Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Texas CM | Judge:
Part 1 – The Academy and the Law

The President currently has authorization to indefinitely detain anyone suspected of terrorism without charge or trial. The history behind the legal precedents are founded in the colonial violence against the Seminole Nation and carry the metaphors of violence against indigenous peoples with them.
Toensing 2013 Gale Courey, staff attorney, January 07, 2013 New NDAA Keeps Indefinite Detention, Blocks Guantanamo Closure, http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/article/new-ndaa-keeps-indefinite-detention-blocks-guantanamo-closure-146781

President Barack Obama has signed the $633 billion National Defense Authorization Act …  law is still proceeding in the Second Circuit Court.

Law is not derived neutrally, it is the outcome of a particular pedagogy and way of thinking about the world. Academia is corrupted by white supremacy, and this is reflected in our legal institutions. We must change our pedagogical approach towards the modern colonial environment.

Solyom and Brayboy 12 Jessica A. Solyom Ph.D. student in the Department of Justice and Social Inquiry at Arizona State University and Brian McKinley Jones Brayboy,  enrolled member of the Lumbee tribe from North Carolina and is Associate Borderlands Professor in Culture, Society and Education in the School of Social Transformation at Arizona State University, Memento Mori: Policing the minds and bodies of indigenous Latinas/os in Arizona, California Western School of law, 42 Cal. W. Int'l L.J. 473 California Western International Law Journal Spring 2012

As a result of laws that seek to criminalize … on the events and reasoning that preceded the law's passage.

Alongside the metaphor surrounding Bin Laden and Geronimo comes the complete history of indefinite detentions being carried out against Indigenous peoples in North America – it was the great Native hero Geronimo who was subjected to decades of indefinite detention before his death
August 2012 Charles, staff reporter, Bisbee net news, Apaches Lost Their Reservation While in Indefinite Detention as POWs, January 17, 2012, http://bisbee.net/wp/bisbee-history/apaches-lost-their-reservation-while-in-indefinite-detention-as-pows

On the tenth anniversary of the Guantanamo indefinite detentions… with Geronimo’s people as prisoners of war.

The Sadistic voyeurism of torture and detention policies extend well past the events of Abu Ghraib, in this history of the Apaches we find the indefinitely detained Geronimo being marched around to salute the culture of the victors: marking an example of the obscene underside of American culture

August 2012 Charles, staff reporter, Bisbee net news, Apaches Lost Their Reservation While in Indefinite Detention as POWs, January 17, 2012, http://bisbee.net/wp/bisbee-history/apaches-lost-their-reservation-while-in-indefinite-detention-as-pows

In 1894, Congress passed a special provision which … in Oklahoma from their prisoner status and granted them allotments of land.

This history is neither neutral nor innocent – it established a racial connection between the destruction of indigenous peoples and the war on terrorism. The current lawmakers invoke this imperial violence as not being correct but just correct precedent leaving out any sense of responsibility for the historical connections.

Toensing 2011 Gale Courey, staff reporter, Andrew Jackson’s Actions Model Anti-Speech, Perpetual War Legislation, June 07, 2011, http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/article/andrew-jackson25e225802599s-actions-model-anti-speech-perpetual-war-legislation-37239
Prosecutors also made a reach when they grasped for … from the constraints of moral principle,” Morison wrote.

Law is racialized in its policing of non-European thoughts – assuming a zero-point epistemology for school teaching serves to mark other knowledge bases as “deviant.” Rhetorical and linguistic imperialism are the strategic tools of empire used to limit the terms of the conversation.

Solyom and Brayboy 12 Jessica A. Solyom Ph.D. student in the Department of Justice and Social Inquiry at Arizona State University and Brian McKinley Jones Brayboy,  enrolled member of the Lumbee tribe from North Carolina and is Associate Borderlands Professor in Culture, Society and Education in the School of Social Transformation at Arizona State University, Memento Mori: Policing the minds and bodies of indigenous Latinas/os in Arizona, California Western School of law, 42 Cal. W. Int'l L.J. 473 California Western International Law Journal Spring 2012

Protecting the Status Quo: Legislative and Social Control of Indigenous Peoples … power and the preservation of economic, political, and social interests. 80 

These Executive war powers legitimize an unending war against the indigenous peoples of north America and their sovereignty

Newcomb 2011 Steve, co-founder and co-director of the Indigenous Law Institute, author of Pagans in the Promised Land: Decoding the Doctrine of Christian Discovery (Fulcrum, 2008), and a columnist for Indian Country Today Media Network http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/opinion/andrew-jackson-and-the-usa-global-war-bill-36691

The U.S. government's attempt this past March to analogize al Queda … peoples’ issues as a matter of national security.

Part 2 – The Debate

In any other debate there is the potential to discuss other politics aside the question of indigenous peoples, but this debate is solely about the question of War Powers and its affects on indigenous peoples. The focus on any other goals or priorities makes the task of dismantling the settler state impossible.
Byrd 11 (Jodi A., (Chickasaw), assistant professor of American Indian studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critiques of Colonialism, pg. xvii)

There is more than one way to frame the … that continue to preoccupy poststructuralist and postcolonial studies.

We affirm the topic through epistemic disobedience. 

We denounce the imperial presidency's ability to indefinitely detain red peoples

We challenge the eurocentric foundations of thought and the law that run through the precedent, history, and application of indefinite detention of native americans. Decolonization is the center goal of our epistemology that frees philosophy from western thinking as its starting point. Their philosophy maintains the invisibility of the colonial difference that our affirmative highlights and works from

Mignolo 2002 Walter D.  The Geopolitics of Knowledge and the Colonial Difference The South Atlantic Quarterly 101.1 (2002) 57-96 

Dussel's dialogue with Vattimo's philosophy goes … includes everybody, the colonizer and the colonized. 54 

Disobedience is the only ethical response to modernity’s hegemony on knowledge production. To be an ethical agent in a post-occidental world one must delink from modernity as a means of being outside hegemonic knowledge. 

Mignolo 09 Walter D. Mignolo, Epistemic Disobedience, Independent Thought and Decolonial Freedom, Theory and Culture 2009, published 2009

ONCE UPON a time scholars assumed that … ultimate criterion for the final judgment.1

The 1ac embodies our response to the topic as an example of epistemic decolonization. Our speech is more than an advocacy, it is an epistemology that engages history, law, culture and identity to challenge the foundations of colonialism inherent to the Eurocentric order
Byrd 11 (Jodi A., (Chickasaw), assistant professor of American Indian studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critiques of Colonialism, pg. xxix-xxx)

In their definition there emerges a contentious, … other and its origins are not tied to migration.”34 

We must reject the dominance of Eurocentric ideology-pedagogy. Reclaiming alternate epistemological perspectives is the only way to expose the illusion of European superiority 

Kanth in 2005 (Rajani Kannepalli, Against Eurocentrism:  A Transcendent Critique of Modernist Science, Society, and Morals 7-9

The task of debunking is ever an unattractive one… is far from being either pleasant or enviable

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Wayne State JS | Judge: Pointer
Part 1 – The Academy and the Law

The idea of indefinite detention is an old issue for indigenous persons in America. In the 19th century, several members of the Chiricahua Apache were indefinitely detained as prisoners for 27 years in military forts. One of the men captured was a man Americans called Geronimo. One of the stories about the warrior is that Americans captured him and attributed rumors of mass amounts of violence and deaths to the captured warrior in order to justify his indefinite detention. The Americans made a mockery out of the warrior by parading him around American territories to celebrate the superiority of Western European civilization relative to what they deemed as the barbaric indigenous community. The warrior was taken to Texas in 1901 to perform in a roundup where the man was forced to shoot buffalo, ignoring that the Chiricahua Apache were not buffalo hunters at all. The man was escorted to the event by American soldiers because he was still held as a prisoner. The Apache leader Naiche told the army "All we want is to be freed and be released as prisoners, given land and homes that we can call our own." 

And the legacy does not end there, the President currently has authorization to indefinitely detain anyone suspected of terrorism without charge or trial. The history behind the legal precedents are founded in the colonial violence against the Seminole Nation and carry the metaphors of violence against indigenous peoples with them.
Toensing 2013 Gale Courey, staff attorney, January 07, 2013 New NDAA Keeps Indefinite Detention, Blocks Guantanamo Closure, http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/article/new-ndaa-keeps-indefinite-detention-blocks-guantanamo-closure-146781
President Barack Obama has signed the $633 billion National Defense Authorization Act of 2013
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the case against the law is still proceeding in the Second Circuit Court.

