Tournament: all | Round: 1 | Opponent: all of em | Judge: every single one
if i mess up with putting up cites/opensource (likely) shoot me an email at dustml94atgmaildotcom--i'll be sure to get back asap

Tournament: harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: georgia cs | Judge: woodruff
ERROR

Tournament: shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: ou cl | Judge: mcvey

1ac

The lives of animals on factory farms:

http://www.animal-rights-action.com/factory-farming.html-http://www.animal-rights-action.com/factory-farming.html
"Factory Farming: A Life of Animal Abuse"

What is Intensive Farming?

What is Factory Farming? This barbaric practice began in the 1920’s. Animals are abused throughout their life, right and through the slaughter house.

The more meat, milk, eggs and other animal products that can be produced, the more money factory farmers make. This is the essence of the process.

Farming machinery and techniques developed to the point where the animals ’didn’t need to be raised outside’. No sunlight or exercise required. They could be kept inside; in a smaller space - a cost saver.

The perpetrators soon found disease spread amongst the animals. No problem. Large amounts of antibiotics could be sprayed all over the animals. Problem solved.

The development of steroids meant that animals could be grown faster and bigger - increased productivity means increased profit.

Pigs In Small Cages Feeding
Notice The Blood On Their Snouts From Rubbing Against The Bars
Factory Farming Pigs

Animals such as Cows, Calves, Pigs, Turkeys and Rabbits are often clamped in small, cramped cages or small enclosures where they are unable to move. Imagine the stress this puts the animals under21

They never get the chance to go outside and exercise. Their lives are purely for the production of eggs, milk, or their flesh for human consumption.

Make no mistake, these cages and confined spaces are disgusting. They often have low lighting, or no lighting at all. The animal waste is rarely cleared away, triggering disease.

Steroids, other drugs and genetic changes make the animals fatter, faster. They produce more milk and lay more eggs than they would normally.

These drugs half the time it takes for a calf to reach maturity, with untold stresses on the calf’s body. The animals are also fed high carbohydrate diets what are not natural to them - increasing the animals weight and body stress.

The overcrowding spreads disease. A quick way to remedy this is to spray them with pesticides and feed them antibiotics. These drugs remain in the bodies of the animals humans consume - a potential health hazard.

It is due to these disgusting conditions, and disgusting treatment, that the animals become agitated and start fighting amongst themselves. This leads to more abhorrent treatment of the animals, such as beak searing and castration.

A Poor Chicken Enduring The Painful Beak Searing Process
Factory Farming Debeaking

These unfortunate animals are not thought of as living, breathing individuals. They are food producing robots.

Return to the Table of Contents
Animal Abuse and
Intensive Farming Stories

The horror stories documented below are just the tip of the iceberg of what goes on throughout intensive farming, and what this Industry does not want you to know. Animal abuse and factory farming go hand in hand21

The brutality dished out by abusive workers and the Corporate Businesses are both shocking and upsetting. If you are unaware of what goes on to put beef, eggs and pork on your plate, read on.

If you are against factory farming, remind yourself why you are vegetarian or vegan. Your actions help combat the atrocities that goes on every single day.

When austerity bites it is not just people that suffer. In 2010, 400 000 newborn Chickens were murdered by the bankrupt Krasnaya Polyana Chicken Farm is Russia.

The farm was owned by a Russian member of parliament, Alexander Chetverikov, and the chicks were killed in the most horrendous ways:

    Drowned in rusty barrels of water
    Leaving them outside to freeze to death
    Starved to death because the Company could not afford to feed them
    The adult chickens were thrown into a pit and buried alive 

Workers from the Krasnaya Polyana Chicken Farm
Tipping baby chickens into oil cans for drowning or freezing to death
Workers from the Krasnaya Polyana Chicken Farm tipping baby chickens into oil cans for drowning or freezing to death

The savagery of the owners also resulted in similar deaths of another 3 000 000 chicks21 3 Million2121

Shockingly, barbaric action such as this IS NOT ILLEGAL21. These living, breathing animals have the capacity to suffer just like you21 And this sort of thing is happening all over the world, everyday.

Even if these chicks survived, they would be destined for a life inside a battery cage, or even ground to death if they turned out to be male.

In Israel, Anonymous for Animal Rights (Opens New Window) put a hidden camera inside a battery cage of an egg facility.

Broadcast 24 hours a day, it showed in real-time the dreadful lives of 3 battery caged hens. They are locked in a cage 40cm long, 33cm wide and 45cm high. To put this into context, each hen lives in a space less than a sheet of A4 paper21

They can’t stretch their wings. They stand on wire mesh, not solid ground, and obviously can’t run, fly, dust-bath and all their other natural behaviours that makes them happy.

