Tournament: UK RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Mary Washington MP | Judge: D Heidt

Aff solvency advocates prove any ex ante judicial limits imposed will include ILaw grounds

Chehab 12
Ahmad Chehab, Georgetown University Law Center, 3/30/12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572
Part I examines the current body of international humanitarian law that addresses the question of
AND
and treachery, and other pertinent norms of customary international and treaty law. 

Even a single ex-ante targeted killing restriction holding opens up ATS to a floodgate of future global suits – but the counterplans ex-post ruling does not

Bates, 10
John Deacon Bates, is a United States District Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, DC Circuit Court Decision, Civil Action No. 10-1469 (JDB), NASSER AL-AULAQI VS BARACK H. OBAMA et al, ""MEMORANDUM OPINION" http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/2010-12-7-AulaqivObama-Decision.pdf-http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/2010-12-7-AulaqivObama-Decision.pdf)

Plaintiff maintains that his alleged tort — extrajudicial killing — meets the high bar of
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ATS was not intended to provide a federal forum for such speculative claims.

Expansive ATS Interpretations Tank Global Economy and global trade

Hufbauer, ’03 (Gary, Reginald Jones Senior Fellow, was formerly Marcus Wallenberg Professor of International Finance Diplomacy at Georgetown University, deputy director of the International Law Institute at Georgetown University, deputy assistant secretary for international trade and investment policy of the US Treasury, http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/newsreleases/newsrelease.cfm?id=94)
The Alien Tort Statute (ATS) of 1789, which allows foreign plaintiffs to
AND
jobs and costing as much as 2470 billion annually in lost GDP.

Extinction

Pazner 8 (Michael J., Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138)

The rise in isolationism and protectionism will bring about ever more heated arguments and dangerous
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Mary Washington MP | Judge: D Heidt

Trade Impact

ATCA suits jeopardize cooperation on terrorism

Griswold 2003 (Daniel, associate director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute,
   "Abuse of 18th Century Law Threatens U.S. Economic and Security Interests," January 25,       http://www.usaengage.org/legislative/2003/alientort/cato_griswold.html-http://www.usaengage.org/legislative/2003/alientort/cato_griswold.html)
Abuse of the ATCA is complicating U.S. foreign policy at a time
AND
its officials curtailed cooperation in response to perceived disrespect for its sovereign interests."

2NC Yes spillover/Open ATS Floodgates

Injunction blocking presidential targeted killing actions is novel and extraordinary expansion – specifically erodes ATS constraints of Sosa

Bates, 10
John Deacon Bates, is a United States District Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, DC Circuit Court Decision, Civil Action No. 10-1469 (JDB), NASSER AL-AULAQI VS BARACK H. OBAMA et al, ""MEMORANDUM OPINION" http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/2010-12-7-AulaqivObama-Decision.pdf-http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/2010-12-7-AulaqivObama-Decision.pdf)

The precise relief that plaintiff seeks here — an injunction against the President, the
AND
federal remedy." See Sosa, 542 U.S. at 738.

and – our legal ambiguities link -  Advocacy groups will exploit every precedent of the plan to widen ATCA

Bradley 2001  (Curtis, Law Professor at the University of Virginia, 2 Chicago Journal of International Law 457, Fall, lexis)
 ~*471~  There are a number of reasons why this litigation has been
AND
upon their successes and take advantage of legal ambiguities to achieve their ends. 

That erodes current bar of judicial constraint which is key

Bates, 10
John Deacon Bates, is a United States District Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, DC Circuit Court Decision, Civil Action No. 10-1469 (JDB), NASSER AL-AULAQI VS BARACK H. OBAMA et al, ""MEMORANDUM OPINION" http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/2010-12-7-AulaqivObama-Decision.pdf-http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/2010-12-7-AulaqivObama-Decision.pdf)

In Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 542 U.S. 692 (
AND
to be applied under the ATS, expressed the imperative of judicial restraint").

2NC Yes ATS/ILaw Ground

Plan spurs judicial ATS reviews - finding of limitation based on international or treaty laws triggers it

Bates, 10
John Deacon Bates, is a United States District Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, DC Circuit Court Decision, Civil Action No. 10-1469 (JDB), NASSER AL-AULAQI VS BARACK H. OBAMA et al, ""MEMORANDUM OPINION" http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/2010-12-7-AulaqivObama-Decision.pdf-http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/2010-12-7-AulaqivObama-Decision.pdf)

On August 30, 2010, plaintiff Nasser Al-Aulaqi ("plaintiff") filed
AND
killings violates treaty and customary international law." See id. ¶ 29.

forces unprecedented judicial limitations based on application of international law norms  prospectively to future action – also crushes operational effectiveness

Johnson, 13
~Jeh Charles, former Pentagon general counsel,  "Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A "Drone Court": Some Pros and Cons", 3/18, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/~~

Next, the advisability of a national security court depends in very large part on
AND
gained by having a federal judge try to review these details in advance.

Restricting Imminence justifications based on international law grounds most likely – it’s the primary focus of criticism

Heller, 13
Kevin Jon Heller, Kevin Jon Heller is currently Associate Professor 26 Reader at Melbourne Law School, where he teaches international criminal law and criminal law.  He also serves as Project Director for International Criminal Law at the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law, a joint project of Melbourne Law School and the Australian Defence Force.  He holds a PhD in law from Leiden University, a JD with distinction from Stanford Law School, an MA with honours in literature from Duke University, and an MA and BA, both with honours, in sociology from the New School for Social Research., 2/5/13, http://opiniojuris.org/2013/02/05/the-doj-white-papers-confused-approach-to-imminence-and-capture/

According to the White Paper (p. 6), a US citizen "who
AND
is deeply confused — and deeply problematic from the standpoint of international law.

Any court finding of limitation NECESSARILY includes ILAW grounds – no purely domestic source - impossible to assess legal limitation without it – even constitutional assessments require it

Radsan and Murphy, 9
Afsheen John Radsan* Professor of Law, William Mitchell College of Law. (Professor Radsan was assistant general counsel at the Central Intelligence Agency from 2002 to 2004, and Richard Murphy, AT26T Professor of Law, Texas Tech University School of Law, Cardozo Law Review November, 2009

Due process depends on the severity of the potential deprivation as well as the substantive
AND
the substantive legality of targeted killing depends on its consistency with IHL. n51

guarantees link - ANY court civil limitation  based on law of nations or treaties necessarily triggers

Bates, 10
John Deacon Bates, is a United States District Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, DC Circuit Court Decision, Civil Action No. 10-1469 (JDB), NASSER AL-AULAQI VS BARACK H. OBAMA et al, ""MEMORANDUM OPINION" http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/2010-12-7-AulaqivObama-Decision.pdf-http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/2010-12-7-AulaqivObama-Decision.pdf)

Plaintiff brings his fourth and final claim under the Alien Tort Statute ("ATS"),
AND
has failed to make either showing, his ATS claim must be dismissed.

ATS Uniqueness – Suits Limited Now

Supreme Court ruling creates a narrow interpretation of the "law of nations" for the  purpose of ATCA suits – only gross human rights abuses are actionable

Trnavci 2005 (Genc, Provost and Law Professor at the University of Bihac, Bosnia 26 Herzegovina,
26 University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law 193, Summer, lexis)

The most recent case, Sosa v. Alvares-Machain, was brought
AND
, prolonged arbitrary detention, genocide, war crimes, and forced labor. 