Law is not derived neutrally, it is the outcome of a particular pedagogy and way of thinking about the world. Academia is corrupted by white supremacy, and this is reflected in our legal institutions. We must change our pedagogical approach towards the modern colonial environment.
Solyom and Brayboy 12 Jessica A. Solyom Ph.D. student in
AND
Int'l L.J. 473 California Western International Law Journal Spring 2012
As a result of laws that seek to criminalize their presence and heighten their visibility
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pause and reflect on the events and reasoning that preceded the law's passage.
This history of indefinite detention is neither neutral nor innocent – it established a racial connection between the destruction of indigenous peoples and the war on terrorism. The current lawmakers invoke this imperial violence as not being correct but just correct precedent leaving out any sense of responsibility for the historical connections.
Toensing 2011 Gale Courey, staff reporter, Andrew Jackson’s Actions Model Anti-Speech, Perpetual War Legislation, June 07, 2011, http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/article/andrew-jackson25e225802599s-actions-model-anti-speech-perpetual-war-legislation-37239
Prosecutors also made a reach when they grasped for a historic precedent to support their
AND
officer, divorced entirely from the constraints of moral principle,” Morison wrote.

Law is racialized in its policing of non-European thoughts – assuming a zero-point epistemology for school teaching serves to mark other knowledge bases as “deviant.” Rhetorical and linguistic imperialism are the strategic tools of empire used to limit the terms of the conversation.
Solyom and Brayboy 12 Jessica A. Solyom Ph.D. student in
AND
Int'l L.J. 473 California Western International Law Journal Spring 2012
Protecting the Status Quo: Legislative and Social Control of Indigenous Peoples Exploring the introduction
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power and the preservation of economic, political, and social interests. 80 

These Executive war powers legitimize an unending war against the indigenous peoples of north America and their sovereignty
Newcomb 2011 Steve, co-founder and co-director of the Indigenous Law Institute, author of Pagans in the Promised Land: Decoding the Doctrine of Christian Discovery (Fulcrum, 2008), and a columnist for Indian Country Today Media Network http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/opinion/andrew-jackson-and-the-usa-global-war-bill-36691
The U.S. government's attempt this past March to analogize al Queda with
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. policy of treating Indigenous peoples’ issues as a matter of national security.

Part 2 – The Debate
The 1ac embodies our response to the topic as an example of epistemic decolonization. Our speech is more than an advocacy, it is an epistemology that engages history, law, culture and identity to challenge the foundations of colonialism inherent to the Eurocentric order
Byrd 11 (Jodi A., (Chickasaw), assistant professor of American Indian studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critiques of Colonialism, pg. xxix-xxx)
In their definition there emerges a contentious, oppositional identity and existence to confront imperialism
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, inferior, other and its origins are not tied to migration.”34 

It is in light of this that we affirm the resolution through epistemic disobedience.

We denounce the imperial presidency's authority to indefinitely detain red peoples

We challenge the eurocentric foundations of thought and the law that run through the precedent, history, and application of indefinite detention of native americans. Decolonization is the center goal of our epistemology that frees philosophy from western thinking as its starting point. Their philosophy maintains the invisibility of the colonial difference that our affirmative highlights and works from
Mignolo 2002 Walter D.  The Geopolitics of Knowledge and the Colonial Difference The South Atlantic Quarterly 101.1 (2002) 57-96
Dussel's dialogue with Vattimo's philosophy goes in the same direction, albeit from different motivations
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according to Bernasconi, includes everybody, the colonizer and the colonized. 54 

Disobedience is the only ethical response to modernity’s hegemony on knowledge production. To be an ethical agent in a post-occidental world one must delink from modernity as a means of being outside hegemonic knowledge.
Mignolo 09 Walter D. Mignolo, Epistemic Disobedience, Independent Thought and Decolonial Freedom, Theory and Culture 2009, published 2009
ONCE UPON a time scholars assumed that the knowing subject in the disciplines is transparent
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who take ‘originality’ as the ultimate criterion for the final judgment.1

Thus the task that this debate round is set to accomplish is the ethical debunking of Eurocentric pedagogy from its monopoly on legitimacy.
Kanth in 2005 (Rajani Kannepalli, Against Eurocentrism:  A Transcendent Critique of Modernist Science, Society, and Morals 7-9
The task of debunking is ever an unattractive one, and quite alien to the
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though required, and important, is far from being either pleasant or enviable

1: Native American Netroots, Apache Prisoners of War, published January 11th, 2012, http://www.nativeamericannetroots.net/showDiary.do?diaryId=1226

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Binghmaton | Judge: Weathers
Prioritize indigenous struggle – all their hippie K is fundamentally unethical because it occurs on stolen Indian land
Grande 4 (Sandy, Associate Professor of Education at Connecticut College, Ph.D., Kent State University, Fellow in the Holleran Center for Community Action and Public Policy, member of the EPA’s National Environmental Justice Advisory Council’s Indigenous People’s Work Group, “Red Pedagogy”, pg. 154-156, og)

Though revolutionary feminisms have relevance for indigenous women, it¶ remains critical for indigenous
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, the Mother of Us All.¶ (James Guerrero 1997,218)

The 1NC’s philosophical performance and methodology reproduces whiteness and white supremacy – it is disembodied, universal, and false

Yancy 5
 George, associate professor of philosophy at Duquesne University, “Whiteness and the Return of the Black Body,” The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 19.4 

I write out of a personal existential context. This context is a profound source
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of power expressed in the "comprehension" of a range of materials.

Embodiment arg

We do not link to this argument – our Byrd and Mignolo evidence take constant consideration for all beings and relations – two pieces of evidence in the 1ac challenge the basis of European anthropocentrism. We undergo a massive reinterpretation of the reality of western metaphysics.

Permutation do both – we can undertake a requestioning of the interpretation of western anthropocentrism as part of our decolonization of the mind. This makes the aff a decolonization of the political border and the border between human and non-human

Our openness to native american cultures and thinking and our interruption of the western order is what enables epistemologies that challenge anthropocentric paradigms. The affirmative is not anthropocentric but rather opens challenges to it.
Tinker 2004 George "Tink" Tinker The Stones Shall Cry out: Consciousness, Rocks, and Indians, Reviewed work(s): Source: Wicazo Sa Review, Vol. 19, No. 2, Colonization/Decolonization, I (Autumn, 2004), pp. 105-125

Narby makes an important point, even if he later abandons it in favor of
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wakonda and the living source of all life. Rock is our grandparent.

The alternative is destructive to indigenous culture - The notion of fluidity and relativism as a negation of grand narratives serves whitestream America. The assumption of a world of simulation without objective reality enables massive capitalist commodification. Their alternative is not just inaccessible but is destructive to native cultures
Grande 2004 Sandy,  Associate Professor of Education, specializes in Native American education, critical race theory Red pedagogy, p 112

In view of the above, it is clear to see how postmodernism—the
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to no protection against the colonialist forces of cultural encroachment and capitalist commodification.

Turn – The affirmative’s decolonization of the mind solves
 Grande 4 (Sandy, Associate Professor of Education at Connecticut College, Ph.D., Kent State University, Fellow in the Holleran Center for Community Action and Public Policy, member of the EPA’s National Environmental Justice Advisory Council’s Indigenous People’s Work Group, “Red Pedagogy”, pg. 66, og)
While critical pedagogy provides the tools for constructing a more potent and¶ overtly challenging
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symbiotic relationship with human subjectivity¶ and the struggle for self-determination.

Perm do both – the Permutation is the best option -This is especially true in the context of academia – we must make use of the similarities between philosophies instead of attending to their differences. Otherwise we risk disciplinary compartmentalization that stops our oppositions to status quo forms of violence
SPANOS 2008 William, American exceptionalism in the age of globalization, p 248-249

The purpose of this book, both the theoretical chapters and those that interpret literary
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as a manifestation of the betrayal of its initial collaborative critical possibilities.'

their deployment of anthro is a forced choice and replicates speciesm

Kochi and Ordan 8 (Tarik, is a lecturer in the School of Law, Queen’s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, and Noam, a linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, Israel. An argument for the global suicide of humanity borderlands, December, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf)
Finally, it is important to note that such a standpoint need not fall into a version of green or eco-fascism that considers other forms of life more important than the lives of humans. Such a position merely replicates in reverse the speciesism of modern humanist thought. Any choice between the eco-fascist and the humanist, colonial-speciesist is thus a forced choice and is, in reality, a non-choice that should be rejected. 