Watch the video below for recorded footage from this initiative:

Recorded footage of Battery Hen life in Israel

To truly understand the lives of factory farming battery hens, you need to walk a mile in their shoes, as the saying goes. Animal Visuals enables you to do this by turning you into a battery hen, with 6 other’s in a ramped cage.

You have a 360 degree view of what it must be like for millions of them all over the world. Take a look for yourself. The animation is provided below. Are you now thinking twice about how your eggs and chicken came from?

The animated world of the Battery Hen

Mercy for Animals (Opens New Window) published their findings from an undercover investigation at Hy-Line Hatchery in Iowa. 150,000 male chicks are killed in a grinder every single day21.

Factory Farming Male Chickens
Being Ground To Death-While Alive
Factory Farming Male Chickens Being Ground To Death-While Alive

They are thrown into a spinning auger before being tripped to pieces whilst still alive by a high-pressure macerator.

Male chicks are seen as useless because they don’t lay eggs, and they do not grow quickly enough to be a meat bird. What is the human race doing here? How can this gruesome end even be considered when you find out they become trapped in or behind the machinery, suffering unimaginable pain before dying212121

Watch the video below to see for yourself. These animals are thrown away like rubbish and dropped without any consideration to their welfare.

They are ripped away from the comfort of their mothers and thrown onto a loud, churning conveyor belt before meeting their end. Can you imagine how terrifying this is for them?21

Undercover Footage of Factory Farming Activity

As well as being ground up alive in grinding and mincing machines, live male chicks are also used as a packaging filler by the poultry industry, knowing they are going to suffer and die either in transit, or shortly after arrival. They are used as ’padding’ in packaging, which is acceptable industry practice in the poultry industry.

Pigs are also victims of Factory farming. The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) (Opens New Window) documented shocking footage and information about the treatment of pigs by the worlds largest pork producer, Smithfield foods.

Their evidence shows female pigs crammed into gestation or sow crates which are far too small for them to move around in.,/p.

This leads to the pigs biting the metal crates in frustration, cutting their mouths and increasing their risk of infection.

The never-ending cycle of suffering is compounded by the fact that the piglets are born on hard concrete or metal floors. Stressful for the pig, she is cannot nurture her young properly. Often she watches her young fall though the metal slats and drown in the manure pits below.

This leads to behavioural problems resulting in aggression and injury. With the intelligence of a 3 year old, this reaction is understandable, but leads to more intense cruelty to deal with it21

Surgical procedures such as cutting out their teeth, slicing off their tails and male castration, all without any pain relief, is common place.

If the suffering of Pig Factory Farming isn’t enough, it is compounded by their treatment at the hands of the workers. HSUS found a "basketball-sized abscess" on the back of one of the pigs. This was cut open with an unsterilised razor, without anaesthetic or a vet present.

Another pig was shot in the head but was still alive when thrown into the bin. As with chicks, piglets were tossed into carts without any consideration to their welfare.

The following undercover video was taken from the Smithfield exposure. It is heartbreaking21

Smithfield Investigation Footage

Below is life on a factory farm, looking from a factory farmed pig’s point of view.

Life of a factory farmed pig
Factory Farming Life of a Factory Farmed Pig Conditions If I Could Speak
113

Dairy cows also suffer at the hands of Factory farming. After 9 months of forced pregnancy, their calf’s are taken away from their mothers after only a day or two. The cows cry out in pain all the time for their young, stolen from them to be slaughtered for veal meat.

The milk to nurture the calf’s are then bottled and put in your supermarkets or on your doorstep by the milk man. The forced pregnancies must make living in their bodies unbearable. Their udders often swell with the disease mastitis, which is difficult to cure in these circumstances.

Thousands of male Calf’s are shot or murdered in other ways as they are useless to the dairy Industry. They will not produce enough beef to be profitable, even if they are drugged to abnormally increase their growth rate, causing heat disease and other pains, like cows bred for meat are.

Factory Farming Slaughtered Newborn Male Calf
Factory Farming Slaughtered Newborn Male Calf

In the UK, veal calves that survive are often crammed into lorries and transported to the continent when they spend their lives indoors, in a small pen, without any daylight or natural stimulation. These calves spend their short lives being fattened up before being slaughtered.

Every day, each and every one of us participates in a war which consists of endless genocide of the non-human. Every year, billions of nonhumans are slaughtered by humans. They are captured, detained, tortured and killed for the sake of consumption. This violence is rendered invisible by a normative understanding of war powers that excuses violence against the non-human as legitimate.

Kochi 9 - Sussex Law School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK (Tarik, "Species War: Law, Violence and Animals," SAGE Journals)

7. The idea that war and violence sits at the foundation of law and
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horrors I here omit are nevertheless at the center of this lecture." 9
A little while later she states: "Let me say it openly: we
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more historical, and perhaps sociological, discussion of the Law of war.
The term war commonly evokes images of states, armies, grand weapons, battle
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-human animals well inside the framework of religious and moral legitimacy. 12
Of relevance is the practice by which the question of legitimate violence is ordered –
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. Ethics, Humans and Other Animals ( London: Routledge, 2000).

