work thus — a kind of Deism without an actual God.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: Whitman BM | Judge: Pointer

Civ death adv

Civilian casualties are exaggerated – drones are the most safe and precise form of warfare to decrease innocent death

Byman ’13 Daniel L. Byman, Professor in the Security Studies Program of the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, Research Director, Saban Center for Middle East Policy, and Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Saban Center for Middle East Policy @ Brookings, former Director of the Center for Peace and Security Studies and the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, "Why Drones Work," Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman jss
The truth is that all the public numbers are unreliable. Who constitutes a civilian
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the data show that drones are more discriminate than other types of force.

Drones key to solve terror – they’re associated with net reductions in multiple levels of violence according to comprehensive empirical research in Pakistan

Johnston and Sarbahi ’13 Patrick B. Johnston, PhD in poli sci from Northwestern, works at RAND Corp, former research fellow at Harvard’s Belfer Center, Anoop K. Sarbahi, PhD in poli sci from UCLA and former Postdoctoral Scholar at Stanford, "The Impact of U.S. Drone Strikes onTerrorism in Pakistan and Afghanistan," RAND Corporation, July 2013, http://patrickjohnston.info/materials/drones.pdf jss
The present study provides such an assessment by using a data - driven approach to
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Pakistan appear to be credible and should not be dismissed out of hand.

No Central Asia escalation – converging interests among regional and great powers

Weitz ’6 Richard Weitz, senior fellow and associate director of the Center for Future Security Strategies at the Hudson Institute, "Averting a New Great Game in Central Asia," Washington Quarterly, Summer 2006, ln
Fortunately, the fact that Central Asia does not represent the most important geographic region
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overtly competitive policies could undermine these opportunities for cooperation and should be avoided. 

No Indo-Pak war

Alagappa ’9 Muthia Alagappa, Distinguished Senior Fellow at the East-West Center and PhD in International Affairs from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, "Nuclear Weapons Reinforce Security and Stability in 21st Century Asia," Global Asia, Vol. 4, No. 1, Spring 2009
The stabilizing effect of nuclear weapons may be better illustrated in India-Pakistan relations
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November 26 terrorist attack in Mumbai has begun to characterize the bilateral relationship. 

Numerous alt causes to Pakistani stability and fundamentalism – drones irrelevant

Javaid ’11 Umbreen, Director Centre for South Asian Studies 26 Chairperson Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, "Thriving Fundamentalism and Militancy in Pakistan: An Analytical Overview of their Impact on the Society," South Asian Studies 26.1 (Jan-Jun 2011): 9-18 jss
 ’The recent increase of violence by jihadi groups, including suicide bombing of  
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security concerns for the region and also  towards the global security and peace.

No nuclear terror—deterrence and prevention solves

Mearsheimer ’10 John J. Mearsheimer, R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, "Imperial by Design," The National Interest, 12/16/2010, http://nationalinterest.org/print/article/imperial-by-design-4576
This assessment of America’s terrorism problem was flawed on every count. It was threat
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by accident-causing deer, or by severe allergic reactions to peanuts."

Accidents don’t escalate and nuclear weapons create global peace.

Kenneth Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate, 1995, p. 93-94
"Love is like war," the chaplain says in Bertolt Brecht’s Mother Courage,
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optimism, bearing in mind that nothing in this world is ever certain.

Norms adv

International drone norms would fail and constrain the US but not its peer competitors or other intransigent states

Lerner ’13 Ben Lerner, Vice President for Government Relations at the Center for Security Policy in Washington, D.C., "Judging ’Drones’ From Afar," The American Spectator, 3/25/2013, http://spectator.org/archives/2013/03/25/judging-drones-from-afar/print
Whatever the potential motivations for trying to codify international rules for using UAVs, such
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at the expense of its neighbors to see how this often plays out. 

Drone prolif inevitable and norms are worthless

Etzioni ’13 Amitai Etzioni is a professor of international relations at George Washington University, "The Great Drone Debate," Military Review 93.2, Mar/April 2013, pp. 2-13, proquest jss
Indeed scores of countries are now manufacturing or purchasing drones. There can be little
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). In such circumstances, the role of norms is much more limited. 

China drone use will be moderated

Erickson and Strange ’13 Andrew Erickson is an associate professor at the Naval War College and an Associate in Research at Harvard University’s Fairbank Centre, Austin Strange is a researcher at the Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute and a graduate student at Zhejiang University, "China has drones. Now how will it use them?" The Nation, 5/29/2013, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html jss
Beijing, however, is unlikely to use its drones lightly. It already faces
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and a lack of confidence in untested drones, systems, and operators.

