Tournament: UNT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Texas BM | Judge: Box, Brian
1AC-ADV 1-International Escalation 

Current WPR sets a precedent to escalate drone warfare—multiple theaters
Friedman 2011 (Uri Friedman is deputy managing editor at Foreign Policy. Before joining FP, he reported for the Christian Science Monitor, worked on corporate strategy for Atlantic Media, helped launch the Atlantic Wire, and covered international affairs for the site. He studied European history at the University of Pennsylvania, June 21, 2011, “The Libyan War Powers Debate Hinges on the Word 'War'” The Atlantic Wire, http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2011/06/libya-war-powers-debate/38895/)

On Wednesday, President Obama--facing criticism and even a lawsuit from Congress over
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"Will they be the next theaters of robot war?" Ackerman wonders.

Drones undermine counterterror cooperation with host states
Boyle 2013 (Michael J. Boyle, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, January 2013, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs, ebsco)

Much of the existing debate on drones has focused on their legality under ¶ international
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between those who have drones ¶ and those who are victims of them.

Drones cause instability that costs us intelligence
Foust 2012 (Joshua Foust, fellow at the American Security Project, January 27, 2012, “The Political Consequences of a Drones-First Policy,” The Atlantic Monthly, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/01/the-political-consequences-of-a-drones-first-policy/252129/)
Defense Secretary Leon Panetta unveiled this week a plan to dramatically expand the use of drones and special operations as
As one example, drones carry inherent political costs to the regime that allows them
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The problem with the drones policy isn't that drones themselves are bad, but that
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U.S. ability to cope with a post-Saleh future.
In both countries, Pakistan and Yemen, the U.S. faces a
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. engagement is primarily through drones and special forces instead of through politics).
Already, some countries are reacting against this global assertion to fly airplanes and kill
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there just isn't the political foundation in place to work those differences through.

Effective joint intelligence efforts are key to stop terrorism.
Cristian and Andreea 13, (Ma?rca?u Flavius-Cristian, PhD Candidate, Babes-Bolyai University, Ciorei Mihaela Andreea, MA, Constantin Bra?ncus?i University from Targu-Jiu, THE ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE IN THE FIGHT AGAINST TERROR, European Scientific Journal, vol.9, No.2, January 2013, http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/download/708/792)

Terrorist threats are highly topical and won’t disappear in the next decade. Most likely
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be used as well as possible at strategic, operational and tactical level.
Scenario 1: Pakistan
Squo drone policy causes Pakistan collapse
Boyle 2013 (Michael J. Boyle, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, January 2013, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs, ebsco)
The escalation of drone strikes in Pakistan to its current tempo—one every few
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, which has launched ¶ coups before, remains a popular force.77

Drone strikes risk military mutiny and destabilize region
Larison 11 (Daniel, has a Ph.D. in history and is a contributing editor at The American Conservative. He also writes on the blog Eunomia, April 22, “How America is destabilizing Pakistan,” http://theweek.com/article/index/214578/how-america-is-destabilizing-pakistan)
U.S.-Pakistan relations have reached a new low this year, and
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U.S. security interests than we have any right to expect.

Breakdown of Pakistan’s government risks nuclear war with India
NTI 11 (Nuclear Threat Initiative, nonpartisan organization with a mission to strengthen global security by reducing the risk of nuclear weapons and providing transparency on the world’s nuclear weapons, July 29, “Pakistani Govt. Collapse Chief Threat to Nuke Security: Report,” http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/pakistani-govt-collapse-chief-threat-to-nuke-security-report/)
Extremists would have the best chance to take possession of Pakistani nuclear weapons following the
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, such as India" (Congressional Research Service report, July 20).

Indo-Pak war will be catastrophic
Helfand 12 (Ira, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
Physicians for Social Responsibility, “NUCLEAR FAMINE: A BILLION PEOPLE  AT RISK” IPPNW, April 2012, p. 2  http://www.psr.org/nuclear-weapons/nuclear-famine-report.pdf NB)
Over the last several years, a number of¶ studies have shown that a
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by nuclear-war¶ induced famine would be well over one billion.
Even a minor nuclear war would trigger massive warming and extinction.
Robock 09 – Professor of climatology @ Rutgers University Alan Robock (Associate director of Rutger’s Center for Environmental Prediction. 30 year researcher in the area of climate change. Holds a doctorate in meteorology from MIT. Published over 150 peer-reviewed papers on climate change), “Nuclear winter” The Encyclopedia of Earth, January 6, 2009, Pg. http://www.eoearth.org/article/Nuclear_winter
Nuclear winter is a term that describes the climatic effects of nuclear war. In
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. Only nuclear disarmament will prevent the possibility of a nuclear environmental catastrophe. 

