Tournament: Contact Info | Round: 1 | Opponent: na | Judge: na
If you can't find what you're looking for, feel free to contact MoState Debate IT/paperless/wiki guru Joel Reed at joel.lansing AT gmail.com

my email is jeffbess AT gmail.com

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: Marionetti
Jeff and I wish to use this moment to recognize our own privilege and, in the context of that privilege, call for the restriction of the President of the United States’ war powers authority to indefinitely detain.
In an article titled "The Continuing US War on the Darker Skinned" on August 6th of this year, Adam Hudson explained
(The Continuing US War on the Darker Skinned Tuesday, 06 August 2013 09:19 By Adam Hudson, Truthout | News Analysis)
The notorious US military base and penal colony in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, serves
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more likely to be found in independent black journalistic outlets than corporate media.

This is ethically unacceptable—- failure to end this practice dooms dozens of people to perpetual detention
Amnesty 2013 (Amnesty International, May 2013, "USA¶ ’I HAVE NO REASON TO ¶ BELIEVE THAT I WILL ¶ EVER LEAVE THIS ¶ PRISON ALIVE’¶ INDEFINITE DETENTION AT ¶ GUANTÁNAMO CONTINUES; 100 ¶ DETAINEES ON HUNGER STRIKE," http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR51/022/2013/en/e480ed9c-db38-4bd3-b660-6943142c4449/amr510222013en.pdf)
What will it take to get the US government – across its three branches –
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that people’s frustrations boil over and they resort ¶ to such desperate measures."
Detainees are routinely subjected to physical and psychological violence
Moazzam Begg 2013 (Moazzam Begg, former Gitmo detainee, Interviewed by Global News network RT, FORMER DETAINEE OF GUANTANAMO "’Everybody in Guantanamo has been tortured or abused’ - former detainee" July 6^th http://rt.com/op-edge/gitmo-strike-torture-inmate-724/)
"I was subjected to the sounds of a woman screaming, I was led
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12 years now without charge or trial in any legal, normative system.

Indefinite detention causes psychological trauma
Cheyette 2011 (Cara M. Cheyette, JD, MPH, "Punishment Before Justice: Indefinite Detention in the US," Physicians for Human Rights, https://s3.amazonaws.com/PHR_Reports/indefinite-detention-june2011.pdf)
Individuals deprived of information about when or whether they will be released from detention ¶
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and ¶ psychological responses to pain without ever touching the detainee.46 

Indefinite detention is categorically different from other forms of governmental custody
Cheyette 2011 (Cara M. Cheyette, JD, MPH, "Punishment Before Justice: Indefinite Detention in the US," Physicians for Human Rights, https://s3.amazonaws.com/PHR_Reports/indefinite-detention-june2011.pdf)
By definition, indefinite detention refers to a situation in which the government places individuals
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additional characteristics contribute to the detainee experiencing his captivity as capricious and arbitrary.
This is a specific instance of institutional racism that should be rejected
Hudson 2013 (Adam Hudson, journalist, writer, and photographer based in the San Francisco Bay Area, August 6, 2013, "The Continuing US War on the Darker Skinned," Truthout, http://truth-out.org/news/item/17988-the-continuing-us-war-on-the-darker-skinned)
The notorious US military base and penal colony in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, serves
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of these operations are carried out by the Coast Guard stationed at Guantanamo.
State acotrs have an obligation to restrict indefinite detention authority
Steyn 2003 (Johan Steyn, A Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, November 25, 2003, Twenty-Seventh FA Mann Lecture British Institute of International and Comparative Law and Herbert Smith, Lincoln’s Inn Old Hall, http://www.pegc.us/archive/Articles/Steyn_London_20031125.pdf)
The most powerful democracy is detaining hundreds of suspected foot¶ soldiers of the Taliban
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be used to protect governmental institutions from close scrutiny and¶ accountability".7
Discursive reference to the state doesn’t legitimize it and is tactically necessary
Frost 1996 (Mervyn Frost, Professor at the University of Kent, "Ethics In International Relations A Constitutive Theory," pp. 90-91)
A first objection which seems inherent in Donelan’s approach is that utilizing the modern state
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such as citizenship, rights under law, representative government and so on.
Critique of the racial state shouldn’t preclude appeals to state-based politics
Lipsitz 2004 (George Black Studies @ UC SB "Abolition democracy and global justice" Comparative American Studies 2 (3) p. 271-276)
Abstract As new social relations produce new kinds of social subjects, scholars in American
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2004; McAlister, 2001; Waxer, 2002; Woods, 1998).

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake SS | Judge: Vint
Launch Authority Adv

Obama has unilateral authority to launch nuclear weapons now—-dramatically  lowers the threshold for use

Zacher 2013 (Jules Zacher, Esquire, sole practitioner engaged in the practice of law since 1974 in state and federal court in Pennsylvania, April 19, 2013, "Presidential Authority and Nuclear Weapons: Taking Back Our Rights," Presented at the Sovereignty and Rule of Law Conference, Center for Ethics and the Rule of Law, University of Pennsylvania Law School, https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/1942-zacherpresidential-authority-and-nuclear-weapons)
Vice President Richard Cheney in a December 21, 2008 interview with ¶ Chris Wallace
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of unique power. ¶ The President’s permanent alert meant our permanent submission. 

Court ruling key to establish Congressional/Executive balance

Hemesath 2000 (Paul A. Hemesath, J.D./M.S.F.S. Georgetown University Law Center, School of Foreign Service, August 2000, "Who’s Got the Button? Nuclear War Powers Uncertainty in the Post-Cold War Era," Georgetown Law Journal, lexis)
Unfortunately, a constitutional determination of who holds the ultimate nuclear authority in such a
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~  ambiguity that threatens to delegitimize a nuclear decision in the aforementioned scenario. 

Judicial intervention key to avert crisis of legitimacy and nuclear use

Hemesath 2000 (Paul A. Hemesath, J.D./M.S.F.S. Georgetown University Law Center, School of Foreign Service, August 2000, "Who’s Got the Button? Nuclear War Powers Uncertainty in the Post-Cold War Era," Georgetown Law Journal, lexis)
As noted, the judiciary has remained chary of interfering in struggles between the President
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legislature and the Executive, thereby allowing each branch to plan accordingly. 196

Only scenario for nuclear war—- no other major powers will use nukes first

Arquilla 2013 (John Arquilla, professor of defense analysis at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, February 19, 2013, "Why America Reserves the Right to Nuke You First," Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/02/19/why_america_reserves_the_right_to_nuke_you_first?page=0,1)
In 1945, Harry Truman ordered the first atomic bombing of another country; today
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company if a policy of no first use of nuclear weapons were declared. 

Unitary control over nukes makes accidental or intentional nuke escalation inevitable—- other nuclear states model our launch authority

Wilbur 2009 (E. Packer Wilbur, member of the Dean’s International Council, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, The University of Chicago and a former member of the Dean’s Council, The John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, December 29, 2009, "Presidential Authority to Launch a Nuclear Attack," http://epwilbur.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Presidential-Power-nuclear-article2.pdf)
With a single order and acting by himself, the President of the United ¶
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century later, it is time for us to rethink these ¶ policies.

Obama will authorize nuclear retaliation to WMD terror—- NPR explicitly says so

Beljac 2010 (Marko Beljac, PhD at Monash University, Teaches at LaTrobe University and the University of Melbourne, August 17, 2010, National Research Council Report on Nuclear Forensics Exposes the Soft Underbelly of Deterrence Policy, Nuclear Resonances, http://scisec.net/?p=435)
Before looking at this issue it would pay to have a look at the Obama
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US decides that that state was negligent in its oversight over nuclear materials. 

A nuclear terror attack stays locally contained but nuke retaliation risks escalation with Russia and China

Ayson 2010 (Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
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consider the United States as a possible perpetrator or encourager of the attack? 

Extinction

Bostrum 2002 (Nick Bostrum, Professor of Philosophy at Yale, "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards," 2002, http://goo.gl/rmQyl)
A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.

Nuclear terror is inevitable

Jaspal 2012 (Zafar Nawaz Jaspal, Associate Professor at the School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan "Nuclear/Radiological Terrorism: Myth or Reality?", Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 19, Issue - 1, 2012, 91:111)
The misperception, miscalculation and above all ignorance of the ruling elite about security puzzles
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the possibility that terrorist groups could acquire fissile material from the rogue states. 

Latest IAEA assessment concludes the risk is underestimated

Sturdee 2013 (Simon Sturdee, AFP reporter, July 1, 2013, "UN atomic agency sounds warning on ’nuclear terrorism’," Fox News, http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/07/01/un-atomic-agency-sounds-warning-on-nuclear-terrorism/~~23ixzz2dsmqwOk3)
The head of the UN atomic agency warned Monday against complacency in preventing "nuclear
AND
," Michelle Cann, co-author of the report, told AFP.

Aff solves—- Congress checks nuke retaliation

Hemesath 2000 (Paul A. Hemesath, J.D./M.S.F.S. Georgetown University Law Center, School of Foreign Service, August 2000, "Who’s Got the Button? Nuclear War Powers Uncertainty in the Post-Cold War Era," Georgetown Law Journal, lexis)
Assuming a greater frequency and intensity of terrorist activity, the Executive may be faced
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the nonexistence of the Executive’s very constitutional authority to carry out the act. 

Deference Adv

The plan is a necessary corrective to excessive judicial deference to the executive on nuclear war powers

Hemesath 2000 (Paul A. Hemesath, J.D./M.S.F.S. Georgetown University Law Center, School of Foreign Service, August 2000, "Who’s Got the Button? Nuclear War Powers Uncertainty in the Post-Cold War Era," Georgetown Law Journal, lexis)
As intimated above, the end of the Cold War has brought fundamental change to
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nuclear weapons, would surely cast further uncertainty on the war powers authority. 

Exclusive launch authority is the foundational justification for broad deference to the executive on foreign affairs

Wills 2011 (Gary Wills, Emeritus Professor of History at Northwestern and Pulitzer Prize winning historian, 2011, "Bomb Power: The Modern Presidency and the National Security State," kindle)
If the President has the sole authority to launch nation-destroying weapons, he
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Executive power has basically been, since World War II, Bomb Power. 

Aff strikes a flexible balance of judicial checks—- essential to American legitimacy which is key to sustaining hegemony

Knowles 2009 (Robert Knowles, Acting Assistant Professor, New York University School of Law, 41 Ariz. St. L.J. 87 American Hegemony and the Foreign Affairs Constitution)
First, the "hybrid" hegemonic model assumes that the goal of U.
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it is not clear that we would want courts to adjudicate foreign affairs.

