Tournament: Mukai | Round: 1 | Opponent: Gonzaga EliasHendricks | Judge: Richard Ryan Stevenson
*Read w/ hybrid from Weber

Indefinite Detention Borderlands V2.0
Contention 1: The Status Quo
First, the USFG’s alarming push for prison privatization has now extended over into immigration policy as a tool to be used for the continued criminalization and creation of immigrant detention centers.
Ackerman and Furman 13 (Alissa, Ph.D., Criminology and Deviance, The City University of New York (CUNY), Rich, Ph.D., Social Welfare, Yeshiva University. “The criminalization of immigration and the privatization of the immigration detention: implications for justice”, Contemporary Justice Review, 16(2), 2013)IAA
Over the past several decades, the prison industrial … with the aim of closing the American border to the free ?ow of labor (Sassen, 2002).
And, this perpetuation of immigrant criminalization and detainment is protected by Federal Laws put in place by the USFG in order to justify the rapid expansion of incarceration/prolonged detention of immigrants and the maintainance of border logic.
Ackerman and Furman 13 (Alissa, Ph.D., Criminology and Deviance, The City University of New York (CUNY), Rich, Ph.D., Social Welfare, Yeshiva University. “The criminalization of immigration and the privatization of the immigration detention: implications for justice”, Contemporary Justice Review, 16(2), 2013)IAA
Historically, the federal government has been …  detention centers, which are proliferating to meet the increase in demand.

Contention 2: The Borderlands
First, immigrant detainment centers create borderlands through the reduction of detainees to policed bodies in service of maintaining borderlands.
Dudziak and Volpp 5 (Mary L. Dudziak is the Judge Edward J. and Ruey L. Guirado Professor of Law, History, and Political Science at the USC, and a visiting professor of law at Harvard Law School. Leti Volpp professor of law -UC Berkeley) American Quarterly (57.3 593-610)IAA
The shackled foot on the back cover of this volume, belonging to a …, as it "binds us as a nation in a multiracial hierarchy."
This is the very manifestation of legalized borderlands (created by American Border Policy) which make the worst forms of violence and oppression possible in the name of “American” ideals.
Dudziak and Volpp 5 (Mary L. Dudziak is the Judge Edward J. and Ruey L. Guirado Professor of Law, History, and Political Science at the USC, and a visiting professor of law at Harvard Law School. Leti Volpp professor of law -UC Berkeley) American Quarterly (57.3 593-610)IAA
Legal borderlands can be understood as … not implicate America itself and its commitment to the rule of law and individual rights.
We’ll control the impact on multiple levels—
First, In gross violation of democratic and human rights, the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency routinely tortures and detains tens of thousands of immigrants indefinitely every year.
Williamson in 2013¶ (Niles, “US authorities detain immigrants in solitary confinement”, World Socialist Web Site, https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/03/27/iced-m27.html, rcheek)
The United States Immigration and Customs … government to pressure immigrants into voluntarily signing deportation papers.
Second, The boarder creates a third country, filled with ten million human lives that are faceless, nameless, invisible, and taunted, this is the borderland, were its thought of nothing more than a war zone.
Anzaldua 87 (former professor at SFSU, 87 Gloria Anzaldua, former Professor at San Francisco State University and leading scholar in Chicano cultural theory and Queer theory. (1987) Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza)
We have a tradition of migration, a tradition of long … a shock culture, a border culture, a third country, a closed country.
And, State power proceeds from but is not limited by the geographic space mapped as “America” wherein law does not provide a boundary around the powers of sovereignty, but instead provides a language through which state power is invoked. The way American law is imagined and understood outside of its borders allows western colonialism to a borderless imperialism.
Dudziak and Volpp 5 (Mary L. Dudziak is the Judge Edward J. and Ruey L. Guirado Professor of Law, History, and Political Science at the USC, and a visiting professor of law at Harvard Law School. Leti Volpp professor of law -UC Berkeley) American Quarterly (57.3 593-610 )
If state power proceeds from, but is not … extraterritorial jurisdiction constituted a form of borderless, nonterritorial imperialism.
Finally, foreign policy is entrenched in the fear of the Latina/o—the foreigner is constructed as the radical Other we must exclude at all costs, and this culminates in violence and discrimination.
Hayes 1 (Enid Trucio, Professor of Law at University of Louisville Louis D. Brandeis School of Law, 1 “Why ‘Race Matters:’ LatCrit Theory and Latina/o Racial Identity,” http://homepage.smc.edu/preciado_christina/Current/Sociology2031/Readings/Why20Race20Matters20LatCrit.pdf,)
A Latina/o indeterminate group racial identity … could become a racial minority.177
Therefore we affirm Mestiza Consciousness as a method of resistance to status quo indefinite detention policies.
The mestiza consciousness is the only way to solve – it breaks down current modes of thought and creates the conditions necessary for a value system of harmony while also making a move for collective consciousness.
Pérez 5 (Emma, Assoc. Prof. of history at the University of Texas, El Paso, NWSA Journal 17.2 (2005) 1-10)
Decades ago Gloria Anzaldúa comprehended … of cultures occurs, for Gloria, in the borderlands.
Our role of the ballot is that whoever best creates a new form of ethical-political praxis should win the debate – you should view your ballot through the framing of those who live within the borderlands and frame your decision as a critical interrogator of border politics.
Vaughn-Williams 9 (Nick, IR MA @ university of Warwick IR PhD @ Aberystwyth, “Border Politics: The Limits of Sovereign Power” pg 166-70)
This is no easy task because many of the theories, … who benefits from, diverse border politics.
The legal system and language antipathy reinforces Latino invisibility, disempowerment, and marginality-LatCrit can be self-empowering and build solidarity between Latino communities.
Valdes 1997 (Francisco, Visiting Prof. of Law, University of Miami, California Law Review, October, p.1133)
In sum, legal antipathy towards language rights reveals … for Latina/o solidarity and self-empowerment. 