This Western conception of war powers is grounded upon a hierarchy of values that regards nonhuman life as raw material for the preservation of human life.

Kochi 9 - Sussex Law School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK (Tarik, "Species War: Law, Violence and Animals," SAGE Journals)

The response of the lawyer, international lawyer, politician or philosopher to the account
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of life preferred for preservation within the early modern juridical ordering of war. 

Anthropocentrism has been the foundational model for any and every form of discrimination. Any argument that attempts to claim superiority of the human over the nonhuman rests on the same justifications used by White European males to subjugate other humans

Best 7 – Associate Professor at the University of Texas in the Department of Humanities and Philosophy (Steven, "Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust, by Charles Patterson" Journal for Critical Animal Studies, http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/Issue_7/bestpatterson.pdf-http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/Issue_7/bestpatterson.pdf)

While a welcome advance over the anthropocentric conceit that only humans shape human actions,
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over human has deep roots in the oppression of human over animal.1
In this context, Charles Patterson’s recent book, The Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment
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resources for human use — collapses under the weight of its logical contradictions.
Patterson lays out his complex holistic argument in three parts. In Part I,
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long as men massacre animals, they will kill each other" –Pythagoras
It is little understood that the first form of oppression, domination, and hierarchy
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slavery and the Holocaust being but two of the more dramatic examples."4
Hierarchy emerged with the rise of agricultural society some ten thousand years ago. In
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pens, cages, collars, ropes, chains, and branding irons.
The domination of animals paved the way for the domination of humans. The sexual
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livestock, and males were castrated and forced to work along with females.
In the fifteenth century, when Europeans began the colonization of Africa and Spain introduced
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inflicted on black slaves were developed and perfected centuries earlier through animal exploitation.
As the domestication of animals developed in agricultural society, humans lost the intimate connections they once had with animals. By the time of Aristotle, certainly, and with the bigoted assistance of medieval theologians such as St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas, western humanity had developed an explicitly hierarchical worldview – that came to be known as the "Great Chain of Being" – used to position humans as the end to which all other beings were mere means.
Patterson underscores the crucial point that the domination of human over human and its exercise
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"swine," "monkeys," "beasts," and "filthy animals."
Once perceived as brute beasts or sub-humans occupying a lower evolutionary rung than
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proven its superiority by bringing the "lower races" under its command.
There are important parallels between speciesism and sexism and racism in the elevation of white
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and stewardship, which however was Judaic moral baggage official Chistianithy left behind.

The first step is a reorientation towards the meaning and language of war. The move to exclude speciesist exploitation from the category of war is the same move of other historical acts of genocide. Our aff demands the recognition of the unending violence against the nonhuman as war.

Kochi 9 - Sussex Law School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK (Tarik "Species War: Law, Violence and Animals"

The meanings attached to the words we use are significant here. Many of our
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capture and killing so that we humans might not bruise our flesh.13
While such an example appears at first bizarre, it is not out of the
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of non-human animal life. At p. 4 he states:
And before we judge them too harshly, we must remember what ruthless and utter
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of mercy as to complain if the Martians warred in the same spirit.
 " ’They went like sheep to the slaughter.’ ’They died like animals.’ ’The Nazi butchers killed them.’ Denunciation of the camps reverberates so fully with the language of the stockyard and slaughterhouse that it is barely necessary for me to prepare the ground for the comparison I am about to make. The crime of the Third Reich, says the voice of accusation, was to treat people like animals." 14

Thus, in response to the resolutional question of what constitutes legitimate Presidential violence, Dustin and I affirm the value of the nonhuman.

Voting aff acknowledges the existence of species war and the hidden war powers that legislate its existence. We must reject the hierarchy of species and the notion that violence against the nonhuman is legitimate.

Kochi 9 - Sussex Law School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK (Tarik, "Species War: Law, Violence and Animals," SAGE Journals)

Although species war remains largely hidden because it is not seen as war or even
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its moment of foundation, as a generator, as a motor. 7

The 1AC is an act of assuming a traitorous identity. The dynamics of different forms of privilege posits us all as in positions of both the oppressor and oppressed. In the species war, we are all human oppressors complicit with a cycle of tortuous violence. The only feasible solution is to work against the structures of our own culture. This does not mean we deny our identities or claim unity with the oppressed, but it does mean we adopt an ethic that attempts to minimize our own domination.

Plumwood 2 – (Val, "Environmental Ethics", p.205-6)

There are, I have suggested, multiple bases for critical solidarity with nature.
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relationship to the other in a more or less open-ended way.