Legitimacy outweighs flexibility in a hegemonic system

Knowles 2009 (Robert Knowles, Acting Assistant Professor, New York University School of Law, 41 Ariz. St. L.J. 87 American Hegemony and the Foreign Affairs Constitution)
The hegemonic model also reduces the need for executive branch flexibility, and the institutional
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the U.S. breaks its own rules, it loses legitimacy.

Outweighs material advantage

Kagan 2004 (Robert Kagan, senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, January 24, 2004, "A Tougher War For the U.S. Is One Of Legitimacy," New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/24/books/a-tougher-war-for-the-us-is-one-of-legitimacy.html?pagewanted=all26src=pm)
Today a darker possibility looms. A great philosophical schism has opened within the West
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its great power on behalf of its principles and all who share them.

Hegemony solves great power wars

Thayer 2006 (Bradley A. Thayer, Missouri State University Defense and Strategic Studies Institute, November/December, 2006 "In Defense of Primacy," NATIONAL INTEREST Issue 86)
THROUGHOUT HISTORY, peace and stability have been great benefits of an era where there
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, for the United States humanitarian missions are the equivalent of a blitzkrieg.

Decline causes numerous nuclear wars

Brzezinski 2012 Zbigniew K. Brzezinski (CSIS counselor and trustee and cochairs the CSIS Advisory Board. He is also the Robert E. Osgood Professor of American Foreign Policy at the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, in Washington, D.C. He is cochair of the American Committee for Peace in the Caucasus and a member of the International Advisory Board of the Atlantic Council. He is a former chairman of the American-Ukrainian Advisory Committee. He was a member of the Policy Planning Council of the Department of State from 1966 to 1968; chairman of the Humphrey Foreign Policy Task Force in the 1968 presidential campaign; director of the Trilateral Commission from 1973 to 1976; and principal foreign policy adviser to Jimmy Carter in the 1976 presidential campaign. From 1977 to 1981, Dr. Brzezinski was national security adviser to President Jimmy Carter. In 1981, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his role in the normalization of U.S.-China relations and for his contributions to the human rights and national security policies of the United States. He was also a member of the President’s Chemical Warfare Commission (1985), the National Security Council–Defense Department Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy (1987–1988), and the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (1987–1989). In 1988, he was cochairman of the Bush National Security Advisory Task Force, and in 2004, he was cochairman of a Council on Foreign Relations task force that issued the report Iran: Time for a New Approach. Dr. Brzezinski received a B.A. and M.A. from McGill University (1949, 1950) and Ph.D. from Harvard University (1953). He was a member of the faculties of Columbia University (1960–1989) and Harvard University (1953–1960). Dr. Brzezinski holds honorary degrees from Georgetown University, Williams College, Fordham University, College of the Holy Cross, Alliance College, the Catholic University of Lublin, Warsaw University, and Vilnius University. He is the recipient of numerous honors and awards) February 2012 "After America" http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=0,0
For if America falters, the world is unlikely to be dominated by a single
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policy — or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil.

Independently, deference to the military makes extinction inevitable

Kellman 1989 (Barry Kellman, Professor of Law at Depaul University, December 1998, "Judicial Abdication of Military Tort Accountability: But Who is to Guard the Guards Themselves?," Duke Law Journal, lexis)
In this era of thermonuclear weapons, America must uphold its historical commitment to be
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or not they have been overstepped in a particular case, are judicial questions

Plan

Plan: The United States federal judiciary should restrict the war powers authority of the President of the United States to introduce nuclear armed forces into hostilities without Congressional approval.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: Weiner

1AC PQD Adv

The plan modifies the political question doctrine to recognize Congressional standing in WPR suits

Hemesath 2000 (Paul A. Hemesath, J.D./M.S.F.S. Georgetown University Law Center, School of Foreign Service, August 2000, "Who’s Got the Button? Nuclear War Powers Uncertainty in the Post-Cold War Era," Georgetown Law Journal, lexis)
The Campbell case was then considered by the United States Court of Appeals for the
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constitutional authority will haunt and delegitimize such a decision for generations to come.

Shifts to judicial dynamism—- makes room for judicial review when Congress is prevented from checking the prez by saying that’s NOT a political question

Roberts 2009 (Caprice L. Roberts, Associate Dean of Faculty Research 26 Development and Professor of Law, West Virginia University, Spring 2009, "ALTERNATIVE VISIONS OF THE JUDICIAL ROLE: Asymmetric World Jurisprudence," Seattle University Law Review, Lexis)
The Supreme Court has not clarified whether the political question doctrine is a constitutional or
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, even when, ordinarily, a doctrine of restraint might dictate otherwise.

This is key to avert executive groupthink

Marshall 2008 (William P. Marshall, Kenan Professor of Law, University of North Carolina, "ELEVEN REASONS WHY PRESIDENTIAL POWER INEVITABLY EXPANDS AND WHY IT MATTERS," Boston University Law Review, http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/MARSHALL.pdf)
The expansion of presidential power is also a product of executive branch ¶ lawyering.
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pressure for DOJ to develop expansive ¶ interpretations of presidential power is inexorable.

Inevitable crises and black swans will test Obama—- sound policy responses key to prevent escalation

Indyk 2013 (Martin S. Indyk, president and director of the Foreign Policy Program, is currently on a leave of absence serving as the U.S. special envoy for the Israeli-Palestinian negotiations. During the Clinton administration Indyk served as U.S. ambassador to Israel, assistant secretary of state for Near East affairs, and as special assistant to the president and senior director for Near East and South Asia on the U.S. National Security Council, January 18, 2013, "Over the Horizon," Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/01/18-five-global-crises-obama-indyk)
U.S. President Barack Obama begins his second term at a critical moment
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a crisis could take the form of a domestic revolution or foreign war.

Without judicial checks groupthink makes all those go nuclear

Adler 2008 (David Gray Adler, professor of Political Science at Idaho State University, June 1, 2008, "The Judiciary and Presidential Power in Foreign Affairs: A Critique," http://www.freerangethought.com/index.php?option=com_content26task=blogsection26id=626Itemid=41)
~{1~}The unmistakable trend toward executive domination of U.S. foreign
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to an examination of the judiciary’s contribution to executive hegemony in foreign affairs.

Second term appointments leave Obama especially susceptible to groupthink

Ignatius 2013 (David Ignatius, February 22, 2013, "Out: Team of rivals. In: Obama’s guys.," Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/david-ignatius-in-obamas-new-cabinet-rivals-out-loyalists-in/2013/02/22/13f2f27e-7c73-11e2-82e8-61a46c2cde3d_story.html)
During President Obama’s first term, there was hidden friction between powerful Cabinet secretaries and
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are going in the same direction, he is perilously close to groupthink. 

Internal checks fail—- Syria proves

Moghaddam, prof of psychology at Gtown, 9/3 (Fathali M. Moghaddam, Ph.D., professor in the Department of Psychology and the director of the Conflict Resolution Program, Department of Government at Georgetown University, September 3, 2013, "Groupthink, Syria, and President Obama," Psychology Today, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-psychology-dictatorship/201309/groupthink-syria-and-president-obama)
Irrespective of what your position is on the possible US strike against Syria, you
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lose situations – like our current situation vis-à-vis Syria.   

1AC/2AC PQD Adv—- Asia Pivot Groupthink Impact

Groupthink causes failure of the Asia pivot

Tsai 2013 (Sabrina Tsai, Research Fellow at Project 2049 Institute, September 2013, "Obama’s Second Term in the Asia-Pacific Region: Reflecting on the Past, Looking to the Future," Project 2049, http://project2049.net/documents/Tsai_Obama_Second_Term_in_Asia_Pacific_Region.pdf)
What effect will these personnel changes in Obama’s foreign policy team have on the ¶
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be how the officials in Obama’s second term ¶ carry out these objectives.

Solves Asia wars

Barno and Bensahel 2012 (David Barno, Lieutenant General, Center for a New American Security Senior Advisor and Senior Fellow, Nora Bensahel, Ph.D., CNAS Deputy Director of Studies and Senior Fellow, 1/6/12, You Can’t Have It All, www.cnas.org/node/7641)
The pivot to the Asia-Pacific is essential because the region stands poised to
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worry about American decline by clearly conveying an unwavering commitment to Asian security.

Asia conflict likely and goes nuclear war

Landy 2000 (Jonathan Landy, National Security expert at Knight Ridder, March 10, 2000, Lexis)
Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea,
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that totaled 24600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Deming
Terrorists plan:
The United States federal judiciary should restrict the war powers authority of the President of the United States to introduce nuclear armed forces into hostilities against a government for inadvertently releasing nuclear material used in an attack against the United States or its allies without Congressional approval.

1AC Negligence Adv—- RU + Pak

Nuclear terror is inevitable

Jaspal 2012 (Zafar Nawaz Jaspal, Associate Professor at the School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan "Nuclear/Radiological Terrorism: Myth or Reality?", Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 19, Issue - 1, 2012, 91:111)
The misperception, miscalculation and above all ignorance of the ruling elite about security puzzles
AND
the possibility that terrorist groups could acquire fissile material from the rogue states. 

Latest IAEA assessment concludes the risk is underestimated

Sturdee 2013 (Simon Sturdee, AFP reporter, July 1, 2013, "UN atomic agency sounds warning on ’nuclear terrorism’," Fox News, http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/07/01/un-atomic-agency-sounds-warning-on-nuclear-terrorism/~~23ixzz2dsmqwOk3)
The head of the UN atomic agency warned Monday against complacency in preventing "nuclear
AND
," Michelle Cann, co-author of the report, told AFP.

Undetected entry through ports is highly likely

Gilbert 2013 (Holly Gilbert, May 29, 2013, "Risk of Nuclear Materials Being Smuggled Through Ports Should Be Taken Seriously, Say Experts," Security Management, http://www.securitymanagement.com/news/risk-nuclear-materials-being-smuggled-through-ports-should-be-taken-seriously-say-experts-00125)
The threat of harmful nuclear material entering the United States through the nation’s ports is
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come through a trusted shipper...." because those containers go through less scrutiny. 

Detonation is easy

Bunn 2010 (Matthew Bunn, Professor of Practice at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government, April 2010, "Securing the Bomb 2010," NTI, http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/Securing_The_Bomb_2010.pdf?_=1317159794)
Repeated assessments by the U.S. government and other governments have ¶ concluded
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¶ one would know for sure whether they ¶ could set it off.      

Nuclear terrorism in and of itself does not pose an existential threat to survival

Wolfe 2009 (Kavan Wolfe, a Canadian author, IT consultant, June 25, 2009, "Imaginary Existential Threats", http://thewaronbullshit.com/2009/06/25/exaggerated_threats/)
Without venturing into the absurd, the realistic worse case for terrorism is a single
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The modern world would go on after the bombing of another major city. 