Epistemology precedes Ontology
Mingolo and He 12 Walter Mignolo, Professor of Decolonial Studies at Duke University, Weihua He, Ph.D. from Tsinghua University in Beijing. He is currently teaching in Shanghai and spent a year at Duke University while finishing his dissertation. The Prospect of Harmony and the Decolonial View of the World, published in Decolonial Thoughts, Interviews. September 2012
But let me add a few lines in the direction you are suggesting. Said’s
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education) and transformation (e.g. media) of subjectivities.

Speciesm isn’t a root cause – their mono-causal logic is simplistic and ignores history – their misreading of Best is a context violation
Best 7
(Steven,  Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume V, Issue 2, 2007)
The profound value of Patterson’s book is to raise the animal standpoint – analytically and
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assembly-line mass murder” one detects a linear and simplistic logic.

The alternative universalism creates the conscious destruction of indigenous cultures, means our imperialism arguments are another disad to the alternative.
Peter Staudenmaier 2004 Ambiguities of Animal Rights, Institute for Social Ecology, http://www.communalism.org/Archive/05/aar.html
The unexamined cultural prejudices embedded deep within animal rights thinking carry political implications that are
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an affinity which has a lengthy historical pedigree — remains a serious concern.

The methodology of the affirmative experiences a consistent series of interruptions to the biases in western thinking – in the context of anthropocentrism and sexism there are several creation stories that interrupt the basis of domination
IBARROLA-ARMENDARIZ 2009 Aitor, NATIVE AMERICAN HUMOR AS RESISTANCE: BREAKING IDENTITY MOULDS IN THOMAS KING’S GREEN GRASS, RUNNING WATER1 miscelánea: a journal of english and american studies 42 (2009): pp. 67-90 ISSN: 1137-6368
The last sub-plot concerns four uncannily ancient Blackfoot Indians (Robinson Crusoe,
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receives when biblical narratives are seen in the light of Native creation stories:
Are you all right? Changing Woman asks Old Coyote.
Pssst, says Old Coyote.
Why are you talking to animals? says the little man. This is a Christian ship. Animals
don’t talk. We got rules.
I fell out of the sky, says Changing Woman. I’m very sorry that I landed on Old
Coyote.
The sky! shouts the little man. Hallelujah! A gift from heaven. My name’s Noah,
and you must be my new wife.
I doubt that, says Changing Woman.
Lemme see your breasts, says Noah. I like women with big breasts. I hope God
remembered that.
Don’t do it, says one of the Turtles. He’ll just get excited and rock the canoe.
I have no intention of showing him my breasts, says Changing Woman.
Talking to the animals again, shouts Noah. That’s almost bestiality, and it’s against
the rules.
What rules?
Christian rules. (160)
Evidently, Noah becomes a laughing stock during this lively conversation because of his blatant
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text, also contributes to the continuance of important tribal values and rituals.

Endorse the perm as a strategy of alliance
Hammer 9
(Ida Elisabeth Hammer, an autonomous anti-oppression communicator/organizer/practitioner. Like most people, Ida fits into both privileged groups (White, college-educated, able-bodied, U.S. citizen) and groups that are the targets of oppression (poor, "learning disabled," transgender, female, queer), “Race, Species and Dehumanization”, 8/29, http://veganideal.org/content/race-species-and-dehumanization)
We live in a world created on the exploitation of nonhuman animals and people of
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actively challenged, it reproduces itself whether we intend it to or not." 

Natives are excluded from discussions of human – your binary of human and other – reinforces that colonial categorization
Sylvia Winter, Stanford University, 2003, Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom
Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation—An Argument, The New Centennial Review 3.3 (2003) 257-337
THE ARGUMENT PROPOSES THAT THE STRUGGLE OF OUR NEW MILLENNIUM WILL be one between the
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of the period to which we give the name, "The Sixties."

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 5 | Opponent: Sacramento StateIrvine | Judge: Tom
Anzaldua 1ac

Wind tugging at my sleeve
feet sinking into the sand
I stand at the edge where earth touches ocean
where the two overlap
a gentle coming together
at other times and places a violent clash.

Across the border in Mexico
   stark silhouette of houses gutted by waves,
       cliffs crumbling into the sea,
              silver waves marbled with spume
                         gashing a hole under the border fence.
Miro el mar atacar
                      la cerca en Border Field Park
                 con sus buchones de agua
an Easter Sunday resurrection
of the brown blood in my veins.
                   
Oigo el llorido del mar, el respire del aire,
     my heart surges to the beat of the sea.
           in the gray haze of the sun
              the gulls’ shrill cry of hunger,
                     the tangy smell of the sea seeping into me.

I walk through the hole in the fence
            to the other side.
              Under my fingers I feel the gritty wire
                      rusted by 139 years
                             of the salty breath of the sea.
Beneath the iron sky
Beneath the iron sky
Mexican children kick their soccer ball across,
run after it, entering the U.S.

    I press my hand to the steel curtain—
            chainlink fence crowded with rolled barbed wire—
rippling from the sea where Tijuana touches San Diego
         unrolling over mountains
                         and plains
                                          and deserts,
this “Tortilla curtain” turning into el río Grande
           flowing down to the flatlands
                    of the Magic Valley of South Texas
           its mouth emptying into the Gulf.

1,950 mile-long open wound
      dividing a pueblo, a culture
                  running down the length of my body,
    staking fence rods in my flesh,
    splits me    splits me
  me raja     me raja

    This is my home
    this thin edge of
    barbwire.
                                   
                                     But the skin of the earth is seamless.
      The sea cannot be fenced,
                               el mar does not stop at the borders.
                       To show the white man what she thought of his
      arrogance,
Yemayá blew that wire fence down.

    This land was Mexican once,
      was Indian always
      and is.
And will be again.

Yo soy un puente tendido
del mundo gabacho al del mojado,
lo pasado me estira pa’’trás
                                         y lo presente pa’’delante,
Que la Virgen de Guadalupe me cuide
                                Ay ay ay, soy mexicana de este lado.

Syria, Libya, North Korea, Iran, and drones – this topic is about the powers of war and the president’s who sign them. 

China, Pakistan, Israel, guantanomo, our homes and our phones – this topic is about statutes, judges, and the carelessness of restrictions. 

But this 1ac is not the topic but the border of the topic. This 1ac is neither within the safety of the topic boundaries nor on the outside – thus in a sense this 1ac is both privileged and excluded.

We begin with the border of the topic, the border of the country, the border of the citizen. It is most definitely about war – the war on immigration, especially migrant women – La mojada experiences some of the most violence exhibited at the border

Anzladua 1987 Gloria Anzaldua, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestizo, pp. 23-25
La travesia. For many mexicanos del otro lado, the choice is to stay
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the familiar and safe homeground to venture into unknown and possibly dangerous terrain. 

This war is as much about the president as any other war – part of the history of the war  in the border is the prevalence of executive powers – the power of the president to call and execute a war against the litany of names, stereotypes and violent metaphors used to describe the people of the borderlands

The history of such builds into a massive series of violence in the borderlands
Chacon 2006 Justin Akers Chacón, a member of the International Socialist Organization in San Diego, is active in antiwar, cross-border solidarity, and immigrant rights work. He is the author, with Mike Davis, of the forthcoming No One is Illegal (Haymarket Books, 2006), ISR Issue 47, May–June 2006, War on immigrants, http://isreview.org/issues/47/waronimmigrants.shtml

¶ Militarization of the border: A bipartisan effort¶ ¶ The issue of border
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English, and pass a criminal background check, among other stringent requirements.

Can anyone seriously claim that these practices of brutality and violence are not the same
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border is the topic – and this 1ac is the borderlands of the topic

Chacon 2006 Justin Akers Chacón, a member of the International Socialist Organization in San Diego, is active in antiwar, cross-border solidarity, and immigrant rights work. He is the author, with Mike Davis, of the forthcoming No One is Illegal (Haymarket Books, 2006), ISR Issue 47, May–June 2006, War on immigrants, http://isreview.org/issues/47/waronimmigrants.shtml

New front in the war on terror¶ Since 9/11, the Bush
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for them a steady flow of cheap, controllable labor in the future.
?
We use our positionality and relationship to our home state – Tejas – the placement of ourselves on the left side of the bracket – the privilege of citizenship to challenge the US war on the border – this violence and history is neither neutral nor innocent – it is the product an intentional act that was meant to produce white supremacy in indigenous and Mexican lands.

