Tournament: Pitt RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Texas-Austin FM | Judge: Kyle Deming
Obama Focus K

Obama's performance of masculinity proves that black masculinity is fluid and can temporarily transcend blackness to aspire to be white masculinity -- however, ignoring the historical analyses that are necessary to understand black masculinity turns the aff.
Orleus 10 (Pierre, professor at New Mexico State University, "The Agony of Masculinity: Race, Gender, and education in the Age of the "New" Racism and Patriarchy, 2010, pg. 84-86)

Because of the history of violence inflicted upon the black body, black men have come to emulate violenct forms of white masculinity that they were subject to -- this respahred black masculinity drastically.
Orleus 10 (Pierre, professor at New Mexico State University, "The Agony of Masculinity: Race, Gender, and education in the Age of the "New" Racism and Patriarchy, 2010, pg. 68-69)

We must abandon the category of history and its regimes of representation. Vote negative to leap beyond History. Only a politics of invention can move beyond the prison bars or white being and time to transcend the Symbolic register of slavery and racism.
Marriott 11 (David, UC Santa, "Inventions of Existence: Sylvia Wynter, Frantz Fanon, Sociogeny, and the Damned," 2011 CL

Tournament: tournament | Round: 8 | Opponent: UT San Antonio Morales-Pleitez | Judge: Albiniak

1NC

The affirmatives focus on epistemology ? exclusion of the object and anthropocentrism – ontology must precede concerns with epistemology

Bryant Professor of Philosophy at Collin College 2011 Levi Democracy of Objects http://quod.lib.umich.edu/o/ohp/9750134.0001.001/1:4/—democracy-of-objects?rgn=div1;view=fulltext
Yet in all of the heated debates surrounding epistemology that have cast nearly every discipline
AND
, we can still say a great deal about the being of objects.
However, despite the limitations of access, we must avoid, at all costs
AND
how we pose a number of questions and theorize a variety of phenomena.
One of the problematic consequences that follows from the hegemony that epistemology currently enjoys in
AND
these forces. Being is thereby reduced to what being is for us.
By contrast, this book strives to think a subjectless object, or an object
AND
objects unshackled from the gaze of humans in their being for-themselves.
Such a democracy, however, does not entail the exclusion of the human.
AND
or populate the world, each with their own specific powers and capacities.

1NC

Their philosophical endeavor cannot address ecological catastrophe and ? correlationism

Bryant Professor of Philosophy at Collin College Srnicek PhD candidate in IR - London School of Economics 26 Harman professor of philosophy at the American University in Cairo 2011 Levi, Nick 26 Graham "Towards a Speculative Philosophy" The Speculative Turn: Continental Materialism and Realism pg 2-3
It has long been commonplace within continental philosophy to focus on discourse, text,
AND
but that it now actively limits the capacities of philosophy in our time.

Correlationism is an ontotheology – makes equal ontological footing impossible

Bryant Professor of Philosophy at Collin College 2011 Levi Democracy of Objects http://quod.lib.umich.edu/o/ohp/9750134.0001.001/1:5/—democracy-of-objects?rgn=div1;view=fulltext
With correlationism, the question of ontology is no longer, "what is being
AND
15~ Correlationism is ontotheology with the human in the place of God.

1NC

A democracy of objects demands a flattened ontology - its necessary to solve anthropocentrism

Bryant Professor of Philosophy at Collin College 2011 Levi Democracy of Objects http://quod.lib.umich.edu/o/ohp/9750134.0001.001/1:10/—democracy-of-objects?rgn=div1;view=fulltext
Onticology proposes what might be called, drawing on DeLanda’s term yet broadening it,
AND
being, is a binary such that something either is or is not.
Apart from the fact that I believe these propositions to be ontologically true, the
AND
nonetheless, these are dominant tendencies within this culture or orientation of theory.

1NC

Anthropocentrism should be rejected - it offers no lens to evaluate contemporary violence

Coward Senior Lecturer in International Politics at Newcastle University 2006 Martin Against Anthropocentrism Review of International Studies 32.3 Cambridge Journals Online
Whilst it is common to embark upon investigation of the nature of political violence out
AND
group who share the same characteristics, on the grounds of their identity.
Given the urbanisation of warfare, and the prevalence of urbicide, it seems a
AND
tool for examination of the violences that confront us in the contemporary era.

OUR ALTERNATIVE IS TO REJECT THE VERY QUESTION OF THE AFFIRMATIVE

The alternatives movement away from correlationism is a necessary philosophical move

Bryant Professor of Philosophy at Collin College 2011 Levi Democracy of Objects http://quod.lib.umich.edu/o/ohp/9750134.0001.001/1:4/—democracy-of-objects?rgn=div1;view=fulltext
It is unlikely that object-oriented ontologists are going to persuade epistemological realists or
AND
be avoided. Why not the same in the endless debates over access?

1NC

Our criticism choses to focus on objects through the lens of local manifestations 26 regimes of attraction – this is a necessary point of inquiry

Bryant Professor of Philosophy at Collin College 2011 Levi Democracy of Objects http://quod.lib.umich.edu/o/ohp/9750134.0001.001/1:9/—democracy-of-objects?rgn=div1;view=fulltext
Everything turns on recognizing that, while objects construct their openness to their environment,
AND
manifestation of the object and producing constraints on what local manifestations are possible.
Regimes of attraction should thus be thought as interactive networks or, as Timothy Morton
AND
a significant role in limiting what local manifestations are possible for an object.

Tournament: Pitt RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Texas-Austin FM | Judge: Kyle Deming
Ethics Impact

This orientation makes ethics impossible and violence inevitable--externalizing ethics onto the law is the worst form of violence because it exonerates individuals of responsibility for their relationship with the other which allows institutional violence across the board.
Rozo, MA in philosophy and Cultural Analysis, 2004 Diego, Forgiving the Unforgivable: On Violence, Power, and the Possibility of Justice, p 19-21

Alternative

Black Masculinity isn't as normalized as you assume--black masculinity is fluid and allows for feminist analysis.
Orleus 10 (Pierre, professor at New Mexico State University, "The Agony of Masculinity: Race, Gender, and education in the Age of the "New" Racism and Patriarchy, 2010, pg. 81-82)

The alternative is to reject the aff.

Our methodology entails a rearticulation of black masculine identity through affirmation of the Big Black Dick as the original weapon against American Exceptionalism.
Taylor 8 (Shawn, spoken word performer and writer, Big Black Penis: Misadventures in Race and Masculinity, 2008, p. 149-151).

Bad Faith Link: Theory/Solvency

Whiteness is a form of ambush--it lacks transparency even in the fight against racism. The deployment of theory and the assumption of solvency only replicate the self-denial of bad faith.
Yancy '08 George Yancy, Professor of Philosophy at Duquesne University. "Whiteness as Ambush and the Transformative Power of Vigilance." Black Bodies/White Gazes: The Continuing Significance of Race. 2008. Lanham, MO: Rowman and Littlefield.
"The white student's objection raised the issue of how..."

Method: Ambush Solvency--Continuously Implicated in Whiteness.

Combating whiteness is a continuous project of affirming the refusal to prolong it. This expanded notion of responsibility is beyond a single act of will, but living with the experiences of others in a way that is open to the risk of ambush.
Yancy '08 George Yancy, Professor of Philosophy at Duquesne University. "Whiteness as Ambush and the Transformative Power of Vigilance." Black Bodies/White Gazes: The Continuing Significance of Race. 2008. Lanham, MO: Rowman and Littlefield.
"Dismantling whiteness is a continuous project..."

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 4 | Opponent: West Georgia Ard-Muhammad | Judge: Hagwood

1NC

Using rhetoric of mental illness breeds the same types of impacts the AFF tries to solve. Terms such a`s "Islamoph`obia" prevent actual victims from seeking help.
Clark 11 ~Nicky, disability activist, "The ’madness’ of terrorism and other offensive terms", http://liberalconspiracy.org/2011/07/26/the-madness-of-terrorism-and-other-offensive-terms/~~
Without the slightest medical evidence to back up the claims the medical status of the
AND
this unimaginably traumatic experience, may in time face this same stigma too.

Mistaking bigotry with phobias is ableist and makes the oppressor sympathetic, confusing their bigotry and hate with an uncontrollable emotional reaction. This replicates the harms. Instead we should use terms such as "hate" to describe these attitudes.
Emily 11 ~disability activist, phobic, http://eateroftrees.wordpress.com/2011/04/30/why-you-shouldnt-conflate-bigotry-and-phobia/~~
Phobias are real things that impact the lives of many people.  Bigotry and oppressive
AND
violence, or in cases where there isn’t such an obvious replacement term.) 

Block 

Turns their arguments – it generates racism, sexism and classism

Wolbring 8 (Gregor, Society for Int’l Dev’t, http://www.gvsu.edu/cms3/assets/3B8FF455-E590-0E6C-3ED0F895A6FBB287/the_politics_of_ableism.pdf)
Sexism is partly driven by a form of ableism that favors certain abilities, and
AND
qualities are ’abilities’ that make them fit for specific duties and occupations. 

Causes genocide

The Vegan Ideal 7 (http://veganideal.org/content/ableism-and-eugenics-peter-singer)
Singer sees the "lowered expectations of our child’s abilities" — that is,
AND
an institutionalized and systematic elimination of humans with a variety of different impairments. 

"Phobia" language rejects discrimination by appealing to more ingrained forms of discrimination and blames individuals – prevents large scale change.
Bigotry is Not A Mental Illness 11 ~"a group of trans*, queer, disabled SJ activists with phobias", http://bigotryisnotamentalillness.tumblr.com/post/6879014494/needing-the-term-homophobia-and-other-ways-to~~
But what activists who claim that we "need the word homophobia" are really
AND
, and a drain or deviation from healthy, "sane" society.

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard BS | Judge:
No accidental launch.  Safeguards prevent technical error and unauthorized launches.  And even if they win accidental launch it would just go into the ocean so there is no impact.
Slocombe 21-23 June 2009 Walter B. Slocombe former US under secretary of Defense De-Alerting: Diagnoses, Prescriptions, and Side-Effects* East West Institute http://www.ewi.info/system/files/Slocombe.pdf-http://www.ewi.info/system/files/Slocombe.pdf 8/26/09
Technical Failure Let’s … against technical error.5
?
AT miscalc unauthorized +Technical

Safe guards mean launches have to be authorized and malfunctions can’t cause launches
Woolf 21-23 June 2009 Amy F. Woolf Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy, Congressional Research Service Nuclear Force Posture and Alert Rates: Issues and Options* EastWest Institute http://www.ewi.info/system/files/Woolf.pdf-http://www.ewi.info/system/files/Woolf.pdf 8/26/09
Others, however, note … would be automatic.
?

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wake | Judge: 

Case

"invisible" force is inherently violent because it assumes that there is inherent negativity around things that we cannot see – this justifies violence against those who cannot see

Hibbitts Associate Professor Pittsburgh School of Law 1994 Bernard Cardozo Law Review lexis
The traditional American bias towards the visual is aptly captured by the observation that "
AND
see the sights"; we take along cameras, not tape recorders. n48
We give aesthetic priority to visual effect. Our glass and steel buildings are monuments
AND
," n52 i.e., designed much more for seeing than feeling?
Less obviously, but more fundamentally, our visuality shapes our sense of social identity
AND
may disqualify us from educational opportunity, economic wealth, and political power.
In light of our cultural preoccupation with the visual, it is not at all
AND
the blind, while deaf persons often arouse our irritation and impatience. n56
Visuality penetrates our very language. We routinely rely on visual metaphors to communicate understanding
AND
a general matter, not-so-smart people are "dimwits."

Causes genocide

The Vegan Ideal 7 (http://veganideal.org/content/ableism-and-eugenics-peter-singer)
Singer sees the "lowered expectations of our child’s abilities" — that is,
AND
an institutionalized and systematic elimination of humans with a variety of different impairments. 

The alternative won’t be to take no action; it will be expanded military strikes

Anderson 11 (Kenneth, Law @ American U., "Efficiency in Bello and ad Bellum: Targeted Killing Through Drone Warfare", http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1812124)**
From the standpoint of conventional military operations and ordinary battlefields, drones¶ are seen
AND
, the best assumption regarding civilian harm from targeted¶ killing using drones.