Tournament: gsu | Round: 3 | Opponent: georgetown lp | Judge: sandoz
The government made the wrong choice.  Instead of opening up space for dissident questioning of democratic accountability, the executive branch asserted its hegemony over all in its ability to combat the nebulous enemy of terrorism—absent a critical intervention this ushers in a state of endless war
Rowan 5—University of London Department of Geography, look at the title of this article
(Rory, “Imagine a Boot Stamping on Your Face Inde?nitely: The ‘War On Terror’ and Executive Hegemony”, Anamesa vol 3 issue 1, spring 2005, dml)

“Terror” is chosen as an enemy because it signi?es a potentially limitless threat
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the executive urgent priorities for democracy both within and outside the United States. 

This manifests itself in the executive practice of indefinite detention.  We should object not only to the horrific conditions inflicted upon the victims of this practice, but the political moment it signifies—the instant that our president is allowed to suspend the laws indefinitely, the law is suspended infinitely—we must dissent to prevent an unfettered sovereign who can initiate war with impunity
Butler 4—not Judy
(Judith, Precarious Life pg 64-66, dml)

We might, and should, object that rights are being suspended indefinitely, and
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are final, not subject to review, and not subject to appeal. 

Our advocacy is to say no to the executive’s ability to indefinitely detain.
Rowan 5—University of London Department of Geography, the best article titler in the world
(Rory, “Imagine a Boot Stamping on Your Face Inde?nitely: The ‘War On Terror’ and Executive Hegemony”, Anamesa vol 3 issue 1, spring 2005, dml)

The French legal theorist Julien Freund warned, in his analysis of Carl Schmitt’s work
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of language, and, once again, we must say “no.”

While legal action is necessary, it is not sufficient—only the affirmative’s ethical orientation forces a reconceptualization of what it means to be human and who is grievable—this is a stance against the endless violence of the status quo
Butler 4—not Judy
(Judith, Precarious Life pg 86-92, dml)

So, these prisoners, who are not prisoners, will be tried, if
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the very ways in which the future may or may not be thought. 

Recognizing the value and grievability of all life is a pre-requisite to ethical judgments—this is critical to hedge against status quo politics can designate who’s lives are worth even recognizing as lives
Butler 9—not Judy
(Judith, Frames of War pg 13-15, dml)

We read about lives lost and are often given the numbers, but these stories
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living being as living, exposed to non-life from the start. 

Humanity is a tiny speck in the history of a universe that will inevitably die – in the face of uncontrollable catastrophe and cosmic flux, ethics must enter first in your decision calculus
Clark 10 – Senior Lecturer in Geography at Open University
(Nigel, “Ex-Orbitant Generosity: Gifts of Love in a Cold Cosmos”, Parallax, Vol. 16, No. 1, Pg. 80-95, dml)

Harman has no qualms about positing nonhuman objects that attract and repel each other.
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turning away has a defining quality. If not us, then who?

Debaters should be ethical social critics.
McGee and Romanelli 97 – Assistant Professor in Communication Studies at Texas Tech AND Director of Debate at Loyola University of Chicago
(Brian and David, “Policy Debate as Fiction: In Defense of Utopian Fiat”, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate 18 (1997) 23-35, dml)

Snider argued several years ago that a suitable paradigm should address “something we can ACTUALLY  DO” as opposed to something we can MAKE BELIEVE ABOUT” (“Fantasy as Reality” 14).  A utopian literature metaphor is beneficial precisely because it is within the power of debaters to perform the desired action suggested by the metaphor, if not always to demonstrate that the desired action is politically feasible.
Instead of debaters playing to an audience of those who make public policy, debaters
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devotees of Beavis and Butthead, social criticism is what good citizens do.
Debate differs from other species of social criticism because debate is a game played by
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a variety of social criticism gives debate an added dimension of public relevance.
One way to understand the distinction between debate as policy-making and debate as
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the United States without comprehending the confluence of the formal and public agenda.
In intercollegiate debate, the policy-making metaphor has given primacy to formal agenda
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Dempsey on the “real-world” limitations for making policy indicates.
Debate as social criticism does not entail exclusion of formal agenda concerns from intercollegiate debate.  The specified agent of action in typical policy resolutions makes ignoring the formal agenda of the United States government an impossibility.  However, one need not be able to influence the formal agenda directly in order to discuss 

what it is that the United States government should do.  Undergraduate debaters and their
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they are working in their own modest way to shape the public agenda.
While “social criticism” is the best explanation for what debaters do, this
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, the distinction makes no difference in the utopian practice of intercollegiate debate.
More importantly, intercollegiate debate is utopian in another sense.  Policy change is considered
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be able to travel intelligently at all” (Mumford 24-25).
An objection to this guiding metaphor is that it encourages debaters to do precisely that
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by pointing to the potential dystopic consequences of accepting such proposals for change.