Anzladua 1987 Gloria Anzaldua, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestizo, pp. 27-28

In the 1800s, Anglos migrated illegally into Texas, which was then part of
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republic. Tejanos lost their land and, overnight, became the foreigners.
Ya la mitad del terreno
les vendio el traidor Santa Anna,
con lo que se ha hecho muy rica
la nacion americana.
¿Que acaso no se conforman
con el oro de las minas?
Ustedes muy elegantes
y aqui nosotros ,en ruinas.
•-from the Mexican corrido, "Del peligro de la Intervencion
In 1846, the U.S. incited Mexico to war. U.
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never honored and restitution, to this day, has never been made.
The justice and benevolence of God
will forbid that... Texas should again
become a howling wilderness
trod only by savages, or… benighted
by the ignorance and superstition,
the anarchy and rapine of Mexican misrule.
The Anglo-American race are destined
to be forever the proprietors of
this land of promise and fulfillment.
Their laws will govern it,
their learning will enlighten it,
their enterprise will improve it.
Their flocks range its boundless pastures,
for them its fertile lands will yield…
luxuriant harvests...
The wilderness of Texas has been redeemed
 by Anglo-American blood and enterprise.
-William H. Wharton9
The Gringo, locked into the fiction of white superiority, seized complete political power
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Texas. Race hatred had finally fomented into an all out war. l1

Thus, we affirm the borderlands of the topic – that which is simultaneously inside and outside the scope of the war powers authority of the President – the power to indefinitely detain immigrants granted by the Patriot Act – the power to targeted kill brown bodies at the border for fear of a terrorist threat – the power to amass troops at the warzone of the border.

Yes, we affirm the topic. We affirm the resolution by affirming its borderlands, its inbetween-spaces. The slippages of language, statute, culture, and space that found the topic.

We are thus a double-critique of the topic from the simultaneous inside and
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of culture and history in an attempt to confront the epistemologies below them.
Mignolo 2000 Walter, William H. Wannamaker Professor of Literature and Romance Studies at Duke University Local Histories/Global Designs, 0691001405 69-70
At this point, double critique is a crucial strategy to build macronarratives from the
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by tradition; a fact that changes the strategic position ol our critique).

Finally, the question of the types of knowledge we inject is not to judge the truth of native American cosmologies toward the environment, but rather to show the possibility of limitations to western metaphysical inquiry and its relationship to the natural world. Voting affirmative is an act of thinking that makes possible a new series of macronarratives to be highlighted. It changes the terms of the conversation instead of just the words we use.
Alvarez 2001David, Of Border-Crossing Nomads and Planetary Epistemologies, CR: The New Centennial Review, Volume 1, Number 3, Winter. 2001, pp. 325-343
W4e
What exactly are border gnosis and gnoseology, and whence do they emerge? According
AND
histories displayed in different spaces and times across the planet. (ix)

This affirmation is thus a challenge to the civilizational processes inherent in the topic – our reading of the in-between spaces of the topic is substantively hesitant and resistant to the endowment of written language used to police and control – to place a border around debate.
Stephan 2003 Beatriz González, Latin American Philosophy Currents, Issues, Debates Edited by Eduardo Mendieta 189-190
The founding project of the nation was to civilize. It did this, first
AND
Books and reading were the disciplinary exercises of the new legal order.10

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 3 | Opponent: Texas CM | Judge: Frank Montano
COINTELPRO AFF

1ac

In 1973 the President of the United States was busy using his war powers against
AND
at home. The Black Panthers and American Indian Movement were still battling…

…Forty Years later we have the Pine Ridge reservation
Ward 2011 August 2, 2011, Brian, A world of extremes at Pine Ridge, http://socialistworker.org/2011/08/02/world-of-extremes-at-pine-ridge

Today at Pine Ridge, you will see a world of extremes with unemployment upwards
AND
sisters for their own self-determination and the reparations they are owed.

So What happened in these Forty Years time? We begin our argument with a small history of targeted killings and indefinite detention. The key figure in this story is United States Prisoner #89637-132 Leonard Peltier
Ward 2011 August 2, 2011, Brian, A world of extremes at Pine Ridge, http://socialistworker.org/2011/08/02/world-of-extremes-at-pine-ridge

WHILE DEMOCRATS and Republicans are trying to "figure out" a compromise to raise
AND
Indian Movement for a chance at relearning this part of our nation's past.

Today Leonard Peltier is still in prison. His fame ranges from martyr to villain. He is an embodiment of the indefinite detention war power of the topic. The souls of hundreds of lost red peoples are the embodiment of the history of targeted killing inside the united states. These are tactics of control and strategies of violence used by the COINTELPRO program against the Red Power movement. 

Once during his falsely accused conviction for the murders of 2 FBI agents, Peltier was blamed for the killing of a woman. He was never tried and convicted but her figure represents a different part of the tactics used by the fbi – targeted killing by delegation. It is here we introduce the figure of Anna Mae Aquash.

Pierre 2006 Billie Pierre is a Nlaka'Pamux/Saulteaux woman based in Vancouver. She's a NYM OG and joined in 1995, US Renews War on the American Indian Movement: The Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash Story, Earth First! Journal January/February 2006, http://yeoldeconsciousnessshoppe.com/art213.html

In the past few years, the memory of Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash—
AND
Committee; Native Youth Movement (NYM)-Coast Salish Territories, email.

Billie Pierre suggests that the FBI killed Anna Mae Aquash, this could very well
AND
federal strategies of control. In the context of COINTELPRO there are many.
SAITO 2002 Natsu Taylor Saito, Whose Liberty? Whose Security? The Usa Patriot Act in the Context of Cointelpro and the Unlawful Repression of Political Dissent, 81 Or. L. Rev. 1051, 1081-88 (2002)

The Tactics Employed¶ The illegal practices employed by the FBI in its COINTELPRO operations
AND
but, in many cases, the very survival of those who protest.

These questions of tactics from COINTELPRO are the foundational hierarchy of practices, the underside of presidential war powers – Saito continues in her article to connect these earlier policies historically to the same abuses of executive power we are called to debate about today. Every facet of protest is encompassed by the abuse of these powers
Natsu Taylor Saito 02, Whose Liberty? Whose Security? The Usa Patriot Act in the Context of Cointelpro and the Unlawful Repression of Political Dissent, 81 Or. L. Rev. 1051, 1102-04 (2002)

In the meantime, evidence of on-going operations continues to surface. During
AND
of the House read the bill for which he or she voted.315

Thus, we are resolved: We affirm Leonard Peltier, We affirm Anna Mae Aquash, We affirm the hundreds left dead across Pine Ridge and the hundreds of groups of nonwhite, nonhetero, noncapitalist, nonpatriarchal activists that the tactics of COINTELPRO have been used against. COINTELPRO was designed to destroy dissent and we challenge that by affirming our own dissent through our 1ac. We affirm them by affirming the topic through epistemic disobedience against COINTELPRO.

Disobedience is the only ethical response to the colonial violence of COINTELPRO. To be an ethical agent in a post-occidental world one must delink from modernity as a means of being outside hegemonic knowledge. 

Mignolo 09 Walter D. Mignolo, Epistemic Disobedience, Independent Thought and Decolonial Freedom, Theory and Culture 2009, published 2009

ONCE UPON a time scholars assumed that the knowing subject in the disciplines is transparent
AND
who take ‘originality’ as the ultimate criterion for the final judgment.1

The impact to the 1ac is the liberating of agency out of the fires of imperialism – the 1ac is an act of red pedagogical resistance against the spectre of federal control looming throughout debates about the presidency.
Grande 2004 Sandy, Red Pedagogy, P 55-57

From the vantage point of indigenous nations, however, "sovereignty" re-
AND
the desires of a capitalist state in-tent on devouring the land.

These are not mundane impacts and they are not merely history – the tactics we discuss today have a potential and immediate effect on all of us. The violence of executive war powers is a looming threat and an unending war against indigenous peoples.
Newcomb 2011 Steve, co-founder and co-director of the Indigenous Law Institute, author of Pagans in the Promised Land: Decoding the Doctrine of Christian Discovery (Fulcrum, 2008), and a columnist for Indian Country Today Media Network http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/opinion/andrew-jackson-and-the-usa-global-war-bill-36691

The U.S. government's attempt this past March to analogize al Queda with
AND
. policy of treating Indigenous peoples’ issues as a matter of national security.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 3 | Opponent: Texas CM | Judge: Frank Montano
COINTELPRO AFF

1ac

In 1973 the President of the United States was busy using his war powers against
AND
at home. The Black Panthers and American Indian Movement were still battling…

…Forty Years later we have the Pine Ridge reservation
Ward 2011 August 2, 2011, Brian, A world of extremes at Pine Ridge, http://socialistworker.org/2011/08/02/world-of-extremes-at-pine-ridge

Today at Pine Ridge, you will see a world of extremes with unemployment upwards
AND
sisters for their own self-determination and the reparations they are owed.