(  ) Sosa narrows the scope of the law of nations

Hart Publishing 2004
(Corporations and Transnational Human Rights Litigation, http://www.hartpub.co.uk/Updates/sjupdates.html-http://www.hartpub.co.uk/Updates/sjupdates.html)

The most substantial effect that Sosa may have on ATCA litigation is that it may
AND
could, and possibly should, fail on that basis.  ~41~ 

Sosa limits the scope of ATCA by restricting what rights fall under the law of nations

EarthRights International 2004
(In Our Court: ATCA, Sosa and the Triumph of Human Rights, July, http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/In_Our_Court.html-http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/In_Our_Court.html)

The elements of an ATCA claim at first glance appear simple: the plaintiff must
AND
Sosa decision confirms that only the most heinous violations are actionable.~21~-http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/In_Our_Court.html

Tournament: USC | Round: 5 | Opponent: West Georgia AM | Judge: Spies

Crazy is an ableist slur that carries with it negative connotations

James, feminist blogger at Deeply Problematic, 10
(Rachel McCarthy, FWD (feminists with disabilities) for a way forward, "Ableist Word Profile: Crazy", May 17, http://disabledfeminists.com/2010/05/17/guest-post-from-rmj-ableist-word-profile-crazy/-http://disabledfeminists.com/2010/05/17/guest-post-from-rmj-ableist-word-profile-crazy/, accessed 7/9/12)

Like every ism, ableism is absorbed through the culture on a more subconscious level
AND
us brave enough to publicly identify as having mental disabilities are continually discredited.

Their rhetoric reinforces the systems of oppression they claim to challenge

Wheelchair Dancer, 4/28/8
("On Making Argument: Disability and Language", http://cripwheels.blogspot.com/2008/04/on-making-argument-disability-and.html-http://cripwheels.blogspot.com/2008/04/on-making-argument-disability-and.html Accessed 7/10/12)

Relying on the figurative value of disability metaphors tends to render disabled people invisible;
AND
broken back (metaphorically speaking, of course) you are standing on.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 4 | Opponent: Michigan BM | Judge: Young, Kelly

Two violations:

Link ~23 1 – inherency:

Their nuclear rhetoric args are dated and not inherent – Obama’s Prague speech changed everything. On-point response to Taylor.

Zhang ’10
Juyan Zhang is an Assistant Professor of Communication at the University of Texas at San
AND
4, 287–299 – obtained via the Business Source Complete database. 

On 8 April 2009, President Obama delivered a speech to a huge crowd in
AND
to resolve the potential confl ict between the mixed motives needs careful analysis.

Really, we are gonna win on presumption – Taylor’s underlying epistemology is based on old rhetoric studies. Really smart people have studied this and conclude that methodology shouldn’t presumptively apply in the now.

Cram-Helwich ’11
David – THIS ARTICLE WAS NOT WRITTEN IN THE CONTEXT OF A CEDA FORUMS POST
AND
edu/7339/1/CramHelwich_2011_1.pdf?

The bulk of rhetorical analysis concerned with foreign policy and nuclear weapons focuses on Cold
AND
move beyond the agonistic communication that characterizes many domestic and international deliberative spaces.

Link ~23 2 – Solvency

Double-bind – their arg is that "elites coop nuclear rhetoric". If so, why isn’t the Aff protest just the next example of this. General Butler was louder and had more influence than UMich – his rhetorical approach also lost on presumption:

Cram-Helwich ’11
David – THIS ARTICLE WAS NOT WRITTEN IN THE CONTEXT OF A CEDA FORUMS POST
AND
edu/7339/1/CramHelwich_2011_1.pdf?

This study scrutinizes four distinct, but intrinsically interrelated, moments of post-Cold
AND
the realities of a "new" post-Cold War threat environment.

Voter – Presumption should err neg – or else we encourage the Aff to say nothing and court a framework debate… There also should be a clear reason to vote Aff, there’s not. Ask yourself how you could explain a third party what UMich’s intervention does for the causes outlined in the 1AC..

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 4 | Opponent: Michigan BM | Judge: Young, Kelly

(  ) This Aff is so busy making "squo fails" args the forget that the Aff rhetorical approach will fail too. Butler’s rhetorical efforts failed – so will the Aff’s.

Cram-Helwich ’11
David – THIS ARTICLE WAS NOT WRITTEN IN THE CONTEXT OF A CEDA FORUMS POST
AND
edu/7339/1/CramHelwich_2011_1.pdf?

Butler’s campaign failed, both because he failed to penetrate the deliberative space of "
AND
which analyzes the Senate’s deliberations over ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.

The public’s not just turned-off by Executive secrets. They’re just as turned off by the Aff’s rhetoric approach to change. Aff can’t prove they solve a thing.

Cram-Helwich ’11
David – THIS ARTICLE WAS NOT WRITTEN IN THE CONTEXT OF A CEDA FORUMS POST
AND
edu/7339/1/CramHelwich_2011_1.pdf?

Scholarship is an inherently political enterprise. The analysis that follows is designed to both
AND
practical political value in some distant or idealized future, especially problematic.116

Tournament: CSUF | Round: 2 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: Arnett

Text: Pursuant to Article V of the Constitution, Congress should pass and more than three fourths of the States, excluding California, New York, Texas, and Florida, should ratify a constitutional amendment that

Requires that individuals indefinitely detained under the War Powers authority of the President of the United States must be tried by an existing Article III court, a military court martial, or be released within a reasonable, specified time period

Establishes that the Constitution authorizes judicial review of military affairs without deference

and establishes a justiciable cause of action for all potential violations occurring under the amendment.

The amendment should be limited exclusively to this issue and no state should ratify proposals to attach additional constitutional changes on other issues.  The amendment should clarify that it applies both retroactively and prospectively.  We’ll clarify.

Constitutional amendment solves whole case best and spurs aggressive FUTURE court enforcement

Goldstein, 88
Yonkel Goldstein, JD Stanford Law School, July, lexis

The Failure of Constitutional Controls Over War Powers in the Nuclear Age: The Argument
AND
would function similarly to how they have operated in the due process area.

It won’t be challenged or rolled back – solves precedent, future application, stability and confidence better than plan

Vermeule ’04 ~Adrian, Prof @ Chicago Law, "Constitutional Amendments and the Constitutional Common Law," http://www.law.uchicago.edu/academics/publiclaw/index.html~~

A benefit of formal  amendments, then, is tomore effectively discourage subsequent efforts by
AND
, which can be unsettled and refought at lower cost in subsequent periods.

Tournament: CSUF | Round: 2 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: Arnett

CP

A2: Shields SG

Perm Means he argues against constitutional law – it only magnifies every link

Wohlfarth, ’9  
Patrick C. Wohlfarth University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, The Journal of
AND
appeared in the American Journal of Political Science and The Journal of Politics.)

Although political bias will jeopardize the of?ce’s credibility and corresponding legal in?uence, the Court
AND
’s position on the merits should decrease as the of?ce becomes more politicized.

Advantage – Modeling

Amendments create legal symbols—they get perceived internationally

Herlihy, 06 ~Sarah P., J.D. Chicago-Kent College of Law, 81 Chi.-Kent. L. Rev. 275, ln~

Americans may oppose a Constitutional amendment because of the international perception that it would create
AND
because this could send the wrong signal to the rest of the world.

We access their court key warrants – foreign courts don’t just model US courts – they also  model US Constitutional change

Krotoszynski, Director of Faculty Research, and Professor of Law, University of Alabama School of Law, 2009 (Ronald, Arkansas Law Review, 61 Ark. L. Rev. 603)

In the early years of the republic, our ability to go it alone was
AND
look to developments in the United States as a source of inspiration." n12

Amendments spur vigorous court enforcement – accesses court key warrants

Denning and Vile 02 ~Brannon P., Prof of Law @ Samford, and John R., Dept. Chair of PoliSci @ MTSU, "The Relevance of Constitutional Amendments: A Response to David Strauss," 77 Tul. L. Rev. 247, ln~

The Article Vprocess is, as the Framers intended, rigorous. The supermajority provisionsfor
AND
-circuit (or play games with) Article V’s procedural requirements. 129

Mechanism – Detention

CP’s alternate process is key – Court focus guarantees circumvention

Wheeler 9
~Darren A, Associate Professor of Political Science (Ball State), "Checking Presidential Detention Power in the War on Terror: What Should We Expect from the Judiciary?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, 39.4, December, http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598-http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598~~

The broader argument offered in this article is that the judiciary, and more specifically
AND
indeed have the potential to be a significant check on presidential detention power.