However, Obama will authorize nuclear retaliation against negligent states—- NPR explicitly says so

Beljac 2010 (Marko Beljac, PhD at Monash University, Teaches at LaTrobe University and the University of Melbourne, August 17, 2010, National Research Council Report on Nuclear Forensics Exposes the Soft Underbelly of Deterrence Policy, Nuclear Resonances, http://scisec.net/?p=435)
Before looking at this issue it would pay to have a look at the Obama
AND
US decides that that state was negligent in its oversight over nuclear materials. 

Causes nuclear war with Russia and collapses Pakistan

Knopf 2010 (Jeffrey Knopf, Ph.D., Political Science from Stanford University as well as an MA from Stanford and a BA from Harvard University, April 2010, "The Fourth Wave in Deterrence Research," Contemporary Security Policy, Vol.31, No.1)
Although many analysts want to hold accountable any state that becomes a source¶ of
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States declare it will not necessarily require de?nitive attribution before¶ responding.116

Russia nuke war causes extinction

Bostrum 2002 (Nick Bostrum, Professor of Philosophy at Yale, "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards," 2002, http://goo.gl/rmQyl)
A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century. 

Pakistan collapse causes global nuclear war

Pitt 2009 (William Pitt, New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn’t Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence.", May 8, 2009, "Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World," http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article26cat=commentary26article=2183)
But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed with explosives into a jeep
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to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all. 

Aff solves—- Congress won’t authorize nuclear retaliation—- failure to clarify authority now causes crisis of legitimacy whether we actually retaliate or not

Hemesath 2000 (Paul A. Hemesath, J.D./M.S.F.S. Georgetown University Law Center, School of Foreign Service, August 2000, "Who’s Got the Button? Nuclear War Powers Uncertainty in the Post-Cold War Era," Georgetown Law Journal, lexis)
Assuming a greater frequency and intensity of terrorist activity, the Executive may be faced
AND
the nonexistence of the Executive’s very constitutional authority to carry out the act. 

Negligence doctrine incentivizes nuclear terror—- gives them political support for high magnitude attacks

Beljac 2008 (Marko Beljac, PhD at Monash University, February 8, 2008, "Pakistan and the prospects for nuclear terrorism," Australian Policy Online, http://apo.org.au/commentary/pakistan-and-prospects-nuclear-terrorism)
One disturbing option that has been opened up by nuclear forensics and has been seriously
AND
immoral grounds would enrage, and hopefully radicalise, the entire Islamic world.

Nuclear terrorists cannot be deterred

Van de Velde 2010 (James Van de Velde, Associate for the consulting firm, Booz Allen Hamilton, has over 20 years of experience in academia, intelligence collection and analysis, political, counter terrorism and proliferation analysis, and national security affairs.  He is a former White House Appointee under President George H.W. Bush Sr., Yale University lecturer and residential college dean, State Department Foreign Service Officer and naval intelligence reserve officer, 2010, "The Impossible Challenge of Deterring ’Nuclear Terrorism’ by Al Qaeda," Studies in Con?ict 26 Terrorism, 33:682–699, EBSCO; the more you know: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/nyregion/james-van-de-velde-from-pariah-back-to-pillar.html?_r=0)
Conclusion¶ Al Qaeda continues to represent a worldwide threat to the United States and
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is defeated when no one (or¶ very few) join it.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: Lyle, Friend, Kall
Plan
The United States Federal Government should statutorily restrict the use of credibility as a national interest justification for Presidential WPA to introduce armed forces into hostilities.

Credibility Advantage
Credibility justification for war powers authority allow arbitrary executive declarations and threats to trap us into credibility wars
Sitaraman 2014 (Ganesh Sitaraman, Assistant Professor of Law at Vanderbilt, “Credibility and War Powers,” 127 Harvard Law Review, F. 123, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/127/january14/forum_1024.php)
The OLC’s policy argument that reliance on the credibility of the United Nations Security Council
AND
should not rely on these faulty foundations to justify unilateral presidential war powers.
Credibility justifications inevitably cause frivolous interventions and war
Fettweis 2013 (Christopher J. Fettweis, assistant professor of national security affairs at the U.S. Naval War College, Ph.D. University of Maryland's Department of Government and Politics, University of Notre Dame, “The Pathologies of Power,” pdf)
First and most obviously, the credibility imperative is almost always employed lo bolster the
AND
other words, "the less the occasion, the greater the response.”
Commitment traps escalate and result in irrational nuclear lash-out to demonstrate resolve
Huntley 2006 (Wade L. Huntley, “Threats All the Way Down: US Strategic Initiatives in a Unipolar World,” Review of International Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1, pg. 49-67)
Less well recognised is that establishing the credibility of extended deterrence threats relies more on
AND
to attacks that otherwise would be responded to with conventional retaliation only'.52
We control escalation ceiling: US involvement in foreign conflicts is a force multiplier
Gholz Press and Sapolsky 1997 (Eugene Gholz and Daryl G. Press, doctoral candidates in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvey M. Sapolsky, Professor of Public Policy and Organization in the Department of Political Science at M.I.T. and Director of the M.I.T. Defense and Arms Control Studies, Spring 1997, “Come Home America- The Strategy of Restraint in the Face of Temptation,” International Security, Vol. 21, No. 4)
The larger long-term cost of selective engagement is the risk of involvement in
AND
, but not nearly as costly as the solution that selective engagers propose.

Jettisoning the cred justification best solves global security
Walt 2012 (Stephen M. Walt, September 11, 2012, “Why are U.S. leaders so obsessed with credibility?,” Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/09/11/the_credibility_fetish)
I call this error the "credibility fetish." U.S. leaders have
AND
, adopting a less confrontational posture is bound to complicate their own calculations.

Congressional restrictions key to prevent avert traps
Brookings 2013 (Brookings Institution, June 20, 2013, “The Road to War: Presidential Commitments and Congressional Responsibility,” http://www.brookings.edu/events/2013/06/20-war-presidential-power)
Ever since WWII, Kalb said that “history has led us into conflicts that
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of the United States should converse with Congress before taking any military action.

Obama will comply
Barron 2008 (David J. Barron, Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, “The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb -- A Constitutional History”, Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis)
In addition to offering important guidance concerning the congressional role, our historical review also
AND
the executive branch itself for most of our history of war powers development.
Internal checks fail--- executive branch lawyering
Marshall 2008 (William P. Marshall, Kenan Professor of Law, University of North Carolina, “ELEVEN REASONS WHY PRESIDENTIAL POWER INEVITABLY EXPANDS AND WHY IT MATTERS,” Boston University Law Review, http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/MARSHALL.pdf)
The expansion of presidential power is also a product of executive branch ¶ lawyering.
AND
pressure for DOJ to develop expansive ¶ interpretations of presidential power is inexorable.

Only Congressional checks prevent frivolous interventionism
Dickerson 2009 (Annette Warren Dickerson, Director of Education and Outreach for the Center for Constitutional Rights, “Restore. Protect. Expand. Amend the War Powers Resolution”, Center for Constitutional Rights White Paper, http://ccrjustice.org/files/CCR_White_WarPowers.pdf)
Reform the War Powers Resolution¶ The War Powers Resolution has failed. Every president
AND
disguised as preemptive war, has no place in constitutional or international law. 

Crimea Advantage
Crimea isn’t pretty, but it also doesn’t have to be the end of the world--- it’s simply the re-settling of Russia’s sphere of influence in post-unipolar Eurasia--- Ukraine is an essential buffer state--- only US involvement risks escalation
Adams 3/17 (Gordon Adams, professor of international relations at American University's School of International Service and distinguished fellow at the Stimson Center, “Don't Poke the Russian Bear,” Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/03/17/don_t_poke_the_russian_bear_ukraine)
American policymakers don't get it; the politicians don't get it; Fox News certainly
AND
the way we want it to be, even if it is ugly.
But, Crimea is causing European partners to start calling in security guarantees, at NATO’s weakest point in history--- risks triggering Article 5 which obligates a US military response
Davis 3/11 (Carlo Davis, “NATO Is In No Position to Protect Eastern Europe From Russia,” New Republic, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/116967/nato-no-position-protect-eastern-europe-russia)
Last week, Russia launched a surprise military exercise involving “deepwater bombing and mine
AND
foreign policy, poisoning the debate over any intervention no matter how righteous. 

Obama has committed additional US troops to Eastern Europe and has vowed to honor all NATO commitments
Shear and Baker 3/26 (Michael D. Shear, Peter Baker, “U.S. and NATO May Deploy Additional Forces in Eastern Europe,” http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/27/world/europe/obama-europe.html?_r=0)
BRUSSELS — President Obama offered a sustained and forceful rejoinder against Russia on Wednesday,
AND
and nations can make their own decisions about their future,” he said.
Putin won’t back down--- He’s already calculated that he can outmaneuver the US on Ukraine--- Obama CAN’T credibly signal resolve
Allam 3/1 (Hannah Allam, McClatchy Washington Bureau, “Crimea crisis: Pugnacious Putin can afford to ignore Washington,” The Star, http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2014/03/01/crimea_crisis_pugnacious_putin_can_afford_to_ignore_washington.html)
Why has Russian President Vladimir Putin risked political isolation, sanctions and other U.
AND
Foundation, a conservative research institute in Washington, wrote in a statement.
US involvement risks uncontrolled escalation and nuclear use
Thompson 3/13 (Loren Thompson, Forbes Contributor, March 13, 2014, “Ukraine Crisis: Six Reasons Why U.S. Use Of Military Forces Is Unthinkable,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2014/03/13/ukraine-crisis-six-reasons-why-u-s-use-of-military-forces-is-unthinkable/)
The interim prime minister of Ukraine was in Washington this week, and according to
AND
has against such weapons is retaliation in kind. Think of the possibilities.
Russia nuke war causes extinction
Bostrom 2002 (Nick Bostrom, Professor of Philosophy at Yale, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” 2002, http://goo.gl/rmQyl)
A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.
Solvency
Restricting cred justification key--- Giving the OLC interpretive discretion guarantees expansive readings of the law
Sitaraman 2014 (Ganesh Sitaraman, Assistant Professor of Law at Vanderbilt, “Credibility and War Powers,” 127 Harv. L. Rev. F. 123, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/127/january14/forum_1024.php)
In late August 2013, after Syrian civilians were horrifically attacked with sarin gas,
AND
of force expands the President’s war powers significantly without a legitimate policy justification.
No circumvention, even in crisis
Hug 2012 (Aziz Z. Huq, Assistant Professor of Law at University of Chicago Law School, March 2012, "Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics),” www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/400-ah-binding.pdf)
Paulson’s genuflection and Obama’s reticence, I will contend ¶ here, are symptomatic of
AND
political actors’ exertions and legal rules will prove effective in limiting such discretion.
Best studies disprove credibility thesis
Sitaraman 2014 (Ganesh Sitaraman, Assistant Professor of Law at Vanderbilt, “Credibility and War Powers,” 127 Harv. L. Rev. F. 123, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/127/january14/forum_1024.php)
Credibility arguments could also be justified with real world evidence. For example, data
AND
see United States withdrawal as decreasing American credibility in the Cold War.33

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake SS | Judge: Vint

Legitimacy is key to the laundry list and international cooperation

Loomis 2008 (Andrew Joseph Loomis, PhD in Government from Georgetown, August 4, 2008, "LEVERAGING LEGITIMACY IN  SECURING U.S. LEADERSHIP: NORMATIVE DIMENSIONS OF HEGEMONIC AUTHORITY," http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553090/loomisAndrewJoseph.pdf?sequence=1)
The results of this study suggest that U.S. authority levels vary with
AND
¶ administration policy has on U.S. leadership among its allies. 