The 1AC advocacy is a prior step – a conscious understanding of the USFG and the private industries relationship holistically is the only internal link to actually solving.
Ackerman and Furman 13 (Alissa, Ph.D., Criminology and Deviance, The City University of New York (CUNY), Rich, Ph.D., Social Welfare, Yeshiva University. “The criminalization of immigration and the privatization of the immigration detention: implications for justice”, Contemporary Justice Review, 16(2), 2013)IAA
The relationship between the private prison …to increase market shares is immigrant detention.
Their framework will inevitably reproduce the same types of atrocities inherent in the USFG’s indefinite detention policies, our analysis is key.
Hernandez 11 (Nicole M. Guidotti- Hernandez, Associate Professor of American Studies at the University of Texas at Austin, 2011, Unspeakable Violence, p. 4.)IAA
The materials I work with convey a sense of immediacy about …and function to silence that violence.

Tournament: Lewis  Clark | Round: 2 | Opponent: Gonzaga CK | Judge: VanLuvanee

1AC

Inherency

Drone strikes increasing despite signals to the contrary

Mazzetti and Landler 8/2 MARK MAZZETTI and MARK LANDLER, "Despite Administration Promises, Few Signs of Change in Drone Wars," New York Times, 8/2/2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/us/politics/drone-war-rages-on-even-as-administration-talks-about-ending-it.html?partner=rss26emc=rss26pagewanted=print
WASHINGTON — There were more drone strikes in Pakistan last month than any month since
AND
in public, relying instead on vague statements about "ongoing counterterrorism operations."

Plan: The United States federal government should establish a Targeted Killing Court with jurisdiction to apply a strict scrutiny standard to executive targeted killing orders.

Advantage 1 is norms

International drone prolif is inevitable but credible legal norms are non-existent – US action to enhance transparency and predictability is key to influencing global actors

Byman ’13 Daniel L. Byman, Professor in the Security Studies Program of the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, Research Director, Saban Center for Middle East Policy, and Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Saban Center for Middle East Policy @ Brookings, former Director of the Center for Peace and Security Studies and the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, "Why Drones Work," Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman
The fact remains that by using drones so much, Washington risks setting a troublesome
AND
considers the law and the risks to civilians before ordering a strike. 

Unregulated drone use will spread internationally with disastrous consequences – devastates human rights, international law, causes international war

Zenko ’13 Micah Zenko, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies," Council on Foreign Relations Special Report No. 65, January 2013
Beyond the United States, drones are proliferating even as they are becoming increasingly sophisticated
AND
more likely to use lethal force against the United States and its allies.

Uncontrolled prolif causes nuclear miscalculation

Altmann ’10 Jürgen Altmann, Researcher and lecturer at the University of Dortmund, founding member of the International Committee for Robot Arms Control, "Jürgen Altmann über unbemannte Systeme und Rüstungskontrolle," Institute for Religion and Peace, 3/7/2010, http://www.irf.ac.at/index.php?option=com_content26task=view26id=31426Itemid=1-http://www.irf.ac.at/index.php?option=com_content26task=view26id=31426Itemid=1
Where do you see the main challenges for the international community regarding the use of
AND
A human decision in each single weapon use should be the minimum requirement.