Mechanism – War Powers

Only constitutional amendment has sufficient force to solve war powers

Goldstein, 88
Yonkel Goldstein, JD Stanford Law School, July, lexis

CONCLUSION The control of nuclear weapons is an issue of paramount importance. This control
AND
solid framework in which answers to those questions can begin to take shape.

A2: Manfredi

Their authors concede the process doesn’t ALWAYS fail and that judicial review isn’t always key

Manfredi 98
~Chris P, Professor of Political Science (McGill), "Why Do Formal Amendments Fail? An Institutional Design Analysis," World Politics 50.3, Johns Hopkins University Press, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v050/50.3manfredi.html-http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v050/50.3manfredi.html~~

There is a final way in which the model may be relevant to the analysis
AND
Of course, much more analysis would be necessary to test this proposition.

A2: Segal – Narrow Enforcement (Cal)

Segal only says the courts will reinterpret amendments – here’s him saying it would be a broad interpretation after their card ends – solves the DA

Segal 2
~Jeff A, SUNY Distinguished Professor and department chair (Political Science), Ph.D. MSU, "The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited," Cambridge University Press, http://books.google.com/books?id=ULG_G5xLTCwC26pg=PA526lpg=PA526dq=22If+action+by+Congress+to+undo+the+Court~’s+interpretation+of+one2226source=bl26ots=TLaHzwz84D26sig=ylrTwRVdLEx2gTBiewSrh7fOXrk26hl=en26sa=X26ei=z6heUrTUMYbj2wXlw4GgAg26ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA~23v=onepage26q=the26f=false-http://books.google.com/books?id=ULG_G5xLTCwC26pg=PA526lpg=PA526dq=22If+action+by+Congress+to+undo+the+Court's+interpretation+of+one2226source=bl26ots=TLaHzwz84D26sig=ylrTwRVdLEx2gTBiewSrh7fOXrk26hl=en26sa=X26ei=z6heUrTUMYbj2wXlw4GgAg26ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA~~

~CAL’S CARD STARTS~ If action by Congress to undo the Court’s interpretation of
AND
their predecessors and magnanimously and unselfishly allowed themselves to be taxed.2*

A2: Fisch – No Past Enforcement (MN)

Their just wrong – amendments uniquely have retrospective force – especially since its in the amendment text

Caldwell, 1871 (District Judge, Buckner V Street, https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F.Cas/0004.f.cas/0004.f.cas.0578.5.html-https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F.Cas/0004.f.cas/0004.f.cas.0578.5.html**)**

In Osborn v. Bank of U. S., 9 Wheat. ~22
AND
constitutional amendment was recognized by the supreme court at a very early day.

The cited footnote concedes its an overstatement – not inherently required

Jill E. Fisch, Professor and Director, Center for Corporate, Securities, and Financial Law, Fordham Law School, "The Implications of Transition Theory for Stare Decisis," JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY LEGALISSUES v. 13, 2003, p. 97-98.

The second alternative when stare decisis does not permit a court to change the law
AND
statutes apply prospectively and judicial decisions operate retroactively. Id. at 1057.

A2: Delay

Other institutions are slower—amendments don’t cause delay

Tushnet 05 ~Mark, Prof of Law @ Harvard and Georgetown, "Controlling Executive Power in the War on Terrorism," 118 Harv. L. Rev. 2673, ln~ 

Perhaps we could be persuaded that this new institution’s design did indeed conform to the
AND
, that is, may take more time than amending the Constitution. 41

Africa Wars

African war doesn’t escalate
Barrett 5 (Robert, Ph.D. Student in the Centre for Military and Strategic Studies – University of Calgary, "Understanding the Challenges of African Democratization through Conflict Analysis", 6-1, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=726162)

Westerners eager to promote democracy must be wary of African politicians who promise democratic reform
AND
– especially those conflicts in which the intervening nation has very little interest.

Latin America War

No South American war —-

Geography

Stratfor, 08 ("Geography and Conflict in South America" 3-6) 

Geography has led most practitioners of geopolitics to neglect or ignore South America. No
AND
occurred in 1982 during the Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom.) 

Deterrence

Domínguez, 03 (Jorge,- Professor of Mexican and Latin American Politics and Economics @ Harvard "Boundary Disputes in Latin America")

Latin America has seen war relatively infrequently since the late nineteenth century, although wars
AND
important explanation for the low incidence of warfare among South American states.18

Disease

No disease impact—intervening actors, empirics, this ain’t 1918 yo
Zakaria, 9 (Editor of Newsweek, BA from Yale, PhD in pol sci, Harvard. He serves on the board of Yale University, The Council on Foreign Relations, The Trilateral Commission, and Shakespeare and Company. Named "one of the 21 most important people of the 21st Century", Fareed, "The Capitalist Manifesto: Greed Is Good," 13 June 2009, http://www.newsweek.com/id/201935)
Note: Laurie Garrett is a science and health writer, winner of the Pulitzer, Polk, and Peabody Prize

It certainly looks like another example of crying wolf. After bracing ourselves for a
AND
far better than anything Britain or France had in the early 20th century.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake CV | Judge: Paul, J

Text: Pursuant to Article V of the Constitution, Congress should pass and more than three fourths of the States, excluding California, New York, Texas, and Florida, should ratify a constitutional amendment that

- the statutorily defined indefinite detention war powers authority of the President of the United States is subject to a clear statement principle on the grounds that executive indefinite detention violates the Suspension Clause,

-court abstention on questions of military deference, related but not limited to issues of arm sales and military adventurism, are unconstitutional,

-establishes a justiciable cause of action for all potential violations occurring under the amendment.   The amendment should be limited exclusively to this issue and no state should ratify proposals to attach additional constitutional changes on other issues.  We’ll clarify.

Constitutional amendment solves whole case best and spurs aggressive FUTURE court enforcement

Goldstein, 88
Yonkel Goldstein, JD Stanford Law School, July, lexis

The Failure of Constitutional Controls Over War Powers in the Nuclear Age: The Argument
AND
would function similarly to how they have operated in the due process area.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake CV | Judge: Paul, J

Solvency – Intl Perception/modelling

Amendments create legal symbols—they get perceived internationally

Herlihy, 06 ~Sarah P., J.D. Chicago-Kent College of Law, 81 Chi.-Kent. L. Rev. 275, ln~

Americans may oppose a Constitutional amendment because of the international perception that it would create
AND
because this could send the wrong signal to the rest of the world.

Only the counterplan creates a fundamental perception of key and durable linkage between the plans act and the constitution – the aff doesn’t

Denning 98 ~Brannon P., Baker, Donelson, Bearman, 26 Caldwell, 555 Annals 224, ln~

Historian David Kyvig’s new book, Explicit and Authentic Acts, is an invaluable tool
AND
it failed to produce any amendments leaves its ultimate legacy in some doubt.

We access their court key warrants – foreign courts don’t just model US courts – they also  model US Constitutional change

Krotoszynski, Director of Faculty Research, and Professor of Law, University of Alabama School of Law, 2009 (Ronald, Arkansas Law Review, 61 Ark. L. Rev. 603)

In the early years of the republic, our ability to go it alone was
AND
look to developments in the United States as a source of inspiration." n12

CP spurs future court action – even unsuccessful amendments prove – accesses all court key warrants but avoids net benefit because it happens after our DA

Siegal ’06 (Reva B., Prof of Law and American Studies @ California, 94 Calif. L. Rev. 1323, ln)

For the first century of the Fourteenth Amendment’s life, no court interpreted the Constitution
AND
of lawmaking or adjudication, constitutional law discounts their role in constitutional change. 

CP’s alternate process is key – Court focus guarantees circumvention

Wheeler 9
~Darren A, Associate Professor of Political Science (Ball State), "Checking Presidential Detention Power in the War on Terror: What Should We Expect from the Judiciary?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, 39.4, December, http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598-http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598~~

The broader argument offered in this article is that the judiciary, and more specifically
AND
indeed have the potential to be a significant check on presidential detention power.