So What happened in these Forty Years time? We begin our argument with a small history of targeted killings and indefinite detention. The key figure in this story is United States Prisoner #89637-132 Leonard Peltier
Ward 2011 August 2, 2011, Brian, A world of extremes at Pine Ridge, http://socialistworker.org/2011/08/02/world-of-extremes-at-pine-ridge

WHILE DEMOCRATS and Republicans are trying to "figure out" a compromise to raise
AND
Indian Movement for a chance at relearning this part of our nation's past.

Today Leonard Peltier is still in prison. His fame ranges from martyr to villain. He is an embodiment of the indefinite detention war power of the topic. The souls of hundreds of lost red peoples are the embodiment of the history of targeted killing inside the united states. These are tactics of control and strategies of violence used by the COINTELPRO program against the Red Power movement. 

Once during his falsely accused conviction for the murders of 2 FBI agents, Peltier was blamed for the killing of a woman. He was never tried and convicted but her figure represents a different part of the tactics used by the fbi – targeted killing by delegation. It is here we introduce the figure of Anna Mae Aquash.

Pierre 2006 Billie Pierre is a Nlaka'Pamux/Saulteaux woman based in Vancouver. She's a NYM OG and joined in 1995, US Renews War on the American Indian Movement: The Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash Story, Earth First! Journal January/February 2006, http://yeoldeconsciousnessshoppe.com/art213.html

In the past few years, the memory of Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash—
AND
Committee; Native Youth Movement (NYM)-Coast Salish Territories, email.

Billie Pierre suggests that the FBI killed Anna Mae Aquash, this could very well
AND
federal strategies of control. In the context of COINTELPRO there are many.
SAITO 2002 Natsu Taylor Saito, Whose Liberty? Whose Security? The Usa Patriot Act in the Context of Cointelpro and the Unlawful Repression of Political Dissent, 81 Or. L. Rev. 1051, 1081-88 (2002)

The Tactics Employed¶ The illegal practices employed by the FBI in its COINTELPRO operations
AND
but, in many cases, the very survival of those who protest.

These questions of tactics from COINTELPRO are the foundational hierarchy of practices, the underside of presidential war powers – Saito continues in her article to connect these earlier policies historically to the same abuses of executive power we are called to debate about today. Every facet of protest is encompassed by the abuse of these powers
Natsu Taylor Saito 02, Whose Liberty? Whose Security? The Usa Patriot Act in the Context of Cointelpro and the Unlawful Repression of Political Dissent, 81 Or. L. Rev. 1051, 1102-04 (2002)

In the meantime, evidence of on-going operations continues to surface. During
AND
of the House read the bill for which he or she voted.315

Thus, we are resolved: We affirm Leonard Peltier, We affirm Anna Mae Aquash, We affirm the hundreds left dead across Pine Ridge and the hundreds of groups of nonwhite, nonhetero, noncapitalist, nonpatriarchal activists that the tactics of COINTELPRO have been used against. COINTELPRO was designed to destroy dissent and we challenge that by affirming our own dissent through our 1ac. We affirm them by affirming the topic through epistemic disobedience against COINTELPRO.

Disobedience is the only ethical response to the colonial violence of COINTELPRO. To be an ethical agent in a post-occidental world one must delink from modernity as a means of being outside hegemonic knowledge. 

Mignolo 09 Walter D. Mignolo, Epistemic Disobedience, Independent Thought and Decolonial Freedom, Theory and Culture 2009, published 2009

ONCE UPON a time scholars assumed that the knowing subject in the disciplines is transparent
AND
who take ‘originality’ as the ultimate criterion for the final judgment.1

The impact to the 1ac is the liberating of agency out of the fires of imperialism – the 1ac is an act of red pedagogical resistance against the spectre of federal control looming throughout debates about the presidency.
Grande 2004 Sandy, Red Pedagogy, P 55-57

From the vantage point of indigenous nations, however, "sovereignty" re-
AND
the desires of a capitalist state in-tent on devouring the land.

These are not mundane impacts and they are not merely history – the tactics we discuss today have a potential and immediate effect on all of us. The violence of executive war powers is a looming threat and an unending war against indigenous peoples.
Newcomb 2011 Steve, co-founder and co-director of the Indigenous Law Institute, author of Pagans in the Promised Land: Decoding the Doctrine of Christian Discovery (Fulcrum, 2008), and a columnist for Indian Country Today Media Network http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/opinion/andrew-jackson-and-the-usa-global-war-bill-36691

The U.S. government's attempt this past March to analogize al Queda with
AND
. policy of treating Indigenous peoples’ issues as a matter of national security.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dartmouth | Judge: Garcia-Lugo
Perm do both – plan would be seen as the enactment
The counterplan isn’t competitive and its attempt at creating competition through reduction and separation means it can never solve the aff – it attempts to objectify the 1ac’s praxis through abstract division of the 1ac into parts – competition must be formed based on its holistic application or it risks recreating the very same structures of thinking
Nunn 1997 Kenneth,  Professor of Law, University of Florida College of Law; A.B. 1980, Stanford University; J.D. 1984, University of California, Berkeley School of Law, 997 Law and Inequality, Law and Inequality, Spring, 1997, Law as a Eurocentric Enterprise 15 Law and Ineq. 323
Consequently, Eurocentric culture … for the purposes of control." n71

Nunn evidence is also a reason you should reject the negative for their conditional status because it is a method of abstraction that encourages reductionism and arbitrary knowledge bases.
This form of argumentation comes from the position from nowhere – an abstract Eurocentric base for white supremacy
Yancy 2005 Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 19.4 (2005) 215-241
I write out of a …  demotion along a scale of human value” (Snead 1994, 4).

Their emphasis on spectacles of violence enables them to accept the rules of current power structures as part of a ritualized acquiescence to white supremacy. This makes everyday forms of violence unrecognizable
Martinot and Sexton 2003 Steve and Jared, Steve is a lecturer at San Francisco State University in the Center for Interdisciplinary Programs Jared is Associate Professor African American Studies School of Humanities Associate Professor, Film and Media Studies School of Humanities at UC Irvine Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, Comparative Ethnic Studies, “The Avant-Garde of White Supremacy, Social Identities, Volume 9, Number 2, 2003 p.171-172
Most theories of white supremacy … fact, nothing but its very practices.

The attempt at making minor epistemic adjustments via reforms is not enough – our 1ac evidence outlines lists of ways to approach war powers– the CP misses this and picks one approach to universalize across all cultures – means the solve none of the aff – impacts to this are articulated on the case debate.
We need a radical epistemological re-evaluation.
Deloria 1999 Vine, For this land p 101
But this replacement only begins the task of liberation... activities that appear designed to create reforms.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Dartmouth | Judge: Garcia-Lugo
1 – counter interpretation – the affirmative can defend a topical plan or an affirmative change in methodologically approaching the topic
a. Byrd says this maintains possibility for traditional affirmation of a plan and the ability to affirm a cultural perspective of our aff, our Byrd evidence says that is necessary to engage indigenous cultural praxis before engaging the issue of European understandings of politics.
b. Voting aff embraces the multiplicity of interpretations for affirmation. The 1ac is informed by multiple cultures and nations as they approach united states indefinite detention on their sovereign lands.
2 – this isn’t impossible to debate -
we make direct claims about indefinite detention and indicate a change in mindset approach.
3. Traditionalism DA– their debatability claims are based on negating an aff ideal that places a single purpose interpretation to the world – this reflects dominant exclusive ways of thinking that assumes reformism will correct status quo machinery into line – Byrd says this framework of interpretation inherently favors western mechanistic thinking and culture and makes impossible revolutionary change in thinking. And, Their interpretation upholds the naturalized assumptions of the rules of the game.
Mignolo 2006 Walter, Citizenship, Knowledge, and the Limits of Humanity American Literary History 18.2 (2006) 312-331
When the idea of "citizenship" came into view—… (from the right, the left, and the center) took away from them. 