No China war—economic globalization

Xuetong and Haixia ’12 Yan Xuetong, Dean of the Institute of Modern International Relations at Tsinghua University and the Chief Editor of The Chinese Journal of International Politics, he has his own Wikipedia page, Qi Haixia, Lecturer Ph.D in the Institute of International Studies , Tsinghua University, "Football Game Rather Than Boxing Match: China–US Intensifying Rivalry Does not Amount to Cold War," Chinese Journal of International Politics 5(2): 105-127, Summer 2012, 10.1093/cjip/pos007
Economic globalization created a strategic need for superficial friendship between China and the United States
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thus created a foundation for superficial friendship between the United States and China.

No SCS war

Gupta ’11 Rukmani Gupta, Associate Fellow at the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses in New Delhi, "South China Sea Conflict? No Way," The Diplomat, 23 October 2011, http://the-diplomat.com/2011/10/23/south-china-sea-conflict-no-way/2/-http://the-diplomat.com/2011/10/23/south-china-sea-conflict-no-way/2/
These suggestions to recalibrate Indian policy towards the South China Sea and its relationship with
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pipelines.’ The prospect of threats to SLOCS thus seems somewhat exaggerated.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: Whitman BM | Judge: Pointer

Executive war powers up under Obama

Conor Friedersdorf, "Obama Acts Like He Doesn’t Know He’s an Executive-Power Extremist," The Atlantic, 9/12/2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/09/obama-acts-like-he-doesnt-know-hes-an-executive-power-extremist/279583/
What a fascinating paragraph21 Even as Obama implies that he is a circumspect steward
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of anyone on earth, then send a drone anywhere to strike them.

Restrictions blur lines of authority and cause confusion which constrains and discourages interagency cooperation

Wall ’11 Andru Wall, Senior Associate with Alston 26 Bird LLP, former senior legal advisor for U.S. Special Operations Command Central, "ARTICLE: Demystifying the Title 10-Title 50 Debate: Distinguishing Military Operations, Intelligence Activities 26 Covert Action," 3 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 85 2011 ln
Congress’s failure to provide necessary interagency authorities and budget authorizations threatens our ability to prevent
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they deserve interagency authorities and Congressional oversight that encourages and supports such integration.

Exec flex key to prevent WMD use from rogue states and a litany of international terrorists

Royal ’11 JOHN PAUL ROYAL, "War Powers and the Age of Terrorism," Center for the Study of the Presidency 26 Congress The Fellows Review 2011, http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/Fellows2011/Royal-_Final_Paper.pdf
The international system itself and national security challenges to the United States in particular,
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changes, Congress possesses the intrinsic power to rescind and limit these powers.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 3 | Opponent: Weber CS | Judge: Andy Red Dog Larson

1NC - Gonzaga

Obama holding the line on debt ceiling – forces GOP infighting that guarantees victory

AP 9/27 "Obama’s No-Negotiation Stance Setting New Tone" Associated Press, 9/27/2013, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=226711712
WASHINGTON (AP) — This time, President Barack Obama says, he’s not
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is fruitless as long as Obama is president and Democrats control the Senate.

Congressional support for drone oversight kills political capital, requires lots of deal making

Mazzetti and Landler 8/2 MARK MAZZETTI and MARK LANDLER, "Despite Administration Promises, Few Signs of Change in Drone Wars," New York Times, 8/2/2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/us/politics/drone-war-rages-on-even-as-administration-talks-about-ending-it.html?partner=rss26emc=rss26pagewanted=print
Congressional pressure for a public accounting of the drone wars has largely receded, another
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Hill about drones, targeted killing and the new American way of war.

Political capital is key and failure to pass collapses the economy

Moore 9/10 Heidi Moore, "Syria: the great distraction,’ The Guardian (UK) 9/10/2013, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/10/obama-syria-what-about-sequester/print-http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/10/obama-syria-what-about-sequester/print jss
The country will crash into the debt ceiling in mid-October, which would
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on the domestic tasks it wants to accomplish, one at a time.

Royale

2NC

Econ Impact – 2NC

Causes nuclear escalation

Merlini ’11 Cesare Merlini, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute of International Affairs, of which he had been the president for many years, and a Non-resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, "A Post-Secular World?" Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Volume 53, Issue 2, 2011, DOI:10.1080/00396338.2011.571015
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
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theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Empirics swing neg

Bernauer et al. ’10 Thomas Bernauer a , Anna Kalbhenn a , Vally Koubi a,b and Gabriele Ruoff a ~a: ETH Zurich Center for Comparative and International Studies (CIS) and Institute for Environmental Decisions (IED) and b: University of Bern Department of Economics and Oeschger Institute for Climate Change Research~ "Climate Change, Economic Growth, and Conflict," paper presented to the conference on Climate change and security, Royal Norwegian Society for Science and Letters, Trondheim, 21–24 June, http://ncgg.princeton.edu/IPES/2010/papers/S1115_paper1.pdf
Previous research has shown that reduced levels of domestic economic activity tend to create incentives
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on the likelihood of civil conflict is well supported by the existing literature. 