Aff doesn’t solve – only comparative evidence

Goldstein, 88
Yonkel Goldstein, JD Stanford Law School, July, lexis

CONCLUSION The control of nuclear weapons is an issue of paramount importance. This control
AND
solid framework in which answers to those questions can begin to take shape.

A2: Perm Do Both

Perm independently links and collapses judicial credibility turning whole case

Ferejohn and Kramer, ’2
John A. Ferejohn, Professor of Political Science and Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford University; 26 Larry D. Kramer, Professor of Law and Politics, New York University School of Law, New York University Law Review, October, 2002, lexis

The federal judiciary has responded to these changed circumstances by inventing a whole series of
AND
certain practices by the government, especially in the area of law enforcement.

Theory

Gaziano, 2001  (Todd, senior fellow in Legal Studies and Director of the Center for Legal Judicial Studies at the Heritage Foundation, 5 Texas Review of Law 26 Politics 267, Spring, lexis)

Any discussion of the proper scope of executive and congressional authority requires a basic understanding
AND
where two branches of government share power over a particular subject matter. n12

A2: Not Enforced/Courts interpret narrowly

Publicity surrounding amendment raises political costs of non-enforcement—our ev is comparative.

Denning and Vile 02 ~Brannon P., Prof of Law @ Samford, and John R., Dept. Chair of PoliSci @ MTSU, "The Relevance of Constitutional Amendments: A Response to David Strauss," 77 Tul. L. Rev. 247, ln~

The educative function of the debate aside, if proposed and ratified, a formal
AND
other branches, raising the costs of evasion or under-enforcement. 131

This takes out the entirety of their judicial review DA because it proves CP is a clarification of the rules of the game not an altering of the players’ roles. Segal says

Their Card
~Their ev~

"If action by Congress to undo the Court’s interpretation of one of its laws does not subvert judicial authority, a fortiori neither does the passage of a constitutional amendment, for example, the Twenty-Sixth Amendment reducing the voting age to eighteen and thereby undoing the decision in Oregon v. Mitchell,’ which held that Congress could not constitutionally lower the voting age in state elections. Furthermore, not only does a constitutional amendment not subvert judicial authority"

ROL

Formal amendments preserve the Constitution—only the plan’s judicial intervention puts it at risk

Denning 97 ~Brannon P., Prof of Law @ Samford, "MEANS TO AMEND: THEORIES OF CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE," 65 Tenn. L. Rev. 155 ln~

An obvious weakness of informal constitutional change, regardless of how impermanent, is that
AND
the President every time he exercises power as commander-in-chief.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Vermont BB | Judge: Waldinger

(  ) and#34;Americaand#34; K

Using that term to refer to the U.S. boosts imperialism and violence. Doesn’t matter if it wasn’t intentional.

Yasui ’7
(Holly Yasui works for the Center for Global Justice – The Center for Global Justice is a multicultural research, learning, and service center. REPLY by HOLLY YASUI to CLIFF DURAND’s. POSITION STATEMENT on and#34;AMERICA,and#34; April 3, 2007. http://www.beliefassembly.com/NID/YASUI-DURAND.html~~231)
The audience for the Centers’ texts consists of people who are interested in global justice
AND
that and#34;Americaand#34; is the biggest and best country in the world. 

Turns the Aff. Props-up neocolonial curriculum and makes violence against and#34;the Otherand#34; inevitable.

Trápaga ’7
(Lilia Trapaga is an Independent Education Management Professional, León Area, Mexico, expert in Education Management – COMMENTS regarding and#34;Americaand#34; by Spanish-speaking colleagues translation by Holly Yasui – Letter from Holly Yasui to Spanish-speaking colleagues, April 30, 2007 subject: America and Americans – April 29, 2007 – http://www.beliefassembly.com/NID/AMERspanspeakers.html)
Let’s see, some ideas that come to mind: 1. Perhaps, in
AND
in which one is able to recognize the Other as being like us.

These alts don’t link

Yasui ’7
(Holly Yasui works for the Center for Global Justice – The Center for Global Justice is a multicultural research, learning, and service center. Center for Global Justice Publications – and#34;We are all Americans; but are some of us more American than others?and#34;
http://www.beliefassembly.com/NID/YASUIamericaENG.html)
I like the grotesque term and#34;USiansand#34; (which Steve Martinot claims to have
AND
of the United Statesand#34; or and#34;citizens/people of the USA.and#34;

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: UNT MQ | Judge: Hennigan

The United States federal government should:

-Conduct a reverse subsidy auction to conclude after a three-month bidding process, giving subsidies to energy producers with the lowest bids within specific energy categories allowing technologies of similar maturity levels to compete amongst themselves using the methodology described in our Wood evidence.

-Create a tech-neutral criteria for technical evaluation that includes countering proliferation and reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

-Establish a dedicated trust fund for the distribution of monies awarded at auction.

-Conduct similar auctions every six months over a period of ten years. Subsequent auctions should include competition between producers based on relative price gains

Creates a competitive energy market and better tech  - auction will incentivize aff tech for 4 reasons

- multiple auction rounds
- with multiple winners per round make incentives for aff tech highly likely but not guaranteed
– 1ac claim that incentives generate major cost gains for  ensures it wins out at auction over time because of relative cost reduction criteria
-Limited to tech of similar maturity level
Wood 12 (Tony, Energy Program Director at the Grattan Institute, an Australian think tank, "Low-emission’s missing link: reverse auctions for clean power," 7/17, http://grattan.edu.au/static/files/assets/75892b98/163_wood_oped_conversation_energy.pdf)

Allocate contracts through low-bid auctions To overcome this problem, the Grattan Institute’s
AND
will gain further support. Technologies that do not will have support withdrawn.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: UNT MQ | Judge: Hennigan

Solves

link alone proves the CP solves international cooperation and signal better than the aff

McFaul, ’6 (David Adesnik is a member of the research staff at the Institute for Defense Analyses.¶ Michael McFaul is the Helen and Peter Bing Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution;¶ director of the Center for Democracy, Development, and Rule of Law at Stanford¶ University; and a nonresident senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington Quarterly, Spring)

Second, words mattered, especially when they were the president’s and even more so
AND
unintended consequence of undermining their superiors’ credibility, including that of the president.

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Northwestern OS | Judge: Zendeh
The United States federal judiciary should hold
That the Bivens doctrine requires a cause of action, including supervisory liability, allowing civil monetary damage suits against federal officials and their superiors in security cleared legal proceedings, by those unlawfully injured by unmanned aerial vehicle targeted killing operations, their heirs, or their estates, without any limitations on either the applicability of constitutional protections or the availability of damages remedies on the basis of citizenship or nationality
That this cause of action is constitutionally required and independent of any statutory authorization
That Bivens’ "special factors" considerations, the doctrines of political question, sovereign immunity, state secrets and other nonjusticiability doctrines are not applicable, and may not be applied to Bivens suits brought on these specific grounds
And, That the federal judiciary’s jurisdiction over Bivens suits in this area is a part of the courts constitutionally mandated obligations and may not be terminated or limited by any statutory or executive action, law, rule, or informal policy.

The whole point of bivens is that it obviates the need for prior statutory action

JAMEEL JAFFER 2013 (deputy legal director at the American Civil Liberties Union and director of the ACLU’s Center for Democracy, Harvard Law Review, 126 Harv. L. Rev. F. 185, "Judicial Review of Targeted Killings" http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/126/april13/forum_1002.php)

Another advantage of the Bivens model is that the courts are already familiar with it
AND
judiciary to do what the Constitution already empowers and obliges it to do.