Extinction

Manwaring 2005 (Max G. Manwaring, Retired U.S. Army colonel and an Adjunct Professor of International Politics at Dickinson College, venezuela’s hugo chávez, bolivarian socialism, and asymmetric warfare, October 2005, pg. PUB628.pdf)
President Chávez also understands that the process leading to state failure is the most dangerous
AND
and their associated problems endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.65

Tournament: GSU | Round: 6 | Opponent: Northwestern OS | Judge: Weil
.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Michigan CH | Judge: Bricker, Paul K, Logan G

2AC Amendment CP

Perm do both—- shields the link to the net benefit

Amendment CPs are a voting issue—- not real world: fiats multiple cooperative actions by multiple actors, not a real world policy option or opportunity cost—- bad model of decisionmaking—- trades off with substantive topic education

Baker 2010
~Director of the Con Law Center at Drake, 10 Widener J. Pub. L. 1~
There is a reason that there have been only 27 amendments  over more than 200 years:  Constitutional amendments  must have the sustained and one-sided support of great majorities in the Congress and across the states. Very few issues ever garner such importance and support.

Obviously links to the net benefit OR it doesn’t solve deference—- the CX was a mess on this issue

Only the court solves launch authority—- amendments are meaningless

Strauss 2001 (David A. Strauss, law professor at U Chicago, "Do Constitutional Amendments Matter?," CHICAGO PUBLIC LAW AND LEGAL THEORY WORKING PAPER NO., 05http:www.law.uchicago.edu/files/files/05.20Strauss.Amendments1.pdf)
One final implication is the most practical of all. If amendments are in fact
AND
democracy, as the result of a formal amendment adopted by a supermajority.

Conditionality is a voting issue—- skews the 2AC, most important speech for aff offense—- can’t read best offense, kills strategic thinking and best policy option

NO rollback—- fiat is durable

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: Weiner

The commitment to calculated ambiguity undermines U.S. credibility-failure to respond with nukes would collapse deterrence

Fisher 2007 (Uri Fisher, PhD candidate in the Department of Political Science at the University of Colorado, February 2007, "Deterrence Terrorism and American Values, Homeland Security Affairs," http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=3.1.4)
Currently, the U.S. maintains a position of "calculated ambiguity"
AND
. appears irresolute, noncommittal, and perhaps overly sensitive to public opinion.

And, a failure to follow through would make multiple deterrence failure inevitable- bluffing outweighs resolve

Sartori 2005 (Anne Sartori, Associate Professor of Political Science and Managerial Economics and Decision Sciences at Northwestern University, 2005, "Deterrence by diplomacy," Princeton UP, pp. 105-109)
If my reputational argument is correct, the specification that I used¶ earlier is
AND
in order to preserve their¶ ability to use it in the future.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Deming

Judicial checks are key—- otherwise nuke war is inevitable

Ratner 1984 (Michael Ratner, B.A., Brandeis University, 1966; J.D., Columbia Law School, 1970; Attorney, Center of Constitutional Rights, and David Cole, B.A., Yale University, 1980; J.D., Yale Law School, 1984, June 1, 1984, "The Force of Law: Judicial Enforcement of the War Powers Resolution," Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=143426context=llr)
Some have argued that an 18th century war powers clause cannot¶ guide us in
AND
obscurity is the Constitution, we have the makings of a constitutional crisis.

Self-restraint fails—- future presidents and crisis psychology

Healy 2009 (Gene Healy, The Cult of the Presidency: America’s Dangerous Devotion to Executive Power, 2009 p. 308-309)
Laudable as it is, though, presidential self-restraint is far from a
AND
solve all manner of problems.  And Congress remains as pliable as ever. 

President uses the Office of Legal Council to circumvent the CP—- courts key

Bejesky 2013 (Robert Bejesky, M.A. Political Science at Michigan, M.A. Applied Economics at Michigan, LL.M. International Law at Georgetown, "Dubitable Security Threats and Low Intensity Interventions as the Achilles’ Heel of War Powers," Mississippi College Law Review, lexis)
In tracing the involvement of the Supreme Court during the shift of war powers over
AND
from the perspective of an advocate, not as an impartial lawyer. 468

—

Conditionality is a voting issue—- skews the 2AC, most important speech for aff offense—- can’t read best offense, kills strategic thinking and best policy option

—

Links to politics*

Goldsmith 2010 (Jack Goldsmith, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, where he teaches and writes about national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, international law, internet law, foreign relations law, and conflict of laws, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, November 16, 2010, "The Virtues and Vices of Presidential Restraint," Lawfare Blog, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2010/11/the-virtues-and-vices-of-presidential-restraint/)
I think there is something to this. In part in reaction to the excesses
AND
presidential powers that were reasonably available, the political consequences will be devastating.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: Weiner

Perm do the CP—- restrict isn’t absolute

Google Dictionary
re•strict
ri?strikt/Submit
verb
1.
put a limit on; keep under control.
"some roads may have to be closed at peak times to restrict the number of visitors"

Kills cooperation post-attack

Levi 2008
There is one important distinction: following such a terrorist attack, the United States
AND
vation to cooperate further. It suggests that retaliation be strong but limited.

Whole plan key—- middle ground fails

Levi 2008
One might argue that states could be prodded even more to share information about thefts
AND
outweighed by the damage it would cause to broader security and attribution efforts.

Negligence doctrine fails

Levi 2008
Threatening retaliation against countries like Russia and Pakistan in response to terrorist attacks stemming from
AND
most cases, emphasize cooperation instead while ex- plicitly ruling out retribution.

NK gives them nukes anyway—— post dates the negligence doctrine so it’s legit

Kane 2012 (Samuel Kane, Research Associate at Global Solutions, Summer 2012, "Preventing Nuclear Terrorism:  Nuclear Security, the Nonproliferation Regime, and the Threat of Terrorist Nukes," Global Solutions, http://globalsolutions.org/files/public/documents/Sam-Kane-Preventing-Nuclear-Terrorism.pdf)
The threat of North Korean nuclear weapons falling into terrorist hands ¶ manifests itself primarily
AND
¶ assuage fears that such an event lies within the realm of possibility.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: Houston BL | Judge: Atchison

CP

Perm do the CP—- plan doesn’t preclude second strike, just requires congressional approval—- also, CP also restricts:

"Restrict" is just limit

Google Dictionary
re•strict
ri?strikt/Submit
verb
1.
put a limit on; keep under control.
"some roads may have to be closed at peak times to restrict the number of visitors"

"Restrict" doesn’t preclude choice

Dictionary.com
re•strict  ~ri-strikt~  
verb (used with object)
to confine or keep within limits, as of space, action, choice, intensity, or quantity.

There’d be three nuclear footballs

Forrester 1989 (Ray Forrester, Professor, Hastings College of the Law, University of California, former dean of the law schools at Vanderbilt, Tulane, and Cornell August 1989, "Presidential Wars in the Nuclear Age: An Unresolved Problem," The George Washington Law Review, Lexis)
Obviously, it is not feasible to convene Congress for a decision as to whether
AND
the President’s decision could control subject only to the safeguard of prior consultation.

Congress is as available as the NSC

Miller 1987 (William G. Miller, former Staff Director, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence."A Congressional Committee on National Security: The Perspective from the Hill," from First Use of Nuclear Weapons: Under the Constitution, Who Decides?, Questia)
The problem of congressional availability for time-urgent decisions was addressed in the Vietnam
AND
responsible congressional committee to assemble quickly and confer on urgent national security issues.

Congress can suspend all other business

Miller 1987 (William G. Miller, former Staff Director, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence."A Congressional Committee on National Security: The Perspective from the Hill," from First Use of Nuclear Weapons: Under the Constitution, Who Decides?, Questia)
Finally, Congress has the means, through its own rule making process, to
AND
Congress will have little difficulty in adapting its agenda to meet a crisis.

Nothing is ever that urgent, seriously

Miller 1987 (William G. Miller, former Staff Director, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence."A Congressional Committee on National Security: The Perspective from the Hill," from First Use of Nuclear Weapons: Under the Constitution, Who Decides?, Questia)
B. The Need for Expeditious Action¶ Another argument against congressional participation is that
AND
the roots of the crisis went back months and years before the event.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake SS | Judge: Vint

Doesn’t hurt readiness or anything

Kovacs 2011 (Kathryn E. Kovacs, Assistant Professor, Rutgers School of Law- Camden, "Leveling the Deference Playing Field," Oregon Law Review, https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/11964/Kovacs.pdf?sequence=1)
Eskridge and Baer suggest that, regardless of whether the agency ¶ or the court
AND
intractable fact or policy questions than ¶ do typical administrative law adjudications."298

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: Weiner

The DA is laughable—- the plan is a ruling in favor of Congress in a WPR lawsuit AGAINST the president—- no pay decreases

No court stripping

Gibson 2012 (James L. Gibson, Sidney W. Souers Professor of Government, Department of Political Science, Professor of African and African American Studies, Director, Program on Citizenship and Democratic Values Weidenbaum Center on the Economy, Government, and Public Policy, Washington University in STL, February 27, 2012, Countermajoritarian Conference, University of Texas Law School, pdf)
Political scientists and legal scholars continue to be obsessed with the so-called countermajoritarian
AND
the Court might do would imperil its basic support among the American people.