PC K – 2NC

PoCap is key - Obama can’t compromise, must stay strong
Yglesias 9/26
Matthew is Slate-http://www.slate.com/authors.matthew_yglesias.html~’s business-http://www.slate.com/authors.matthew_yglesias.html and economics correspondent, "House GOP Just Showed Why Obama Can’t Compromise on the Debt Ceiling," 9/26/13. http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2013/09/26/house_debt_ceiling_bill_shows_why_compromise_is_unthinkable.html-http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2013/09/26/house_debt_ceiling_bill_shows_why_compromise_is_unthinkable.html
Over the past two days, I’ve started hearing murmurs from the CW-vendors
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at this point is to stuff it back in and hopefully kill it.

AT: Gaucho – Syria

Obama’s backed off Syria

Lind 9/18 Michael Lind, " Three defeats on home turf," Policy Network, 9/18/2013, http://www.policy-network.net/pno_detail.aspx?ID=446126title=Three-defeats-on-home-turf
In American politics, the most important and dramatic developments in the summer and early
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the Syrian dictator managed to hold onto power in a bloody civil war. 

Econ IL – 2NC

No impact defense – ensuing collapse would be unprecedented

Davidson 9/15 Adam Davidson, "Our Debt to Society," New York Times, 9/15/2013 lexis-nexis
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
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would collapse far worse than anything we’ve seen in the past several years.

AT: Popular

Congressional support for drone oversight has washed up

Mazzetti and Landler 8/2 MARK MAZZETTI and MARK LANDLER, "Despite Administration Promises, Few Signs of Change in Drone Wars," New York Times, 8/2/2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/us/politics/drone-war-rages-on-even-as-administration-talks-about-ending-it.html?partner=rss26emc=rss26pagewanted=print
Congressional pressure for a public accounting of the drone wars has largely receded, another
AND
Hill about drones, targeted killing and the new American way of war.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wyoming MP | Judge: Roger Copenhaver

THEIR ABSTRACTION AND FETISHIZATION OF A PARTICULAR INSTANCE OF US WAR MAKING ERASES THE RACIALIZED ONGOING DOMESTIC WAR OCCURRING WHEREVER BLACK BODIES INTERSECT WITH WHITE LOCALITY

THEIR STANCE OF IMPERSONAL POLICYMAKING DESENSITIZES US AND REPRODUCES RACIST AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM - ONLY STARTING WITH THE WAR AT HOME ALLOWS A FORM OF PRAXIS TO DEAL WITH THE STRUCTURAL INEVITABILITY OF RACIALIZED MASS STATE VIOLENCE

LLOYD 11(Jenna M., prof@Syracuse, American Exceptionalism,  Abolition and the Possibilities for Nonkilling Futures,  p.104-105,  essay in the book Nonkilling Geography, ed.  by Tyner and Inwood)
While a good deal of critical attention has analyzed how racialized geopo-¶ litical imaginations
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fundamental to undermining the legal¶ categorizations that create race and structure grievability.

LINKS-REFORMABILITY OF MILITARY, DISTINCTION BETWEEN FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC WARMAKING

THE WAY WE THINK ABOUT SPACE MATTERS-WHITE LOCALITY IS ROOT CAUSE OF SYSTEMIC STATE VIOLENCE

LLOYD 11(Jenna M., prof@Syracuse, American Exceptionalism,  Abolition and the Possibilities for Nonkilling Futures,  p.114-118,  essay in the book Nonkilling Geography, ed.  by Tyner and Inwood)
Stephen Graham (2010) compellingly demonstrates how urban material¶ and imagined spaces and
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vein (Grewal, 2006; Rodríguez, 2008; Loyd, 2011).

Distinguishing foreign and domestic war is a violent categorization - part and parcel of a strategy of racist national vindication

RODRÍGUEZ 9 (Dylan, Professor and Chair of the Department of Ethnic Studies at UC Riverside, The Terms of Engagement: Warfare, White Locality, and Abolition, Critical Sociology 36(1) 151-173)
In spite of, or perhaps because of, the recent proliferation of ’antiwar’
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(sometimes overlappingly) its participants, enablers, victims, and strategists.