Tournament: harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: nyu gz | Judge: henry

BREAKING TOPIC UPDATE—

The Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army, no date—jokers
("About the Army", http://www.clownarmy.org/about/about.html)

Roll up, roll up - ladies and gentlemen, boys and girls, friends and foes - welcome to the unparalleled, the unexpected, the perfectly paradoxical, the grotesquely beautiful, the new-fangled world of the Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army (CIRCA).
We are clandestine because we refuse the spectacle of celebrity and we are everyone.
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with greasepaint we give resistance a funny face and become visible once again.
We are insurgent because we have risen up from nowhere and are everywhere. Because
AND
. Because the key to insurgency is brilliant improvisation, not perfect blueprints.
We are rebels because we love life and happiness more than ’revolution’. Because no
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trade, listen, think and most of all the way they rebel.
We are clowns because what else can one be in such a stupid world.
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deeply. Because a clown can survive everything and get away with anything.

And now for something completely different:

Amoore and Hall 13. Louise Amoore, professor of geography at the University of Durham, and Alexandra Hall, professor of politics at the University of York, "The clown at the gates of the camp: Sovereignty, resistance and the figure of the fool," Security Dialoge 44(2) pg. 95

’The essence of the camp’, writes Giorgio Agamben (2000: 40.
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form-of-life’ (Agamben, 2000: 10.1).
When a state of emergency – or, in Agamben’s (2005: 2)
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not sacrificed – is the life that has been captured in this sphere’.
As bare life, then, the subject of sovereign power in Agamben’s (1998: 170) terms experiences a specific drawing of border lines, one that takes outside precisely in order to include within the governable order:
The paradoxical status of the camp as a space of exception must be considered. The camp is a piece of land placed outside the normal juridical order, but it is nevertheless not simply an external space. What is excluded in the camp is, according to the etymological sense of the term ’exception’ (ex-capere), taken outside, included through its own exclusion.
The topology of Agamben’s camp – perhaps because it maps incorporation by exclusion – has
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relations are uncertain – held together in and through the sovereign exception itself.
It is our contention, and following Jenny Edkins’ (2007) subtle reading of
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that may also form ’the element that threatens its disruption from within’.
Notwithstanding the important absence of any representable identity in whatever being, ques- tions
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but that still persists in the act of declaring unities and drawing distinctions.

The role of the ballot is to make sovereignty strange—vote aff to foolishly affirm the resolution—our evidence postdates

Amoore and Hall 13—Department of Geography, University of Durham AND Department of Politics, University of York
(Louise and Alexandra, "The clown at the gates of the camp: Sovereignty, resistance and the figure of the fool", Security Dialogue 2013 44: 93, dml)

The fool’s madness and wisdom are simultaneously lauded and deplored by sovereign powers. Indeed
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reversal and substitution that characterizes the history of the fool and the sovereign.
What kind of relation is it that holds the sovereign together with the fool?
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literally (Welsford, 1935: 66, 68–69, 74).
In sum, a consideration of the history of the clown-fool suggests that
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a place and with a voice that is otherwise unavailable to the king.
Clowning and forms-of-life
The cultural genealogy of the fool has profound ramifications for a consideration of the clown
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the illegal migrants gathering outside DIY depots to be picked up for work.
The clown, as we have seen, brings an expanded or enhanced vision to
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the action because ’it’s already slippery’, as one member put it.
 Significantly, detention guards and police responded to the uproar by recording the clownish
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terrain where lawful and unlawful, belonging and anomaly could be clearly distinguished.
Here we would also draw a distinction between clowning as mockery and clowning as a
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up established norms and values (Mitchell, 1992: 19–20).
However, the clown’s inability to topple the king, or to create an alternative
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we thought was certain and to reveal the difficulty that is political life.
Second, the clown evades complete capture within the lines dividing inside from outside,
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move is deemed expedient or necessary within the sovereign decision on the exception.
As Decaroli (2007: 47) argues, banishment (and sovereignty) rests
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a paradoxical status that comes from embodying the liminality and impurity of barriers.
The crisis that the clown provokes rests on the way he or she troubles the
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errant and troublesome fool, who embodies the aporia that plagues sovereign power.
CIRCA describes itself as an army of fools who have ’thrown away their sceptres
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subject whose political subjectivity is layered and disordered long in advance of biopolitics.
The reading we have given of the clown-fool points to a form of
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, those between political and bare life, are not complete at all. 