Drones invert the moral presumptiveness in favor of supporting the troops

Brennan-Marquez 13 (Kiel, Yale-Philosopher, "A progressive defense of drones", http://www.salon.com/2013/05/24/a_progressive_defense_of_drones/)**
But there is another moral dimension to drone warfare, running in the opposite direction
AND
grade. It’s an argument of last resort, defensive rather than triumphant.

Support the troops thinking makes war morally supportable – Drones invert that, generating a presumption against war

Brennan-Marquez 13 (Kiel, Yale-Philosopher, "A progressive defense of drones", http://www.salon.com/2013/05/24/a_progressive_defense_of_drones/)**
The dynamic of attachment at play in traditional warfare has persisted since time immemorial,
AND
they cause. Transparency is a precondition of outrage – and of accountability.

Drones don’t lower the threshold for war

Anderson 11 (Kenneth, Law @ American U., "Efficiency in Bello and ad Bellum: Targeted Killing Through Drone Warfare", http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1812124)**
The conceptual problem lies instead, in my estimation, with the fundamental idea that
AND
" one. I argue,¶ however, that this is conceptually faulty.

Killing from a distance is routine in non-targeted killing 26 doesn’t lower the threshold for violence

Anderson 12 (Kenneth, American U – Law, "They Also Serve Who Sit and Wait In Cubicles Far Away, or, Mark Mazzetti, ’The Drone Zone’", http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/07/mark-mazzetti-the-drone-zone-in-the-new-york-times-magazine/)
In focusing the comparison on drone versus manned aircraft pilots, in other words,
AND
especially the Magazine on a Sunday morning in bed (also including me).

Ground level intelligence proves drones are not distant

Anderson 12 (Kenneth, American U – Law, "They Also Serve Who Sit and Wait In Cubicles Far Away, or, Mark Mazzetti, ’The Drone Zone’", http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/07/mark-mazzetti-the-drone-zone-in-the-new-york-times-magazine/)
What this points to, however, is that a view of drone warfare that
AND
in a long,¶ dense, and intensely local intelligence and infrastructure operation.

All decisions to kill are difficult – Distance isn’t crucial

Corn 12 (Jeffrey, Law @ South Texas, "Geoffrey Corn Responds to Mark Mazzetti, The Drone Zone", http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/07/geoffrey-corn-responds-to-the-kas-post-on-mark-mazzettis-the-drone-zone/)**
It seems especially troubling that anyone would suggest that stand-off warfare somehow negates
AND
incredibly difficult decisions and have to live with the consequences of their actions.

Face-to-face fighting raises the threshold for violence

Anderson 12 (Kenneth, American U – Law, "They Also Serve Who Sit and Wait In Cubicles Far Away, or, Mark Mazzetti, ’The Drone Zone’", http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/07/mark-mazzetti-the-drone-zone-in-the-new-york-times-magazine/)
Very few of the actors on a technologically advanced battlefield are personally present in¶
AND
of the means of allowing more time to consider less-harmful alternatives.

Public debate won’t change opinions –The public has the info they want 26 is resistant to influence

Cilliza 13 (Chris, founder and editor of The Fix, a leading blog on state and national politics. He is the author of The Gospel According to the Fix: An Insider’s Guide to a Less than Holy World of Politics and an MSNBC contributor and political analyst. He also regularly appears on NBC and NPR’s The Diane Rehm Show. He joined The Post in 2005 and was named one of the top 50 journalists by Washingtonian in 2009, "The American public loves drones", http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/02/06/the-american-public-loves-drones/)**
The ongoing debate between Congress and the White House over its use of drone strikes
AND
public has anything to do with it, drones are here to stay.

Legal standards won’t solve inaccurate information

FCNL 12 (Friends Committee on Nat’l Legislation, Quaker lobby, "Drones Researchers Uncover Serious Problems", http://fcnl.org/issues/drones/researchers_problems_drones/)
The dizzying number of assertions regarding civilian casualties from drone strikes all starts with the
AND
through requires a greater understanding of what is actually happening on the ground.

Plan won’t energize debate

CFCIC 12 (Center for Civilians in Conflict, Columbia Law School, "THE CIVILIAN IMPACT OF DRONES: UNEXAMINED COSTS, UNANSWERED QUESTIONS", http://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/human-rights-institute/files/The20Civilian20Impact20of20Drones.pdf)**
In contrast, covert drone strikes have a peculiar kind of public visibility. Media frequently ¶ report on drone strikes, particularly the CIA’s involvement, and debate has escalated among ¶ scholars and human rights advocates; meanwhile, the public largely accepts and supports ¶ the program, despite the informational black hole that surrounds it.380 Accordingly, the public does not exert pressure on the US government to be accountable for potential civilian harm. 

The President 26 CIA will interpret the plan minimally 26 inoculate against broader TK controls

CFCIC 12 (Center for Civilians in Conflict, Columbia Law School, "THE CIVILIAN IMPACT OF DRONES: UNEXAMINED COSTS, UNANSWERED QUESTIONS", http://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/human-rights-institute/files/The20Civilian20Impact20of20Drones.pdf)**
The CIA’s disclosures to the congressional oversight committees have the perverse effect ¶ of insulating
AND
—point to Congress’s inaction as ¶ congressional endorsement of the covert action."

Statutory authority wont generate debate

CFCIC 12 (Center for Civilians in Conflict, Columbia Law School, "THE CIVILIAN IMPACT OF DRONES: UNEXAMINED COSTS, UNANSWERED QUESTIONS", http://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/human-rights-institute/files/The20Civilian20Impact20of20Drones.pdf)**
As watchdogs in the form of journalists and human rights organizations struggle to garner ¶
AND
been employed, and certainly not with ¶ regard to covert drone strikes.

JSOC takes-out; too secret

CFCIC 12 (Center for Civilians in Conflict, Columbia Law School, "THE CIVILIAN IMPACT OF DRONES: UNEXAMINED COSTS, UNANSWERED QUESTIONS", http://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/human-rights-institute/files/The20Civilian20Impact20of20Drones.pdf)**
Unfortunately, there is so much secrecy about JSOC’s operations that it is difficult to
AND
almost treat JSOC as an entity that doesn’t have to submit to oversight.

JSOC evades the plan; restriction is a shell-game

CFCIC 12 (Center for Civilians in Conflict, Columbia Law School, "THE CIVILIAN IMPACT OF DRONES: UNEXAMINED COSTS, UNANSWERED QUESTIONS", http://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/human-rights-institute/files/The20Civilian20Impact20of20Drones.pdf)**
Even as congressional oversight of JSOC has been frustrated, the organization enjoys ¶ wide
AND
JSOC ¶ convergence creates the potential for misattribution and misdirection of reform efforts.

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wake | Judge: 

Case

This criticism should not be dismissed – even if their choice was unintentional you should vote negative – visual metaphors represent a broader form of discrimination which will in the end overwhelm the power of the affirmative – their arguments about invisibility will be co-opted to justify violent dismissal of those who cannot see from the strategies of the affirmative – their politics will spill over to broader social movements

Hibbitts Associate Professor Pittsburgh School of Law 1994 Bernard Cardozo Law Review lexis
"Modal" metaphors of the sort examined in this Article can be particularly revealing
AND
towards values which that sense has been deemed to phenomenologically support or promote.
Ironically, we may reveal more of ourselves by our general and our modal metaphors
AND
but nonetheless fundamental - realities that we cannot or will not consciously acknowledge.
As an integral part of our mentality, metaphors can also shape our thoughts and
AND
culture may be led to the same conclusion, and play chess accordingly.
Modal metaphors can have an especially strong impact on how we think and what we
AND
should passively watch the world, rather than become actively engaged with it.

INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT – IE our link arguments – prove that you do not deploy the term progressively – individual intent does not determine social context – their link turn is an untenable political strategy

Boucher, lecturer in literary studies at Deakin University, Australia, 2006
Geoff, Parrhesia Journal, http://www.parrhesiajournal.org/parrhesia01/parrhesia01_boucher.pdf**
Against this conceptual background, the basic idea in Excitable Speech is that the   subject
AND
force, and so the promised politics of performativity do not actually  materialise.  
Butler’s major thesis is that speech is constitutively "out of control," because its
AND
, Butler dethrones the omnipotent subject so as to save the   political individual.   

Alternatives turn the case

Byman 13 (Daniel, Brookings, "Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice", http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman)
Critics of drone strikes often fail to take into account the fact that the alternatives
AND
indiscriminately bomb civilian areas or use scorched-earth tactics against militant groups.

Public opinion is staunchly in favor of drones – won’t change, even with increased emphasis

Merolla 13 (Jennifer, Claremont College, Politics, "Terrorism Threat Elevates Public Support for Drones", http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jennifer-merolla-phd/public-opinion-drones_b_3340280.html)**
Our own research on this topic (in Democracy at Risk: How Terrorist Threats
AND

and, it is not muted by simple reminders of democratic values.

Exposure to criticism doesn’t undermine public support for drones

Merolla 13 (Jennifer, Claremont College, Politics, "Terrorism Threat Elevates Public Support for Drones", http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jennifer-merolla-phd/public-opinion-drones_b_3340280.html)**
While there have been increasing voices critical of the use of drones, there has
AND
be conducted without authorization from the country in which the extremists are located.

Opposition will be countered by overwhelming political support – Congress proves

Washington Post 13 (3-10, "Most Americans approve of foreign drone strikes", http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/03/10/most-americans-approve-of-foreign-drone-strikes/)**
Thus, there is little reason to expect public opinion about the drone program to change without concerted and prolonged dissent from political leaders. That does not seem to be forthcoming. Paul’s dissent — which didn’t even emphasize foreign targets of American drones — was met with harsh rebuttals from Lindsay Graham, John McCain and the Wall Street Journal editorial page. Democrats were not exactly rushing to stand with Paul either.

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marywashington | Judge: 

Xt 2 – Judges Won’t Check

Rubber stamping turns the case – judges would accept more strikes than the executive

Vladeck 13 (Steve, law @ American, "Why a Drone Court Won’t Work –But Nominal Damages Might…" http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/)
That brings me to perhaps the biggest problem we should all have with a "
AND
and practically possible, a drone court would be a very dangerous idea.

Courts won’t rule against the executive

Greenwald 13 (Glen, former con law, civil liberties reporter for The Guardian, "The bad joke called ’the FISA court’ shows how a ’drone court’ would work", http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/03/fisa-court-rubber-stamp-drones)**
There are many reasons that explain this judicial obeisance. Part of it is fear
AND
unimpeded. These shockingly lopsided statistics attest to the success of this design.

2NC HEG

Transition away from US hegemony will be stable- international institutions ensure

Ikenberry 2011 (G. John, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University, The Future of the Liberal World Order Subtitle: Internationalism After America, Foreign Affairs, May/June, lexis)
There is no longer any question: wealth and power are moving from the North
AND
and prosperity that it has provided since the middle of the twentieth century.

Imperialism DA – AT: US Lash Out

NOT UNIQUE – all of our evidence proves that lash-out is inevitable now – Iraq, Afghanistan etc prove US is aggressively intervening now

No lash-out – historical studies prove

MacDonald and Parent 2011 (Paul K. and Joseph M., Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, International Security, Graceful Decline?; The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment, Spring, lexis)
In this article, we question the logic and evidence of the retrenchment pessimists.
AND
none of the declining powers that failed to retrench recovered their relative position.

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marywashington | Judge: 

Solvency

1NC Solvency

1. Surveillance courts fail 26 the FISA court proves that no political will exists to make the vague court they establish more effective than FISA

Greenwald 13 (Glen, former con law, civil liberties reporter for The Guardian, "The bad joke called ’the FISA court’ shows how a ’drone court’ would work", http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/03/fisa-court-rubber-stamp-drones)**
From the start, the Fisa court was a radical perversion of the judicial process
AND
no reforms, and Congress, on a fully bipartisan basis, complied.

2. Wont solves international opposition 26 judges will rubber-stamp

Bloomberg 13 (News outlet, 2-13, "Why a ’Drone Court’ Won’t Work", http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-18/why-a-drone-court-won-t-work.html)**
Such a system would ostensibly have two benefits: increasing the legitimacy of the drone
AND
is any better suited to discerning terrorist threats than senior executive branch officials?