ALT IS NOT AN ACTION - IT IS A WAY OF SITUATING OURSELVES TOWARDS OPPRESSION - IT IS A CRITICAL PEDAGOGY AND A POLITICAL IMAGINATION OF ABOLITION

THIS IS A SEQUENCING QUESTION, WE HAVE TO REALIZE HOW DEBATE IS IMPLICATED IN THE PRISON REGIME BEFORE WE CAN HAVE USEFUL POLICY

THE STAKES ARE THE SURVIVAL OF THE PLANET

RODRÍGUEZ 10 (Dylan, Professor and Chair of the Department of Ethnic Studies at UC Riverside, The Disorientation of the Teaching Act: Abolition as Pedagogical Position, Radical Teacher 88, Summer: 7-19,80)
Finally, the horizon of the possible is only constrained by one’s pedagogical willingness to
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is significantly dependent on our willingness to embrace this form of pedagogical audacity.

THE ROLE OF THE BALLOT IS TO AFFIRM A FORM OF POLITICAL IMAGINATION - THIS IS WHERE POLITICS STARTS AND WHERE WE ANSWER THE QUESTION OF WHO IS AND ISN’T GRIEVABLE

LLOYD 11(Jenna M., prof@Syracuse, American Exceptionalism,  Abolition and the Possibilities for Nonkilling Futures,  p.113,  essay in the book Nonkilling Geography, ed.  by Tyner and Inwood)
It is here that the shifting scope of "we"—between Americans and white
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seem a regrettable outcome of a laudatory¶ commitment to protecting civil liberties.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: Whitman BM | Judge: Pointer

1NC

The sovereign creates the conditions of the camp by withdrawing the presence of the law from the site of the exception. No alterations in the law overcome this aporia at the heart of jurisprudence. The exceptional war powers of the president are not merely a policy prescription, they are indicative of the ontological mood of modernity itself.

Federman and Holmes 2011 (Cary and Dave, Prof. Justice Studies at Montclair University and Prof. Religion at the College of William and Mary, respectively; "Guantanamo Bodies: Law, Media, and Power," MediaTropes e-journal, Vol III No. 1 (2011): 58-88)CJQ
Not man as a social animal, nor man as a neurotic, nor law in its
majesty, but the power over life and death pervades the idea of sovereignty.
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the population" (Foucault, 1990b, 139; italics in original).

The state of exception is not because of some defect in the law, but rather because of the withdrawal of the presence of the sovereign—not that the law has not chosen to speak on a particular atrocity, but that the law is incapable of speaking to actual atrocity. Exception is made spatial and immanent through the use of targeted killings, which renders all global life potentially bare.

Shah and Akhter 2012 (Ian, Prof. Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, and Majed, Prof. Geography and Development, University of Arizona, "The Unbearable Humanness of Drone Warfare in FATA, Pakistan," in Antipode, Vol. 44 No. 4 2012, Pp. 1490-1509)CJQ
Agamben’s (1998) state of exception is a lawless space, precisely because the
AND
intervention, in this case, the attacks of the US drone army.

This robs life of its ontological and ethical value, collapses it into mere biological duration, and thereby situates the conditions for the concentration camp and mass extermination.

Federman and Holmes 2011 (Cary and Dave, Prof. Justice Studies at Montclair University and Prof. Religion at the College of William and Mary, respectively; "Guantanamo Bodies: Law, Media, and Power," MediaTropes e-journal, Vol III No. 1 (2011): 58-88)CJQ
Rather, the sovereign must make decisions; "the decision is the event through
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guarantor" of the situation of life (Schmitt, 2005, 13). 

The alternative is to affirm Whatever-being.

In the face of biopolitics we need a new orientation to ethics, a new ethics of being, which elude the smooth categorization of sovereign decision. This is wholly incompatible with the form of the State organization.

Agamben 2007 (Giorgio, Prof. Philosophy at European Graduate School, "The Coming Community: Theory Out of Bounds," Pp. 92, Trans. Michael Hardt, internal citations omitted)CJQ
The novelty of the coming politics is that it will no longer be a struggle
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without an identity is a threat the State cannot come to terms with).

2NC

Even critical approaches to the state of exception presuppose the existence of an emergency: Their impact calculus is epistemologically indistinct from the executive threat constructions which make exceptional abuses of power possible—the alt is indifference to these threat constructions.

Zuckerman 2012 (Ian, "The Politics of Emergencies: War, Security, and the Boundaries of Exception in Modern Emergency Powers," Pp. 4-5, Ph.D. Philosophy, Columbia University, Scholar)CJQ
Despite the important methodological and normative differences between the juridical, institutional literature and the
AND
an essential component of theorizing both emergency powers and the state of exception.