Even super controversial decisions don’t impact capital

Gibson 2011 (James L. Gibson, Sidney W. Souers Professor of Government, Department of Political Science; Professor of African and African¶ American Studies; and Director, Program on Citizenship and Democratic¶ Values, Weidenbaum Center on the Economy, Government, and Public¶ Policy, all at Washington University in St. Louis, Gregory A. Caldeira, Distinguished University Professor, Dreher Chair¶ in Political Communications and Policy Thinking, and Professor of Law,¶ Ohio State University, "Has Legal Realism Damaged the Legitimacy¶ of the U.S. Supreme Court?," Law and Society Review, Volume 45, Number 1, http://www.utexas.edu/law/journals/tlr/sources/Volume2091/Issue201/Thompson/Thompson.fn108.Gibson.Legal_Realism.pdf)
The Supreme Court is a widely legitimate institution. Gibson,¶ Caldeira, and Baird
AND
few avenues through which the legitimacy of the Supreme Court might be threatened.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake SS | Judge: Vint

No primacy now

Gertz 2013 (Bill Gertz, June 20, 2013, "Obama Directs New Limits on Pentagon Nuclear Weapons Use," Washington Free Beacon, http://freebeacon.com/obama-directs-new-limits-on-pentagon-nuclear-weapons-use/)
President Barack Obama this week ordered new limits on the use of U.S
AND
open a unilateral one-third warhead arsenal reduction by the United States. 

Aff doesn’t hurt primacy

Forrester 1989 (Ray Forrester, Professor, Hastings College of the Law, University of California, former dean of the law schools at Vanderbilt, Tulane, and Cornell August 1989, "Presidential Wars in the Nuclear Age: An Unresolved Problem," The George Washington Law Review, Lexis)
Obviously, it is not feasible to convene Congress for a decision as to whether
AND
the President’s decision could control subject only to the safeguard of prior consultation.

Aff key to credibility of US nuke arsenal

Hemesath 2000 (Paul A. Hemesath, J.D./M.S.F.S. Georgetown University Law Center, School of Foreign Service, August 2000, "Who’s Got the Button? Nuclear War Powers Uncertainty in the Post-Cold War Era," Georgetown Law Journal, lexis)
The explosion of the first atomic weapon over Hiroshima in 1945 is often referred to
AND
ranging from suspicions of illegitimacy to a full-blown constitutional crisis. 11

No impact —- nobody else is going to use nukes—- prefer 1AC Arquilla ev, only evidence that’s about other countries’ nuke strategies

Nuclear primacy not key to deter nuclear attack

Li Bin (a Chinese physicist, works on arms control and international security. He is the Director of the Arms Control Program and Professor of the Institute of International Studies, Tsinghua University) 2006 "Paper Tiger with Whitened Teeth"
The Lieber and Press paper also raises the concern that China might use nuclear weapons
AND
would make little contribution to the U.S. minimum nuclear deterrence. 

Aggressive posture is antiquated—- only minimum deterrence is necessary

Nichols 2013 (Tom Nichols, professor of national security affairs at the U.S. Naval War College and a professor of government at the Harvard Extension School, March 14, 2013, "Time To Change America’s Atomic Arsenal," The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/2013/03/14/time-to-change-americas-atomic-arsenal/?all=true)
This is largely the product of a long spell of inertia in American strategic planning
AND
the U.S. deterrent since the end of the Cold War.

Liber and Press are wrong

Elkind 2012 (David J. Elkind, research intern for the Project on Nuclear Issues at CSIS, May 22, 2012, "American Nuclear Primacy: the End of MAD or a New START?," CSIS, http://csis.org/blog/american-nuclear-primacy-end-mad-or-new-start)
These results show that the United States cannot reasonably claim to have obtained nuclear primacy
AND
States – and we can rest easier knowing that this is the case.

Nuclear primacy doesn’t solve Taiwan conflict

Bruce G. Blair (President, World Security Institute) and Chen Yali (editor in chief of Washington Observer) 2006 "The Fallacy of Nuclear Primacy" http://www.wsichina.org/cs4_4.pdf
Some Chinese scholars have argued that because there is an imbalance of interest for Chinese
AND
that irrational behavior in its use of nuclear weapons cannot be ruled out.  

Lieber and Press admit that nuclear primacy wont prevent US-China war

Keir A. Lieber (Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame) and Daryl G. Press (Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College) Winter 2007 "U.S. Nuclear Primacy and the Future of the Chinese Deterrent" http://www.wsichina.org/5Ccs5_5.pdf
To be clear, we do not claim that U.S. nuclear primacy
AND
adversaries: coercing adversaries to keep their nuclear arsenals out of the strategic equation

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: Houston BL | Judge: Atchison
DA
Aff doesn’t reduce a mission
No evidence that Obama would use the PGS
*Obama moving away from nukes now
Gertz 2013 (Bill Gertz, June 20, 2013, “Obama Directs New Limits on Pentagon Nuclear Weapons Use,” Washington Free Beacon, http://freebeacon.com/obama-directs-new-limits-on-pentagon-nuclear-weapons-use/)
President Barack Obama this week ordered new limits on the use of U.S. nuclear weapons and called for sharp warhead cuts in a speech in Berlin aimed at what he called achieving “peace with justice.”¶ “Peace with justice means pursuing the security of a world without nuclear weapons, no matter how distant that dream may be,” Obama said on the eastern Berlin side of the Brandenburg Gate.¶ “And so as president, I’ve strengthened our efforts to stop the spread of nuclear weapons and reduce the number and role of America’s nuclear weapons.”¶ Obama announced that, after reviewing U.S. nuclear doctrine, “I’ve determined that we can ensure the security of America and our allies and maintain a strong and credible strategic deterrent while reducing our deployed strategic nuclear weapons by up to one-third.”¶ It was not clear from the speech whether the president planned to cut the deployed warhead arsenal from the 2010 New START arms treaty level of 1,550 to around 1,000 unilaterally or with another arms pact with Moscow.¶ Obama said he intended to seek “negotiated cuts” with Russia but appeared to leave open a unilateral one-third warhead arsenal reduction by the United States.
That’s eliminating 500 nukes
McLeary 2013 (Paul McLeary, June 19, 2013, “Obama sparks new fight in seeking huge nuke reductions,” Navy Times, http://www.navytimes.com/article/20130619/NEWS05/306190033/Obama-sparks-new-fight-seeking-huge-nuke-reductions)
President Barack Obama upped the ante in a growing political debate, announcing to a crowd in Berlin that he is set to propose slashing the U.S. nuclear arsenal by one-third, or about 500 warheads, in the coming years.¶ Speaking at the famous Brandenburg Gate, where U.S. presidents from John Kennedy to Ronald Reagan have made dramatic policy speeches, the president said that while “we may no longer live in fear of global annihilation, but so long as nuclear weapons exist, we are not truly safe.”
Obama just announced nuke reductions
Beauchamp 2013 (Zack Beauchamp, June 19, 2013, “Obama Announces New Plans To Reduce Global Nuclear Weapons Stockpile,” Think Progress, http://thinkprogress.org/security/2013/06/19/2179481/obama-announces-new-plans-to-reduce-global-nuclear-weapons-stockpile/)
In a speech at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, a historic symbol of the end of the Cold War, President Obama announced new plans to move towards reducing the American and global nuclear weapons stockpiles in order to reduce the risks these dangerous weapons pose to humanity as a whole.¶ Limiting the spread of nuclear weapons has long been a priority for Obama, dating at least back to his time as a Senator, when he introduced and authored several bills on the topic. In April 2009, the president declared moving towards “a world without nuclear weapons” to be a key American foreign policy objective.¶ The Administration has principally pursued this goal through treaty negotiations with Russia, which produced the “New START” treaty in 2010. Under New START, each former Cold War adversary agreed to cut their deployed nuclear weapons to 1,550, a 30 percent reduction from the previous 2002 bilateral agreement between the two states. Notably, however, New START placed no limits on non-deployed warheads.¶ The initiative Obama announced on Wednesday at Brandenburg would build on New START by cutting US and Russian deployed warhead levels by (ideally) another third, though the final reductions would likely be determined in negotiations between the two states. “After a comprehensive review,” Obama said, “I’ve determined that we can ensure the security of America and our allies, and maintain a strong and credible strategic deterrent, while reducing our deployed strategic nuclear weapons by up to one-third. And I intend to seek negotiated cuts with Russia to move beyond Cold War nuclear postures.”

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Michigan CH | Judge: Bricker, Paul K, Logan G

Courts don’t take over the thing

Nothing is ever that urgent, seriously

Miller 1987 (William G. Miller, former Staff Director, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence."A Congressional Committee on National Security: The Perspective from the Hill," from First Use of Nuclear Weapons: Under the Constitution, Who Decides?, Questia)
B. The Need for Expeditious Action¶ Another argument against congressional participation is that
AND
the roots of the crisis went back months and years before the event.

There’d be three nuclear footballs

Forrester 1989 (Ray Forrester, Professor, Hastings College of the Law, University of California, former dean of the law schools at Vanderbilt, Tulane, and Cornell August 1989, "Presidential Wars in the Nuclear Age: An Unresolved Problem," The George Washington Law Review, Lexis)
Obviously, it is not feasible to convene Congress for a decision as to whether
AND
the President’s decision could control subject only to the safeguard of prior consultation.

No risk of great power conflict in Central Asia: incentives to de-escalate and stable balance of power
Zhao Huasheng, director of the Center for Russia and Central Asia Studies at Fudan University, February 2005, CEF Quarterly, http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/CEF_Quarterly_Winter_2005.doc.pdf, p. 31
China, Russia, and the United States will not go to open confrontation for
AND
for the balance of power and not for open confrontation in any forms.

PQD enables groupthink

William P. Marshall,  2010 Professor of Law at University of NC, (http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/MARSHALL.pdf)hm
The expansion of presidential power is also a product of executive branch lawyering. Because
AND
the pressure for DOJ to develop expansive interpretations of presidential power is inexorable. 

Executive Groupthink causes nuclear miscalc

David Gray Adler 8 Prof - Political Science , Idaho State University
"The Judiciary and Presidential Power in Foreign Affairs: A Critique", 6-1, http://www.freerangethought.com/index.php?option=com_content26task=blogsection26id=626Itemid=41
~{11~} The structure of shared powers in foreign relations serves to deter abuse
AND
to an examination of the judiciary’s contribution to executive hegemony in foreign affairs.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Deming

2AC 21 Defense—- EPA BAD

Energy price shocks don’t cause war – prefer our studies

Samuel Bazzi (Department of Economics at University of California San Diego) and Christopher Blattman (assistant professor of political science and economics at Yale University) November 2011 "Economic Shocks and Conflict: The (Absence of?) Evidence from Commodity Prices" http://www.chrisblattman.com/documents/research/2011.EconomicShocksAndConflict.pdf?9d7bd4-http://www.chrisblattman.com/documents/research/2011.EconomicShocksAndConflict.pdf?9d7bd4
VI. Discussion and conclusions A. Implications for our theories of political instability and
AND
a lower threshold of evidence for initially significant results than ambiguous ones.20

No impact

Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, "Force in Our Times," Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
AND
times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable. 

