Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge:
A. Attempts to decrease authority reaffirm its conceptual structure

1) Treating power as a linear quantity that we decrease or increase ensures its continued replication. Only a strategy that questions the division between authority and its antimonial partner resistance enables us to step outside the reproduction of hierarchy
Newman 03, Saul, Postdoctoral Fellow at Macquarie University, doctorate in Political Science from New South Wales, Department of Sociology, Sydney, Australia, 2003¶ ("Derrida's Deconstruction of Authority" Phil and Soc Crit, v.23, n3, pp. 1-20)

It must be AND its very structure. 

The aff recognizes authority of Congress and the war powers authority of the President, reaffirming the biopolitical order

B. Structural endorsement of the logic of sovereignty both manifests and causes exterminations

1) Only eliminating the logic of the exception can solve future genocides
William Rasch, Henry H. H. Remak Professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University, 2004
Cultural Critique 54 (2003) 120-147

Agamben, on the AND spectacle condemns it. 

C. Alternative: Reject the conceptual category of authority as a manifestation of the state of exception and as the foundational violence of the future anterior.

We can endorse and thus capture the affirmative’s project in part, while radically resituating their advocacy within a project of extra-legal justice.

Alternative solves – We can unmask authority while simultaneously pursuing political projects based on infinite justice. The alternative deconstructs the violent foundation of authority while enabling us to embrace a radically founded approach to the affirmative
Newman 03, Saul, Postdoctoral Fellow at Macquarie University, doctorate in Political Science from New South Wales, Department of Sociology, Sydney, Australia, 2003¶ ("Derrida's Deconstruction of Authority" Phil and Soc Crit, v.23, n3, pp. 1-20)

Moreover, through some AND its own discourse.

Tournament: Urbradsmith | Round: 6 | Opponent: Navy Abonyi-Kotlarski | Judge: Diamond
D-SPEC

A) The affirmative did not include any dictum in their 1AC plan text.   While we will not claim this as a voting issue in and of itself, it does have important implications for the round.

B) Implications

1—No solvency.  The only action the Supreme Court can take is to rule on whether something is or is not constitutional.  They direct others to enforce through dictum.  The affirmative didn’t provide any such direction so the plan can’t solve since there’s nothing to enforce.  

Microsoft Encarta ’06 (http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574302_3/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States.html )

Once the Court AND the court's opinion.

2- The lack of direction means other actors short-circuit implementation
Lawrence Baum, professor of political science at Ohio State University, The Supreme Court, 2001, p. 6.

Third, even a AND surely are wrong. 

3- Their solvency evidence includes seven alternative solutions for confining state secrets privilege.  This proves there will inevitably be confusion about which mechanism is best since there is no direction from the court. 

Courts can’t fund, administer or direct the their policies
Marilyn F. Drees, Assistant Professor, University of Alabama School of Law, Fordham Law Review December, 1997, 66 Fordham L. Rev. 787

Courts are ill-suited AND requirements of justiciability. 

CMR DA 

A. Civil-military relations are strong, but could be de-railed
Ricks 9/12/13
Thomas, Ed. Of Best Defense blog at Foreign Policy, http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/09/12/gen_scales_needs_to_learn_that_discretion_is_the_better_part_of_civil_military_valo, mg

An additional consequence AND part of valor.

B. Reduction sparks backlash
Kohn in 08 (Richard H. Kohn, Professor of History and Peace, War, and Defense at the University of North Carolina, winter 2008 “Coming Soon: A Crisis in Civil-Military Relations”, http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/articles/2008-Winter/full-civil-military.html)

Yet imagine the AND pay me later.

C. Weak CMR destroys recruitment and readiness
Cohn – Graduate Student in Political Science at Duke – 1999 (Lindsay, "The Evolution of the Civil-Military "Gap" Debate," www.poli.duke.edu/civmil/cohn_literature_review.pdf)

There do seem AND and reduced effectiveness.

D. Readiness key to US Hegemony
Connolly 03 (Thomas, Resident Scholar at AEI, 2/1. ttp://www.aei.org/publications /pubID.15845/pub_detail.asp)

The preservation of AND logic of primacy.

E. Heg is key to prevent multiple scenarios for nuclear war
Zalmay Khalilzad, RAND, The Washington Quarterly, Spring 1995 

Under the third AND of power system.