Taregeted drone killings rely upon a distancing of oneself from the site of conflict—this is complicit with a withdrawal of sovereignty in the name of establishing a zone of indistinction. Physical distance from atrocity enables all dehumanization to occur in the name of security. ====
Booth 2013 (Sebastian, Reading at University of York, "Does Distance or Remoteness Affect How Human Beings Use and Respond to Violence?" online at http://www.e-ir.info/2013/02/19/does-distance-or-remoteness-affect-how-human-beings-use-and-respond-to-violence/)CJQ
Distance is integral to dehumanization and the violence that comes with it. Dehumanization is
AND
that has increasingly become associated with the role that distance plays in violence.

Policy analysis is incapable of accounting for the being of the detainee—their bodies have been rendered bare, stripped of all protection; fundamental ontological aporias between political life and biological duration are expressed in the form of the camp, carried through liberal government, to make ontological inquiry necessary.

Federman and Holmes 2011 (Cary and Dave, Prof. Justice Studies at Montclair University and Prof. Religion at the College of William and Mary, respectively; "Guantanamo Bodies: Law, Media, and Power," MediaTropes e-journal, Vol III No. 1 (2011): 58-88)CJQ
But here let it suffice to say that the detainees’ debased moral standing, for
AND
man, a new sacred man" (Agamben, 1998, 131).

Their attempt to ground the ethical imperative of the critique with the political exigency of the 1AC is emblematic of the strategy of the sovereign, who inscribes within exceptional power the norm which would define it. ====
Agamben 2003 (Giorgio, Baruch Spinoza Chair and Professor of Philosophy at The European Graduate School, State of Exception, Pp. 13, Trans. Kevin Attell)CJQ
One of the elements that make the state of exception so difficult to define is
AND
the essential practices of contemporary states, including so-called democratic ones.

Sovereignty makes political agency impossible—political subjects are only created once a sovereign can call upon them to assemble, turning expressions of democratic autonomy into new sites of sovereign exception.

Huysmans 2008 (Jef, Prof. The Open University ~UK~, "The Jargon of Exception—On Schmitt, Agamben and the Absence of Political Society," in International Political Sociology (2008) 2, Pp. 165-183)CJQ
This reading of Schmitt’s work shows that the de?ning stake in this form of exceptionalism
AND
of exceptionalism depoliticizes precisely this rendition of the political capacity of the people.

Don’t let their impact calculus fool you—their concept of life is merely being opposed to death, to mere biological existence. It’s not a question of trying or dying, but rather of formulating an idea of life beyond mere living.

Agamben 2000 (Giorgio, Prof. Philosophy at European Graduate School, "Means Without Ends: Notes on Politics" Pp. 5-6, Trans. Vicenzo Binetti and Cesare Cesarino)CJQ
Thus, life originally appears in law only as the counterpart of a power that
AND
turned into the exception and included in the city is always naked life.

The state is grounded only in exceptions: Liberal political theory is based upon a dual interpretation of the state as internally pluralist and externally sovereign—it tries to square the circle of sovereignty by giving it absolute international authority but basing its legitimacy to rule upon a disunified domestic order. Effectively, liberal political theory presupposes the state: the conditions of abuse are woven into its constituting fabric, and not some contingent factor tacked on secondarily.

Zuckerman 2012 (Ian, "The Politics of Emergencies: War, Security, and the Boundaries of Exception in Modern Emergency Powers," Pp. 166-67, Ph.D. Philosophy, Columbia University, Scholar)CJQ
Thirdly, these two major premises of modern constitutionalism – the separation of powers and
AND
, emergency situations that would otherwise lead to the breakdown of this boundary.

The crucial question is not "What can we do to make the state less violent" but rather the question of how to render the machinery of the state entirely inoperative—this process begins by embracing the gaping vacuum at the heart of human identity, to affirm in whole the becoming-whatever of the human being.

Agamben 2004 (Giorgio, Prof. Phil at Eurpoean Graduate School, "The Open: Man and Animal," Trans. Kevin Attell, Pp. 92-93)CJQ
As we have seen, in our culture man has always been the result of
AND
passes through an unprecedented inquiry into the practico-political mystery of separation.