We end with a word from our sponsors—

(same cite as the CIRCA evidence above)

We are an army because we live on a planet in permanent war - a
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fail we might succeed with mocking laughter. And laughter needs an echo.
We are circa because we are approximate and ambivalent, neither here nor there, but in the most powerful of all places, the place in-between order and chaos.
RUN AWAY FROM THE CIRCUS
JOIN THE FORCES OF THE CLANDESTINE INSURGENT REBEL CLOWN ARMY

Tournament: harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: wake mq | Judge: morris

1ac

Breaking topic update—our evidence postdates—

The New York Times December 4, 2016. Caroll Herman, chief technological warfare research and development correspondent at the New York Times, winner of the Pulitzer Prize for the book Weaponized Architecture, "SHORT DIGRESSION ABOUT THE FUTURE OF DRONES (AFTER SEEING ONE AT JFK)," Legal Theory, The Funambulist Pamphlets Vol 3, pg. 68

Since the vote of the Technological Security Act of 2014, drones are everywhere. Their implementation in the public space did not trigger much reaction. Most people were amazed by the multitude of flying objects that were intelligently avoiding them. With time, they barely saw them anymore and only tourists and children were still paying attention to these silent flying machines.
The first ones implemented were strictly dedicated to surveillance in accordance with the decision of
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machine and thus cannot be claimed as the object of a judiciary procedure.
This embarrassing story cannot hide the reality: drones are here and they are now
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them. Caroll Herman, The New York Times, December 04, 2016

More evidence—

Snowden 13. Edward J. Snowden, would-be enemy combatant and already more relevant than Al Qaeda, "Statement from Edward Snowden in Moscow," http://wikileaks.org/Statement-from-Edward-Snowden-in.html?snow

On Thursday, President Obama declared before the world that he would not permit any diplomatic "wheeling and dealing" over my case. Yet now it is being reported that after promising not to do so, the President ordered his Vice President to pressure the leaders of nations from which I have requested protection to deny my asylum petitions.
This kind of deception from a world leader is not justice, and neither is
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public demanding the constitutional government it was promised — and it should be.

The drone emperor has no cloths, cloaked in the language of the legal power/knowledge nexus.  The 1ac is an affirmation of the potential reversibility of power relations, particularly those undergirding how we can conceive of drones.

Krasmann 12. Susanne Krasmann, prof. Dr, Institute for Criminological Research, University of Hamburg, "Targeted Killing and Its Law: On a Mutually Constitutive Relationship," Leiden Journal of International Law (2012), 25, pg. 678

The legal debate on targeted killing, particularly that referring to the US practice,
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the fact that the law, once invoked, launches its own claims.
To insist on disclosing ’the full legal basis for targeted killings’; on criteria
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in the fight against terrorism and is being determined and implemented legally.91
When framed within the ’theatre of war’, targeted killing categorically seems to be
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, comprehend, and assess a procedure and couch it in legal terms.
This is also noticeable in the case of the Osama bin Laden killing. As
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work is a transformation of laws through practice, rather than their amendment.
Giorgio Agamben maintains that a legal norm, because abstract, does not stipulate its
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the ’compulsion of legality’ is that legality itself is a shifting reference.
Seen this way, the United States does not establish targeted killing as a legal
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threats and security, and in the dispute about targeted killing operations’ legality.

It is impossible to write non-fiction about drones. The act of erecting a fictional counter-narrative to the mainstream representations of their reality is essential.

Rothstein 13. Adam Rothstein, Insurgent Activist and Researcher, How to Write Drone Fiction, Jan 20 2013, http://www.thestate.ae/how-to-write-drone-fiction/)-http://www.thestate.ae/how-to-write-drone-fiction/)

This is easy for me to respond to, because it is so completely and exactly wrong. Drones are already literary, and they might only be dealt with on a literary basis. One can easily and self-righteously claim the merits of writing non-fiction about drones by asserting a primacy of fact over "false fiction". The problem is that one does not write non-fiction about drones.
Drones are not real–they are a cultural characterization of many different things,
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different point of view–none of which would be strictly about drones.
Drones are a cultural node–a collection of thoughts, feelings, isolated facts
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single point by which we can describe all of this together: drones.
A drone is a literary character–it is an archetype of uncanny and deadly
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from a world where these are not speculations, but every day fact.
This strange one-way overlap between fact and fiction is due to the fact
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the world of facts is science fiction’s purpose, at which it excels.
The problem, is that in other less speculative forms of fiction that are more
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a way that might connect our attention back to the facts of UAVs.

All of their arguments will be fictions too—but at least we’ve got a defense of ours.

Simpson 12. Zachary Simpson, professor of philosophy at the University of Arts and Sciences of Oklahoma, Foucault Studies, No. 13, May 2012, pg. 105
*We reject the gendered language in this evidence.