SSP Solvency Defense 

1--The plan does nothing about state secrets privilege.  SSP represent a cornerstone of the secrecy matrix.  The government invokes it as a shield against all forms of retribution.   
CGS in 13 {Collaboration on Government Secrecy ("CGS") http://www.wcl.american.edu/lawandgov/cgs/about.cfm#ssp}

The state secrets privilege AND pending in the Senate.

2--SSP insures war powers are unrestricted. Currently, they act with impunity, treating secrecy as sacrosant and are too tempted to restraint themselves.  This is terminal defense against their 1AC.      

Gostola in 12 {Kevin-author who publishes his writing regularly to OpEdNews and Open Salon Gosztola August 20, 2012 The State Secrets Privilege: A Horrendous Creation of the Judiciary  http://dissenter.firedoglake.com/2012/08/20/the-state-secrets-privilege-a-horrendous-creation-of-the-judiciary/}

Absent action by AND in the world.

Tournament: Usc | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake Forest Duff-Langr | Judge: Weitz
Delib

A) The affirmative presentation precludes effective deliberation which is crucial to the activation of personal agency and requires contestation
Roberts-Miller 3 - Patricia is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ' s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003

Origins of Totalitarianism AND not expressivist rhetoric. 

B) Flexibility, creativity, and innovation are important components of performance and engagement.  A focused point of difference facilitates all three and contributes to effective decision-making
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45

Debate is a AND the following discussion. 

C)  Effective decision-making outweighs---Key to social improvements in every and all facets of life
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10 

If we assume AND through reasoned debate. 

D) Deliberative discussion is the lynchpin of solving all existential global problems
Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311

The second major AND increasingly complex world. 

Heg DA

The Affirmative’s criticism of dominant structures is dangerous – it contributes to isolationism and the eventual collapse of U.S. primacy
Kagan, 98 (Robert, senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and PhD in American History from American University, “The Benevolent Empire,” Foreign Policy. Summer, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=viewandid=275 AFM)

Those contributing to AND next American humbling. 

Their intellectual arrogance will get us killed – the debating and whining needs to end so we can face realistic threats
Hanson, 3 (Victor Davis, Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Professor Emeritus at California University, Fresno, Ph.D. from Stanford, “We Could Still Lose.” National Review Online. August 11. http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3050721.html. AFM)

If one were AND they pass away. 

Ceding to the affirmative’s antics is suicide – the only risk of international violence is a world in which the U.S. succumbs to internal criticism
Sowell, 6 (Thomas Sowell, Senior fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution, “Where is the West?” 11-19-2006, http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell110906.php3 AFM)

European nations protesting AND being annihilated ourselves?
The failure to embrace solutions guarantees foreign aggression from Iran and other violent regimes – their criticism is an open invitation to a new generation of Hitlers
Sowell, 7 (Thomas Sowell, Senior fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution, “Morally Paralyzed,” 7-24-2007, http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell072407.php3 AFM)

"Moral paralysis" is AND paralyzed, perhaps fatally? 

The result is wars around globe
Rosen, 3 (Stephen Peter Rosen, Beton Michael Kaneb Professor of National Security and Military Affairs at Harvard University, The National Interest. “An Empire, if You Can Keep It.” March 22. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-99377575.html AFM)

Rather than wrestle AND much more attractive. 

To make matters worse, the affirmative is utterly incapable of describing or even comprehending the horrors of a world without active American engagement.  War has proven to be an effective vehicle for liberating millions and stopping Hitler and it is the only thing standing between us and greater evil in the form of terrorism.
Peters, 5 (Ralph, retired U.S. Army intelligence officer, The New York Post, "Protest Therapy," 9-27-2005,  http://terpsboy.com/Articles/protest-therapy.html AFM)

The reason no AND failed lives meaning. 

K 

A. Link - Attempts to resist authority only reinvents it in different guises – the affirmative only displaces the power they indict
Newman 03, Saul, Postdoctoral Fellow at Macquarie University, doctorate in Political Science from New South Wales, Department of Sociology, Sydney, Australia, 2003¶ ("Derrida's Deconstruction of Authority" Phil and Soc Crit, v.23, n3, pp. 1-20)

It must be AND its very structure. 

B. Impact – Their localized oppositional politics replicates the harms of biopolitical hierarchy it means to prevent as this new source of power fuels genocidal exterminations
William Rasch, Henry H. H. Remak Professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University, 2004
Cultural Critique 54 (2003) p. 120-147

Agamben, on the AND spectacle condemns it. 