China is developing offensive drone capability now, modeling US drone strike practices – lack of norms risks conflict breakout in the ECS

AP ’13 Associated Press, "China emerges as new force in drone warfare," CBS News, 5/13/2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/
Chinese aerospace firms have developed dozens of drones, known also as unmanned aerial vehicles
AND
surveillance over the islands, called Diaoyu by China and Senkaku by Japan.

ECS conflict escalates quickly – destabilizes the region, draws in the US

Auslin 13 (Michael, director of Japan Studies at the American Enterprise Institute and former international studies professor at Yale. "The Sino-Japanese Standoff" National Review 1-28-13 http://www.nationalreview.com/blogs/print/338852-http://www.nationalreview.com/blogs/print/338852) will
It was barely a dozen years ago that the U.S. and China
AND
, and Asia could face its gravest crisis perhaps since World War II.

Nuclear war with China is an existential risk

Wittner ’11 Lawrence S. Wittner, Emeritus Professor of History at SUNY-Albany, "Is a Nuclear War with China Possible?" George Mason University’s History News Network, 11/28/2011, http://hnn.us/articles/nuclear-war-china-possible
But what would that "victory" entail? A nuclear attack by China would
AND
modernizing" its nuclear weapons and nuclear production facilities over the next decade.

Advantage 2 is process

Consistent process key to diminish civilian casualties – status quo approach guarantees excessive, misguided, and insufficiently planned strikes

Guiora and Blank 12 (Amos and Laurie, prof of law at the SJ Quinney College of Law university of Utah, director of Emory Law’s International Humanitarian Law Clinic, dw: 8-10-2012, da: 9-11-2013, lido)
Ultimately, the lawfulness of targeted killing depends, in large part, on the
AND
on both sides and to our fundamental values, are just too high.

Scenario 1 is Pakistan

Drone policy causes severe civilian backlash – hurts Pakistan-US security coop, destabilizes the Pakistan government, bolsters regional terrorist efforts

Pryer ’13 Lieutenant Colonel Douglas A. Pryer is a military intelligence officer, author of The Fight for the High Ground: the U.S. Army and Interrogation During Operation Iraqi Freedom, May 2003-2004, and is the winner of numerous military writing awards, "The Rise of the Machines: Why Increasingly "Perfect" Weapons Help Perpetuate our Wars and Endanger Our Nation," Military Review 93.2, Mar/April 2013, pp. 2-13, proquest *FATA = Pakistan’s Federally Administrated Tribal Areas
For the September 2012 report, "Living Under Drones," teams from Stanford Law
AND
is leading to loss of Pakistani government control over its own population."18 

Stable US-Pakistan security relations are key to prevent nuclear war between India and Pakistan

PTI 9/16 "Lack of mechanism to prevent use of India-Pak nukes worries US" PTI, 9/16/2013, http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1889790/report-lack-of-mechanism-to-prevent-use-of-india-pak-nukes-worries-us-http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1889790/report-lack-of-mechanism-to-prevent-use-of-india-pak-nukes-worries-us jss
The absence of any mechanism to prevent the use of atomic weapons by India and
AND
it clear the US is not leaving Afghanistan at the end of 2014.

Now is key – Indo-Pak tensions are peaking

Gowen 9/12 Annie Gowen, "Pakistan, India spar in Kashmir in worst border violence in years," Washington Post, 9/12/2013, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-09-12/world/41982669_1_indian-controlled-kashmir-india-and-pakistan-muslim-majority-pakistan-http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-09-12/world/41982669_1_indian-controlled-kashmir-india-and-pakistan-muslim-majority-pakistan jss
SRINAGAR, India — After a decade of relative quiet, Indian and Pakistani troops
AND
least 11 soldiers and two Pakistani civilians and the wounding of several residents.

Indo-Pak war rapidly escalates, causes nuclear winter

Hundley 12 (Tom Hundley, senior editor at the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, MA in International Relations from Penn, and professor of Communication at the American University in Dubai. "Race to the end: Pakistan’s terrible, horrible, no-good very bad idea to develop battlefield nukes." Foreign Policy 9/5/12 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/05/race_to_the_end?page=full-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/05/race_to_the_end?page=full) will
The arms race could make a loose nuke more likely. After all, Pakistan’s
AND
or more humans who already live on the margins of subsistence could starve.