3. This is offense – leads to legitimacy for executive overstretch 26 false confidence that power is checked

Greenwald 13 (Glen, former con law, civil liberties reporter for The Guardian, "The bad joke called ’the FISA court’ shows how a ’drone court’ would work", http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/03/fisa-court-rubber-stamp-drones)**
But does anyone believe that a "drone court" would be any less of
AND
legitimizes and entrenches it by making both the Congress and courts cooperative parties.

4. The President will reject the plan as an intervention on commander-in-chief powers 26 wont increase rule of law or due process

NYT 13 (2-8, "Debating a Court to Vet Drone Strikes", http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/09/world/a-court-to-vet-kill-lists.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0)**
A drone court would face constitutional, political and practical obstacles, and might well
AND
a mechanism that wouldn’t satisfy critics or advance the due process cause much."

5. No adversarial hearings prevents solvency

Empty Wheel 13 (blog, http://www.emptywheel.net/2013/02/10/garbage-in-garbage-out-the-problem-with-a-fisa-drone-court/)**
Since the Administration turned over the OLC memos authorizing the killing of Anwar al-
AND
before we extend the court’s warrants to death, in addition to wiretaps.

6. Emergency power creates exceptions

Epps 13 (Garrett, Con Law Baltimore, "Why a Secret Court Won’t Solve the Drone-Strike Problem", http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/02/why-a-secret-court-wont-solve-the-drone-strike-problem/273246/)
Finally, in time of war, there will be occasions when a target emerges
AND
the president’s authority to use drones against enemies not so designated by Congress.

7. Monetary penalties are the worst case – Not a real check

Epps 13 (Garrett, Con Law Baltimore, "Why a Secret Court Won’t Solve the Drone-Strike Problem", http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/02/why-a-secret-court-wont-solve-the-drone-strike-problem/273246/)
Without careful design, that would actually not make things any better. The survivors
AND
but we’d be no closer to accountability for the drone-strike decision.

Courts won’t back up Congress

Fenster 8 (Mark, Law @ Florida, "Designing Transparency: The 9/11 Commission and Institutional Form", http://law.wlu.edu/deptimages/Law20Review/65-4Fenster.pdf)**
By successfully and safely making important historical information ¶ relating to intelligence accessible and comprehensible
AND
deferential and ¶ conflict-averse tendencies of the Judiciary as an institution.

1. Lower courts won’t abide – Detainee rulings prove

Johnson 12 (Dawn, Law @ Indiana, ""The Essence of a Free Society": The Executive Powers Legacy of Justice Stevens and the Future of Foreign Affairs Deference", http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=176926context=facpub)**
After deciding five military detention cases in five years, the Supreme ¶ Court has
AND
and dissents) as not ¶ faithful to the Supreme Court’s detainee rulings.

2. Vagueness prevents court solvency

Entin 12 (Justin, Dean of Law, Case Western, "War Powers, Foreign Affairs, and the Courts: Some Institutional Considerations", http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1262.21.Article.Entin.pdf)**
If the courts cannot resolve these matters, questions of war and ¶ diplomacy,
AND
, judicial review does not ¶ always provide clear answers to complex questions.

Their attempt to curb proliferation is based on racist paternalism

Lal 2009 (Prerna April 5 Freelance blogger for the immigart rights and race in America blog at Change.org, and serve as an Online Organizer for CoePINK: Women for PEACE. http://prernalal.com/2009/04/north-korea-is-not-a-threat-unveiling-hegemonic -discourse/TBC7/1/10-http://prernalal.com/2009/04/north-korea-is-not-a-threat-unveiling-hegemonic -discourse/TBC7/1/10)
Tied to the race war… from going that route.

A2: Drone Prolif 1NC

1. US isn’t key

Anderson 11 (Kenneth, International Law @ American University, 10/9, "What Kind of Drones Arms Race Is Coming?," http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/~~23more-51516-http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/)
New York Times national security correspondent Scott Shane has an opinion piece in today’s Sunday
AND
states competing to come up with weapons technologies that are … more discriminating.

3. Restraint won’t be modeled

Boot 11 (Max, Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, 10/9/11, "We Cannot Afford to Stop Drone Strikes," Commentary Magazine, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race)-http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race)
The New York Times engages in some scare-mongering today about a drone ams
AND
the vain hope it will encourage disarmament on the part of dictatorial states.

. Drone norms are not key

Wang 13 (Zhengxu, Deputy Director of the China Policy Institute at the University of Nottingham, "Binding China to new superpower rules", http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/CHIN-03-230813.html)**
The US, as the world’s current superpower, has in effect set its own
AND
coastlines. That would not bode well for the rest of the world. 

2. China won’t trust U.S. norms

Nathan 26 Scobell 12 (Andrew – Poli Sci @ Columbia, Andew – RAND, "The Sum of Beijing’s Fears", http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alliance/EDF-2012-documents/Reading_Nathan_2.pdf)**
Whether they see the United States primarily through a culturalist, ¶ Marxist, or
AND
delay its development and to remake China with U.S. values."

3. Chinese drones are weak

Zhou 12 (Dillon, PhD IR – U Mass Boston, "China Drones Prompt Fears of a Drone Race With the US", http://www.policymic.com/articles/19753/china-drones-prompt-fears-of-a-drone-race-with-the-us)**
There are several facts that provide some solace to the U.S. as
AND
had a chance to gain real experience with their drones during real operation.

Heg Bad

Heg Adv – 1NC

Preponderance theory fails to explain the post-world war II era – history proves

Human Security Report Project 2011 Human Security Report Project is an independent research centre affiliated with Simon Fraser University (SFU) in Vancouver, Canada, Human Security Report 2009/2010: The Causes of Peace and the Shrinking Costs of War
http://hsrgroup.org/docs/Publications/HSR20092010/20092010HumanSecurityReport-Part1-CausesOfPeace.pdf
As with other realist claims… national liberation wars.

Heg Adv – 1NC

Hegemony doesn’t solve global conflicts

Mearsheimer 2011 (John J., R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, The National Interest, Imperial by Design, lexis)
One year later, Charles …early 1990s have given way to a pronounced pessimism.

US leadership is unsustainable and ? mass suffering, militarism and conflict

Boggs 2005 (Carl, Professor of Social Science at National University, Imperial Delusions p. x-xiii)
As, the United States… system it aspires to dominate.

Heg Adv – 1NC

Militarism ? environmental destruction and extinction

Sanders professor of History of Ideas and English at Pitzer College 2009 Barry Online Excerpt from The Green Zone: The Environmental Costs of Militarism
http://www.revolutionbythebook.akpress.org/book-excerpt-from-the-green-zone-the-environmental-costs-of-militarism/
In a nation like … work its evil.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Emory Dean-Klarman | Judge: Donlan, Eyzaguirre, Manuel
Your affirmative attempt to give full citizenship status to minorities within the colonial state functions as recruitment settle colonialism
Gupta 08 (Monisha Das., University of Hawaii, Immigrant Rights in the Shadow of Citizenship)
Despite the rhetoric of government by consent….and, I would add, rights claims.

The criticism is a prerequisite to any productive politics
Byrd 11 (Jodi, The Transit of Empire, Assistant Professor of American Indian Studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Campaign)
Given all these difficulties, how might we….in search of cross-cultural understandsing:’28

The law is inherently Eurocentric and the appearance of legality is used to disguise the colonialist intentions of the plan.
Nunn 97 (“Law as a Eurocentric Enterprise)
Although the European was liberal with his law…a potent tool for psychological and ideological enslavement.”

The aff is just the democratization of public space – their inclusion of Yemeni journalists seeks to make the contestion of genocide a mode of democratic civil society.  Instead of entering the prison we should center the stolen land.
Grande 4 (Red Pedagogy)  
While I entered the academy quite certain of my identity and positionality I…interrogate and disrupt the project of colonization.  

The 1AC is a typical response to the issue of immigration and remains profoundly silent on the question of the very land subject to access and migration towards.  The plan action serves as a mask for the state, making it appear benevolent, even as its existence is contigent upon a continuing legacy of colonization that guarantees continued international exploitation and environmental degradation, turning the case.
Churchill 96 (From A Native Son)
I’ll debunk some of this nonsense in a moment, but first I want to take up the posture of self-proclaimed…continue imposing a racist, sexist, classist, homophobic, militaristic order on non-Indians. 

The alt is to reject the add and pursue indigenous land return as a first priority.  This act is impossible realism solves the case – colonization is the root cause of oppression, environmental exploitation nuclearism and war.  Only a return to an indigenous politics can remedy the ills of colonialism.
Churchill 96 (From A Native Son)
The question which inevitably arises with regard to indigenous land claims, especially in the United States,….That’s our vision of “impossible realism.”  Isn’t it time we all worked on attaining it?

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wake | Judge: 

Euphemism K

Targeted killing is a euphemism that sanitizes and bureaucratizes a policy of sovereign violence and permanent war

Healy 12 (Gene, VP of Cato Inst., "Drone-War Double-Think", http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/dronewar-doublethink)**
"Political language," George Orwell wrote in 1946, "is designed to make
AND
that "such operations are likely to be extended at least another decade."

Sanitized language makes military reality inevitable – Justifies atrocities like nuclear war

Cohn 87 (Carol, U Mass Boston, Gender Studies, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals", http://www.ic.ucsc.edu/~~rlipsch/pol179/Cohn.pdf)
Mechanisms of the mind’s militarization are revealed through both ¶ listening to the language and
AND
talking about and from the realities one is ¶ creating through the discourse.

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard BS | Judge: 

Deleuzean notions of becoming are destructive to indigenous strugges – their refusal of stable subjectivies is colonialism

Wuthnow U Canterbury 2002 Julie "Deleuze in the postcolonial: On nomads and indigenous politics" feminist Theory Sage publishing
I begin with… examples within this terrain.

Deconstructing binaries doesn’t solve – historization is key to combate colonialism – this is in opposition to their openness to the future
Wuthnow U Canterbury 2002 Julie "Deleuze in the postcolonial: On nomads and indigenous politics" feminist Theory Sage publishing
But it is the… of privilege or marginalization.

Your becoming cannot overcome the colonialism in your project and leads to the exclusion of indigenous epistemologies

Wuthnow U Canterbury 2002 Julie "Deleuze in the postcolonial: On nomads and indigenous politics" feminist Theory Sage publishing
In response to… effective indigenous politics.

Their deconstruction of time causes erasure

Wuthnow U Canterbury 2002 Julie "Deleuze in the postcolonial: On nomads and indigenous politics" feminist Theory Sage publishing
In other words…our current concerns’(1999:24).

There where is more important than the when

Byrd ’11 Jodi, The Transit of Empire, Ass. Prof. of Indian Studies and English at U Illinois
In 1924 physcist… being by aurality.

The alt is to reject the aff. You trade off with indigenous politics.

Byrd ’11 Jodi, The Transit of Empire, Ass. Prof. of Indian Studies and English at U Illinois
There is more… with settler colonialism.

Tournament: USC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Vermont Brough-Broughton | Judge: Kelsie
1NC vs. Vermont BB

The 1AC’s politics remains trapped within the symbolic register of anti-blackness – to perform eroticism and the reclamation of the self as a black woman turns the aff’s court testimony into an event that falls back into the teleology of History – what else does this trial represent other than a delving into History’s crimes? 

Marriott 11
David, UCSC, “Inventions of Existence: Sylvia Wynter, Frantz Fanon, Sociogency and ‘the Damned,’ Muse

“Furthermore, the nature of colonialism necessarily affects the nature…psychoanalytic reading of culture.”

Being the jury is a position of neutral judging that places Amber outside of the trial as an objective observer – the role of ‘judge’ is itself bound up in whiteness

Wildman 5
Stephanie M, “The persistence of white privilege,” 18 Wash U J L and POL’Y 245 

“Catharine Wells explains that judging is ‘an inherently situated activity…the first step toward action.”