C. Alternative: Reject the conceptual category of authority as a manifestation of the state of exception and as the foundational violence of the future anterior.

Alternative solves – In deconstructing the concept of authority, we can endorse and thus capture the affirmative’s project, while radically resituating their advocacy within a political project of infinite justice.
Newman 03, Saul, Postdoctoral Fellow at Macquarie University, doctorate in Political Science from New South Wales, Department of Sociology, Sydney, Australia, 2003¶ ("Derrida's Deconstruction of Authority" Phil and Soc Crit, v.23, n3, pp. 1-20)

Moreover, through some AND its own discourse.

Tournament: Hubervermont | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bard College Daniszewski-Nesser | Judge: Revelins
EN-SPEC

A) The affirmative has to specify the method for negative engagement as part of their role of the ballot in the 1AC. A unidirectional role of the ballot undermines the communicative ethic of the debate

Engaged conversation is at the brink.  Conversations are key to all significant social change. Must act to preserve it. It is the first step to changing the world
Walljasper, 2002  {Jay Utne Reader July/August  Issue The Power of Talk}

CONVERSATION IS THE AND changing the world.

B) Rationales

1—The normal means that we might use to insure a gateway to arguments are being abandoned out of respect for the potential that our opponents believe it is violent 

2—Bidirectionality protects debateability.  If we are willing and able to engage, then the aff has a burden to facilitate that engagement. 

C) Implications

1—Leeway—when evaluating and assessing our metaphors and positions, the critic should give full weight to our claims absent a specific indict

2—Provisional-this position is not a VI as of the 1NC.  It only becomes a voting issue if the role of the ballot becomes a tool to breach our social contract to engage.    

3- Engaged Conversation is our best chance to solve for extinction.
Atlee in 2006 {Tom, founder and co-director of the Co-Intelligence Institute, Conversation: Human Evolutionary Spin Engine Aug 12, Originally Written as "The Role of Conversation in Evolution" --ellipses is the author’s at the website http://www.masternewmedia.org/news/2006/08/12/conversation_human_evolutionary_spin_engine.htm}

Now that it AND in every sector.

COUNTERADVOCACY

We must move beyond ourselves, cross borders and create new alliances not simply break down others.  To truly disrupt whiteness, border crossing is essential.  It is a source of empathy and a pathway to honest conversation.   
PILCHER, SPRING, 2002 {Janet K.--Ph.D.,  Interim Dean for the College of Professional Studies at the University of West Florida.Advancing Women in Leadership:  Intersections On the BorderCrossings of Black Women’s Standpoints http://www.advancingwomen.com/awl/spring2002/PILCH~18.HTM}

Paula referred to AND own local communities.

EP

A) The affirmative uses an entry point approach in this debate.  This is an awesome way to debate. They are accountable to that approach and its principles.
Dara-Abrams in 02{Benay Phyllis-, Ph.D. Educational Methodologies for  Multi-Intelligent Online Learning  June http://brainjolt.com/docs/edmethods.pdf p11}

The Entry Point AND with each other.

B) In an entry point approach, effective knowledge production requires  further penetration into a topic through comparisons to known materials.   They have an obligation to discuss specifics even under their approach
Dara-Abrams in 02{Benay Phyllis-, Ph.D. Educational Methodologies for  Multi-Intelligent Online Learning  June http://brainjolt.com/docs/edmethods.pdf p11}

Entry points may AND new subject matter.

C) We will win that constructivism is preferable to EP for these debates.  It requires new challenges like the resolution and not simply deploying students’ own knowledge
Dara-Abrams in 02{Benay Phyllis-, Ph.D. Educational Methodologies for  Multi-Intelligent Online Learning  June http://brainjolt.com/docs/edmethods.pdf}

Recent research on AND thinking and understanding.

D) Engaging in theoretical philosophy only meant to persuade those in the room without any call to action outside of it creates a spectator mentality – it undermines all action to end human misery and change political structures
McClean in 01 {David E-- The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope Presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm} 

There is a AND Spirit and Utopia.

Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge:
CP Text: The Executive Branch/Executive/President of the United States should require that insert modified aff plan text.

Self-restraint solves the case without altering executive legal authority
Nathan Alexander Sales, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law, 8/29/2012, Self-Restraint and National Security, http://jnslp.com/2012/08/29/self-restraint-and-national-security/

As we've seen AND prove too costly.