UQ O/W Link—- Their card says it will be based on ideological support of corporations
Bill Blum 9/5/13, Former judge and death penalty defense attorney, http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/supreme_court_preview_a_storm_is_on_the_horizon_20130905/?ln
Environmental Protection (Environmental Protection Agency v. EME Homer City Generation) At the
AND
of the same going forward, this time on behalf of coal companies.

This DA is incoherent—- lots of other controversial cases coming up—- make them provide a specific piece of spillover evidence

Slattery 9/17 (Elizabeth Slattery, September 17, 2013, "Preview of Next Supreme Court Term," The Foundry, http://blog.heritage.org/2013/09/17/preview-of-next-supreme-court-term/)
Monday, October 7, marks the beginning of the Supreme Court’s next term.
AND
for the purpose of making presidential appointments: the President or the Senate?

The plan is DC District Court

Madhani 2011 (Aamer Madhani, June 15, 2011, "Lawmakers Sue Obama and Gates Over Libya," National Journal, http://www.nationaljournal.com/nationalsecurity/lawmakers-sue-obama-and-gates-over-libya-20110615)
A bipartisan group of lawmakers has filed a federal lawsuit against President Obama and Defense
AND
accordance with ~the~ respective constitutional processes" of the United States.

It’s normal means and shields Supreme Court involvement

Tobias 1993 (Carl Tobias, Professor of Law, University of Montana, September 1993, "The D.C. Circuit as a National Court," University of Miami Law Review, Lexis)
Many aspects of the D.C. Circuit’s caseload warrant reliance on nationwide pools
AND
agency determinations, affect millions of Americans and have national and international ramifications.

Normal means is end-of-term announcement—- solves the link

Mondak 1992 (Jeffery J. Mondak, assistant professor of political science @ the University of Pittsburgh.  "Institutional legitimacy, policy legitimacy, and the Supreme Court."  American Politics Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 4, Lexis)
The process described by the political capital hypothesis acts as expected in the laboratory,
AND
the Court release popular edicts to offset the effects of its controversial actions?

Controversial decisions boost capital

Ginsburg, 2009 (Tom Ginsburg, professor of law, the University of Chicago Law School, 9 Chi. J. Int’l L. 499, Winter, lexis)
In a recent contribution, David Law argues that courts can, counterintuitively, enhance
AND
shores up the court’s long-term reputation for generating focal points. 57

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: Marionetti
ROTB

May 7 (Todd, SubStance 36.2 (2007) 20-36, "Jacques Rancière and the Ethics of Equality,"Professor of Philosophy at Clemson University. He is the author of seven books of philosophy, most recently Gilles Deleuze: An Introduction (Cambridge, 2005) and The Philosophy of Foucault (Acumen, 2006). His book Jacques Rancie’re’s Political Thought is forthcoming from Edinburgh Press in 2008.)
How shall we characterize what is proper to contemporary anarchism? What quality or qualities
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buried alongside other challenges to the pervasive and multifarious dominations of our world.

Global local
Perm solves – extreme labels of "global/local" oversimplify international relations – permutation solves
Clare Hinrichs et al (Associate Professor of Rural Sociology at the University of Park) 1998 "MOVING BEYOND "GLOBAL" AND "LOCAL"" http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/sociology/ne185/global.html
One problem with the oppositions posed above is the overarching assumption that "global"
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may oversimplify actual experiences and outcomes for people, communities and the environment.

Alt doesn’t solve - focusing on the local in politically debilitating – your evidenced it methodologically flawed
Clare Hinrichs et al (Associate Professor of Rural Sociology at the University of Park) 1998 "MOVING BEYOND "GLOBAL" AND "LOCAL"" http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/sociology/ne185/global.html
If this is so, why have we been so fixated on "local,"
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, commitments to pasts that never were or futures that never can be.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: Houston BL | Judge: Atchison

K

Role of the ballot is to evaluate effects of the plan- other interps arbitrarily exclude 9 min of aff offense—- Judge should choose reps that best test plan desirability, must evaluate the effects of the plan to determine the desirability of our language/reps/knowledge

Their link claims are a targeting strategy which constructs coalitions in ways that undermine solvency

James L. Cherney 2011 Wayne State University
The Rhetoric of Ableism Vol 31, No 3 (2011) Disability Studies Quarterly
Similar work has been done to establish the concept of "sexism." Until the
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Naming the view exposes its pervasiveness, assumptions, and implications to criticism.

Their link claim is overbroad

Barker 26 Murray, English Professors University of Birmingham, University of Leeds 10
~Clare Barker, Stuart Murray, Journal of Literary 26 Cultural Disability Studies Volume 4, Number 3, 2010 "Disabling Postcolonialism: Global Disability Cultures and Democratic Criticism," accessed 7-13-12 BC~
Given that the history of colonialism (and its post/neocolonial aftermath) is
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fail to recognize the wider contexts and material environments in which disablement occurs.

Their critique’s essentialism link turns any productive response to  their impact claims –

Humphrey, Faculty of Applied Social Sciences, The Open University UK, 2000
(Jill C., Disability 26 Society, Vol. IS, No. I, "Researching Disability Politics, Or, Some Problems with the Social Model in Practice", Proquest, p. 64-65)
In academic texts, the social model begins with an appreciation of the individual and
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from non-disabled people, it may also have some unfortunate consequences.
I would like to illustrate these consequences by drawing upon a research project involving the
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of excellence when operating under the provisos placed upon them by political campaigners.

Their rejection is grounded in acceptance of difference, which eradicate the subaltern

Roberts, Baylor University, Masters thesis in Communication, 7
(Jeff, The Rhetorical Structure of Disability: Bridging the Gap Between What is ’Spoken’ and What is ’Said’ with Song - Over-Signifying with Personhood Against the Backdrop of Disease-Centric Discourse, http://www.google.com/url?sa=t26rct=j26q=26esrc=s26source=web26cd=3726ved=0CGkQFjAGOB426url=http3A2F2Fbeardocs.baylor.edu2Fxmlui2Fbitstream2Fhandle2F21042F50862FJeff_Roberts_Masters.pdf3Fsequence3D126ei=hUL3T52RN4SlrQH1j6iLCQ26usg=AFQjCNHd4PB3kECHEjVxxEx07R2Oqb2EBg-http://www.google.com/url?sa=t26rct=j26q=26esrc=s26source=web26cd=3726ved=0CGkQFjAGOB426url=http3A2F2Fbeardocs.baylor.edu2Fxmlui2Fbitstream2Fhandle2F21042F50862FJeff_Roberts_Masters.pdf3Fsequence3D126ei=hUL3T52RN4SlrQH1j6iLCQ26usg=AFQjCNHd4PB3kECHEjVxxEx , Pg.7-8, FFF)
Founding action towards people with disabilities upon notions of difference, placing a primacy on
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located itself within, which mandated oppression in the spirit of viral hatred.

Language is reversible – The introduction of injurious language simultaneously introduces the prospect of contestation

Butler 97 Judith Butler, 1997, EXCITABLE SPEECH- politics of speech, ,KL
One is not simply fixed by the name that one is called. In being
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address is injurious, it works its force upon the one in injures. 

Alt fails - disrupting the inequitable social constructions of people with disabilities is insufficient and leaves the disabled people excluded

Dewsbury et al 2k4
(Guy, Lancaster Univ, Karen Clarke, Lancaster Univ, Dave Randalll, Manchester Metropolitan Univ, Mark Rouncefield Lancaster, Ian Sommerville, Lancaster, The anti-social model of disability, Disability 26 Society, 19.2 March)
We do not share all these concerns as they apply to the social model of
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new but the idea itself, and the argument presented, is not.

No alt solvency- exposing disability oppression does not lead to change in perception or attitude

Donoghue, 2k3
(Christopher, Fordham University, Challenging the authority of the medical definition of disability: an analysis of the resistance to the social constructionist paradigm, Disability 26 Society 18.2)
In an effort to debunk the entrenched authority of the medical model, a social
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legitimated by the non-disabled majority because they best serve their interests.

Disability rhetoric doesn’t reinforce ableism and rejecting it doesn’t solve- their linguistic gymnastics just papers over oppression- turns the K

Pierce 2012 (Samantha Pierce, founder and Executive Director of NeuroDiversity Consulting, a firm dedicated to special needs families and educating parents and the community at large about neurodiversity, March 17, 2012, http://www.neurodiversityconsulting.org/1/post/2012/03/person-first-language-the-r-word-and-other-linguistic-gymnastics.html)
In sociology there is a theory, called the Sapir-Whorf thesis (also
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than they do never mind what they actually have to say for themselves.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Michigan CH | Judge: Bricker, Paul K, Logan G

Role of the ballot is to evaluate effects of the plan- other interps arbitrarily exclude 9 min of aff offense—- Judge should choose reps that best test plan desirability, must evaluate the effects of the plan to determine the desirability of our language/reps/knowledge

consequences key to testing desirability of method/ontology/epistemology

Debate dialectic sufficient filter for knowledge production and epistemology args, it’s their job to indict each piece of ev—- existence is a prerequisite to value

—- vague alts make the aff a moving target, floating PIKs steal the aff and justify perm do the alt

Policy debates about our aff prevent extinction

Zacher 2013 (Jules Zacher, Esquire, sole practitioner engaged in the practice of law since 1974 in state and federal court in Pennsylvania, April 19, 2013, "Presidential Authority and Nuclear Weapons: Taking Back Our Rights," Presented at the Sovereignty and Rule of Law Conference, Center for Ethics and the Rule of Law, University of Pennsylvania Law School, https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/1942-zacherpresidential-authority-and-nuclear-weapons) ~Gender modified~
B. Academics Most academics have bought into the concept of nuclear deterrence and the
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Indeed, the very¶ existence of Humankind depends on such an effort.

Democratic checks prevent their impact from escalating

O’Kane 1997 ("Modernity, the Holocaust, and politics", Economy and Society, February, ebsco)
Chosen policies cannot be relegated to the position of immediate condition (Nazis in power
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and common attributes of modernity which stand in the way of modern genocides.

No mindless intervention

Mandelbaum 2011 (Michael Mandelbaum, A. Herter Professor of American Foreign Policy, the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington DC; and Director, Project on East-West Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, "CFR 90th Anniversary Series on Renewing America: American Power and Profligacy," Jan 2011)
I think it is, Richard. And I think that this period really goes
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as a single unit. And that unit has come to an end.

Human life is inherently valuable

Penner 2005 Melinda Penner (Director of Operations – STR, Stand To Reason) 2005 "End of Life Ethics: A Primer", Stand to Reason, http://www.str.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle26id=5223
Intrinsic value is very different. Things with intrinsic value are valued for their own
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. Dutch doctors euthanize severely ill newborns and their society has accepted it.

Biopolitics is not bad and the alternative fails. the examples their impact cards have are historically out of context

John Parry  (Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh School of Law) 2005 "Society Must be Regulated" November, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=854564 ~
That said, I want to close by suggesting that biopolitics, while perhaps not
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Beyond that, and what the future will bring, who can say? 