The 1AC’s affirmation of agency is a politics of jubilee – a celebration of the trial of white supremacy that obscures negativity and attempts to carve out space outside of anti-blackness

Sadiya Hartman and Frank Wilderson 2003, “The position of the Unthought”

“But I think there’s a certain integrationist rights agenda that… relations of slavery was so key for me.”

We must abandon the category of History and its regimes of representation. 

Vote negative to leap beyond History. 

Only a politics of invention can move beyond the prison bars of white being and time to transcend the Symbolic register of slavery and racism.
Marriott 11
David, UCSC, “Inventions of Existence: Sylvia Wynter, Frantz Fanon, Sociogency and ‘the Damned,’ Muse

“In the Conclusion…but only repeatedly traveled, and, therefore, not future at all.” 

2NC Marriott evidence

Marriott 11
David, UCSC, “Inventions of Existence: Sylvia Wynter, Frantz Fanon, Sociogency and ‘the Damned,’ Muse

“Of all the difficulties that will crop up in Black Skin, White Masks…that tends to repeat itself, as obsessive recollection.”

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marywashington | Judge: 

Block

ALT Ex

Rejecting crisis driven politics is essential to sustainable resistance to militarism – extend the 1NC Cuomo evidence – multiple arguments
A) SHAPING RESISTANCE – any inclusion of the affirmative creates a tainted ontology which can never resist militarism because it is ignorant to the forms of "peace-time" violence that sustain the military industrial complex 

B) THE ENVIRONMENT – only the alternative provides a lens to solve for the environmental destruction caused by the build up and enactment of war 

Cuomo, Professor of Philosophy, 1996 Chris, Hypatia 11.4, proquest
If environmental destruction …institutions and practices.

AND – embracing omnipresence of war is key to resist the violence the 1AC outlines

Cuomo, Professor of Philosophy, 1996 Chris, Hypatia 11.4, proquest
Emphasizing the ways in… Gates relays the following:

The plan leads to smart weapons dev’t

Cooper 2k (Neil, U of Plymouth, Peace Stud’s, "The pariah agenda and New Labour’s ethical arms sales policy", New Labour’s Foreign Policy: A new moral crusade?, Edited by Richard Little and Mark Wickham-Jones p. 157-8)
Furthermore, in tandem with the development of the rogue or pariah¶ doctrine has
AND
same discourse from¶ which springs the legitimisation of supposedly accurate smart weapons.

Markets are fungible – Controlling one weapon increases another

Cooper 2k (Neil, U of Plymouth, Peace Stud’s, "The pariah agenda and New Labour’s ethical arms sales policy", New Labour’s Foreign Policy: A new moral crusade?, Edited by Richard Little and Mark Wickham-Jones p. 152-3)
Third, Labour qualified its commitment to destroy landmines by noting¶ that this would
AND
the process by which the government¶ subsidises arms exports to that state.

Bureaucratization Xt’s

The limited scope of the aff makes its opposition bureaucratic 26 normalizes the weapons outside its scope – The aff’s discourse will be redeployed for intervention, not against security more generally

Cooper 11 (University of Bradford International Relations and Security Studies, Neil, "Humanitarian Arms Control and Processes of Securitization: Moving Weapons along the Security Continuum," Contemporary Security Policy, Vol 32, Issue 1, tandfonline, accessed 9-22-13)
The preceding analysis has a number of implications for campaigners, but also speaks to
AND
advocated by the powerful rather than any global map of militarism and injustice. 

A2: Perm

====The perm fails – It’s coopted====

Turner, Cooper, 26 Pugh 11 (Mandy, Neil, Michael – Peace Stud’s U of Bradford, "Institutionalised and co-opted", "Critical Perspectives on Human Security: Rethinking Emancipation and Power in International Relations." Edited by David Chandler and Nik Hynek, p. 93)
Human security has lost its way due to its institutionalisation and co-option that
AND
institutionalisation that emphasises contingent sovereignty, military humanitarianism¶ and neoliberal economic development.

====The plan doesn’t ratchet up controls – Actively sidelines the alt====

Cooper 2k (Neil, U of Plymouth, Peace Stud’s, "The pariah agenda and New Labour’s ethical arms sales policy", New Labour’s Foreign Policy: A new moral crusade?, Edited by Richard Little and Mark Wickham-Jones p. 152)
Labour’s policy on landmines neatly illustrates the principal flaws in the¶ pariah weapons agenda
AND
claims for their inclusion¶ in the same family of arms being controlled.

Leads to energy weapons

Bhardwaj 13 (Parveen, Institute of Defence Studies and Analysis, New Delhi, "Directed Energy Weapons: New Frontier of Warfare", http://www.sspconline.org/opinion/DirectedEnergy_WeaponsNew_FrontierofWarfare_13052013)**
Directed-energy weapons, which offer advantages over conventional weapons by providing attack at the speed of light, rapid and unlimited engagement, flexibility, low operational cost, precise targeting, of multiple targets and covering wide areas, seem to be at the vanguard of the next revolution in military weapons.

Causes ASATs; turns China

Nardon 10 (Laurence, French Inst of Int’l Relations, "THREATS TO THE SECURITY OF OUTER SPACE: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES", http://kms2.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/EINIRAS/109010/ichaptersection_singledocument/cc7016f1-c89b-43c8-b0c1-74e3088bf403/en/Chap2.pdf)**
Directed energy weapons are based on the use of laser or microwave¶ beams.
AND
types) and¶ microwave weapons is under way in the United States.

Leads to nuclear miscalc, accidents, 26 retaliation

Marshall 94 (Gil, Central Florida Green Party, Global Network Against Weapons 26 Nuclear Power in Space, "ANTI-SATELLITE WEAPONS (ASATS)", http://www.space4peace.org/asat/asat.htm)**
There is a separate class of DEWS that, as a group, are planned
AND
up in atmosphere, and spread nuclear materials over the face of Earth.

Testing alone causes extinction

Mueller 13 (Karl, RAND Corporation, "The Absolute Weapon and the Ultimate High Ground: Why Nuclear Deterrence and Space Deterrence Are Strikingly Similar - Yet Profoundly Different", Anti-satellite Weapons, Deterrence and Sino-American Space 
Relations, Michael Krepon, Julia Thompson, Editors, http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/Anti-satellite_Weapons.pdf)**
As a coda to close out this enumeration of parallels between the arenas of nuclear
AND
on the deterrence calculus for ¶ prospective attacks that might trigger such results.

OW Nukes

Outweighs nukes

Wood 94 (DAVID; NEWHOUSE NEWS SERVICE — Plain Dealer – March 20th – lexis)
From Somalia to Sarajevo and in dozens of lesser-known conflicts, a relentless
AND
"the greater danger certainly comes from the weapons used in ethnic conflict."

Kills 300,000 per year

GPF 6 (Global Policy Forum, Integrated Regional Information Networks, "Small Arms: The Real Weapons of Mass Destruction", http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/204/42564.html)**
The Small Arms Survey estimated that 300,000 people are shot dead over the
AND
, given that much data is inevitably incomplete, the magnitude is sobering.

Miscalc

Conventional arms sales cause miscalc

SACG 76 (Stanford Arms Control Group, "International Arms Control: Issues and Agreements", p. 280-1)
Finally, the spread of conventional arms probably does increase the probabilities of war.
AND
likely to grow as more nations begin to interact strategically with one another. 

China

Arms sales cause China war

An 13 (Xiao, Chairman of the Board, Beiking Hualan Group, "US’ arms sales to Taiwan impede Sino-US relationship", http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2013-01/17/content_27716480.htm)**
The China-U.S. relationship has developed to a higher level,
AND
They will ultimately obstruct bilateral cooperation and increase the risk of military confrontation.

Only limited sales now – Additional arms cause China conflict

Aitken 13 (Aaron, top undergraduate poli sci paper @ U of Alberta, CA, refereed publication from the U of Alberta, "The Future of U.S.-Taiwan Arms Sales", http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/ps_sandbox/article/download/19032/14712)**
The periodic sale of American arms to Taiwan has become one the United States’¶
AND
ensure Taiwan has sufficient strength of arms to prevent its¶ forcible reunification.

Arms sales hurt the economy

Powell 4 (Kristiana, The report was published by Control Arms, a joint campaign of Oxfam, Amnesty International and the International Network on Small Arms (IANSA), in association with project partners Saferworld and Project Ploughshares, "The Impact of Arms Transfers on Sustainable Development: A review of the literature", http://ploughshares.ca/pl_publications/the-impact-of-arms-transfers-on-sustainable-development-a-review-of-the-literature/)**
The literature pertaining to the opportunity costs of military spending provides the most conclusive evidence
AND
¶ militarized governments are more likely to prioritize military spending over development spending.

Arms transfers hurt overall growth

Hicks 12 (Sean, Ohio St. Honors Thesis, "Growth Under the Gun: An Empirical Examination of the Impact of Small Arms and Light Weapons Transfers to Central America and Mexico on Economic Development, 1995-2011.", http://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/54840/Sean_Hicks_Honors_Thesis_Final_Draft.pdf?sequence=1)**
However, the economic impact of SALW imports extends beyond mere resource¶ diversion and
AND
of the entire economy Bourne, Chalmers, et al. (2004).

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marywashington | Judge: 

Militarism K

The aff increases militarism and promotes war – They bureaucratize the other weapons they don’t’ have oversight of

Turner, Cooper, 26 Pugh 11 (Mandy, Neil, Michael – Peace Stud’s U of Bradford, "Institutionalised and co-opted", "Critical Perspectives on Human Security: Rethinking Emancipation and Power in International Relations." Edited by David Chandler and Nik Hynek, p. 87-90)
If contemporary peacebuilding is best described as a process of `peacebuilding¶ from below
AND
`liberal peace’ and promote (neoliberal) development — albeit by war.

Militarism causes extinction

Hanrahanan 11+ Clare Hanrahanan associate member of Veterans for Peace 099, a contributing editor to War Crimes  "Militarism and the "Economics of Extinction"" http://warisacrime.org/content/militarism-and-economics-extinction**

Despite the horrific …all future generations.

Our alternative is to reject the affirmatives crisis driven politics - this is key to create sustainable resistance to militaristic violence

Cuomo, Professor of Philosophy, 1996 Chris, Hypatia 11.4, proquest
Moving away from crisis-driven… state-funded militaristic campaigns.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 8 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Johnson, Shook, Spring
The U.S. won’t use nukes

Chalmers 11 (Malcolm, Nuclear Threat Initiative, “Words That Matter? NATO Declaratory Policy and the DDPR”, http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/NTI_Framework_Chpt2.pdf?_=1322701473)
Such a move toward a “sole purpose” declaratory policy would, arguably, do¶ no more than accept the reality of what has actually happened to the role of¶ NATO nuclear weapons …the operational advantages of¶ resorting¶ to nuclear use in these circumstances.

Declarations of no first use mean nothing to our allies – we know it, they know it, and the plan changes nothing about that
Culp 11 (Derrin, Research Associate, National Center for Disaster Preparedness, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, “The 2010 Nuclear Posture Review: the Nexus of Biological Weapons Threats and U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy”, http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:160929/CONTENT/Culp_Biosecurity_Commons_Review_May_2011.pdf)
Contradictions between a state‘s …influences the calculations of potential adversaries.

Unilateral declarations are considered non-binding, perceived to allow policy shifts, and not credible

Meyer 11 (Paul, Simons Foundation Sr. Fellow, “Policy or posturing: The US nuclear posture review in an international context”, http://www.thesimonsfoundation.ca/sites/all/files/Policy20or20posturing-the20US20nuclear20posture20review20in20an20international20context20from20CIC's20International20Journal.pdf)
Against the backdrop of Obama’s …subject only to US national interpretation. 