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Northwestern OS | Judge: Zendeh

Bivens

Taylor

 Neg===

3) if plan does waive those legal barriers it decks warfighting, drone strikes and war on terror –  they ARE the key checks that otherwise make their no link claims true

Radsan and Murphy, 9
Afsheen John Radsan* Professor of Law, William Mitchell College of Law. (Professor Radsan was assistant general counsel at the Central Intelligence Agency from 2002 to 2004, and Richard Murphy, AT26T Professor of Law, Texas Tech University School of Law, Cardozo Law Review November, 2009

In defense of this anomaly, there are obvious policy reasons for not allowing Bivens
AND
executive to develop its own rational, fair procedures for controlling targeted killing.

Statutory Authorization

 Neg===

- all  their arguments that Statutory basis is key and Bivens is bad are disads to plan and 100 solvency takeouts

Radsan and Murphy, 9
Afsheen John Radsan* Professor of Law, William Mitchell College of Law. (Professor Radsan was assistant general counsel at the Central Intelligence Agency from 2002 to 2004, and Richard Murphy, AT26T Professor of Law, Texas Tech University School of Law, Cardozo Law Review November, 2009

Due process depends on the severity of the potential deprivation as well as the substantive
AND
the substantive legality of targeted killing depends on its consistency with IHL. n51

More evidence – zero domestic or statutory restriction on drones

Druck 12 – JD Candidate @ Cornell
(Judah, Cornell Law Review, 98 Cornell L. Rev. 209, NOTE: DRONING ON: THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION AND THE NUMBING EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN WARFARE)
 ~*211~ Legislators, pundits, and academics alike broadly criticized this legal
AND
result, the level of nonexecutive involvement in foreign military affairs has decreased.¶

Rosen

 Neg===

Independently, sovereign immunity blocks application to noncitizens – even plans express waiver isn’t good enough because it isnt EXPRESSLY APPLIED to suits from non citizens – attempts to re-clarify plan or claim its "logically implied" are hopeless

Bates, DC District court decision, 10
John Deacon Bates, is a United States District Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, DC Circuit Court Decision, Civil Action No. 10-1469 (JDB), NASSER AL-AULAQI VS BARACK H. OBAMA et al, ""MEMORANDUM OPINION" http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/2010-12-7-AulaqivObama-Decision.pdf-http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/2010-12-7-AulaqivObama-Decision.pdf)

Because plaintiff brings his ATS claim against the President, the Secretary of Defense,
AND
See Pl.’s Opp. at 41. Neither argument is persuasive.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 1 | Opponent: Emory AB | Judge: Bagwell

Text: The United States federal government should brandish its cyber-attack capabilities by declaring a capability, suggesting the possibility of its use via penetrations into enemy command and control systems, and indicating that such use would cause substantial damage.

Brandishing cyber-attack capabilities solves best – deters countries from attempting attacks

Libicki, Senior Management Scientist at RAND, PhD in Economics, MA in City and Regional Planning, 13 (Martin C., "Brandishing Cyberattack Capabilities", http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR100/RR175/RAND_RR175.pdf-http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR100/RR175/RAND_RR175.pdf, 7/21/13)
Brandishing a cyberattack capability would do three things: declare a capability, suggest the  
AND
that the brandisher will stay the course, thereby persuading them to yield.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harvard HX | Judge: Katsulas

High-skilled visa reform will pass

Jennifer Rubin writes the Right Turn blog for The Post, Rubin came to The Post after three years with Commentary magazine. Her work has appeared in a number of print and online publications, including The Weekly Standard, where she has been a frequent contributor 11-14-2013 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2013/11/14/immigration-reform-outlook/-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2013/11/14/immigration-reform-outlook/

There were some theatrics on Wednesday from liberal immigration reform advocates, claiming the speaker
AND
continues to limp along just has it has for the last few months.

PC key to immigration reform- pressure works

Bob Ray Sanders is a columnist for the Fort Worth Star-Telegram 10-22-2013 http://www.bnd.com/2013/10/22/2862687/bob-ray-sanders-theres-no-better.html-http://www.bnd.com/2013/10/22/2862687/bob-ray-sanders-theres-no-better.html

 Now that the Republican hijacking of the federal government has been brought to an
AND
to file for office and gear up their campaigns for the 2014 contests.

External restrictions doom Obama – losers lose is true – looks like political overreach and a bargaining failure- perception matters

Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at¶ Georgetown University, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy", March 2, 2007, pg 36-37,¶ http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php-http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php

American Presidents are vested with certain structural powers, such as those powers granted by
AND
affects the character of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic.

High skilled workers key to sustainable growth

Haseltine 10 (Eric, Neuroscientist, Former Head of Science and Technology for US Intelligence Community, "Why America’s Economy is On the Brink of Going Down the Tubes...for Good," The Huffington Post, August 24, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-haseltine/why-americas-economy-is-o_b_688483.html)

Recessions, especially the deep downturn that started in 2008, always cause us to
AND
into our workforce and our economy and help cure our deep economic ills.

Economic decline causes global war – strong stastical support

Royal 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises", Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: UNT MQ | Judge: Hennigan

High-skilled visa reform will pass

Jennifer Rubin writes the Right Turn blog for The Post, Rubin came to The Post after three years with Commentary magazine. Her work has appeared in a number of print and online publications, including The Weekly Standard, where she has been a frequent contributor 11-14-2013 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2013/11/14/immigration-reform-outlook/

There were some theatrics on Wednesday from liberal immigration reform advocates, claiming the speaker
AND
continues to limp along just has it has for the last few months.

PC key to immigration reform- pressure works

Bob Ray Sanders is a columnist for the Fort Worth Star-Telegram 10-22-2013 http://www.bnd.com/2013/10/22/2862687/bob-ray-sanders-theres-no-better.html

 Now that the Republican hijacking of the federal government has been brought to an
AND
to file for office and gear up their campaigns for the 2014 contests.

External restrictions doom Obama – losers lose is true – looks like political overreach and a bargaining failure- perception matters

Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at¶ Georgetown University, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy", March 2, 2007, pg 36-37,¶ http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php

American Presidents are vested with certain structural powers, such as those powers granted by
AND
affects the character of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic.

Expanding visas key to bioweapons security —- checks use of engineers pathogens

Brumfiel 3 (Geoff, Physical Science Correspondent – Nature Magazine, "Russia’s Bioweapons Labs: Still Out in the Cold", Science, 423, 6-23)

Collaborations between Western researchers and former Soviet bioweapons scientists could benefit both parties. But
AND
infancy," says Glenn Schweitzer, its coordinator at the US National Academies.

Russian bioweapons cause extinction

Maartens 6 (Dr. Willie, Ph.D. – Business Economics and Management, Mapping Reality: A Critical Perspective on Science and Religion, p. 251-252)

The scientists are the ’high priests of today’ and their beliefs, dogmas,
AND
survive an atomic explosion, is but one of the known deadly strains.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 7 | Opponent: George Mason KL | Judge: Watson, Hays

High-skilled visa reform will pass

Jennifer Rubin writes the Right Turn blog for The Post, Rubin came to The Post after three years with Commentary magazine. Her work has appeared in a number of print and online publications, including The Weekly Standard, where she has been a frequent contributor 11-14-2013 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2013/11/14/immigration-reform-outlook/-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2013/11/14/immigration-reform-outlook/

There were some theatrics on Wednesday from liberal immigration reform advocates, claiming the speaker
AND
continues to limp along just has it has for the last few months.

PC key to immigration reform- pressure works

Bob Ray Sanders is a columnist for the Fort Worth Star-Telegram 10-22-2013 http://www.bnd.com/2013/10/22/2862687/bob-ray-sanders-theres-no-better.html-http://www.bnd.com/2013/10/22/2862687/bob-ray-sanders-theres-no-better.html

 Now that the Republican hijacking of the federal government has been brought to an
AND
to file for office and gear up their campaigns for the 2014 contests.

Restrictions doom Obama – losers lose is true – looks like political overreach and a bargaining failure- perception matters

Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at¶ Georgetown University, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy", March 2, 2007, pg 36-37,¶ http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php-http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php

American Presidents are vested with certain structural powers, such as those powers granted by
AND
affects the character of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic.