Tournament: Usc | Round: 5 | Opponent: California, Berkeley Greenbury-Wang | Judge: Larson
CP 

Text: The executive of the US should refrain from indefinitely detaining persons related to terror investigations

Solves the entire aff- only the innocent will be sent home which means that criminals can still be charged
By Michael Crowley May 30, 2013
Why Gitmo Will Never Close
President Obama wants to shut down the controversial prison but not the policies it has come to represent. http://swampland.time.com/2013/05/30/why-gitmo-will-never-close/#ixzz2bt3p80Gt

Understanding why Gitmo AND other countries unilaterally. 

Presidential self constraint produces huge cred and popularity.
Druck ’12 NOTE¶ DRONING ON: THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION¶ AND THE NUMBING EFFECT OF¶ TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN WARFARE¶ Judah A. Druck’13 † B.A., Brandeis University, 2010; J.D. Candidate, Cornell Law School, 2013; Notes¶ Editor, Cornell Law Review, Volume 98. http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf

Naturally, some have AND tyranny) is unwarranted. 

Strong presidency is essential to avert nuclear annihilation
Paul 1998 (Joel- Professor at University of Connecticut School of Law, “The Geopolitical Constitution: Executive Expediency and Executive Agreements,” California Law Review, Jul)

Whatever the complexity AND of constitutional dictatorship. 

Exec flexibility on detention powers now
Michael Tomatz 13, Colonel, B.A., University of Houston,  J.D., University of Texas, LL.M., The Army Judge Advocate General Legal Center and School (2002); serves as the Chief of Operations and Information Operations Law in the Pentagon. AND Colonel Lindsey O. Graham B.A., University of South Carolina, J.D., University of South Carolina, serves as the Senior Individual Mobilization Augmentee to The Judge Advocate Senior United States Senator from South Carolina, “NDAA 2012: CONGRESS AND CONSENSUS ON ENEMY DETENTION,” 69 A.F. L. Rev. 1 

President Obama signed AND continuing the fight. 

Reforms result in catastrophic terrorism---releases them and kills intel gathering
Jack Goldsmith 09, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, 2/4/09, “Long-Term Terrorist Detention and Our National Security Court,” http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2009/2/0920detention20goldsmith/0209_detention_goldsmith.pdf

These three concerns AND change makes sense.

Tournament: Usc | Round: 1 | Opponent: Whitman College Menzies-Barsky | Judge: Nikolic
Piracy DA 

A. African piracy is increasing year-over-year in the status quo
MarineLink 13—citing the International Maritime Bureau, department in the Chamber of Commerce
7/18/13, http://www.marinelink.com/news/piracy-africa-report356730.aspx

Worldwide, the IMB AND oil from tankers. 

B. Targeted killing is the only way to take out pirates
Gopalan 10—Sandeep, Head of Law @ National University of Ireland, Rhodes Scholar, appointed to the Arizona Aerospace Defense Commission
1/18/10,http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703652104574651962659622546.html

In addition to AND under international law. 

C. Piracy destroys biodiversity
Chalk 8—Peter, senior political scientist at the RAND Corporation, correspondent for Jane’s Intelligence Review and associate editor of Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, adjunct professor at the Postgraduate Naval School in Monterey, California, and contractor for the Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies in Honolulu, Hawaii, and the United States Institute of Peace in Washington, D.C
2008, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG697.pdf~~ab 

Attacks also have AND of this sort.

D. Extinction
Diner 94 – Judge Advocate General’s Corps of US Army
David N., Military Law Review, Winter, 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161, LN bg

No species has AND to the abyss. 

OLC CP

COUNTERPLAN: The President of the United States should issue an Executive Order committing the executive branch to Solicitor General representation and advance consultation with the Office of Legal Counsel over decisions regarding targeted killing.  The Department of Justice officials involved should state that the President of the United States lacks authority to restrict targets of targeted killing operations using pilotless aircraft units outside declared zones of conflict to individuals identified as leaders of transnational organizations with direct involvement in past or ongoing violent operations against the United States.  The Executive Order should also require written publication of Office of Legal Counsel opinions. 

The counterplan solves through DOJ adjudication—pre-commitment gives it precedent
Pillard 2005 – JD from Harvard, Faculty Director of Supreme Court Institute at Georgetown University Law Center, former Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the DOJ (February, Cornelia T., Michigan Law Review, 103.4, “The Unfulfilled Promise of the Constitution in Executive Hands”, 103 Mich. L. Rev. 676-758, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/189/)

The courts indisputably AND counter to it. 