4 – Rhetorical Imperialism
Their interpretation of reality and history is utterly contingent and only privileged due to power – Mignolo traces the alterations in discursive favoritism from white Citizens to social sciences and finally the war on terror in their attempt to marginalize native American viewpoints.
Solyom and Brayboy 12 Jessica A. Solyom Ph.D. student in the Department of Justice and Social Inquiry at Arizona State University and Brian McKinley Jones Brayboy,  enrolled member of the Lumbee tribe from North Carolina and is Associate Borderlands Professor in Culture, Society and Education in the School of Social Transformation at Arizona State University, Memento Mori: Policing the minds and bodies of indigenous Latinas/os in Arizona, California Western School of law, 42 Cal. W. Int'l L.J. 473 California Western International Law Journal Spring 2012
In the hands of skilled …  historical trauma for Indigenous peoples. 67

Their argument about framework denies any radical questioning of the game they play and blindly follows their game down a rigged path in favor of progress
Johnston in 2000Ian, retired instructor (now a Research Associate) at Malaspina University-College, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada, "There's Nothing Nietzsche Couldn't Teach Ya About the Raising of the Wrist" (Monty Python),A Lecture in Liberal Studies http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/introser/nietzs.htm -AC
First of all there is the overwhelming majority of … is something other than a social fiction. 

And forcing aff discussions about mechanisms is problematic – it valorizes the law as a neutral sight which obfuscates the role of law in generating violence against nonwestern cultures under the guise of exclusivity – hold all Topical version of the aff arguments suspect to this evidence
Dossa 1999
Shiraz, Department of Political Science, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, “Liberal Legalism: Law, Culture and Identity,” The European Legacy, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 73-87,1

No discipline in the rationalized arsenal of modernity... humanly inferior Other, the perpetual foreigner.

we don’t destroy all norms – we take stances on indefinite deteention and the US relationship to war powers– the norms you are complaining about are arbitrary and exclusionary
Delgado, Law Prof at U. of Colorado, 1992 Richard, “Shadowboxing: An Essay On Power,” In Cornell Law Review, May

The debate on objective and subjective … closely are paternalistic, and verge on (shhh!) socialism). n40

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Towson JR | Judge: Ortiz, Kozak and Regnier
Part 1 is the law

The idea of indefinite detention is an old issue for indigenous persons in America. One of the stories is that in the 19th century the Chiricahua Apache ground were indefinitely detained as prisoners for 27 years in military forts. One of the men captured was a man Americans called Geronimo.  Americans captured him and attributed rumors of mass amounts of violence and deaths to the captured warrior in order to justify his indefinite detention. The Americans made a mockery out of the warrior by parading him around American territories to celebrate the superiority of Western European civilization relative to what they deemed as the barbaric indigenous communities. The warrior was taken to Texas in 1901 to perform in a roundup where the man was forced to shoot buffalo, ignoring that the Chiricahua Apache were not buffalo hunters. The man was escorted to the event by American soldiers because he was still held as a prisoner. The Apache leader Naiche told the army "All we want is to be freed and be released as prisoners, given land and homes that we can call our own." 

And the legacy does not end there, the President currently has authorization to indefinitely detain anyone suspected of terrorism without charge or trial. The history behind the legal precedents are founded in the colonial violence against the Seminole Nation and carry the metaphors of violence against indigenous peoples with them.

Toensing 2013 Gale Courey, staff attorney, January 07, 2013 New NDAA Keeps Indefinite Detention, Blocks Guantanamo Closure, http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/article/new-ndaa-keeps-indefinite-detention-blocks-guantanamo-closure-146781
President Barack Obama has signed the $633 billion National Defense Authorization.......is still proceeding in the Second Circuit Court

Law is not derived neutrally, it is the outcome of a particular pedagogy and way of thinking about the world. Academia is corrupted by white supremacy, and this is reflected in our legal institutions. We must change our pedagogical approach towards the modern colonial environment.

Solyom and Brayboy 12 Jessica A. Solyom Ph.D. student in the Department of Justice and Social Inquiry at Arizona State University and Brian McKinley Jones Brayboy,  enrolled member of the Lumbee tribe from North Carolina and is Associate Borderlands Professor in Culture, Society and Education in the School of Social Transformation at Arizona State University, Memento Mori: Policing the minds and bodies of indigenous Latinas/os in Arizona, California Western School of law, 42 Cal. W. Int'l L.J. 473 California Western International Law Journal Spring 2012.
As a result of laws that seek to criminalize their presence......reflect on the events and reasoning that preceded the law's passage.

This history of indefinite detention is neither neutral nor innocent – it established a racial connection between the destruction of indigenous peoples and the war on terrorism. The current lawmakers invoke this imperial violence as not being correct but just correct precedent leaving out any sense of responsibility for the historical connections.

Toensing 2011 Gale Courey, staff reporter, Andrew Jackson’s Actions Model Anti-Speech, Perpetual War Legislation, June 07, 2011, http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/article/andrew-jackson25e225802599s-actions-model-anti-speech-perpetual-war-legislation-37239
Prosecutors also made a reach when they grasped for a historic precedent.....constraints of moral principle,” Morison wrote.

Law is racialized in its policing of non-European thoughts – assuming a zero-point epistemology for school teaching serves to mark other knowledge bases as “deviant.” Rhetorical and linguistic imperialism are the strategic tools of empire used to limit the terms of the conversation.
Solyom and Brayboy 12 Jessica A. Solyom Ph.D. student in the Department of Justice and Social Inquiry at Arizona State University and Brian McKinley Jones Brayboy,  enrolled member of the Lumbee tribe from North Carolina and is Associate Borderlands Professor in Culture, Society and Education in the School of Social Transformation at Arizona State University, Memento Mori: Policing the minds and bodies of indigenous Latinas/os in Arizona, California Western School of law, 42 Cal. W. Int'l L.J. 473 California Western International Law Journal Spring 2012
Protecting the Status Quo: Legislative and Social Control ......with power and the preservation of economic, political, and social interests. 80 

These Executive war powers legitimize an unending war against the indigenous peoples of north America and their sovereignty
Newcomb 2011 Steve, co-founder and co-director of the Indigenous Law Institute, author of Pagans in the Promised Land: Decoding the Doctrine of Christian Discovery (Fulcrum, 2008), and a columnist for Indian Country Today Media Network http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/opinion/andrew-jackson-and-the-usa-global-war-bill-36691
The U.S. government's attempt this past March to analogize al Queda ......peoples’ issues as a matter of national security.

Part 2 – The Debate
The 1ac embodies our response to the topic as an example of epistemic decolonization. Our speech is more than an advocacy, it is an epistemology that engages history, law, culture and identity to challenge the foundations of colonialism inherent to the Eurocentric order
Byrd 11 (Jodi A., (Chickasaw), assistant professor of American Indian studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critiques of Colonialism, pg. xxix-xxx)
In their definition there emerges a contentious, oppositional .....other and its origins are not tied to migration.”34 

We affirm the topic through epistemic disobedience. 

The authority to indefinitely detain indigenous persons found in the National Defense Authorization Act should not exist.

We challenge the eurocentric foundations of thought and the law that run through the precedent, history, and application of indefinite detention of native americans. Decolonization is the center goal of our epistemology that liberates philosophy. Otherwise philosophy maintains the invisibility of the colonial difference that our affirmative highlights and works from
Mignolo 2002 Walter D.  The Geopolitics of Knowledge and the Colonial Difference The South Atlantic Quarterly 101.1 (2002) 57-96
Dussel's dialogue with Vattimo's philosophy goes in the same direction....includes everybody, the colonizer and the colonized. 

Disobedience is the only ethical response to modernity’s hegemony on knowledge production. To be an ethical agent in a post-occidental world one must delink from modernity as a means of being outside hegemonic knowledge.
Mignolo 09 Walter D. Mignolo, Epistemic Disobedience, Independent Thought and Decolonial Freedom, Theory and Culture 2009, published 2009
ONCE UPON a time scholars assumed that the knowing subject .....as the ultimate criterion for the final judgment.1

We must reject the dominance of Eurocentric ideology-pedagogy. Reclaiming alternate epistemological perspectives is the only way to expose the illusion of European superiority
Kanth in 2005 (Rajani Kannepalli, Against Eurocentrism:  A Transcendent Critique of Modernist Science, Society, and Morals 7-9
The task of debunking is ever an unattractive one..though required, and important, is far from being either pleasant or enviable

The Affirmative is an ethical imperative – the crisis of modernity is becoming bankrupt and decoloniality is emerging all around us. The question of this debate is whether you ought to ethically epistemologically align yourself with decoloniality or try to uphold the failures of the neoliberal market of modernity.
Mingolo and He 12 Walter Mignolo, Professor of Decolonial Studies at Duke University, Weihua He, Ph.D. from Tsinghua University in Beijing. He is currently teaching in Shanghai and spent a year at Duke University while finishing his dissertation. The Prospect of Harmony and the Decolonial View of the World, published in Decolonial Thoughts, Interviews. September 2012
Two things.Neo-liberalism is now .....This politico-economic delinking is one aspect of dewesternization.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Towson JR | Judge: Ortiz, Kozak and Regnier
South American indigenous peoples are routinely exploited by American companies and capitalists, but lack of visibility renders both dissent and awareness impossible. Processes like visibility are important for counteracting the subversiveness of the squo. Opacity is thus a privilege of American academic criticism but doesn’t connect globally.