Scenario 2—Yemen

Drone strikes are causing recruitment in Yemen—undermines legitamcy of the drone program
Boyle 2013 (Michael J. Boyle, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, January 2013, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs, ebsco)

In Yemen, drone strikes have replicated some of the same dynamics evident ¶ in
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strikes may create a ‘larger terrorist safe ¶ haven’ in Yemen.113

AQAP has the intent to attack the US homeland
Bengyak, Emker 2013(Kevin, Stacey, M.A.candadite at the John C. Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations,  “Analyzing the US Countertterrorism Strategy in Yemen”, January 14, 2013, http://blogs.shu.edu/diplomacy/2013/01/analyzing-the-us-counterterrorism-strategy-in-yemen/)

The United States has placed great emphasis on fighting the militant Islamic group based in
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is attempting to exploit in order to consolidate its power within the country.
And they have the capability
O’Hanlan 2013 (Micheal, senior fellow  with the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence and director of research for the Foreign Policy program at the Brookings Institution where he specializes in U.S. defense strategy, the use of military force, and American foreign policy, “ How US Cities Can Protect Themselves Against Terrorist Attacks”, April 17, 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/04/17-us-cities-protect-bombing-attacks-ohanlon)

¶ Roughly a decade ago, in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks,
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(or shoot up public places) are not that hard to access.

Terrorism causes miscalculation that draws in Russia and China and culminates in extinction- also causes rising alert levels
Ayson 2010 (Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)

A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
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for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.

1AC-ADV 2-SOP

Lack of congressional oversight of drones undermines separation of powers
Friedersdorf 11 (Conor Friedersdorf is a staff writer at The Atlantic, where he focuses on politics and national affairs. The Atlantic, “The Risks of Obama’s Immoral Drone War”, October 20, 2011)
http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/10/the-risks-of-obamas-immoral-drone-war/247107/

Every Western democracy has answered the question, "How should the power of the
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national security reasons, but behavior that would hurt or inconvenience him politically.

Strong separation of powers key to heg
Ikenberry 1 (G. John, Professor @ Georgetown University, Spring, The National Interest)

First, America's mature political institutions organized around the rule of law have made it
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, to return to the corporate metaphor, to invest in ongoing partnerships.

Hegemony prevents great power war and key to successful transition to multilateralism
Barnett 11 (Thomas, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” The World Politics Review, March 7, 2011, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)

Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads
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. And if you know your history, that should make you nervous. 

Early SOP key to prevent escalation of prez powers and massive inter-branch conflict
Taylor- Robinson and Ura 12 (Michelle M, Joseph, "Public opinion and conflict in the separation of powers: Understanding the Honduran coup of 2009," Journal of Theoretical Politics, Oct 9, jtp.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/10/07/0951629812453216.full.pdf)
Finally, our model shows that once inter-institutional con?ict has emerged within the
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force may be critical to resolving a con?ict¶ once it has emerged.

Interbranch conflict causes extinction
Linda S. Jamison, Deputy Director of Governmental Relations @ CSIS, Spring 1993, Executive-Legislative Relations after the Cold War, Washington Quarterly, v.16, n.2, p. 189

Indeed there are very few domestic issues that do not have strong international implications,
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that goes beyond the executive branch (Mann 1990, 28-29).

1

Plan

The United States Congress should restrict the WPA of the president by amending the War Powers Act of 1973 to include the offensive use of drones into the definition of “hostilities” and include a clause to require preauthorization of drone strikes exceeding two per month in any territory.

Solvency

Obama precedent makes WPR potentially effective but the Libya model undermines its ability to check escalation via public opinion – explicit Congressional amendment key to solve
John Patera 2012, J.D., Hamline University
Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy 33 Hamline J. Pub. L. and Pol'y 387 CURRENT PUBLIC LAW AND POLICY ISSUE: War Powers Resolution in the Age of Drone Warfare: How Drone Technology has Dramatically Reduced the Resolution's Effectiveness as a Curb on Executive Power
B. The Resolution's Usefulness Critics may argue that the Resolution in practice has not
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include the offensive use of armed drones within the definition of "hostilities."

Including drones in the WPR allows for Congressional oversight, while maintain presidential flex, and domestic legitimacy
Laney 2013 (Brock Laney graduates with a BA in International Relations in April ¶ 2013 and will begin law school in fall 2013, BYU Prelaw review, vol. 27, 2013, “Drone Strikes and the War Powers Resolution”, spring 2013, https://journals.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/PrelawReview/article/viewFile/20571/19062)

The inclusion of drone strikes in the WPR would duly anticipate ¶ an increasing trend
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¶ the lack of institutional oversight for drone warfare through modifying the WPR.

Revising the WPR provides an essential check on presidential power
Laney 2013 (Brock Laney graduates with a BA in International Relations in April ¶ 2013 and will begin law school in fall 2013, BYU Prelaw review, vol. 27, 2013, “Drone Strikes and the War Powers Resolution”, spring 2013, https://journals.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/PrelawReview/article/viewFile/20571/19062)

Although critics have disputed the constitutionality of the WPR, ¶ the major functional pieces
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and foresight in ¶ the interest of protecting democratic processes and human rights.