High skilled workers key to sustainable growth- stops double dip recession

Haseltine 10 (Eric, Neuroscientist, Former Head of Science and Technology for US Intelligence Community, "Why America’s Economy is On the Brink of Going Down the Tubes...for Good," The Huffington Post, August 24, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-haseltine/why-americas-economy-is-o_b_688483.html)

Recessions, especially the deep downturn that started in 2008, always cause us to
AND
into our workforce and our economy and help cure our deep economic ills.

Economic decline causes global war – strong stastical support

Royal 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises", Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harvard HX | Judge: Katsulas

Overview

Decline magnifies the severity of other conflicts – WWII proves

Miller 8 – G. Robert M. Miller, journalist for Digital Journal, 10-25, 2008, "Guns vs. Shovels – The Central Question Behind Our Next Economy," online: http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/261595 

But before we look at the modern ’Guns versus Butter’ model, it first
AND
the economy was considerably improved; this was true for many western nations.

Economic collapse means Pakistan becomes a failed state, creating a haven for terrorists and giving them nuclear weapons

Crumley 9 (Bruce Crumley and Tony Karon, writers for time magazine, 2/25/09, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1881492,00.html-http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1881492,00.html)

But like Blair, Tertrais sees the biggest security threat posed by a prolonged recession
AND
we’d likely see the country become a full-fledged haven for extremists."

Econ decline makes a major terrorist attack likely

Washington Post 8 ("Experts See Security Risks in Downturn", November, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/14/AR2008111403864.html)

Intelligence officials are warning that the deepening global financial crisis could weaken fragile governments in
AND
and the 2001 hijackings — occurred in the early months of new administrations. 

Economic decline causes US-Russian war

Ockham Research 8 ("Economic Distress and Geopolitical Risks", November, http://seekingalpha.com/article/106562-economic-distress-and-geopolitical-risks-http://seekingalpha.com/article/106562-economic-distress-and-geopolitical-risks) 

Russia, whose economy, stock markets and financial system have literally imploded over the
AND
, an impoverished and unstable Russia would be a dangerous thing to behold.

Visas key to heg- visas solve innovation for hard power and creates linkages that solve soft power

Joseph S. Nye, a former US assistant secretary of defense and chairman of the US National Intelligence Council, is University Professor at Harvard University, 12-10-2012, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/obama-needs-immigration-reform-to-maintain-america-s-strength-by-joseph-s—nye~233lbxO0TM6Q8JpxEA.99

CommentsAs a result, several prominent Republican politicians are now urging their party to reconsider
AND
long way toward fulfilling his promise to maintain the strength of the US.

Econ Decline Causes War

Perception of economic slowdown causes war – rising nationalism results in adversarial economics which incites external conflict

Harold James 7/3/13 (Professor of History and International Affairs at Princeton University and Professor of History at the European University Institute, Florence, project syndicate, "financial crisis and war" http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/financial-crisis-and-war-by-harold-james~~236ObpMZcq3uXv7puL.99)

The approach of the hundredth anniversary of the outbreak of World War I in 1914
AND
flared up in its wake. Destructive strategies may not be far behind.

b) Crisis makes diversionary theory true – states will start wars to head off domestic discontent – and use force to settle old disputes with rivals

Rothkopf 9 – David Rothkopf, Visiting Scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 3-11, 2009, "Security and the Financial Crisis," Testimony Before the House Armed Services Committee, CQ Congressional Testimony, lexis 

—Destabilizing Bilateral or Regional Effects of the Crisis: The weakening of states can
AND
a decreased ability to effectively cooperate with neighbors on issues of common concern.

Failure to act crushes economic leadership which ensures peace – collapse causes war

Posen 9 - deputy director and senior fellow of the Peterson Institute for International Economics (Adam, "Economic leadership beyond the crisis," http://clients.squareeye.com/uploads/foresight/documents/PN20USA_FINAL_LR_1.pdf)

Thus, the US faces a challenging but not truly threatening global economic situation as
AND
rise to the challenge, it should concentrate  on the following priority measures.

AT: Economy Resilient

Economy not resilient – last line of defense gone

Jon Nadler, Senior Investment Products Analyst, Kitco Bullion Dealer, Feb 13, 2009, "Easy Money. Who Needs It?," http://www.kitco.com/ind/nadler/printerfriendly/feb132009B.html

The first line of defense is gone. The economy is not resilient and is
AND
all the money it wants, but it can’t make anyone spend it."
Immigration outweighs every other economic factor
Richard T. Herman and Robert L. Smith, founder of Richard T. Herman 26 Associates, an immigration and business law firm and veteran journalist who has written extensively on immigration, August 3, 2010, AOL News, "Opinion: The Immigration Solution to Job Growth," http://www.aolnews.com/opinion/article/opinion-heres-a-quick-and-cheap-way-to-create-jobs-welcome-more-skilled-immigrants/19578143

Some people need a new job. Some people need any job. The question
AND
Cleveland. "They are much more likely to start and grow companies."

Key to Econ

Increasing H-1B visas crucial to US competitiveness and economic growth.
Courtney L. Cromwell, J.D. candidate, Brooklyn Law School, Spring 2009, Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial 26 Commercial Law, Lexis Academic 

In addition to the high demand for workers, proponents remind us that the H
AND
seriously and that critics over-exaggerate the abuse of the category. n175

2NC UQ

Extend Rubin – explicitly answers the Boehner and no time warrants- visas are possible- prefer it- it’s the only issue specific uniqueness- it’s not dead

Their UQ ev just says no vote in 2013 and no reconciliation with the House- THIS IS NOT OUR ARGUMENT- the first few months of 2014 and piecemeal reform solve

Will pass – 8 reasons—there’s a way on piecemeal

Boehner has space, willing to break Hastert, it’s in the GOP interest, better issue for them than Obama care, proponents have money, proponents are committed, Obama pushing, Congress wants to show they can pass something
TNR- The New Republic, 10-24-2013 http://www.newrepublic.com/article/115341/immigration-reform-may-actually-pass-http://www.newrepublic.com/article/115341/immigration-reform-may-actually-pass

Seven Reasons To Stop Being Fatalistic About Immigration Reform¶ President Obama’s East Room pitch
AND
. And it sure beats spending the next year talking about chained CPI.

HSW and DREAM likely but not guaranteed- there’s an opportunity but it could be derailed- only ev read on the visas issue

The Hill, 10-22-2013 http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/329747-silicon-valley-readies-all-out-push-for-immigration-reform-http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/329747-silicon-valley-readies-all-out-push-for-immigration-reform

The tech industry is beginning a full-throttle push for immigration reform now that
AND
majority to move forward and try to figure this out," he said.

Piecemeal momentum now

Janell Baum, Farm Futures, 11-14-2013 farmfutures.com/story-boehner-leaves-immigration-bill-future-murky-0-104821~

While the declaration that the Senate’s bill won’t be conferenced isn’t necessarily a surprise –
AND
-piece fashion may be what is able to garner the most support.

AT: Won’t Pass – Sargent

Boehner supports piecemeal reform

Huffington Post, 11-13-2013 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/13/john-boehner-immigration_n_4267262.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/13/john-boehner-immigration_n_4267262.html

House Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) insisted on Wednesday that even though
AND
it in a common-sense, step-by-step way." 

AT: Healthcare Thumper

One- no ev that this is draining PC- Obama can be effective if he stays on message- that’s Sanders

Two- doesn’t doom his agenda- the affects are hype

Ernest J. Istook Jr. brings extensive congressional experience to bear on public policy issues as a Distinguished Fellow at The Heritage Foundation. He also hosts the talk radio show "Istook Live21" from Heritage’s Robert H. Bruce radio studio. Istook served 14 years in the U.S. House of Representatives before joining Heritage in 2007 11-12-2013 http://www.talkradionews.com/opinion/2013/11/12/big-bureaucracy-pushes-obamas-agenda-behind-the-scenes.html~~23.UoPAZ-KRIus-http://www.talkradionews.com/opinion/2013/11/12/big-bureaucracy-pushes-obamas-agenda-behind-the-scenes.html

 President Obama is not totally bogged down by Obamacare. Unfortunately, he’s making
AND
agenda that are invisible to most Americans, but he’s using them aggressively.