Presumptively binding opinions maintain OLC cred without hurting flexibility
Morrison 11 – Professor of Law, Columbia University (Trevor W., Harvard Law Review, ““Hostilities,” the Office of Legal Counsel, and the Process of Executive Branch Legal Interpretation”, 124 HARV. L. REV.F. 62, http://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/constitutional-governance/files/Libya-Hostilities-Office-of-Legal-Counsel.pdf)

Once OLC arrived AND latter is jeopardized. 

Rogue states multiply and cause extinction.
Johnson, Forbes contributor and Presidential Medal of Freedom winner, 2013
(Paul, “A Lesson For Rogue States”, 5-8, http://www.forbes.com/sites/currentevents/2013/05/08/a-lesson-for-rogue-states/, ldg)

Although we live AND of us all. 

Independent reviewer solves the concern for public accountability
Bashir 12 (Omar S. Bashir 12, is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a graduate of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, September 24th, 2012, "Who Watches the Drones?" Foreign Affairs,www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones)

The system would AND action at all. 

Extinction.
Barnett 11 (Thomas, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” The World Politics Review, March 7, 2011, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)

Events in Libya AND make you nervous.

Tournament: Hubervermont | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cornell Dogaroiu-Kundu | Judge: Morgan
A) The plan text retains the imminent threat language which is what the US uses in the status quo to justify its TARGETED KILLING policy.   The administration renders the term imminent meaningless empirically

Friedersdorf Feb 5 {Conor- a staff writer at The Atlantic, where he focuses on politics  Obama's Memo on Killing Americans Twists 'Imminent Threat' Like Bush http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/02/obamas-memo-on-killing-americans-twists-imminent-threat-like-bush/272862/}

All hail NBC's AND time-sensitive inquiry.

B) IMPLICATIONS

1—They have zero solvency—By using the same language as the current standard, the aff opens themselves up to the same abuses meaning the purpose of the plan would be circumvented by the administration’s interpretation;

2—Their reference to narrow criteria is either inadequate or void for vagueness—The devil is in the details.  The aff doesn’t  provide any actual criteria separate from the imminent threat phrasing so either you have zero evidence that their actual choices would solve or you rule the plan void for vagueness and vote neg on presumption simply because they forgot the most important part of the plan—the new wording for the standards.

Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: 

1. Obama’s presidential power is high now
   Thomma and Douglas 12, Steven Thomma and William Douglas, 6/24/12, Boston Herald, "Obama asserts presidential powers he once spoke out against," http://www.bostonherald.com/news/us_politics/view/20120624obama_asserts_presidential_powers_he_once_spoke_out_against/

President Barack Obama AND to Executive Power.

2. Links – Insert a specific link

3. Impact – Strong presidential powers are critical to the global economy and preventing global wars
South China Morning Post, 2k  (12/11, lexis) 

A weak president AND deftly and decisively.

Tournament: Urbradsmith | Round: 1 | Opponent: Rochester Abubakare-William | Judge: Marty
A.  INTERPRETATION.  Restrictions prohibit

Restrictions are regulatory prohibitions
Words and Phrases 2004 v37A p410

B. Violation. They are NOT A RESTRICTION 

C.  REASONS TO PREFER

1. Our Interpretation best includes and excludes.  

2.  Limits. Their interp justifies any type of action, exploding the size of an already large topic.

D. Topicality is a voter for jurisdiction and education. At best its extra topical which gives unpredictable aff advantages and is an independent reason to reject them

Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge:
A.  INTERPRETATION.  “Substantially “means major, not minor quantity
Words and Phrases 87 (vol. 40, 1987 Pocket Part, p. 266)

SUBSTANTIALLY IMPAIRS ITS AND defects in goods.  

B.  VIOLATION.  The plan is only a minor restriction because they specifically say the actual number of drone strikes may not actually decrease in the aff world.

C.  BETTER INTERPRETATION STANDARDS 

1.Better Clash and Ground.  Diplomacy should be negative counterplan ground, which compares to spending money.  They force us to run PICs which they claim are abusive.

2. Communication.  They make the word “substantially” meaningless by their tiny increase.  Mooting words leads to misunderstanding, which hurts education.

D.  VOTING ISSUE.  For reasons of fairness, jurisdiction, education, and communication.
Competing interpretations is the best standard.