Foucault’s conception of fiction as an intentionally constructed "experiment/expe- rience"
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one fabricates oneself, that doesn’t exist before and will exist afterward."23
For Foucault, fiction effectively holds the same epistemic weight as truth. Both are
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is that which accurately reflects the present while having effects in the future.
I would argue that this conceptualization of fiction serves a critical function in Fou-
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that which does not exist and to transform that which does exist."28

Power relations can always be strategically reversed. Those undergirding discussions of drones are no different.  The 1ac’s act of historical fictioning makes possible new understandings of the potentiality of this technology.

Campbell 08. David, Prof. of International Politics @ the University of Newcastle, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, Revised Edition, University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 0-8166-3144-1, Pg. 202-205

This is not to suggest that "the population" exists in a prediscursive domain
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these developments are not peculiar to the post-World War II period.
Given that the articulation of danger effects the articulation of "the political," the
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than those associated with the predominant (and gendered) discourses of power?
The answer to that question is an unequivocal yes. I suggested above in a
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it establishes as political the very terms through which identity is articulated."42

We must recognize the complicity of the fictioned drone within a broader strategy of air power—this serves to construct a global police system that blurs the line between civilian and target—a failure to strategically reverse aerial power relations causes extinction

Neocleous 13—Department of Politics and History, Brunel University
(Mark, "Air power and police power", Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2013, volume 31, pages 578 – 593, dml)

Moreover, and more pressingly, we need to understand that from the wider historical
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invention of air power (Hartigan, 1982, page 119).(5)
The point is that seen from the perspective of air power as police power,
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"air occupation" (Carmichael et al, 1996, page viii).
Drones have been described as the perfect technology for democratic warfare, combining as they
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merely the defeat of a military enemy but the victory of perpetual police.

Eschewing the power/knowledge nexus through fictioning renders alternative solutions to the problem of drones not only conceivable, but possible. Consider these examples.

Lambert 12. Liam Lambert, architect, dissident, editor of the Funambulist, author of Weaponized Architecture, "National Security Drones vs. Liam Young’s Counter-Surveillance Measures," THE FUNAMBULIST PAMPHLETS VOLUME 05, pg. 60
Many of us are afraid of the development of drone technology that regularly allows the
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suburbs, in what was probably a first real scale test of surveillance.
A form of resistance against what appears as an unavoid- able movement towards a
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, even though the dominant power would have shut the network down.1
I maintain a certain skepticism when one addresses the re- lationship between revolution and
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lowest social classes, who should be at the heart of revolutionary movements.
However, one has to recognize that vast numbers of peo- ple own a
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November 2011 forces us to be optimistic about the proliferation of resistive drones.
Around the same time, in Warsaw on Polish Independence Day (Nov, 11
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minutes (see Chapter 12) before they caught up with us.2

Policy debate, like legal debates about drones, is a truth game in which all options are always already defined by power.  The question is what you do with that. We play the game at the level of subjectivity itself.  All positions about the normative value of debate are themselves instantiated within and by power relations.  The 1ac is a strategy oriented towards freedom and innovation.

Cadman 10. Louisa Cadman, professor of geography at the University of Glasgow, "How (not) to be governed: Foucault, critique, and the political," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2010, volume 28, pg. 550

Transactional realities provide the opening that makes subjectivity possible; they enable the governmental technologies that shape and direct the way individuals conduct themselves (Foucault, 2000). As a condition of existence for the governed, those who engage in counter-conducts have no recourse to an eschatological or orig- inal freedom but rather to a modification in the ``game’’ through which the truth (of the governed subject) is produced (Foucault, 1997b, page 281; Tully, 1999). As Tully explains:
––~A~ny game will involve, first, the analysis of the rules
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conducts~’’ (Tully, 1999, page 167, my emphasis).
This furthers Foucault’s understanding of the critical attitude ``as the movement by which the subject gives ~it~self the right to question’’ (1997a, page 32, my emphasis). Counter-conducts, through their very action, bring into relief the regime of truth through which they are known and acted upon. Concurrently, by problematising the conduct of their conduct, they also problematise their subjective ``identities as players’’ (Tully, 1999, page 168; see also Butler, 2002).
Whilst it could be said that games of truth permeate all relations of governmental-
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game playing at the level of ethics and subjectivation (Foucault, 1982).
Foucault’s understanding of games of truth and practices of freedom explains his own response to
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certainly isn’t guaranteed, but neither is it necessarily stifled by liberal governmentality.