Obama is focused on immigration despite Obamacare rollout issues

NewsMax, 10-24-2013 http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/Obama-Immigration-obamacare-speech/2013/10/24/id/532792-http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/Obama-Immigration-obamacare-speech/2013/10/24/id/532792

Obama Trying to Change Subject from Obamacare to Immigration¶ President Barack Obama is using
AND
House. Most House Republicans want a piece-by-piece approach.

Obama speech made up some ground on healthcare

NPR, 11-15-2013 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=245434747-http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=245434747

DADE: Yeah, he didn’t really leave it. But he did what Americans
AND
price?¶ DADE: Because this was - this is a political fix.
Interview with Writer Jimi Izrael, Corey Dade of The Root, law professor Paul Butler and healthcare consultant Neil Minkoff

Obama’s solution solved

Brian Beutler, Salon, 11/14/13,  The president strikes back: Insurance companies get their justified comeuppance , www.salon.com/2013/11/14/the_president_strikes_back_insurance_companies_get_their_justified_comeuppance/

If your health insurance carrier has canceled your plan in anticipation of the launch of
AND
fixed. I imagine Obama’s great hope right now is that it does.

Sebelius takes the fall, Obama still beats the GOP on the spin game, and overall reform will succeed

Sargent, Washington Post, 10-23-13
(Greg, "The Morning Plum: Obamacare rollout is awful. GOP’s position is a lot worse.," http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/10/23/the-morning-plum-obamacare-rollout-is-awful-gops-position-is-a-lot-worse)

Republicans continue attacking Obamacare’s rollout today, with a focus on the difficulties people face
AND
— represent a misreading of the nuances on public opinion on health reform.
No health care thumper – they’ll fix the website quickly
Maggie Fox, 10-25-2013, "Healthcare.gov will work smoothly by end of November, government pledges," NBC News, http://www.nbcnews.com/health/healthcare-gov-will-work-smoothly-end-november-government-pledges-8C11466184-http://www.nbcnews.com/health/healthcare-gov-will-work-smoothly-end-november-government-pledges-8C11466184

The troubled federal health insurance website will be fixed by the end of November,
AND
is a lot of work to do but healthcare.gov is fixable."

AT: No Loss- Obama Supports Statutory Restrictions

There’s a big difference between agreeing that limits are good in theory and WANTING to have your own power restricted- public support for Congressional limits was in response to Romney doing well in the election

Scott Shane, employed by The New York Times, reporting principally about the United States intelligence community.¶ Prior to joining The Times, from 1983 to 2004 Shane was a reporter for The Baltimore Sun where 11-24-2012 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/25/world/white-house-presses-for-drone-rule-book.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/25/world/white-house-presses-for-drone-rule-book.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0

 The attempt to write a formal rule book for targeted killing began last summer
AND
-carried from office to office rather than sent by e-mail. 

Obama publicly defends executive control of drone strikes

Lesley Clark and Jonathan S. Landay | McClatchy Washington Bureau 5-23-2013 http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/05/23/192081/obama-promises-anew-to-transfer.html~~23.Uh9bfD9Cqd4-http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/05/23/192081/obama-promises-anew-to-transfer.html

President Barack Obama on Thursday defended his administration’s use of drone strikes to kill terrorists
AND
can be targeted in drone strikes and other lethal operations off traditional battlefields.

This is so last year- Brennan nom proves Obama’s commitment to executive powers over drones

Evelyn Krache Morris is an international security program fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. , 1-16-2013 http://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2013/01/16/obama-must-write-rule-book-for-drones/h0viVJgeRuDhcKBYrzopEK/story.html

 President Obama’s nomination of John Brennan to lead the CIA signals that drone strikes
AND
"the high priest of targeted killing" will keep his exalted position.

Link Turns – Signal

War powers legislation inevitably controversial- undermines the signal of the plan

Alan Greenblatt NPR.org  writer 6-16-2011 http://www.npr.org/2011/06/16/137222043/why-the-war-powers-act-doesnt-work-http://www.npr.org/2011/06/16/137222043/why-the-war-powers-act-doesnt-work

Party Vs. Principle¶ Both Hamilton and Adams say the War Powers Act is
AND
the courts that a president is in violation of the War Powers Act.

Specifically turns their public perception solvency deficit

Peter M. Holm¶ Department of Political Science¶ University of Wisconsin, Madison¶ and Timothy Werner¶ Department of Political Science¶ University of Wisconsin, Madison, 2007 "Political Capital and Presidential War Powers: Sources of Congressional Assertiveness on the Use of Force"

Another indicator of constituent sentiment in this area is the level of public concern over
AND
¶ it greater political risk, reducing the president’s propensity to use force.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: UNT MQ | Judge: Hennigan

Yes BW Risk

Framing – their defense doesn’t assume Russian bioweapons – antibiotic-resistant and it already exists on an island in the Aral Sea –

Huge stockpile
Philipkoski, 3 (Kristen Philipkoski is former science editor at wired.com, card internally quotes Raymond A. Zilinskas who is the director of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, 2/24, "Russia’s Irksome Bioweapons Stock", Wired, http://www.wired.com/medtech/health/news/2003/02/57778)

MONTEREY, California — The former Soviet Union had the most successful bioweapons program in ANDand the United Kingdom doing regular science. "These people don’t want their colleagues to know their past, they just want to be scientists."
Multiple antibiotic-resistant strains already exist and are easy to disperse
Alibek, 99 (Interview with Kenneth Alibek, former Soviet physician, microbiologist and biological warfare expert, Jonathan B. Tucker – interviewer, Spring/Summer, "Biological Weapons In The Former Soviet Union: An Interview With Dr. Kenneth Alibek", The Nonproliferation Review, http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/alibek63.pdf)

How capable was the Soviet BW program?
The Soviet Union had the most efficient, sophisticated, and powerful offensive BW program
AND
of anthrax obtained from all over the world, and nothing was better.

Visa Reform Turns – Warming

Solving labor shortages is key to Climate Change R26D

Meija 9 (Robert, Employment Services Manager at South Bay Workforce Investment Board, City University of New York-Baruch College , "What’s Old is New: Green Jobs 26 What America’s Federal Workforce Investment System Can Do Now to Develop a Green Workforce", 1/14/09, www.southbayresource.net/articles/whatsoldisnew.pdf, tables, charts, and graphs omitted)

In addition to adaptation, science, technology and innovation may prove to be our
AND
sector organizations to provide career and academic support, will make a difference.

Skill labor shortage undermines Obama efforts to develop nuclear

Berr, 3-1-2010 ~Jonathan, Daily Finance, "Nuclear Power Industry Faces Critical Labor Shortage," 3-1, http://www.dailyfinance.com/story/nuclear-power-industry-faces-critical-labor-shortage/19374206/~~

In the decades following Three Mile Island — the worst nuclear accident in U.
AND
at other plants.¶ Going Nuclear: Will Obama’s Efforts Be in Vain?

Even if they fiat aff implementation, collapse is more widespread - turns the advantages

Klein 6, Chair of the Nuclear Regulatory Comission (Dale, KEYNOTE ADDRESS AT THE AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE FORUM ON GLOBAL WARMING AND NUCLEAR POWER SUBJECT: NUCLEAR POWER ISSUES October 6, L/n, rday  

What brings me to the third stake that I want to discuss today is the
AND
get the crafts in order to make these plants built and built safely.

PC Key – Vote

Obama’s push locks-up a House vote, but the window is narrow

Bill Scher, The Week, 10/18/13, How to make John Boehner cave on immigration, theweek.com/article/index/251361/how-to-make-john-boehner-cave-on-immigration

Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) generally adheres to the unwritten Republican rule
AND
But he won’t do it without a push. A real good push.