This isn’t a space of victimization but a celebration of difference and other logics from the subaltern. This is the difference between the aff and the neg, we celebratorily fragment the Eurocentric narrative
Mignolo 2000 Walter, William H. Wannamaker Professor of Literature and Romance Studies at Duke University Local Histories/Global Designs, 0691001405 246-247
Global diversality as a desire and a political project resembles ....incorporating hegemonic knowledge into it.

Our argument is not to present grammars of suffering for the purposes of inducing guilt but an act of rectifying historical and genesis amnesia. Policies that regulate the type of pedagogy that students are exposed contribute to genesis amnesia.

Solyom and Brayboy 12 Jessica A. Solyom Ph.D. student in the Department of Justice and Social Inquiry at Arizona State University and Brian McKinley Jones Brayboy,  enrolled member of the Lumbee tribe from North Carolina and is Associate Borderlands Professor in Culture, Society and Education in the School of Social Transformation at Arizona State University, Memento Mori: Policing the minds and bodies of indigenous Latinas/os in Arizona, California Western School of law, 42 Cal. W. Int'l L.J. 473 California Western International Law Journal Spring 2012
In the hands of skilled legislators ......been a genocidal move rooted in a desire for

They have fundamentally misunderstood the point of reading the 1ac in debate – it is not meant as a form of social change – debate is inevitable as a competitive activity – the question is who gets what out of it. We forefront the question of indigenous identity for a multiplicity of reasons – it is not to gather ballots but the act of debating is an improvement we can take back to our communities in a decolonizing fashion. Decolonization of the mind is central to pedagogically challenge the university as a site of colonization of indigenous minds and bodies. We are pedagogically hailed to presence indigenous knowledge in these spaces.

Grande 2004 Sandy, Red Pedagogy, P 55-57
From the vantage point of indigenous nations, however, "sovereignty....be fettered, if not usurped, by the desires of a capitalist state in-tent on devouring the land.

The affirmative is the necessary starting point for shifting from a uni-versity to a pluri-versity. Internal link turns Moten – the Uni-veristy is the site of the Englightenment however the aff dislocates epistemicide from the academic space of debate. Your endorsement brings epistemic diversity to the canon of debate and transforms this site from a western university to a decolonial pluriversity.

Grosfoguel 2013 Ramón is Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, and a Senior Research Associate of the Maison des Sciences de l’Homme in Paris, The Structure of Knowledge in Westernized Universities Epistemic Racism/Sexism and the Four Genocides/Epistemicides of the Long 16th Century, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge, XI, Issue 1, Fall 2013, 73-90, http://scholarworks.umb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1445andcontext=humanarchitecture

This discussion has enormous implications.... Western-centric/Christian-centric Modern/Colonial World-System.”

Delinking doesn’t meant to be outside
Mignolo 2006 Walter, Citizenship, Knowledge, and the Limits of Humanity American Literary History 18.2 (2006) 312-331
When the idea of "citizenship" came into view.... (from the right, the left, and the center) took away from them.... (from the right, the left, and the center) took away from them. 

Your author in later writings indicates that lack of visibility of indigenous womens issue is devastating. Their evidence is more specific to the references about treaties, it is not a practical strategy for indigenous people, especially indigenous women
Rauna Kuokkanen 2012 (bio)Self-Determination and Indigenous Women's Rights at the Intersection of International Human Rights,Human Rights Quarterly  Volume 34, Number 1, February 2012

In spite of the adoption of these two key international....indigenous rights issue nor a human rights issue.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Towson | Judge:
1ac Kentucky - "The authority to indefinitely detain indigenous persons found in the National Defense Authorization Act should not exist."

Zapatistas - "Thus we are opposed to the indefinite detention of indigenismo"

Tournament: Texas | Round: 7 | Opponent: Towson JR | Judge: Kate Ortiz
THE NEGATIVE’S EMBRACE OF OPACITY IS NOT A UNIVERSAL STRATEGY – TO ANSWER THE AFFIRMATIVE THEY MUST PROVE WHY OPACITY IS BEST FOR US. EVERYTHING FROM OUR MOVEMENTS STYLE OF COMMUNICATION, TO SURVIVAL STRATEGY, TO CHALLENGES DEPEND NOT ON OPACITY BUT ON THE TRANSPARENCY.

Fender 2011 Meredith, received an M.A. from American University’s School of International Service in International Communications with a concentration in Strategic Communication in the Americas. How Subcomandante Marcos Employed Strategic Communication to Promote the Zapatista Revolution, journal of international service 2011 

¶ Marcos frequently uses a testimonial style of narration — a discourse technique characterized by
AND
to engaging the government in democratic discourse to challenge the established PRI system.

No reason why multiple strategies can’t be useful for multiple people. 

Opacity is not a sure fire strategy – the status quo uses opacity to cover over its ideological wars. Our commitment to visibility challenges that structure and forces them to defend their actions.

Further, their strategy is reversible by power operations
Fender 2011 Meredith, received an M.A. from American University’s School of International Service in International Communications with a concentration in Strategic Communication in the Americas. How Subcomandante Marcos Employed Strategic Communication to Promote the Zapatista Revolution, journal of international service 2011 

Moreover, Marcos repeatedly mentions “Power” (capitalized for emphasis) to describe
AND
as a powerful weapon that can be used for good or evil purposes.

Leonard Peltier is an embodiment of the indefinite detention war power of the topic. The souls of hundreds of lost red peoples are the embodiment of the history of targeted killing inside the united states. These are tactics of control and strategies of violence used by the COINTELPRO program against the Red Power movement. 

Once during his falsely accused conviction for the murders of 2 FBI agents, Peltier was blamed for the killing of a woman. He was never tried and convicted but her figure represents a different part of the tactics used by the fbi – targeted killing by delegation. It is here we introduce the figure of Anna Mae Aquash.

Pierre 2006 Billie Pierre is a Nlaka'Pamux/Saulteaux woman based in Vancouver. She's a NYM OG and joined in 1995, US Renews War on the American Indian Movement: The Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash Story, Earth First! Journal January/February 2006, http://yeoldeconsciousnessshoppe.com/art213.html

In the past few years, the memory of Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash—
AND
Committee; Native Youth Movement (NYM)-Coast Salish Territories, email.

Billie Pierre suggests that the FBI killed Anna Mae Aquash, this could very well
AND
federal strategies of control. In the context of COINTELPRO there are many.
SAITO 2002 Natsu Taylor Saito, Whose Liberty? Whose Security? The Usa Patriot Act in the Context of Cointelpro and the Unlawful Repression of Political Dissent, 81 Or. L. Rev. 1051, 1081-88 (2002)

The Tactics Employed¶ The illegal practices employed by the FBI in its COINTELPRO operations
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but, in many cases, the very survival of those who protest.

Our subject position in debate cannot be foreclosed solely due to our geographic presence or cultural characteristics – there are a multiplicity of actions that can be taken a Zapatista supporters based on access to citizenship, resources, or places to dissent, two groups in the bay area (the globalizers and localizers) prove this:
Sarabia 2011 Heidy, u of cal Berkeley, Organizing ‘‘Below and to the Left’’: Differences in the Citizenship and Transnational Practices of Two Zapatista Groups, Sociological Forum, Vol. 26, No. 2, June 2011

In sum, the Globalizers focus on material or direct transnational practices, as they
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(1994) claims—or under what contexts they become more salient.
JOHNSTON 2000 jose, University of Alberta, Canada, Pedagogical guerrillas, armed democrats, and revolutionary counterpublics: Examining paradox in the Zapatista unprising in Chiapas Mexico, Theory and Society 29: 463^505, 2000.