No Impact - Biopolitics does not cause huge global massacres

Mika Ojakangas (PhD in Social Science and Academy research fellow @ the Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies @ University of Helsinki) 2005 "The Impossible Dialogue on Biopower: Foucault and Agamben," May 2005, Foucault Studies, No. 2, http://www.foucault-studies.com/no2/ojakangas1.pdf
Admittedly, in the era of biopolitics, as Foucault writes, even "massacres
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whatever arguments it chooses, be it God, Nature, or life. 

Extinction outweighs – as long as there is some life there’s only a risk they retain ontological capacity

Jonas 1996 Hans Jonas (Former Alvin Johnson Prof. Phil. – New School for Social Research and Former Eric Voegelin Visiting Prof. – U. Munich) 1996 "Morality and Mortality: A Search for the Good After Auschwitz", p. 111-112)
With this look ahead at an ethics for the future, we are touching at
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confession of faith we come to the end of our essay on ontology.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Oklahoma LW | Judge: Gonzalez

Role of the ballot is to evaluate effects of the plan- other interps arbitrarily exclude 9 min of aff offense- judge should choose justifications that best test plan desirability- debate dialectic sufficient filter for knowledge production and epistemology- prefer specific warrants over vague buzzwords- existence is a prerequisite to value

Perms

Pragmatic policy-focused approach is critical to productive change—-K’s abstractions fail

William J. Novak 8, Associate Professor of History at the University of Chicago and Research Professor at the American Bar Foundation, "The Myth of the "Weak" American State", June, http://www.history.ucsb.edu/projects/labor/speakers/documents/TheMythoftheWeakAmericanState.pdf
There is an alternative. In the early twentieth century, amid a first wave
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governed, writing the history of that power has never been more urgent.

Can’t change the approach to violence—- realist ontology is inevitable

Guzzini 1998 Stefano Guzzini, Assis. Prof @ Central European U, Realism in Int’l Relations, 1998, p. 212
Therefore, in a third step, this chapter also claims that it is impossible
AND
in the name although not always necessarily in the spirit, of realism.

Nationalist identification and competition is inevitable

Göksel 2012 (Dr Nilüfer Karacasulu Göksel is Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Business, Department of International Relations, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca, Izmir, "Globalisation and the State," http://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/1.-NiluferKaracasuluGoksel.pdf)
As a final word, I believe that in the post Cold War world,
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rights. Each state still has its own interests to advance and defend.

Calculation is good and doesn’t devalue life

Revesz 2008 Richard L. Revesz (Dean and Lawrence King Professor of Law at New York University School of Law, JD Yale Law School) and Michael A Livermore. (JD NYU School of Law, Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Integrity, and Managing director of the NYU Law Review). Retaking Rationality How Cots-Benefit Analysis Can Better protect the Environment and Our Health. 2008. P. 1-4.
Governmental decisions are also fundamentally different from personal decisions in that they often affect people
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that emotional foundation, and act effectively to bring about a better world.

We control uniqueness – wars are declining now – your theoretical impacts don’t match reality

Marshall and Cole 2009 Monty G. Marshall (Research Professor in the George Mason University School of Public Policy and Director of Research at the Center for Global Policy) and Benjamin R Cole (Hood House Lecturer in International Affairs at the University of New Hampshire, He holds B.A. and M.A. degrees in Political Science from the University of New Hampshire and is completing his doctoral studies in the School of Public Policy at George Mason University) 2009 "Global Report 2009 Conflict, Governance, and State Fragility" pg 7-8, http://www.systemicpeace.org/Global20Report202009.pdf
The most encompassing observation that can be made regarding global system performance in regard to
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such wars, three-quarters remained at fairly low levels of violence. 

Ontology doesn’t come first or indict our scholarship

Owen 2002 (David Owen, reader of political theory at the University of Southampton, Millennium, Volume 31, Number 3, pg. 655-657)
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
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the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Humans will inevitably will meaning to their own lives the only thing that deprives them of that is death which only the affirmative avoids.  Declaring that all life doesn’t have value is just as managing over life as the affirmative. Only the plan give the most people a chance to decide their won value to life – we are a prerequisite

Lisa Schwartz 2002 Medical Ethics, http://www.fleshandbones.com/readingroom/pdf/399.pdf
The second assertion made by supporters of  the quality of life as a criterion for
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ought to be made only by the person  concerned and not by others. 

Tech thought inevitable

Riis 2011 (Søren Riis, Carlsberg Research Fellow and Assistant Professor of Philosophy and Science Studies at Roskilde University, February 8, 2011, "Towards the origin of modern technology: reconfiguring Martin Heidegger’s thinking," EBSCO)
Moreover, Heidegger maintains: ’’Readiness-to-hand is the way in
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revolutionizing our technology, instead, we must revise our very human existence. 

Management solves extinction

Levy 1999 (Dr Neil Levy, fellow of the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics at Charles Sturt University, 1999 "Discourses of the Environment" p. 215)
If the ’technological fix’ is unlikely to be more successful than strategies of limitation
AND
and of those with whone we share this planet, will be decided.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Rutgers | Judge: Murillo

2AC

May 7 (Todd, SubStance 36.2 (2007) 20-36, "Jacques Rancière and the Ethics of Equality,"Professor of Philosophy at Clemson University. He is the author of seven books of philosophy, most recently Gilles Deleuze: An Introduction (Cambridge, 2005) and The Philosophy of Foucault (Acumen, 2006). His book Jacques Rancie’re’s Political Thought is forthcoming from Edinburgh Press in 2008.)
How shall we characterize what is proper to contemporary anarchism? What quality or qualities
AND
buried alongside other challenges to the pervasive and multifarious dominations of our world.

Authenticity tests shut down debate– it’s strategically a disaster

SUBOTNIK 98
Professor of Law, Touro College, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center.
7 Cornell J. L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 681
Having traced a major strand in the development of CRT, we turn now to
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- but that the minority scholar himself or herself hurts and hurts badly.
An important problem that concerns the very definition of the scholarly enterprise now comes into
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precarious connection as a part of our lives is... ultimately obliterating." n74
"Precarious." "Obliterating." These words will clearly invite responses only from fools
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themselves from their pain in order to gain perspective on their condition. n77
 ~*696~  Last, as we have seen, it precludes the possibility of open and structured conversation with others. n78
 ~*697~  It is because of this conversation-stopping effect of what
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material, but to subject that experience to the same level of scrutiny.
If through the foregoing rhetorical strategies CRATs succeeded in limiting academic debate, why do
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public to the right and ensures that anything CRT offers is reflexively rejected.
In the absence of scholarly work by white males in the area of race,
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to faculty offices and, more generally, the streets and the airwaves.

Perm

The uneven landscape of globalization requires those in a position of privilege to orient their ethics toward the suffering they don’t necessarily encounter face to face

Elfstrom 1998 (Gerald Elfstrom 1998, Contemporary Ethical Issues, International Ethics, pp.  X)
We never see many of these people, and we are unaware of the existence
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organizations who have made an important impact in the ethics of international relations. 

Exclusive focus on the local in politically debilitating – your evidence is methodologically flawed

Hinrichs 1998 (Clare Hinrichs et al, Associate Professor of Rural Sociology at the University of Park, 1998 "MOVING BEYOND "GLOBAL" AND "LOCAL"" http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/sociology/ne185/global.html)
If this is so, why have we been so fixated on "local,"
AND
, commitments to pasts that never were or futures that never can be. 

A2: Whiteness Is Root Cause

Anti-blackness cant be the root cause of all racism- history of other races justifying violence based on racialization

Spickard 2009 Paul Spickard, Graduated Harvard, Ph.D in History from UC Berkeley, professor of history at UC Santa Barbara, review of "Amalgamation Schemes: Antiblackness and the Critique of Multiracialism", in American Studies, vol 5 num 1/2, MUSE
For Sexton (as for the Spencers and Gordon) race is about Blackness,
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to the subject of study, and that is not a fair assessment. 

Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis wrongly assumes that the observer can objectively analyze a subject creating hidden forms of psychic domination and taint alternative solvency
Celia Brickman (is a clinical, faculty and research member of the Center for Religion and Psychotherapy of Chicago) 2003 "Aboriginal Populations in the Mind: Race and Primitivity in Psychoanalysis" p. 192-193.
The authority of early anthropologists and psychoanalysts alike had been bolstered by the attempts of
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material, rather than part of the final product, of the investigation. 

A2: White Knowledge Production

Don’t let them get away with playing the "all your evidence is a product of racism" card – you should hold their arguments to rigorous logical standards and not simply dismiss our evidence as ’just another link’

John McWhorter (Senior Fellow at the Manhattan Institute, Associate Professor of Linguistics at UC Berkeley after teaching at Cornell University) 2000 "Losing the Race:  Self-Sabotage in Black America" p. 54-5
As the spawn of Victimology, Separatism shares with its progenitor a tendency to be
AND
and testing of theories, but chronicling victimhood and reinforcing community self-esteem

A2 Subjectivity

Policy gaming is a key pedagogical practice for understanding and criticising how complex systems like the state function

Sands and Shelton 2010 (Eric C. Sands, assistant professor of government and international studies at Berry College, and Allison M. Shelton, graduate student in political science and international affairs at the University of Georgia’s School of Public and International Affairs, January 2010, "Learning by Doing: A Simulation for Teaching How Congress Works," PS: Political Science 26 Politics, Vol 43, Issue 1, Cambridge Journals)
The use of simulations first became popular in the education community in the 1960s as
AND
, their successes and failures" (Smith and Boyer 1996, 690).

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Deming

No impact

Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, "Force in Our Times," Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
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times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

No impact to debt ceiling it’s exaggerated

Fisher Investments 2012 (Fisher Investments, independent investment adviser serving both individual and institutional investors, December 10, 2012, "Debt Ceiling Worries Are Overblown: Opinion," www.thestreet.com/story/11787447/1/debt-ceiling-worries-are-overblown-opinion.html)
The debt ceiling debate seems to have returned from the dead. But as our
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done: Politick to the last moment, then raise the debt ceiling.