This answers their “yes, we know the US is bad now, but the plan is a step in the right direction” argument – threshold for solvency is SUFFICIENCY not NECESSITY
Mulas 11 (Roberta, UN Comparative Reg’l Integration Studies intern, “EXTERNAL ACTORS IN NUCLEAR WEAPON FREE ZONES: LESSONS FOR THE MIDDLE EAST”, http://www.cris.unu.edu/fileadmin/workingpapers/W-2011-3-_FOR.pdf)
The unilateral declarations have been …object and purpose” of ¶ that instrument.
Material verification and investigation is critical – aff doesn’t come close
du Preez 6 (Jean, Chief of External Relations and International Cooperation at the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization (Preparatory Commission) in Vienna, “SECURITY ASSURANCES AGAINST THE USE OR THREAT OF USE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS: IS PROGRESS POSSIBLE AT THE NPT PREPCOM?”, http://cns.miis.edu/treaty_npt/pdfs/security_assurances.pdf)
The five NWS recognized under the NPT …negotiated legally binding international instrument.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas State Klucas-Mays | Judge: Fifelski, Haynal, Vega

Simulation K 1nc

Simulation makes debate hyperreal. Devoid of passion and social relations all the values and education within debate become merely signs to be exchanged. Your vision of debate forces us into constant melancholy because we don’t know how to more the loss of meaning and inevitably collapses.
Robinson, 12 Andrew, 8/10/12, Jean Baudrillard: Hyperreality and Implosion, Associate Professor Wilfred Laurier University, PhD, Political Science, University of Western Ontario, MA, Political Science, University of Western Ontario)
The model of the code does not represent a prior social reality. It creates
AND
from its referential contents. We are living through a collapse of meaning.

Cyber war K 1NC

You are the prophets of cybergeddon, and your aff is an accumulation of signs locked into eschatology that can never be wrong. This eschatology both justifies the cyber security measures you criticize and desires the ectsacy whereby all prophecies are validated: extinction

Stevens 14
Tim Stevens Department of War Studies, Kings College London, "Apocalyptic Visions: Cyber War and the Politics of Time" http://www.academia.edu/3291102/Apocalyptic_Visions_Cyber_War_and_the_Politics_of_Time

Strategic cyber war is couched regularly
AND
uplands of a ’cybersecure’ future.

The apparent immanence of the accident is a symptom of this paranoid eschatology.

Stevens 14
Tim Stevens Department of War Studies, Kings College London, "Apocalyptic Visions: Cyber War and the Politics of Time" http://www.academia.edu/3291102/Apocalyptic_Visions_Cyber_War_and_the_Politics_of_Time

The weaponisation and attempted civilian
AND
as apocalypse perform in the present?

This thought-as-misforutne does not cure human suffering posits the world as it ought-never-have-been, affirming resentiment that labels the whole of humanity as criminals.

Baudrillard -5
(Jean, "The intelegence of evil or the lucidity pact")~RW~

Thinking based on evil is
AND
repentance, compassion and victimhood.

Security is founded on the seesntment of difference which strikes away at all that makes life worthwhile. Only through an embracement of the inevitability of difference and insecurity can we affirm life.

Der Derian 98
James Der Derian Research prof of int’l studies @ Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown Univ. "2. The Value of Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard" On Security CIAO

One must begin with Nietzsche’s idea
AND
the calculation of risks and benefits. 

The domain of cyber war itself is just a simulation; taxonomies and linguistics of cyber war use fear and technocratic jargon as abstractions designed to control and manipulate the public.

Debrix 01
Francois Ass. Prof of int’l Relations @ Florida International Univ. "Cyberterror and Media-Induced Fears: The Production of Emergency Culture" Strategies 14.1 EBSCOhost

A National Security Agency advisers
AND
to: be afraid, be very afraid. 

In answer to the affirmatives call to action, our alternative is to *Do nothing in the instance of the plan*

Nietzsche 1879
(Freidrich, not a man but dynamite, "Human, All To Human Second Sequel: The Wanderer and His Shadow" p.248

Case 1nc

The first step to becoming politically irrelevant is the aff’s sovelncy mechanism

Kennedy 98
(Duncan, Harvard Law Prof. "LEGAL EDUCATION AS TRAINING FOR HIERARCHY" http://duncankennedy.net/documents/Legal20Education20as20Training20for20Hierarchy_Politics20of20Law.pdf)

The first step toward this
AND
failure almost before you’ve begun. 

No risk of US launch without adequate evidence of nuclear attack

Woolf 9
(Amy F. Woolf Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy, Congresional Research service "Nucelar Force Posture and Alert Rates: Issues and Options" EastWest Institute http://www.ewi.info/system/files/Woolf.pdf)

No retaliation without certainty

Trachtenberg 00
Marc, prof int’l rels and history @ Berkley "The Accidental War Question" http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/trachtenberg/cv/inadvertent.pdf

What is to be made of this
AND
overflights, their reaction was rather mild. 

Their fear of nuclear accidents is based on the fantasy of a perfect system of nuclear rationality thatis structurally impossible

Chaloupka 92
(William, Prof. pol. Sci. @ U of Montana, "Knowing Nukes: The politics and Culture of the Atom" P13)

This absurd outcome may be most
AND
American discourse aboust agency and authority

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard BS | Judge:
A) INTERPRETATION – The Aff must advocate a USFG policy that increases democracy assistance.

1. The topic is defined by the phra¬¬se following the colon—the USFG is the agent of the resolution, not the individual debaters
   Webster’s Guide to Grammar and Writing 2k
   Use of a colon before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a clause that can stand by itself. Think of the colon as a gate, inviting one to go one…If the introductory phrase preceding the colon is very brief and the clause following the colon represents the real business of the sentence, beginning the clause after the colon with a capital letter. 

2. Resolved proves the framework for the resolution is to enact a policy.
Wordsand Phrases 1964Permanent Edition
Definition of the word and#34;resolve,and#34; given by Webster is and#34;to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ’it was resolved by the legislature;and#34;It is of similar force to the word and#34;enact,and#34; which is defined by Bouvier as meaning and#34;to establish by lawand#34;. 

3.’Should’denotes an expectation the aff will be enacted.
American Heritage Dictionary 2k
Used to express probability or expectation

4.The USFG is the government in Washington D.C.
Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2k http://encarta.msn.com
and#34;The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DCand#34;

B.  Violation:  The Aff doesn’t defend the USFG increasing democracy assistance

Nietzsche FW 1NC
C.  Reasons to prefer

1. Competition

A.  Its key to growth, our argument isn’t just fairness, we say debate should be a sight for antagonism
Yovel 03 Jonathan Yovel  Yale Law School; University of Haifa - Faculty of Law Cardozo Law Review, Vol. 24, pp. 635-662, 2003  HALF-WRITTEN LAWS: NIETZSCHE AND LEGAL THEORY, Peter Goodrich and Mariana Velvedere, eds., Routledge 2005 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=950742-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=950742
While reactive forces respond to their context and in this way are dictated by them
AND
the will to cast itself in the world, both natural and social.

Nietzsche FW 1NC
B. Arbitrary interpretations are inevitable and good; we must enforce and interpretations grounded in the community to allow for agonism
Ramaeker 01 STEFAN RAMAEKERS assistant professor at Laboratory for Education and Society Journal of Philosophy 0f Education, Vol. 35, No. 2, 2001 and#34;Teaching to Lie and Obey: Nietzsche on Education and#34;http://www.wehavephotoshop.com/PHILOSOPHY20NOW/PHILOSOPHY/Nietzsche/Nietzsche20On20Education.pdf-http://www.wehavephotoshop.com/PHILOSOPHY NOW/PHILOSOPHY/Nietzsche/Nietzsche On Education.pdf
Much as one values Nietzsche for his cultural criticism and for his culturally innovative ideas
AND
a system of morals inevitably means judging from a particular point of view.

Nietzsche FW 1NC

2.  Extra T:  Even if the Aff claims to expand visa policy they claim benefits from the personal advocacy which allows them unpredictable advantages like spike outs.  Independent voter for competitive equity.

3.  Ground rooted in tradition is a prerequisite to political engagement—
Arendt, 2k5 (Hannah, The Promise of Politics , p. 41-2)
It lies in the nature of a tradition to be accepted and absorbed, as
AND
shallowness which spreads a veil of meaninglessness over all spheres of modern life. 

4.  Aff conditionality: The affirmative’s advocacy statement is unclear whether or not it includes USFG action.  This allows 2AC clarification which destroys our ability to get stable offence in the 1NC.  Any uncertainly over whether they meet our interpretation is not a risk that they meet but a reason to reject for Aff conditionality.  Independent voter for competitive equity.

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard BS | Judge:
• Their false universalizations is an act of pathetic identification which simply postpones actually political struggle against the ideologies they criticize
Zizek, Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Studies, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1999 Slavoj, The Ticklish Subject, page 229-230
Christianity’s entire theological edifice relies on such an excremental identification - on the identification with
AND
that is, a false metaphoric universalization of the fate of the excluded.
Soon after the publication of Solzhenitsyn’s Gulag trilogy in the West, it became fashionable
AND
error, means, when retranslated into English, ’I am a doughnut’)?
The way out of this predicament seems easy enough: the measure of the authenticity
AND
fits the existing power relations much better than a modest reformist proposal. 54

Switch-side debate solves your offense
Arendt, 2k5 (Hannah, The Promise of Politics, 17-18)

The political element in friendship is that in the truthful dialogue each of the friends
AND
built on the understanding of friendship, in which no rulership is needed.

The impact, again, is the very value of debate and how we value life.  Agonistic competition within the dominant structures of debate fosters self-overcoming and creation.  Their attempt at evading those institutions insulates the self against the forces of conformity that make struggle possible.

Christa Davis Acampora, Professor of Philosophy at Hunter College of the City University of New York, 2002.  ~and#34;Of Dangerous Games and Dastardly Deeds,and#34; International Studies in Philosophy, Vol. 34, No. 3~
As a form of spiritualized striving, self-overcoming, must, like Christian
AND
any meaning at all—the rules of the contest or game.xviii

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Southern California Purk-Vitzileos | Judge: Russell

1NC

Your search for a transcendently ordered world opposes the world as it exists.  This produces a violent will to order that attempts to eliminate chaos but will inevitably fail, breeding ressentiment.

Saurette 1996
 (Paul, Prof of Political Studies @ UOttawa, "I Mistrust All Systematizers and Avoid Them: Nietzsche, Arendt, and the Crisis of the Will to Order in International Relations Theory" Millenium 25.1)
According to Nietzsche, the philosophical foundation of a society is the set of ideas
AND
transformation, the Will to Order becomes the fundamental philosophical principle of modernity.

The liberal drive to make the other democratic like us is a herd mentally.  It elevates liberal government to level of metaphysical truth justifying violent impositions on otherness such as Iraq as well as crushing creative power.
Vivian 2007 Bradford Communication and Rhetorical Studies Syracuse University "Freedom, Naming, Nobility: The Convergence of Rhetorical and Political Theory in Nietzsche’s Philosophy" Philosophy and Rhetoric, Volume 40, Number 4, 2007 Project Muse 6.6.2010
Christianity exhorted religious masses to nurture a metaphysical abstrac- tion or linguistic fiction (
AND
obligations replace genuine possession, industriousness, legality" (1974, 83).

The fact that you only care about indefinite detention because your Sulmasy evidence says it hurts the US image betrays your aff as slave morality. You don’t care about the people being detained, you only care about moral yardsticks from the outside. The impact is ressentiment.
Newman 2000 Saul Newman Doctorate in Political Science from the University of New South Wales "Anarchism and the Politics of Ressentiment" Project Muse 6.4.2010
Political values also grew from this poisonous root. For Nietzsche, values of equality
AND
, and in radical political philosophies, like anarchism, that advocate it. 

Security is founded on the ressentment of difference which strikes away at all that makes life worthwhile.  Only through an embracement of the inevitability of difference and insecurity can we affirm life
Der Derian 98 James Der Derian Research Professor of International Studies at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University "2. The Value of Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard *" On Security CIAO
One must begin with Nietzsche’s idea of the will to power, which he clearly
AND
new and hitherto unexperienced: the most habitual  explanations. 38  A safe life
requires safe truths. The strange and the alien remain unexamined, the unknown becomes
AND
would then be unsuited to forming an alliance with them in opposition to a
hostile third power. Then : by donation and cession. 45  The point of
AND
canalized into a cautious identity constructed from the calculation of risks and benefits. 