Drones are the only reliable option that doesn’t risk backlash – reducing them causes switch to captures which is bad

Shane 13
Scott, NYT Writer, "Targeted Killing Comes to Define War on Terror," Published by New York Times April 7, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/world/targeted-killing-comes-to-define-war-on-terror.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/world/targeted-killing-comes-to-define-war-on-terror.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0

When Sulaiman Abu Ghaith, a son-in-law of Osama bin Laden
AND
. "I don’t think you can really compare them," he said.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 7 | Opponent: GSU | Judge: Izak Dunn
Discursive framing is backwards—ideology and consumption patterns are determined by material inequalities.  Discourse theory cedes politics by reducing radical action to ‘transgressive’ speech acts like the 1AC
Tumino ‘8 Stephen Tumino, professor of English at the University of Pittsburgh, "Materiality in Contemporary Cultural Theory," The Red Critique, Fall/Winter 2008, accessed 1/21/10 http://www.redcritique.org/FallWinter2008/materialityincontemporaryculturaltheory.htm
One of the mainstays of contemporary
 met from the labor of the other can afford to focus on their desires in the market.
Standpoint epistemology embraces the liberal ideal of contractual agreements between the state and the individual for individual freedom. This naturalizes capitalist oppression.
Katz 2k Adam Katz, English Instructor at Onodaga Community College. 2000. Postmodernism and the Politics of “Culture.” Pg. 74-75.
So, standpoint theory and the
avoided and, if necessary, suppressed.
Standpoint theory prevents a Marxist articulation of politics. Because identities are reinserted into the economy of production, new subjectivities remerge out of same materials that gave rise to conflict in the first place.
Katz 2k Adam Katz, English Instructor at Onodaga Community College. 2000. Postmodernism and the Politics of “Culture.” Pg. 72-73.
However, according to the standpoint theory of
mul¬tiplicities and differences.
Interstate conflict is a structural necessity of capital
Hirsch and Kannankulam ’11 Joachim Hirsch, John Kannankulam, “The Spaces of Capital: The Political Form of Capitalism and the Internationalization of the State,” Antipode, vol. 43, issue 1, pp. 12-37, January 2011, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00809.x
The political form of capitalism is in the final
mechanism of capitalist competition.
Capitalism causes a litany of unspeakably destructive impacts
Parr ’13 Adrian Parr, The Wrath of Capital, 2013, p. 145-147
A quick snapshot of the twenty-first
start from the point that after 2050 it may all be over.
Vote negative to endorse radical class politics.
Increasing contradictions of capital necessitate a new approach. Focus on material production is key to social praxis.
Tumino ’12 Stephen Tumino, more marxist than Marx himself, “Is Occupy Wall Street Communist,” Red Critique 14, Winter/Spring 2012, http://www.redcritique.org/WinterSpring2012/isoccupywallstreetcommunist.htm
Leaving aside that the purpose of Wolff's
the interest of the immense majority" to end inequality forever.
Evaluate the debate as a dialectical materialist—you are a historian inquiring into the determinant factors behind the 1AC—Marx’s labor theory of value is the best possible description
Tumino ‘1 Stephen Tumino, professor of English at the University of Pittsburgh, “What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More Than Ever Before,” Red Critique, Spring 2001, http://redcritique.org/spring2001/whatisorthodoxmarxism.htm
Any effective political
their needs" (Marx) is the rule.
Particular facts are irrelevant without totalizing historical theory—the aff makes universal what is particular to capitalism—methodological inquiry is prior to action
Lukács ’67 György Lukács, History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, trans. Rodney Livingstone, MIT Press: Cambridge, 1967, p. 7-10
Thus we perceive that there is 

 their relation to society as a whole.

Tournament: Cal-Chico | Round: 4 | Opponent: CSUF BS | Judge: Lemuel, Joel

Language doesn’t determine how we experience the world – our material positioning does. Framing politics in terms of how we talk cedes politics by reducing activism to ’transgressive’ speech acts like the 1AC

Tumino ’8 Stephen Tumino, professor of English at the University of Pittsburgh, "Materiality in Contemporary Cultural Theory," The Red Critique, Fall/Winter 2008, accessed 1/21/10 http://www.redcritique.org/FallWinter2008/materialityincontemporaryculturaltheory.htm
One of the mainstays of contemporary cultural theory is the argument that the social is
AND
of the other can afford to focus on their desires in the market.

A historical material account of ableism explains why it occurs and sets out an agenda for how we can solve it

SACZKOWSKI 11 (Thomas, Graduate Progam in Critical Disability Studies, York U, Aug, "NARRATIVES OF VIOLENCE: THE RELATIONSHIP OF MASCULINITY ANDABLEISM," ~www.academia.edu/1062128/Narratives_of_Violence_The_Relationship_of_Masculinity_and_Ableism~)
In analyzing the relationship between patriarchal masculinity and politicaleconomy, Mohanty (2003) argues
AND
of capitalism perpetuate hegemonic ideologies that permeate interpersonal relations(Mohanty, 2003).