Obama’s PC is low and decreasing
Steinhauser, 9/26/13 – CNN Political Editor (Paul, "Obama’s support slips; controversies, sluggish economy cited" http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/26/politics/cnn-poll-of-polls-obama/?hpt=po_c2-http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/26/politics/cnn-poll-of-polls-obama/?hpt=po_c2) 

As he battles with congressional Republicans over the budget and the debt ceiling, and as a key component of his health care law kicks in, new polling suggests that President Barack Obama’s standing among Americans continues to deteriorate.
The president’s approval rating stands at 45, according to a CNN average of four national polls conducted over the past week and a half. And a CNN Poll of Polls compiled and released Thursday also indicates that Obama’s disapproval rating at 49.
In the afterglow of his re-election and second inauguration, the percentage of those approving of Obama’s job performance hovered in the low 50s as the year began, according to CNN Poll of Poll averages.
But his numbers slipped to the upper 40s by spring and now have edged down to the mid 40s. At the same time, his disapproval numbers have edged up from the low 40s to right around the 50 mark.
Anxiety and skepticism over the Affordable Care Act, better known as Obamacare, continuing concerns over the sluggish economy, and a drop in the president’s approval on foreign policy — once his ace in the hole — all appear to be contributing to the slide of Obama’s general approval rating.
"Not a precipitous drop, but more like a continued erosion in the president’s numbers," says CNN Chief Political Correspondent Candy Crowley. "The Boston Marathon bombings, Edward Snowden’s ’big brother’ revelations, the ’non-coup’ in Egypt, the ’now we bomb, now we don’t’ policy in Syria, an economic recovery that remains disappointing, the uncertainty of how/what will change under the new health care system, shall I go on?"
"It all adds up to an awful lot of uncertainty and unfairly or not, uncertainty tends to breed lower poll numbers for the guy in charge," added Crowley, anchor of CNN’s "State of the Union."
Besides being the main indicator of a president’s standing with the public, a presidential approval rating is a good gauge of his clout in dealing with Congress.
The drop in his numbers comes as the president pushes back against attempts by congressional Republicans to use deadlines to keep the federal government funded and to extend the nation’s debt ceiling to try and defund the health care law.
A slew of national polls conducted this month indicate that a majority doesn’t support shutting down the government in order to defund Obamacare.
But if the fight shifts to the debt ceiling, public opinion appears to turn against the president, who reiterated on Thursday that he will not negotiate with the GOP in Congress over extending the debt ceiling.
FERC thumps
Dixon 10/1 (Darius Dixon, Politico, "Obama FERC nominee Ron Binz withdraws amid coal pushback",    http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/ron-binz-ferc-nominee-withdraws-name-97623.html-http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/ron-binz-ferc-nominee-withdraws-name-97623.html, October 1, 2013) 

President Barack Obama’s nominee to lead the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission abandoned his quest Tuesday
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, while his supporters lamented that partisan bickering had defeated a qualified candidate.
The GOP won’t blink – conservative media pressure, the base, and Obama hatred
Tobin, 10/1/13 - Jonathan S. Tobin is Senior Online Editor of Commentary magazine with responsibility for managing the editorial content of the website as well as serving as chief politics blogger ("Must Republicans Blink on the Shutdown?" http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/10/01/must-republicans-blink-on-the-shutdown/-http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/10/01/must-republicans-blink-on-the-shutdown/)

There’s no question that Democrats are in a stronger position today, at least as
AND
GOP may not have as much incentive to surrender as their opponents think.
Let me specify that the decision to call the president’s bluff on the shutdown was
AND
within days is based on a set of expectations that aren’t necessarily valid.
As the Washington Examiner wisely noted this morning, the comparisons to the disastrous 1995
AND
weasel their way out of it, at least not without a fight.
Just as important is the nature of their antagonist. In 1995, Republicans were
AND
heels, the more likely it is that conservatives will do just that.
All along, critics of the shutdown strategy have assumed that simply because there was
AND
be sufficient leverage on the other side that would cause Boehner to blink.
Indeed, the longer this goes on, the more likely it may be that
AND
brief. Once that changes, the economic impact will change with it.

Plan is a huge win—- nuke posture key legacy issue

Goldberg 2013 (Mark Leon Goldberg, June 19, 2013, "With an Eye To Legacy, President Obama Proposes New Nuclear Arms Reductions," http://www.undispatch.com/with-an-eye-to-legacy-president-obama-proposes-new-nuclear-arms-reductions~~23sthash.OMDQbJwK.dpuf)
It was clear from the outset of his presidency that nuclear non proliferation and disarmament
AND
more importantly, it one step toward a safer, nuclear free world. 

Winners win

Green 2010 (David Michael Green, professor of political science at Hofstra University, "The Do-Nothing 44th President" June 11, google)
Moreover, there is a continuously evolving and reciprocal relationship between presidential boldness and achievement
AND
of the now retired Helen Thomas, this is precisely what they did.

Court involvement allows Obama to blame the Court

Rosenberg 1991 (Gerald Rosenberg, assistant professor of political science at the University of Chicago, The Hollow Hope, p. 34)
Finally, court orders can simply provide a shield or cover for administrators fearful of
AND
or excuse, for persons crucial to implementation who are willing to act.

Plan’s announced in June

Reuters 2013 (Jewish Daily, June 21, 2013, "Supreme Tension as Big Cases Loom for Top Court," http://forward.com/articles/179046/supreme-tension-as-big-cases-loom-for-top-court/?p=all~~23ixzz2cuIQ3iXH)
Despite the mystery over how the nine justices will decide the big cases, there
AND
the summer.¶ Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg has called June "flood season."

The DA isn’t intrinsic- our interp is supported by theory- congress considers issues serially

Edwards 2000 ~Distinguished Professor of Political Science, director of the Center for Presidential Studies, Texas A26M University (George C. III, March. "Building Coalitions." Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 30, Iss. 1.)~
Besides not considering the full range of available views, members of Congress are not
AND
. This latter point is especially true when the opposition party controls Congress.

Political capital theory is bankrupt

Dickinson 2009 (Matthew Dickinson, professor of political science at Middlebury College and taught at Harvard University, where he also received his Ph.D., "Sotomayor, Obama and Presidential Power" May, google)
What is of more interest to me, however, is what her selection reveals
AND
has already occurred, in the decision to present Sotomayor as his nominee.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Michigan CH | Judge: Bricker, Paul K, Logan G

2AC T-Lorber

We meet—- even Harold Koh thinks we’re T

Corker and Koh 2011 (Senator Bob Corker, R-Tenn., and Harold Koh, former Legal Adviser of the Department of State, "HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE," LIBYA AND WAR POWERS, http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2011_hr/libya.pdf)
Senator CORKER. Well, I do not think we are really making any ¶
AND
Storm, that required approval because of the scale of the ¶ operation. 

Counter interp—- introducing USAF into hostilities includes bombing, it’s a question of scale not kind of engagement—- consensus of topic experts vote aff

Holan 2011 (Angie Drobnic Holan and Louis Jacobson, June 22, 2011,  "Are U.S. actions in Libya subject to the War Powers Resolution? A review of the evidence," Politifact, http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2011/jun/22/are-us-actions-libya-subject-war-powers-resolution/)
When is dropping bombs on another country not considered "hostilities"? That question is
AND
dropping bombs and killing people in Libya over a period of several months."

USAF are the four branches

DOD Dictionary No Date http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/data/a/2554.html
United States Armed Forces
 (DOD) Used to denote collectively the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard. See also Armed Forces of the United States.

Includes nukes

Manuel 2012  (Victor Manuel, JD UC-SD, "Is the Second Amendment outdated?," http://www.victortorreslaw.com/blog/is-the-second-amendment-outdated.html)
The Second Amendment to the Constitution prevents the government from infringing individual rights to keep
AND
. Fighting in the streets, mass civilian slaughters and untold human suffering.

Prefer our interp:

Best limit—- infinite small "troops" affs—- peacekeeping, SEAL teams, Jason Bourne affs—- drawing the line at SCALE limits to big controversies

They overlimit—- modern war is about weapons not soldiers—- core of the lit is about missiles not a ground invasion of Russia

Predictability—- We’re what the WPR meant

Fisher 2011 (Louis Fisher, Scholar in Residence at the Constitution Project, previously he worked for four decades at the Library of Congress as Senior Specialist in Separation of Powers, June 28, 2011, Statement by Louis Fisher, ¶ The Constitution Project, ¶ Before the ¶ Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, ¶ "Libya and War Powers," http://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Fisher_Testimony.pdf)
In response to a House resolution passed on June 3, the Obama administration on
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¶ casualties. However, it was understood that the bombing constituted hostilities. 

Nukes topic education outweighs—- 1AC Willis ev says "bomb power" is the root of ALL OTHER executive war powers authority

Reasonability—- competing interps causes race to the bottom—- AND it’s written into the rez

CC 12 (October 26, 2012, "Special Programs - Centenary College Wiki," wiki.centenarycollege.edu/index.php/Special_Programs?)
An "area of study" is defined as a field of study or a related cluster within one of the College’s academic departments.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake SS | Judge: Vint

2AC T USAF—- LONG VERSION

We meet: plan says "nuclear armed forces"—- that’s T

Quester 2006 (George H. Quester, Visiting Professor of International Affairs at the George Washington University’s Elliott School of Government, "Nuclear First Strike: Consequences of a Broken Taboo," gbooks)
Weapons systems of various sorts are proliferating worldwide, and much may depend on what
AND
weapons must also include those involving such action by United States armed forces. 

Counter interp: USAF are the four branches

DOD Dictionary No Date http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/data/a/2554.html
United States Armed Forces
 (DOD) Used to denote collectively the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard. See also Armed Forces of the United States.

We’re the Air Force

OV 2010 (Opposing Viewpoints, "The U.S. Armed Forces," Gale Group)
The United States Armed Forces are the military forces that serve the United States of
AND
were 336,031 personnel in the U.S. Air Force.

Prefer our interp—-

Best limit—- infinite small "troops" affs—- like peacekeeping and SEAL teams—- only NUCLEAR weapons require special AUTHORITY to use—- no link to the limits DA

DOD definitions key to precision and predictable limits

DOD Dictionary 2010 (http://ra.defense.gov/documents/rtm/jp1_02.pdf)

1. Scope ¶ The Joint Publication 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary
   AND
   CJCSI) 5705.01, Standardization of Military ¶ and Associated Terminology.

They overlimit—- Neg definition is obsolete—- Outweighs Congressional intent

Dahinden 2011 (Erwin Dahinden,Director, International Relations, Swiss Armed Forces "Impact on military strategy, capability development and doctrine," p. 67)
2. Technology and military capability¶ Available technologies have always been used by the
AND
of engagement14 for the specific mission should be ¶ seen against this background.

Nukes topic education outweighs—- 1AC Willis ev says "bomb power" is the root of ALL OTHER executive war powers—- prerequisite to learning about the other areas of the topic—- it’s unique because sole authority isn’t a role or mission

Prefer reasonability—- competing interps causes race to the bottom—- AND it’s written into the rez

CC 12 (October 26, 2012, "Special Programs - Centenary College Wiki," wiki.centenarycollege.edu/index.php/Special_Programs?)
An "area of study" is defined as a field of study or a related cluster within one of the College’s academic departments.