The world is will to power and nothing besides, making all of your impacts inevitable
Ciano Aydin (lecturer in philosophy at Radbound University).  "Nietzsche on Reality as Will to Power: Toward and ’Organization-Struggle’ Model."  The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 33.  Spring 2007.
We can begin with some elaboration of Nietzsche’s notion of "power." "Power
AND

rather, things are what they are by virtue of their relations.
 Furthermore, Nietzsche’s concept of power implies that reality is dynamic in the strongest
AND
it can maintain itself against other powers and strives to predominate over them.
 There is in Nietzsche’s worldview nothing that has existence and meaning outside the "
AND
by opposing powers; because of this, other interpretations always remain possible.

In answer to the affirmative’s call to action, our alternative is to *Do nothing in the instance of the plan*
Friedrich Nietzsche, not a man but dynamite, 1879, Human, All Too Human Second Sequel:
The Wanderer and His Shadow, numb 284

The means to real peace.— No government admits any more that it keeps an
AND
indeed you know, comes from a cloud—and from up high.

BLOCK

You get the founding question of politics backwards.  We must first ask what makes life worth living before we consider addressing extinction.

Daniel W. Conway (professor and department head of philosophy at Texas A26M).  Nietzsche and the Political.  1997.  Page 2-4.
The difficulty of Nietzsche’s political thinking attributable not to any personal or epistolary quirks,
AND
itself, the warrant for its future as a viable, thriving species.

Self perfection comes first - all other obligations are just illusions.

Daniel Conway, Professor and Department Head 19th Century Philosophy at Texas A26M, 1997, Nietzsche and the Political, pg. 54
Nietzsche’s moral perfectionism is perhaps best characterized in terms of the conviction that one’s primary
AND
resentment of those who cannot abide the successful self-perfection of others.

Even if you win Util applies, its bad:It’s a life negating herd mentality that subverts itself by threating survival

Anomaly ’5 Jonny Anomaly faculty fellow at the Parr Center for Ethics and a visiting professor at the Duke/UNC program in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics."Nietzsche’s Critique of Utilitarianism" The Journal of Nietzsche Studies, Issue 29, Spring 2005, pp. 1-15 Project Muse
What does it mean to espouse the values of a herd animal? We have
AND
always leads through the voluptuousness of one’s own hell"¶ (GS 338).

Counter-interpretation: You should evaluate all of our actions within the round as dramatizations of our perspectives towards life and vote for the most life affirming team.

SMITH 2K7 ~daniel w., "deleuze and the question of desire: toward an immanent theory of ethics", parrhesia, number 2, 66-78~
Now according to Deleuze, this immanent approach to the question of ethics was developed
AND
, in Nietzsche; or between passive and active affections, in Spinoza). 

Reject their framework

Baudrillard ’94 1994 Jean Baudrillard prof @ Institut de Recherche et d’Information Socio-Économique at the Université de Paris-IX Dauphine The Illusion of the End Standford U Press Translated by Chris Turner pg 105-107
Another form of this identity mania is our contemporary individualism.¶ Neo-individualism,
AND
¶ its micro-universe, the now useless totalitarianism of the whole.

The aff’s threat framing is precisely the type of thinking that makes the imperial presidency possible

Dr. Ghoshray 8 (Saby, specializes in Supreme Court jurisprudence, international law, comparative 
constitutionalism, capital jurisprudence, and cyberspace law, among others. His work has appeared in Albany Law Review, ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law, European Law Journal ERA-Forum, Toledo Law Review, Temple Political 26 Civil Rights Law Review, Catholic Law Journal, Georgetown International Law Review, and the Fordham International 
Law Journal, "Illuminating the Shadows of Constitutional Space While Tracing the Contours of Presidential War 
Power", http://luc.edu/media/lucedu/law/students/publications/llj/pdfs/ghoshray.pdf)**
Imperialistic presidency is not new, but by using the role of ¶ Commander-
AND
it and ¶ propagates the presidential will, again bypassing constitutional ¶ safeguards. 

?
?

Tournament: tournament | Round: 8 | Opponent: UT San Antonio Morales-Pleitez | Judge: Albiniak

Link Ext

CORRELATIONISM – extend Bryant – focus on epistemology puts the human at the forefront for their political question – two impacts

ONTOTHEOLOGY – their ontology replaces God with the subject position – it excludes any understanding of the objects role in producing its environment – their theory makes it impossible to confront environmental catastrophe

McCarthy Environmental Studies, Westminster College 2012 Jeffrey Mathes Beyond romantic nature: ecocriticism’s new shades of green Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences Springer Link
There’s an entertaining moment in Towards Speculative Realism when Harman describes a boisterous, beer
AND
as either scientific realism’s physical object or Kantian idealism’s dependent figure of consciousness.
Object-oriented philosophy aspires to think beyond the human-centered limits of phenomenology
AND
, the sun fades my roof, and an iceberg rolls near Labrador.

FLAT ONTOLOGY – Object Oriented Ontology begins from the premise that all object exist equally – this flattened understanding of ontology is necessary to resist anthropocentrism which offers no lens to evaluate contemporary violence

Bryant Professor of Philosophy at Collin College 2011 Levi Democracy of Objects http://quod.lib.umich.edu/o/ohp/9750134.0001.001/1:5/—democracy-of-objects?rgn=div1;view=fulltext
At the heart of correlationism it is thus clear that there is a profound anthropocentrism
AND
human individuals or transcendental subjectivity, but of impersonal and anonymous social structures.

Link Ext

EPISTEMOLOGIC FALLACY – the questions of the aff are fundamentally ontological – their focus on epistemology is based on an epistemic fallacy which makes flattened ontologies impossible

Bryant Professor of Philosophy at Collin College 2011 Levi Democracy of Objects http://quod.lib.umich.edu/o/ohp/9750134.0001.001/1:5/—democracy-of-objects?rgn=div1;view=fulltext
Here it is necessary to clarify what the epistemic fallacy is and is not about
AND
signs through which being is manifest, the epistemic fallacy has been committed.
We have seen why this is so, for our experimental practice is only intelligible
AND
are genuinely ontological premises, not epistemological premises pertaining to what is given.
In recognizing that the epistemic fallacy emerges from foundationalist aspirations on the part of philosophers
AND
increasingly lead to the dissolution of the world as a genuine ontological category.
However, once these foundationalist aspirations are abandoned, the nature of the problem changes
AND
. It is the second of these two paths that I here attempt.

AT: PERM

ONTOLOGICAL COMPETITION – we read specific links to their epistemological basis and evidence that it is necessary to create an ontological division between their theory and ours – extend Bryant – they shouldn’t be able to sever the specificity of our criticism – this argument makes the permutation a non-starter in the world of flattened ontologies – every impact we read is a DA to the permutation because it attempts to fold ontological questions into epistemological ones

The permutation is correlationism because it tries to understand our ontology via its relationship to their advocacy – this very practice should be rejected

Shaviro DeRoy Professor of English at Wayne State University 2010 Steven Consequences of Panpsychism http://ftp.shaviro.com/Othertexts/Claremont2010.pdf
In the ?rst place, OOO rejects what Quentin Meillassoux calls correlationism (Meillassoux 2008
AND
what Meillassoux calls "the correlationist circle" (Meillassoux 2008, 5).

Human/Animal Distinction at Root of Modernity and Violence

The foundation of modernity is not anti-blackness but the human/non-human distinction which is a prerequisite to being able to label some people non-human and making judgments about the life-value of particular objects which allows them to be killed.

Kochi 9 Tarik Kochi Sussex Law School, Essex House, University¶ of Sussex, Brighton "Species War: Law, Violence and Animals" Law, Culture and the Humanities 2009 5: 353¶ http://lch.sagepub.com/content/5/3/353.full.pdf
Foucault in Society Must Be Defended set out a particular critique of the¶ Westphalian
AND
as legitimate violence are dependent upon a practice of judging the value¶ of 

Greek Slavery Was Justified by Anthro

Greek systems of slavery and trading humans as property were intellectually justified by discourses of anthropocentrism: this is Aristotle 330 BCE

From: Aristotle, The Politics of Aristotle, Benjamin Jowett, trans., (New York: Colonial Press, 1900), pp. 4-9; Fred Morrow Fling, ed., A Source Book of Greek History, (Boston: D. C. Heath, 1907), pp. 23-26, 29-30.nbsp;Scanned by: J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. of History, Cal. State Fullerton. Prof. Arkenberg has modernized the text. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/greek-slaves.asp
The Politics—-On Slavery, c. 330 BCE Let us first speak of
AND
sorts of nobility and freedom, the one absolute, the other relative.

Soul Distinction Justifies Racism, Colonialism and Genocide

The way we treat animals has justified racism, colonialism and genocide

Kochi 9 Tarik Kochi Sussex Law School, Essex House, University¶ of Sussex, Brighton "Species War: Law, Violence and Animals" Law, Culture and the Humanities 2009 5: 353¶ http://lch.sagepub.com/content/5/3/353.full.pdf
Yet, this ordering of the legitimacy of violence is not in anyway natural and
AND
says the voice of accusation,¶ was to treat people like animals."14

Tournament: tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kansas Khatri-Schile | Judge: loghry
Simulation makes debate hyperreal. Devoid of passion and social relations all the values and education within debate become merely signs to be exchanged. Your vision of debate forces us into constant melancholy because we don’t know how to more the loss of meaning and inevitably collapses.
Robinson, 12 Andrew, 8/10/12, Jean Baudrillard: Hyperreality and Implosion, Associate Professor Wilfred Laurier University, PhD, Political Science, University of Western Ontario, MA, Political Science, University of Western Ontario)

The model of the code does not represent a prior social reality. It creates
AND
from its referential contents. We are living through a collapse of meaning.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 8 | Opponent: Towson HW | Judge: 

1NC

?

Hauntology First vs. Politics

The central question for ethics should be the specter. We should direct our ethics towards the other that is not present.
Derrida ’6  ~originally published in 1993~ Jacques Derrida Specters of Marx Translated by Peggy Kamuf p xviii
If I am getting ready to speak at length about ghosts, inheritance, and
AND
to ask the question "where?" "where tomorrow?" "whither?"

Social Death (1NC)

There is no social death and no social life. We are all simultaneously living and dying. Critiquing the abjection of the socially dead affirms the status quo ontology that assumes black social death and white social life when, in fact, spectrality haunts all life. Whiteness gains its power through the projection of its spectrality onto others.

Peterson ’7 Christopher Peterson visiting assistant prof. of literature @ Claremont McKenna College Kindred Specters: Death, Mourning, and American Affinity pg 9-10
The political question then becomes: how does one resist the¶ reduction of one’s
AND
purchased¶ precisely through the construction of the racial other as spook.22
?

Body Link (if in 1AC or CX)

The idea that we possess our bodies affirms a long history of western thought that concludes in the doctrine of possessive individualism that makes slavery possible.

Peterson ’7 Christopher Peterson visiting assistant prof. of literature @ Claremont McKenna College Kindred Specters: Death, Mourning, and American Affinity pg 38-40
Claiming that the master projects his body onto the slave, Butler implies that the
AND
body is his own does that body become¶ available for its denial.
?

Body Possession

The notion that this is my body is an appropriation that makes slavery inevitable. We must recognize our otherness to ourselves; the body cannot be owned.

Peterson ’7 Christopher Peterson visiting assistant prof. of literature @ Claremont McKenna College Kindred Specters: Death, Mourning, and American Affinity pg 34-36
Although Pennhigroth focuses on how 11w claims of rua frriai property were linked to the
AND
reanimated if there can be no final coming¶ into possession of one’s body
?

Reversibility

The attempt to bring the excluded into the ontological field is a logic of reversal that maintains the ontological differentiation that recognizes some as dead and others as alive. Debate is a potentially dangerous technology. Imbuing the ballot with the power to give life also gives it the power to take it away.

Peterson ’7 Christopher Peterson visiting assistant prof. of literature @ Claremont McKenna College Kindred Specters: Death, Mourning, and American Affinity pg 11-12
Wright’s account of Bigger’s betrayed presence prefigures the¶ famous opening passage in Ellison s
AND
differentiation that recognizes some lives as present and others as¶ "dead."

Alterity DA

What about those who do not want war powers? Your claim that the solution to Sapphire’s story is war powers posits of an originary that effaces otherness by reducing them to the same.

Peterson ’7 Christopher Peterson visiting assistant prof. of literature @ Claremont McKenna College Kindred Specters: Death, Mourning, and American Affinity pg 81
The novel thus centers on a primal scene of infanticide that it can never finally
AND
for the paradoxical possibility¶ that we can never finally get it entirely.
?