Overuse of drones kill Pakistani government credibility

Williams and Plaw 9 (Brian and Avery, profs at dartmouth, Pakistan Journal of Criminology 7¶ Volume 1, No. 1, April 2009, pp. 7-25, Predator Drone Strikes on Al Qaeda and Taliban Targets ¶ in Pakistan¶ The Pros and Cons for a Policy of Targeted Killings dw: 2009 da: 9-5-2013, lido)
The Predator drone strikes are also counter-productive because, in addition to ¶
AND
like Somalia today, with enormous negative ¶ repercussions for the whole region. 

Pakistani sovereignty collapse causes extinction

Perkovich 12 (George, Carnegie Endowment, http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/11/13/non-unitary-model-and-deterrence-stability-in-south-asia/eihm~~23-http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/11/13/non-unitary-model-and-deterrence-stability-in-south-asia/eihm, dw: 11-13-2012, da: 9-21-2013, lido)
Within the large frame of deterrence stability, a vital subsidiary concept is that a
AND
to provide training and equipment to them, if this would be welcomed.

Scenario 2 is Yemen

Drone strikes in Yemen cause powerful blowback – frays security coop, bolsters AQAP recruitment, and motivates increasing AQAP aggression

Hudson et al ’13 Leila Hudson, associate director of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts, Colin S. Owens, graduate of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy and research associate at SISMEC, and David J. Callen, PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies and research associate at SISMEC, "Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates Through Counterterrorism?" Middle East Policy Council, 2013, http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-yemen-fostering-emirates-through-counterterrorism
Just as likely, as the case of FATA has clearly shown, increased strikes
AND
All told, these distinct forms of blowback combine to heighten Yemen’s ungovernability.

AQAP is armed and dangerous – orchestrating global terrorist attacks and destabilizes the Bab al-Mandeb

The Week 8/7 "Yemen terror threat – why the West is so worried by AQAP," The Week, 8/7/2013, http://www.theweek.co.uk/world-news/54494/yemen-terror-threat-al-qaeda-aqap-west-worried
AQAP continues to thrive: Despite operating from remote Yemeni backwaters, the group produces
AND
the current transitional conditions in Yemen to threaten shipping and international trade." • 

AQAP attack on the Bab al-Mandeb highly likely, collapses global trade and economic growth

Nincic ’12 Donna J. Nincic, PhD in Political Science from New York University and currently is Professor and Director of the ABS School of Maritime Policy and Management at the California Maritime Academy, a campus of the California State University, in Vallejo, "Maritime Terrorism: How Real is the Threat?" Fair Observer, 7/16/2012, http://www.fairobserver.com/article/maritime-terrorism-how-real-threat
However, with the exception of al-Qaeda Jamaah Islamiyah in Indonesia, and
AND
, the threat of maritime terrorism must continue to be taken very seriously.

Economic collapse causes global wars

Royal ’10 director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

AQAP will use bioweapons

CSARN 11 (City Security and Resilience Networks group, a not-for-profit membership group of business and public sector security and emergency planning leaders, 9/2/11, "AQAP / Black Banners analysis," http://worldreports.csarn.org/2011/09/aqap-black-banners-analysis-.html)
On 12 August the New York Times reported leaked US intelligence assessments (which were
AND
weapons. AQAP also has a reputation as the movement’s most innovative element. 

Bioterror attack is highly probable and causes extinction – tech diffusion makes acquisition and deployment easy

Myhrvold ’13 Nathan Myhrvold, formerly Chief Technology Officer at Microsoft, co-founder of Intellectual Ventures, MA in mathematical economics and PhD in theoretical and mathematical physics @ Princeton, "Strategic terrorism: a call to action," Lawfare, July 2013, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf-http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf jss
Biotechnology is advancing so rapidly that it is hard to  keep track of all the
AND
be available to anybody with a solid background in biology,  terrorists included.  

Solvency

Drone courts establish judicial restrictions on targeted killing – strict scrutiny of admissibility ensures strikes are well-targeted and avoid error or misinterpretation

Guiora 13 (Amos, prof @ Univ of Utah school of law, University of Utah College of Law Research Paper No. 1, Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion, dw: 2013, da: 9-10-2013, lido)
The solution to this search for an actionable guideline is the strict scrutiny standard.
AND
information to an independent judiciary as a precursor to engaging in operational counterterrorism.