Capitalism implicates the well-being of everyone in numerous scenarios for disaster

Parr ’13 Adrian Parr, The Wrath of Capital, 2013, p. 145-147 jss
A quick snapshot of the twenty-first century so far: an economic meltdown
AND
must start from the point that after 2050 it may all be over.

Vote negative to endorse Marxist labor theory of value.
Increasing contradictions of capital necessitate a new approach. Focus on material production is key to social praxis.

Tumino ’12 Stephen Tumino, more marxist than Marx himself, "Is Occupy Wall Street Communist," Red Critique 14, Winter/Spring 2012, http://www.redcritique.org/WinterSpring2012/isoccupywallstreetcommunist.htm jss
Leaving aside that the purpose of Wolff’s speech was to popularize a messianic vision of
AND
, in the interest of the immense majority" to end inequality forever.

Evaluate the debate as a dialectical materialist—you are a historian inquiring into the determinant factors behind the 1AC—prefer Marxian labor theory of value over disruption of whiteness and linguistic dominance

Tumino ’1 Stephen Tumino, professor of English at the University of Pittsburgh, "What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More Than Ever Before," Red Critique, Spring 2001, http://redcritique.org/spring2001/whatisorthodoxmarxism.htm jss
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
to each according to their needs" (Marx) is the rule.

Methodological inquiry comes before praxis – facts take on meaning only within presuppositions about the historical totality

Lukács ’67 György Lukács, History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, trans. Rodney Livingstone, MIT Press: Cambridge, 1967, p. 7-10 jss
Thus we perceive that there is something highly problematic in the fact that capitalist society
AND
of the total historical process of their relation to society as a whole.

Tournament: Cal-Chico | Round: 1 | Opponent: Fresno State CB | Judge: Thach, Lee

Standpoint epistemology embraces the liberal ideal of contractual agreements between the state and the individual for individual freedom. This naturalizes capitalist oppression.

Katz 2k Adam Katz, English Instructor at Onodaga Community College. 2000. Postmodernism and the Politics of "Culture." Pg. 74-75.
So, standpoint theory and the politics it advances simply reproduce and update the very
AND
confrontations between collective agencies should be avoided and, if necessary, suppressed.

Queer theory reflects a postmodern idealism that academics eat up precisely due to its confirmation of capitalism—’fluid identity’ is a new mask for liberal individualism which obscures relations of production

Case ’94 Sue-Ellen Case, Professor and Chair of Critical Studies in the Theater Department of UCLA, "The Domain-Matrix", 1994, p.  36-38
Looking back to the 1970s, one is reminded that the notion and the practice
AND
new techno-era, and the coming supremacy of the computer screen? 

Capitalism causes a litany of unspeakably destructive impacts

Parr ’13 Adrian Parr, The Wrath of Capital, 2013, p. 145-147
A quick snapshot of the twenty-first century so far: an economic meltdown
AND
must start from the point that after 2050 it may all be over.

Vote negative to endorse radical class politics.

Increasing contradictions of capital necessitate a new approach. Focus on material production is key to social praxis.

Tumino ’12 Stephen Tumino, more marxist than Marx himself, "Is Occupy Wall Street Communist," Red Critique 14, Winter/Spring 2012, http://www.redcritique.org/WinterSpring2012/isoccupywallstreetcommunist.htm
Leaving aside that the purpose of Wolff’s speech was to popularize a messianic vision of
AND
, in the interest of the immense majority" to end inequality forever.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wyoming BC | Judge: Frappier
The aff’s critique-oriented approach is inappropriate to the "contemporary condition":
- It confirms the anti-state narratives of neocons and capitalists
- It presumes a value-free critical position that can fairly evaluate the present
- It freezes the state as a monolithic and unchangeable entity 
Connolly ’12 William E. Connolly, Krieger-Eisenhower Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University, "Steps toward an Ecology of Late Capitalism," Theory 26 Event, Vol. 15, Issue 1, 2012, Muse
7. To advance such an agenda it is also imperative to negotiate new connections
AND
media and corporations, electoral politics, and cross-state citizen actions.
Existence is not universal or total; it is fractured and multiple. Finalistic accounts of being lead to ressentiment.
Connolly ’11 William E. Connolly, Krieger-Eisenhower Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University, A World of Becoming, 2011, p. 5-8
A force-field, roughly speaking, is any energized pattern in slow or
AND
of spirituality, economics, political action, poetic experience, and ethics.
Vote negative to endorse a politics of experimental pluralism. This ethos is essential to utilizing and conjoining all available political resources – mere reflection is insufficient as material inequalities and ecological disasters continue unabated
Connolly 13 William E. Connolly, Krieger-Eisenhower Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University, "The Dilemma of Electoral Politics," The Contemporary Condition, 3/20/2013, http://contemporarycondition.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-dilemma-of-electoral-politics.html-http://contemporarycondition.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-dilemma-of-electoral-politics.html
The dangers posed by climate change and potential shifts in the ocean conveyor system;
AND
join in different ways and degrees a multifaceted movement to respond to them.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 7 | Opponent: GSU | Judge: Izak Dunn
Scholarship cannot be purely political – their performative strategy attempts to subvert the fundamental antagonism separating academics from the political sphere, spurring expertism and narcissistic research because it emerges in a competitive context. The opposing poles of social change and personal benefit are irreconcilable – their goal of repairing the community is academic fantasy structured by the impossibility of breaking free from subjective norms.
Welsh ’12 Scott Welsh, Department of Communication @ Appalachian State University, “Coming to Terms with the Antagonism between Rhetorical Reflection and Political Agency,” Philosophy and Rhetoric, vol. 45, no. 1, 2012
Between Scholarly Reflection and 