To understand the paradox of armed democrats, it is first necessary to explicate
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``Something is wrong in this country, something has to change.''15

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wyoming MP | Judge: JKirk
Their emphasis on spectacles of violence enables them to accept the rules of current power structures as part of a ritualized acquiescence to white supremacy. This makes everyday forms of violence unrecognizable
Martinot and Sexton 2003 Steve and Jared, Steve is a lecturer at San Francisco State University in the Center for Interdisciplinary Programs Jared is Associate Professor African American Studies School of Humanities Associate Professor, Film and Media Studies School of Humanities at UC Irvine Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, Comparative Ethnic Studies, “The Avant-Garde of White Supremacy, Social Identities, Volume 9, Number 2, 2003 p.171-172
Most theories of white supremacy seek to ... it is, in fact, nothing but its very practices.

Tournament: USC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Rutgers | Judge:
We are the product of 500 years of struggle: first against slavery, then during the War of Independence against Spain led by insurgents, then to avoid being absorbed by North American imperialism, then to promulgate our constitution and expel the French Empire from our soil, and later the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz denied us the just application of the Reform Laws, and the people rebelled and leaders like Villa and Zapata emerged, poor people just like us. We have been denied the most elemental preparation so that they can use us as cannon fodder and pillage the wealth of our country. They don't care that we have nothing, absolutely nothing, not even a roof over our heads: no land, no work, no health care, no food, no education. Nor are we able to freely and democratically elect our political representatives, nor is there independence from foreigners, nor is there peace nor justice for ourselves and our children.
But today, we say ENOUGH IS ENOUGH. We are the inheritors of the true builders of our nation. The dispossessed, we are millions, and we thereby call upon our brothers and sisters to join this struggle as the only path, so that we will not die of hunger due to the insatiable ambition of a 70-year dictatorship led by a clique of traitors who represent the most conservative and sell-out groups. They are the same ones who opposed Hidalgo and Morelos, the same ones who betrayed Vincente Guerrero, the same ones who sold half our country to the foreign invader, the same ones who imported a European prince to rule our country, the same ones who formed the "scientific" Porfirista dictatorship, the same ones who opposed the Petroleum Expropriation, the same ones who massacred the railroad workers in 1958 and the students in 1968, the same ones who today take everything from us, absolutely everything. (Marcos, Lacondon Jungle, December 31, 1993, El Despertador Mexicano, Declaration of War , http://www.journalofamericanhistory.org/projects/mexico/zapmanifest.html )

These are the words of Subcomandante Marcos who is the figure at the forefront of the Zapatista Liberation Army. Let us be clear, Marcos is not their leader, the Zapatistas have no leader. All of the Zapatistas have power and decisions are made communally. In response to centuries of oppression and the future of vicious globalization, the Zapatista army fought the oppressive Mexican State and established for themselves and their people’s an autonomous space that they controlled and lived together on. The Zapatistas are a danger to the liberal rationalities imposed of the status quo.

Evans 2008 ~Brad, University of Leeds, The Zapatista Insurgency: Bringing the Political Back into Conflict Analysis, New Political Science,?Volume 30, Number 4, December 2008~

This article will argue that the distinction which can be drawn between the Zapatista and
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and hence truly dangerous to the strategic global political will of Liberal rationality.

In the post 9/11 neoliberal order, autonomous zones such as the Chiapas in Mexico are prefigured as the breeding ground for threats to global liberalism because poverty is suspected as the place to breed terrorism. Market Efficiency and tyrannical violence are the supposed solutions to these menaces.

Evans 2008 ~Brad, University of Leeds, The Zapatista Insurgency: Bringing the Political Back into Conflict Analysis, New Political Science,?Volume 30, Number 4, December 2008~

Without question, the events of September 11, 2001 have given new urgency and
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existence can be imagined for the first time on a truly planetary scale.

But, in the face of these forms of violence, The Zapatistas have shown us the resiliency and reversibility of their way of life and the capacity for autonomy that they possess as a challenge to the neoliberal order.
Evans 2008 ~Brad, University of Leeds, The Zapatista Insurgency: Bringing the Political Back into Conflict Analysis, New Political Science,?Volume 30, Number 4, December 2008~

Mark Duffield shows how the humanitarian attempts to ameliorate the causes of conflict have not
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mal gobinero ~bad government~ would listen to what we want.42

The Zapatistas are more than the ski mask subverting the global north’s surveillance and commodification of Marcos’ body. The Zapatistas are everywhere where the excluded or the oppressed are. They are even here in a debate round, on the left side of the bracket, affirming a resolution calling for a challenge to the tyranny war powers of a presidency that for generations has conducted a war upon the indigenous, the brown, black, red, feminine, queer, disabled bodies of all those found to be less than worthy of the recognition of liberal governance.

For some the debate round is a forum to challenge each other over the nuances of federal policies. For some, the debate round is a venue for the expression of their ideas or feelings about a political situation.  For some it is a neutral facility to train themselves for a future in law or politics. For some it is not neutral at all. For some the  invocation of a policy proposal or an impact may just conjure an ideology or a set of practices that their family has fought against for centuries.

In the context of presidential war powers, we are reminded of the history of the Zapatistas, the fight of Emilio Zapata in the Mexican revolution and the thousands of men, women, and children who died in fight against tyranny and oppression. Zapata’s physical body was slain in 1919 some 76 years before the second coming of the Zapatistas resurrected itself in the Chiapas. 

Although Mexico is the place where the first rebellions were located, the Second rebellion of Zapatistas recognized the interconnections across the North American Continent. The violence of the North American Free Trade Agreement onto the peoples of Mexico, The indigenous and brown bodies have been targeted by Presidential operations like Operation Hold the Line and Operation Gatekeeper which justified military operations upon people looking for new homes, health, food, or opportunity. 

In this debate round, our role is to make sure that the lives of those who were deprived and destroyed by the violence of the American presidency are not left without their dignity. My position is that of a white male with the luxury and resources of a university in Texas. I have been born into the benefits of citizenship within the united states. I have been afforded an opportunity and an obligation to the dead to challenge, protest, and fight on their behalf against the bodies of power which rendered their lives worth nothing. Many of the dead, including the great-grandfather of my partner, fought and struggled for freedom and then were left out of the annals of history. My impossible task is to speak and challenge the people of structures which gave them an undignified death. For they are here with us, and in our fight they are able to resurrect and reclaim their dignity

Wagner and Moreira 2003 ~Valeria and Alejandro, English Department at the University of Geneva, Toward a Quixotic Pragmatism: The Case of the Zapatista Insurgence, boundary 2 30:3, 2003
Let us now consider Benjamin’s insights in the light of the role the dead play
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’’it’’ is first lost to the imaginary and only subsequently to reality.

As our affirmation of the resolution, we imagine an end to the war powers authority of the President of the United States to indefinitely detain indigenismo.

This imagination is the basis of new forms of political moralities to challenge the existing order.
Evans 2008 ~Brad, University of Leeds, The Zapatista Insurgency: Bringing the Political Back into Conflict Analysis, New Political Science,?Volume 30, Number 4, December 2008~
If the Zapatistas can be termed "postmodern" then it is not because they
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but in the process of internalisation prevents them from becoming autonomous political actors.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayne | Judge: Pointer
No link –
Turn – Aff spurs larger mobilization and creates anti-capitalist spaces within academia – that’s 1AC Solyom and Brayboy
Perm: do both - Alternative alone can’t solve and reproduces domination
Grande 4 (Sandy, Associate Professor of Education at Connecticut College, Ph.D., Kent State University, Fellow in the Holleran Center for Community Action and Public Policy, member of the EPA’s National Environmental Justice Advisory Council’s Indigenous People’s Work Group, “Red Pedagogy”, pg. 49-51, og)
While revolutionary theorists advocate a "socialist commitment to (the) egalitarian¶ distribution
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revolutionary theory,¶ bringing them into alignment with the realities of indigenous struggle.

Alternative cannot solve – Byrd evidence contextualizes the hold that colonialism has over our political imagination in the interest of economic exploitation. Aff methodology is a prerequisite to the alternative – de-coloniality frontally questions the capitalist economy.
Mignolo 10 Walter D. Mignolo, professor of Literature and Romance Studies at Duke University, The Communal and the De-Colonial, http://turbulence.org.uk/turbulence-5/decolonial/
Imagine the world around 1500. It was a polycentric and non-capitalist world
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Westernisation only questions who controls capitalism – the West or ‘emerging’ economies. 

Perm-do non-competitive parts
Our argument is not identity politics but identity in politics. The use of the identities formulated by colonial relations to dissolve colonial powers.
 Walter D. Mignolo, Duke University in 2007. EPISTEMIC DISOBEDIENCE: THE DE-COWNIAL OPTION AND THE MEANING OF IDENTITY INPOLITICS.
No, I am not talking about "identity politics" but of "identity
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remain within the imperial reason; that is, within imperial identity politics.