Vote aff to speak truth to power—be a parrhesiast and refuse the trappings of roleplaying—as academics we are uniquely suited for this in the context of presidential war powers

Steele 10—Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Kansas ~gender/ableist language modified with brackets~
(Brent, Defacing Power: The Aesthetics of Insecurity in Global Politics pg 130-132, dml)

When facing these dire warnings regarding the manner in which academic-intellectuals are seduced
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are denied the "full truth" from the powerful, Foucault states,
we must avoid a trap into which governments would want intellectuals to fall (and often they do): "Put yourself in our place and tell us what you would do." This is not a question in which one has to answer. To make a decision on any matter requires a knowledge of the facts refused us, an analysis of the situation we aren’t allowed to make. There’s the trap. (2001: 453) 27
This means that any alternative order we might provide, this hypothetical "research program of our own," will also become imbued with authority and used for mechanisms of control, a matter I return to in the concluding chapter of this book.
When linked to a theme of counterpower, academic-intellectual parrhesia suggests, instead, that the academic should use his or her pulpit, their position in society, to be a "friend" "who plays the role of a parrhesiastes, of a truth-teller" (2001: 134). 28 When speaking of then-president Lyndon Johnson, Morgenthau gave a bit more dramatic and less amiable take that contained the same sense of urgency.
What the President needs, then, is an intellectual father-confessor, who dares to remind him~/her~ of the brittleness of power, of its arrogance and blindness ~ignorance~, of its limits and pitfalls; who tells him~/her~ how empires rise, decline and fall, how power turns to folly, empires to ashes. He~/she~ ought to listen to that voice and tremble. (1970: 28)
The primary purpose of the academic-intellectual is therefore not to just effect a
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a place fit for human habitation" (~1964~ 2006: 233). 

Drones have become the technological symbol of disorder – debate about targeted killing must avoid impossible questions of "drones good or bad" that echo the polarization of status quo political discourse – facts alone will never be enough – instead, we must learn from the complexities surrounding drones and apply them to the concerns of so many about personal security.  AFF is a pre-req to policy-making.

Rothenberg, ’13. Daniel Rothenberg is a professor of practice at the School of Politics and Global Studies, ASU and the Lincoln fellow for Ethics and International Human Rights Law. He is editing a book with Peter Bergen on drones to be published later this year. "What the Drone Debate Is Really About"; May 6, 2013;http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2013/05/drones_in_the_united_states_what_the_debate_is_really_about.html-http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2013/05/drones_in_the_united_states_what_the_debate_is_really_about.html

The term drone draws attention, elicits passions, and sparks heated discussions. Often the debate about drones flattens the complexity of real policy issues as the questions asked demand impossible answers, "Are drones good or bad?" or "Are you for or against drones?" Not surprisingly, this approach heightens the tensions attached to debate about drones, turning conversations into arguments and echoing the polarization that characterizes so much of contemporary political discourse.
The intensity of interest in drones arose some years after they became a key element of U.S. military operations abroad. Interestingly, after more than a decade at war, drones remain the only military system within an extraordinarily advanced arsenal to have captivated popular attention. And they have done so at a time when the public has grown weary of war and the deep confusions surrounding the objectives, value, and purpose of these conflicts.
For many within the military, the intensity of the debate about drones in combat
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and others, are useful only as integrated within a larger strategic vision.
That said, much of the discussion of drones focuses not on their use by
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and there is great confusion as to the purpose of these ongoing conflicts.
More recently, public debate on drones has turned to their current and potential use
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used as a means of attacking and killing American citizens here at home.
For those who currently use drones or advocate for their expanded deployment—whether for military or civilian applications—these debates are deeply frustrating. They point out that drones are simply machines, neither good nor bad, not the sort of issue for which one should seek either support or rejection. They point to drones’ capacity to safely, effectively and inexpensively fight fires, monitor weather patterns, spray crops, and provide ongoing real-time information on hundreds of issues.
This is why there is an ongoing effort to shift the language of the debate by replacing the popular term drone with one of a number of arguably more accurate—and less politically loaded—alternatives including unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), remotely piloted vehicle (RPV), or remotely piloted aircraft (RPA). Still, drone remains the default term and will be for the foreseeable future.
In fact, the lure and power of the word drone provides insight into the
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capacities are as dangerous here as they have been proved to be abroad.
Drones captivate us. Their sleekly disturbing look, an odd combination of the fragile
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as drones have become a central element of the contemporary American political imagination.
The drone debate is not only about targeted killings abroad or potential invasions of privacy
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with a respect and acknowledgement for the very real fears of so many.

Tournament: shirley | Round: 2 | Opponent: mostate br | Judge: corrigan

THE TEXT TO OUR STABLE AND UNWAVERING PLAN*: The United States federal government should repeal the Civil Peace and Preservation Act of 2015.

*With any luck for our heroes on the negative…
The New York Times December 4, 2016. Caroll Herman, chief technological warfare research and development correspondent at the New York Times, This is a work of FICTION written by Liam Lambert, the author of Weaponized Architecture and editor of the Funambulist “SHORT DIGRESSION ABOUT THE FUTURE OF DRONES (AFTER SEEING ONE AT JFK),” Legal Theory, The Funambulist Pamphlets Vol 3, pg. 68