 truly global, democratic future” (2004, 77).
Attempting to bridge the gap between scholar and citizen requires an impossible submersion of academia into politics – this failure is sutured by a narcissistic fantasy that projects every error onto a scapegoated other and redirects emancipatory energy into self-defeating ends.
Welsh ’12 Scott Welsh, Department of Communication @ Appalachian State University, “Coming to Terms with the Antagonism between Rhetorical Reflection and Political Agency,” Philosophy and Rhetoric, vol. 45, no. 1, 2012
Giroux’s concluding words, in which 

 (feckless or selfish individuals) to be displaced.
Alt: Reject the aff’s attempt to unify academic debate and social justice politics.
Trying to eliminate the opposition between these terms constricts the emancipatory potential of debate – instead of denying the competitive nature of the game, we should keep it in view as a reminder of the impossibility of full political subjectivity
Welsh ’12 Scott Welsh, Department of Communication @ Appalachian State University, “Coming to Terms with the Antagonism between Rhetorical Reflection and Political Agency,” Philosophy and Rhetoric, vol. 45, no. 1, 2012
What is Žižek’s psychoanalytic advice? 

such a distinction is unavoidably tenuous.

Tournament: Cal-Chico | Round: 1 | Opponent: Fresno State CB | Judge: Thach, Lee

The aff may only defend the consequences of the hypothetical enactment of the plan by the United States Federal Government.

Resolved before a colon indicates a legislative forum

Army Officer School ’4 (5-12, "~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after "
AND
resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

"USFG should" means the debate is solely about a policy established by the government

Ericson ’3 Jon M. Ericson, Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, 2003, p. 4
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

Switch-side debate breaks down dogma and fosters civic engagement that motivates and expands political activism – the topic is a key starting point for broader victories against securitizing domination

English et al. ’7 Eric English, Stephen Llano, Gordon R. Mitchell, Catherine E. Morrison, John Rief 26 Carly Woods, "Debate as a Weapon of Mass Destruction," Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 2, June 2007, pp. 221-225
It is our position, however, that rather than acting as a cultural technology
AND
heirs to brand the activity as a ’’weapon of mass destruction.’’

Role playing is essential to teaching responsible political practice

Esberg and Sagan ’12 Jane Esberg, special assistant to the director at NYU’s Center on International Cooperation, and Scott Sagan, professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation, "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 19, issue 1, 2012, pp. 95-108, taylor 26 francis
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: Whitman BM | Judge: Pointer

Targeted killing is operationally and terminologically distinct from signature strikes – it’s individuated on the basis of human intelligence, not signature formations

Anderson ’11 Kenneth Anderson, American University- Washington College of Law ; Stanford University - The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace; Brookings Institution - Governance Studies, "Distinguishing High Value Targeted Killing and "Signature" Attacks on Taliban Fighters," 8/29/2011, http://www.volokh.com/2011/08/29/distinguishing-high-value-targeted-killing-and-signature-attacks-on-taliban-fighters/
From the US standpoint, it is partly that it does not depend as much
AND
I discuss this in the opening sections of this draft chapter on SSRN.)

Vote negative:

Neg ground and strat skew – Anderson says signature strikes are an entirely different set of CPs and DAs than targeted killing – doubles neg research burden and lets the 2AC spike offense

Topic precision – key to focus on targeted killing controversies concerning legality, feasibility, and potential blowback – signature strikes blur the line between TK and classical warfare