Sacrifice of Otherness

Challenging the sacrifice of otherness is key to justice. The framing question should be ’is any alterity effaced by the aff?’. If yes then the only ethical response is deconstruction.

Derrida 1995, dir d’etudes @ Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales Jacques, The Gift of Death  83-7
What is thus found at work in everyday discourse, in the exercise of justice
AND
the other, who becomes for his part nothing more than a murderer? 

Justice Impact

Justice is the undeconstructable condition for any deconstruction. It is the only ethical response in the face of the collision of undecidability and responsibility.

McQuillan, 2k9 (Martin, MA, PhD, Glasgow, Deconstruction After 9/11, Routledge, pg. 85-87)
Again to be for Justice is to be in favour of breathing and given the
AND

such is the dream of the death-cult of contemporary managerialism.
?

Alt

The alternative is our deconstruction of the aff. The negation of the 1NC exposes the arbitrariness of the categories of meaning we criticize. We recognize that viewpoints inevitably come from a particular place, and it our case it is that of white, male, privileged debaters. We think that our role should be to deconstruct structures of oppression, and that this deconstruction must be infinite because every act of interpretation is an imposition on otherness.

MacDonald Department of Political Studies, Queens University 1999 Eleanor Science 26 Society 63.2 proquest
In an unusually direct moment in his article, "Force of Law: The
AND
, Derrida uses the term "infinite critique" to describe his approach:
A deconstructive thinking, the one that matters to me here, has always pointed
AND
the other and for the event. (Derrida, 1994, 90.)
What this experience of "infinite critique" or this "motif" of deconstruction
AND
about authorial intention, to set the text adrift, as it were.
And why is this "justice"?
First, because of the "aporia" that it introduces - the sense of
AND
is a necessary violence for which deconstruction is the just or ethical response.
What is true, then (in the understanding of the world that Derrida provides through deconstruction), is inadequation, non-commensurability, disjointedness. The ethical response is a recognition of this unknowability, a suspicion of all self-certainty. The political response is one of a corresponding openness, a promise of "democracy-to come" (a promise which Derrida also assures us can never be wholly realizable in the present, in any present).
At stake here is the very concept of democracy as concept of a promise that
AND
modality of a living present (Derrida, 1994, 64-5.)

Life/Death Boundary (Alt?)

The attempt to put life into social death simply reverses the ontological binary of white heterosexual oppression. We should deconstruct rather than reverse this binary.

Peterson ’7 Christopher Peterson visiting assistant prof. of literature @ Claremont McKenna College Kindred Specters: Death, Mourning, and American Affinity pg 4-7
Scholars in race and sexuality studies have done much to bring¶ our attention to
AND
and death, to¶ resist the racist and heterosexist disavowal of finitude.
?

Presencing Social Death

Presencing social death facilitates its immobilization and control

Peterson ’7 Christopher Peterson visiting assistant prof. of literature @ Claremont McKenna College Kindred Specters: Death, Mourning, and American Affinity pg 64-65
While Sandy’s body cannot be "reconstructed" into a containable¶ whole, it
AND
it allegorizes an uncontainability that allows him to exceed¶ his immobilization.41

Overparticularity Bad – Social Death

Overparticularization of death bad: we all experience death as a condition of having a body. Your insistence on the unique of the death of the oppressed reinscribes American exceptionalsim by allowing it to project its death onto the oppressed.

Peterson ’7 Christopher Peterson visiting assistant prof. of literature @ Claremont McKenna College Kindred Specters: Death, Mourning, and American Affinity pg 12-14

What I am calling redoubled ghostliness situates racial and sexual¶ minorities in intimate contact
AND
negation that¶ "precedes" any legal effacement of particular kinship relations.
?

2NC

Asserting the Body

The affirmation of the body reduces the oppressed to the status of a mere thing.

Peterson ’7 Christopher Peterson visiting assistant prof. of literature @ Claremont McKenna College Kindred Specters: Death, Mourning, and American Affinity pg 58-59
That Sandy-as-wood remains sentient despite his uncontainability raises the question of
AND
logic that¶ reduces the slave to the status of mere thing?33

AT Perm

The permutation is a metaphysics of presence that attempts to assimilate our alt. We must reject any union of opposites.

Peterson ’7 Christopher Peterson visiting assistant prof. of literature @ Claremont McKenna College Kindred Specters: Death, Mourning, and American Affinity pg 32-33

American kinship, then, corresponds to a certain "metaphysics of presence" in
AND
presence is secured through the¶ negation of the maternal and filial bodies.
?

AT You Project Yourself on US, Selfish

We don’t lead to self-projecting. Our hauntology is possessed by the alternative of the other that it cannot possess. Only your ethic of recognition leads to appropriation and projection.

Peterson ’7 Christopher Peterson visiting assistant prof. of literature @ Claremont McKenna College Kindred Specters: Death, Mourning, and American Affinity pg 15-16
This necrophilia that Fustel describes, however, is to be distinguished from the spec
AND
the same (kin) and some others other (non-kin)?
?

AT You Incorporating The Other/Absolute Otherness

The attempt to incorporate the other is inevitable and necessary for ethics but it inevitably fails solving your impacts

Peterson ’7 Christopher Peterson visiting assistant prof. of literature @ Claremont McKenna College Kindred Specters: Death, Mourning, and American Affinity pg 73
As in the biblical sacrifice of Isaac, 124 marks a site where "pure
AND
the sign of a certain¶ respect for the alterity of the other.
?

Absolute Otherness

Attempts to relate the other to the self are violent but they are also inevitable. The key to ethics is the acknowledgement of this originary violence. The pursuit of absolute otherness leads to a total effacement of alterity.

Peterson ’7 Christopher Peterson visiting assistant prof. of literature @ Claremont McKenna College Kindred Specters: Death, Mourning, and American Affinity pg 71-72
According to ethical philosopher Emmanuel Levinas, violence emerges in any dialectical relation in which
AND
never be fully reduced either¶ to pure sameness or to pure otherness.¶ 

AT Otherness is Absolute

Absolute otherness fails because the other must always be imagined as absolutely other in relation to me.

Peterson ’7 Christopher Peterson visiting assistant prof. of literature @ Claremont McKenna College Kindred Specters: Death, Mourning, and American Affinity pg 16-17
One might approach this question through the aphorism that Derrida works to untangle in Tlie
AND
another ethics, an ethics otherwise than¶ (purely) other.36

AT Slaves Have No Kin

Your argument that slaves have no kin is historically inaccurate and your insistence on only recognizes those relations that society does reinscribes the binary between social life and social death.

Peterson ’7 Christopher Peterson visiting assistant prof. of literature @ Claremont McKenna College Kindred Specters: Death, Mourning, and American Affinity pg 33-34

This interimplication of slavery and kinship, as I noted above,¶ is denied by
AND
alive but, rather, participates in the production of this very division.
?

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: USC PV | Judge: 

Authority requires perceived legitimacy – Critical to precision

Lake 4 (David, UCSD Poli Sci, "Hierarchy in International Relations: Authority, Sovereignty, and the New Structure of World Politics", http://bc.sas.upenn.edu/system/files/Lake_04.21.05.pdf)**
In what is regarded as the paradigmatic definition, political authority is commonly understood as
AND
legitimacy of those commands – that renders authority and coercion analytically ¶ distinct.
A. Authority as legitimacy is critical to procedural understanding; the aff rightfully controls presidential power, but not presidential authority

Rousse 13 (8-7, Patrick, IT U of Copenhagen, "Procedural Justice as Procedural Rhetoric", Ludist: A Jnl of Play, http://www.ludist.com/?p=729)**
To understand why procedural rhetoric might be important to procedural justice, we need to
AND
classrooms) or experience the process firsthand by participating in the legal system.

1. Violation – The plan removes illegitimate expansions of presidential power without restricting legitimate exercise of authority.
   2. Standards
   A. Limits – The President has broad power under the content areas, but more limited legitimate authority; we stop a floodgate of "prevents presidential abuse" affs. 

Marshall 8 (William, Law-UNC, "ELEVEN REASONS WHY PRESIDENTIAL POWER 
INEVITABLY EXPANDS AND WHY IT MATTERS", BOSTON UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW, 88: 505)
The first and perhaps overarching reason underlying the growth of ¶ presidential power is that
AND
direct ¶ prohibitions to the contrary, expectations easily translate into political reality.
B. Ground – War powers authority specifies the nature of the broad content areas in the antecedent portion of the topic. Without this control, targeted killing could become police actions or the death penalty, offense cyberoperations becomes domestic NSA surveillance, and indefinite detention becomes federal prison overcrowding. We maintain a conceptually cogent topic focused on the issues of presidential war power, not an expansive term.
3. T is a voter for competitive equity 26 fairness.

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 8 | Opponent: MSU | Judge: 

Hostilities is a term of art; includes attacks, but not all armed conflict

Johanson 9 (Sigrid, Norwegian Military attache "Incompetent Resistance? Core Aspects of Civilian Direct Participation In Hostilities", https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/22072/90970.pdf?sequence=1)**
For direct participation to entail suspension of protection from attack, it has to pertain
AND
prosecution of the armed conflict on behalf of the parties to the conflict". 

Hostilities is narrower than conflict – Refers to actual acts of violence

McDonald 4 (Avril, Asser Inst., "THE CHALLENGES TO INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND THE PRINCIPLES OF DISTINCTION AND PROTECTION FROM THE INCREASED PARTICIPATION OF CIVILIANS IN HOSTILITIES", http://www.asser.nl/default.aspx?site_id=926level1=1333726level2=13379)**
Hostilities has a narrower meaning than armed conflict. According to the Dictionary of the
AND
conflict to its resolution. Hostilities are violent incidents occurring within that timeframe.

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marywashington | Judge: 

Neg T – Judicial Restrictions Mandate Congressional Oversight

Interp

Judicial restrictions in the resolutional context are limited to mandating congressional oversight

Tribe 26 Gudridge 4 (Laurence 26 Patrick, Harvard 26 Miami L.S., "The Anti-Emergency Constitution", 113YALE L.J. 1801)
Given Professor Ackerman’s doubts that the judicial process can ¶ contribute very much to the
AND
civilian courts are still functioning and ¶ martial law has not been declared.

Youngstown proves – It’s the prototype for judicial restriction of presidential authority

Lobel 7 (Jules, Pitt – Law, "The War on Terrorism and Civil Liberties", http://chapters.rlpgbooks.com/07/425/0742535983ch2.pdf)**
Even the bright spot in judicial restriction of executive emergency power—¶ Youngstown Sheet and
AND
Rehnquist courts have subsequently utilized Youngstown to uphold broad assertions of executive power.
~{Notes~}
Harold Hongju Koh, Why the President (Almost) Always Wins in Foreign Affairs
AND
¶ (1984) (arguing that Youngstown supports the War Powers Resolution).

Violation – The plan regulates presidential power without imposing a judicial restriction.

Standards –

Limits – Evaluating congressional oversight limits case law

Glennon 2 (Michael, Woodrow Wilson Center, legal expert, "APPLYING THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION TO
THE WAR ON TERRORISM", http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-107shrg85888/pdf/CHRG-107shrg85888.pdf)**
Support for the Executive derives primarily from unrelated dicta ¶ pulled acontextually from inapposite cases. The actual record is striking: Congress ¶ has never lost a war powers dispute with the President before the Supreme Court. ¶ While the cases are few, in every instance where the issue of decisionmaking primacy has arisen—from Little v. Barreme (1804) to the Steel Seizure Case (1952)—¶ the Court has sided with Congress.

And, Court power is naturally unlimited – the aff opens the floodgates

Maltbe 1912 (Milo, NY Public Service Commission of the 1st District, Transit Journal, vol 39, p. 398)
No matter how perfect the plan enacted by the Legislature, it will soon resemble
AND
go in setting aside the decisions of co-ordinate branches of government. 

2. Precision – Their evidence will refer to judicial interference, prohibitions, etc. Our evidence specifies the scope of judicial restrictions, and is directly pertaining to the content of restrictions alone.

Topic coherence – The combination of congressional and judicial requirements could unlimit the topic by imposing a variety of disparate mechanisms. This interp of judicial restrictions links it up with the requirement that statutory restrictions be congressional, unifying a single mechanism. We should have one mechanism because the four areas of the topic already allow for aff diversity.

T is a voting issue for competitive equity 26 fairness.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: 

T – Presidential Authority

1. The executive branch is distinct from the presidency

White House.gov ("The Executive Branch", http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/executive-branch)**
The power of the Executive Branch is vested in the President of the United States
AND
the armed forces, the Executive Branch employs more than 4 million Americans.

2. The plan says executive, not presidential, authority.

3. Plan text is key – It’s the only objective test, critical for CP 26 K ground bc of competition, and is the linchpin of aff power to parametrics. Err neg bc it’s their choice.

4. Ground – Rogue agencies, presidential enforcement, covert ops, and black budget disads are core neg ground. We should be able to say that other parts of the executive are outside the President’s capacity to control.

5. Extra-T is a VI – Competing interps requires. Allows the aff to load up on one-word additions to the plan that the neg has to spend time fighting. Time is strategy. This T arg is longer than a rogue agencies card would be, for instance.

6. T is a VI for competitive equity.

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wake | Judge: 

TK

/= Sig Strikes T – 1NC===

A. Definitions

1. TK requires individual targeting

Sell 11 (Daniel, JD-Capitol U., "THE UNITED STATES’ POLICY OF TARGETED KILLING AND THE USE OF FORCE: ANOTHER EXCEPTION TO THE UNITED NATIONS USE OF FORCE REGIME", http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2167770)**
One useful definition provided in the United Nations Report is that "targeted killing is
AND
the perpetrator, which takes place within the context of an armed conflict."
?

2. Signature strikes are distinct

Anderson 11 (Kenneth, Law @ American, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, member of Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law; nonresident senior fellow, Brookings Institution, 8-29-11, "Distinguishing High Value Targeted Killing and "Signature" Attacks on Taliban Fighters," http://www.volokh.com/2011/08/29/distinguishing-high-value-targeted-killing-and-signature-attacks-on-taliban-fighters/, accessed 9-13-13)
From the US standpoint, it is partly that it does not depend as much
AND
warfare without disentangling the distinct strategic uses to which the weapon is put.

B. Violation – The aff affects signature strikes.

C. Limits – Their interp explodes the topic

Silva 3 (Sébastian Jose, U of Montreal Masters Thesis "Death for life : a study of targeted killing by States in international law," https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1866/2372/11474222.PDF;jsessionid=4D1530E8E8F2DEE3B4C68BA4B7997F3B?sequence=1)**
As defined by Steven R. David, targeted killing is the "intentional slaying
AND
very suggestion. David’s definition is essentially correct but¶ over-inclusive.

D. T is a VI – Competitive equity.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: 

Neg T – Substantially Increase Statutory Restrictions

Interp

Substantially requires clarity and precision

Court Watch 2 (Report to the WVA Chamber of Commerce, http://www.wvchamber.com/CWT/External/WCPages/WCWebContent/WebContentPage.aspx?ContentID=979)**
The Court wrote that there are a wide variety of sources for public policy including
AND
be considered substantial when it is vague and subject to different¶ interpretations.

Increase requires pre-existence

Ripple, 87 (Circuit Judge, Emmlee K. Cameron, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Frances Slocum Bank 26 Trust Company, State Automobile Insurance Association, and Glassley Agency of Whitley, Indiana, Defendants-Appellees, 824 F.2d 570; 1987 U.S. App. LEXIS 9816, 9/24, lexis)
Also related to the waiver issue is appellees’ defense relying on a provision of the
AND
issue is whether the appellees contemplated insuring the risk which incurred the loss.

Statutory restrictions limit based on controlling legislation

Blacks Law (http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/)**
What is STATUTORY RESTRICTION?¶ Limits or controls that have been placed on activities by its ruling legislation.

Therefore, the plan should specify the statutory restriction codified in US law that the plan increases. The aff fails to do so.

Standards –

Limits – Hypothetical new laws are unlimited. The US Code itself is enormous. Clarity is crucial to predictability

Baker 26 Bennett 4 (John 26 Dale – LSU Law Center, "MEASURING THE EXPLOSIVE GROWTH OF FEDERAL CRIME LEGISLATION", http://fedsoc.server326.com/Publications/practicegroupnewsletters/criminallaw/crimreportfinal.pdf)**
The federal statutory law today is set forth in the 50¶ titles of the
AND
800 and which contain¶ approximately 4,000,000 printed pages.

Bright line – Our interpretation includes 26 excludes with a simple test: is the plan in the US Code? Avoids arbitrary interpretation inevitable with any competing standard.

Grammatical precision – We make substantially increase significant. Any other method for evaluating legal change allows the aff to simply affect the law without substantial impact, allowing a plethora of tiny bureaucratic changes that avoid disads 26 case negative ground. Debate is better when it is detailed and specific.

T is a voting issue for competitive equity 26 fairness.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 9 | Opponent: Towson Johnson-Ruffin | Judge: Casey, Kennedy, Schultz, Turner, Van Luvanee
The topic has hailed us - why should we care?
Nietzsche 87
(Friedrich, had syphilis, "On the Genealogy of Morals", Oxford Univ. Press 1996, pg. 64-6 I think)

At this point, I can... ...a bridge, a great promise. 

The internalization of the topic is microfascism, which is pretty bad
Seem 72
(Mark, PhD and Writer, best buds w/ Vincennes people, intro to AO,"Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia", pg. xx-xxi, 1972)

To be anti-oedipal is to... ...nomads (no habits, no territories). 

Topics - who needs em? (Alt is to forget the topic)
Zupancic 3
(Alenka, senior research fellow at the Institute of Philosophy, Slovene Academy of Sciences, "The Shortest Shadow: Nieztsche's Philosophy of the Two", 54-60)

On the other hand, guilt... ...and mortify our (new) passion.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 9 | Opponent: Towson Johnson-Ruffin | Judge: Casey, Kennedy, Schultz, Turner, Van Luvanee
Internalizing the law naturalizes it - the aff's "topic key" arguments aren't responsive because they're a product of ideology - of course I never wanted to marry my mother/kill my father!
Deleuze and Guattari 72
(Gilles and Felix, coolest cats around, "Anti-Oedipis: Capitalism and Schizophrenia", 113-115)

We have attempted to analyze... ...("Ah, so that's what it was!")

Their response to the hail of the topic is a mutual embrace - the topic WILL hug back, and it'll be fascist
Deleuze and Guattari 72
(Gilles and Felix, weren't cats, "Anti-Oedipis: Capitalism and Schizophrenia", 148-49)

Once the socius becomes fixed... ...ritual objects, rights, presitge, and status. 

Exhausting the topic is a better approach - trying to reappropriate it only allows it to suck in critical energy and use frenetic desire to do the productive work of anti-black debate. Invest energy in not-the-topic.
Bifo 9
(Franco Berardi, I know it's confusing that Bifo is just a nickname but bear w/ me, "The Soul at Work", Semiotext(e), 137-40)

The process of the cure... ...competition, acquisition, possession, and accumulation. 

The role of white debaters is to witness - this is only possible if the topic's not standing in the way.
Mosko 11
(Melissa, PhD Candidate, Marquette, "Sexualized Violence, Moral Disintegration and Ethical Advocacy")

Having others to whom a... ...voices in relation with others.

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wake | Judge: 

1NC 

President/Leader Focus Link (1NC)

Focus the president ensures the aff will only strengthen the will to will, which renders all humans standing reserve. The actions of leaders are merely the effects, not the cause of this process.

MITCHELL 2005 ANDREW J. MITCHELL Associate Professor of Philosophy @ Emory "HEIDEGGER AND TERRORISM" Research in Phenomenology, 35 p 188-90
The will that dominates the modern era is personal, even if, as is
AND
political designations and are each¶ outmoded today. The leaders are slaves.
?

The plan frames targeted killing as a juridical problem to be regulated rather than a normative problem to be ruled on – The aff asks the wrong question: it’s not how should we use targeted killing, but should we use targeted killing at all. Disrupting the law’s normative power is critical to solve

Krasmann 12 (Susanne, prof. Dr, Institute for Criminological Research, University of Hamburg, "Targeted Killing and Its Law: On a Mutually Constitutive Relationship," Leiden Journal of International Law (2012), 25, pg. 678)
The legal debate on targeted killing, particularly that referring to the US practice,
AND
threats and security, and in the dispute about targeted killing operations’ legality.¶
?

Devastation Outweighs Extinction

Devastation is the end result of the will that renders all beings as exchangeable standing reserve. The world becomes an unworld devoid of life and full of terror. Extinction would be a respite from this condition.

MITCHELL 2005 ANDREW J. MITCHELL Associate Professor of Philosophy @ Emory "HEIDEGGER AND TERRORISM" Research in Phenomenology, 35 p 206-207
Devastation (Verwüstung) is the process by which the world becomes a desert (
AND
, being itself is what terrorizes.¶ Terror is the threat of being.
?

Alt Do Nothing

The alt is to do nothing in the instance of the aff. This allows being to rest and short-circuits the will, which can only devastate the earth.

MITCHELL 2005 ANDREW J. MITCHELL Associate Professor of Philosophy @ Emory "HEIDEGGER AND TERRORISM" Research in Phenomenology, 35 p 211-213
The loss of national differences is accordant with the advent of terrorism, since terrorism
AND
There is no security; this¶ is what we have to preserve.

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wake | Judge: 

Transparency/Democracy

You assumption that if people only knew or if some procedural checks were instituted these horrible practices would stop masks the fact that majorities support these practices and the state will always skirt procedure with semiotic manipulation.

Kroker 11/1/2006 Arthur Kroker is Canada Research Chair in Technology, Culture and Theory and Professor of Political Science at the University of Victoria, Canada. "BORN AGAIN IDEOLOGY: Religion, Technology, and Terrorism" http://www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=549**
Bodies 26 Torture¶ Consider what might be called the torture documents, the lengthy
AND
rhetoric once described as the "better angels" of its nature.?

Anxiety 2NC

Inauthentic relationships to death reduce us to the they-self and make life meaningless and reduce it to a biological truism.

Magrini 6 James Magrini prof. of Phil. @ the College of DuPage ""Anxiety" in Heidegger’s Being and Time: The Harbinger of Authenticity" Philosophy Scholarship. Paper 15. http://dc.cod.edu/philosophypub/15-http://dc.cod.edu/philosophypub/15
"The Nothing with which anxiety brings us face to face," writes Heidegger,
AND
mortality, but also projects the "uncanniness" of anxiety into its futural
existence. This, for Heidegger, represents the existential understanding of death as a
AND
, or holding, oneself within the threat of death ’s indefinite certainty.

If we win any link the aff forcloses the alt because external political goals are drowned out by the monologue of the will. That’s Mitchell.

KOUROS 97
~Yale Law Graduate, George, Become What You Are, p. 32~

Second, the continued successes of technological thought blinds us to the fact that it
AND
that rivers are not primarily stockpiles of potential energy waiting to be unleashed. 

Ontology is a prerequisite to ethics and its abandonment results in infinite violence

Gauthier, ’4
~David J. Gauthier. "Martin Heidegger, Emmanuel Levinas, and the Politics of Dwelling." December 2004. http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-11052004-163310/unrestricted/Gauthier_dis.pdf-http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-11052004-163310/unrestricted/Gauthier_dis.pdf.  myost~
If Heidegger’s politics of homecoming can be accused of ontological chauvinism and ethical insensitivity,
AND
as Other? Seemingly, Levinasian ethics rests on an inadequate ontological foundation.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 5 | Opponent: West Georgia Ard-Muhammad | Judge: Allsup, KOSLOW, loghry
leonardi said he'd get full cites to me/on here soon, here's my flow of hte 1nc in the meantime

academy is new pedagogy--they cause microfascism
lewis 11

they make shit visible
spanos forthcoming

cant predict necessity of the moment--they prevent necessity of revolution thru teleology
marriott 11

only revolution w/o a telos
marriott 11

reject the 1ac--prefer endless study to teleology
lewis 11

q of method vs method--no perms
gordon 12