2NC Controversy Aversion IL

And- our controversy aversion link

GOP leadership will push off immigration if the plan causes legislative controversy- can’t muster political will on tough votes back to back

Jake Sherman covers Congress for POLITICO. He got his start in journalism in high school at The Stamford Advocate, where he became a pro at taking box scores for the sports section. He majored in journalism at George Washington University in D.C. but more accurately got a degree at The GW Hatchet, where he was the men’s basketball beat writer before becoming sports editor and, subsequently, editor-in-chief.¶ During summers, Jake interned at The Journal News (N.Y.) and in the Washington bureaus of the Minneapolis Star Tribune and Newsweek. After finishing a master’s in journalism at Columbia University, Jake became an intern in the D.C. bureau of The Wall Street Journal and Carrie Budoff Brown started in journalism at the York Daily Record in the summer before her freshman year in college. She worked as an editor at The Daily Targum, the student-run newspaper of Rutgers University, and interned at the Richmond Times Dispatch and the New York Times. She worked as a staff writer at the Hartford Courant and the Philadelphia Inquirer before arriving at POLITICO on the day it launched in 2007.¶ Budoff Brown is now a White House reporter who focuses on the intersection of policy and politics in the administration and on Capitol Hill. She has covered the Senate, the 2008 Obama campaign, the health care overhaul bill, Wall Street reform and various tax cut battles in Congress. Politico, 8-28-2013 http://www.politico.com/story/2013/08/immigration-reform-95980.html~~23ixzz2dIFeo4Sb-http://www.politico.com/story/2013/08/immigration-reform-95980.html

Immigration reform advocates have a new enemy: the congressional calendar.¶ Fall’s fiscal fights
AND
have to move. It’s not going to go away because other matters."

2NC UQ

Extend Rubin – explicitly answers the Boehner and no time warrants- visas are possible- prefer it- it’s the only issue specific uniqueness- it’s not dead

Their UQ ev just says no vote in 2013 and no reconciliation with the House- THIS IS NOT OUR ARGUMENT- the first few months of 2014 and piecemeal reform solve

Will pass – 8 reasons—there’s a way on piecemeal

Boehner has space, willing to break Hastert, it’s in the GOP interest, better issue for them than Obama care, proponents have money, proponents are committed, Obama pushing, Congress wants to show they can pass something
TNR- The New Republic, 10-24-2013 http://www.newrepublic.com/article/115341/immigration-reform-may-actually-pass-http://www.newrepublic.com/article/115341/immigration-reform-may-actually-pass

Seven Reasons To Stop Being Fatalistic About Immigration Reform¶ President Obama’s East Room pitch
AND
. And it sure beats spending the next year talking about chained CPI.

Boehner supports piecemeal reform

Huffington Post, 11-13-2013 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/13/john-boehner-immigration_n_4267262.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/13/john-boehner-immigration_n_4267262.html

House Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) insisted on Wednesday that even though
AND
it in a common-sense, step-by-step way." 

Obama and Senate Dems will accept a piecemeal appro

National Review, 10-31-2013 http://www.nationalreview.com/article/362676/piecemeal-movement-andrew-stiles-http://www.nationalreview.com/article/362676/piecemeal-movement-andrew-stiles

Senator Marco Rubio (R., Fla.) isn’t the only member of the Gang
AND
concerned about process, I’m more interested in making sure it gets done."

First – just about legalization- doesn’t say piecemeal will fail

Second- Nowicki says without legalization deal is possible

Nowicki 11-15 (Dan,- Arizona Republic’s national political reporter "Migrant reform all but dead")

On the other end of the spectrum, at least 28 House GOP members publicly
AND
, so some votes would have to come from the 200 House Democrats.

PC solves their mistrust internal link

Neil Munro White House Correspondent 10-21-2013 http://dailycaller.com/2013/10/21/u-s-chamber-of-commerce-pleads-for-obamas-help-to-pass-immigration-boost/2/-http://dailycaller.com/2013/10/21/u-s-chamber-of-commerce-pleads-for-obamas-help-to-pass-immigration-boost/2/

The president needs to get personally involved in the high-stakes immigration battle to
AND
in good faith, or even to implement provisions that he doesn’t like.

Election year doesn’t doom immigration – empirics

NCR – National Catholic Register, 11-7-2013 http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/immigration-reform-debate-is-a-piecemeal-approach-required/-http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/immigration-reform-debate-is-a-piecemeal-approach-required/

 Kevin Appleby, director of the Office of Migration Policy and Public Affairs for
AND
open some doors to us. The timing is what will determine that."

AT: XOs Solve

Obama is out of immigration XO options

Reuters, 10-20-2013 http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/20/us-usa-fiscal-obama-shutdown-analysis-idUSBRE99J01120131020-http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/20/us-usa-fiscal-obama-shutdown-analysis-idUSBRE99J01120131020

A White House official said Obama’s options for using executive action to advance immigration reform were largely exhausted. Last year, his administration relaxed deportation rules for children who came to the United States illegally with their parents. The move helped boost his support among Hispanics, a key voting bloc, in last November’s election.
Congress key to visas- set quota levels
Endelman 9 (Gary, Ph.D. in History – University of Delaware and JD – University of Houston, and Cyrus D. Mehta, JD – Columbia Law School and Managing Member – Mehta 26 Associates, "The Path Less Taken: Is There an Alternative to Waiting for Comprehensive Immigration Reform?", 2-25, http://www.cyrusmehta.com/Print_Prev .aspx?SubIdx=ocyrus200922512947

There are those who argue that only Congress can make immigration policy in this fundamental
AND
the dark cloud of recession lifts without creating a single new immigrant visa. 

2NC Agenda Crowd-Out IL

And- our agenda crowd out link- time and political will is tight on immigration- carefully balanced to avoid missing the window

USA Today, 10-20-2013 http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/20/hopes-dim-for-immigration-reform/3062199/-http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/20/hopes-dim-for-immigration-reform/3062199/

But many of the crucial pieces of immigration legislation in the House, such as
AND
likely won’t be another serious legislative push until after the 2016 presidential race.

Unanticipated agenda items trade off

Anthony J. Madonna¶ Assistant Professor¶ University of Georgia, et al Richard L. Vining Jr.¶ Assistant Professor¶ University of Georgia and James E. Monogan III¶ Assistant Professor¶ University of Georgia 10-25-2012 "Confirmation Wars and Collateral Damage:¶ Assessing the Impact of Supreme Court¶ Nominations on Presidential Success in the¶ U.S. Senate"

It is "often overlooked" that presidents "operate in a world they do
AND
success in both the legislative arena and the lower court confirmation process.8

Link- AC – Losers Lose

Armed hostilities restrictions are a loss

 Stephen H. Dinan is an author, marketing strategist, speaker, and entrepreneur, who is currently developing a new company called The Shift Network. He most recently created the Shift in Action media membership program, which serves more than 10,000 globally. He is the co-founder of the Summer of Peace , as well as a major contributor behind the launch of more than a dozen for-profit, non-profit and political groups. Originally published in the Washington Times 6-3-2011 http://www.infowars.com/bipartisan-congress-rebuffs-obama-on-libya-mission/-http://www.infowars.com/bipartisan-congress-rebuffs-obama-on-libya-mission/

Crossing party lines to deliver a stunning rebuke to the commander in chief, the
AND
face future consequences, possibly including having funds for the war cut off.

Link Turns – Signal*

War powers legislation inevitably controversial- undermines the signal of the plan

Alan Greenblatt NPR.org  writer 6-16-2011 http://www.npr.org/2011/06/16/137222043/why-the-war-powers-act-doesnt-work-http://www.npr.org/2011/06/16/137222043/why-the-war-powers-act-doesnt-work

Party Vs. Principle¶ Both Hamilton and Adams say the War Powers Act is
AND
the courts that a president is in violation of the War Powers Act.

Only fixed purpose is perceived internationally

Winik ’91 (Jay, Senior Research Fellow, Nat’l Defense U, Washington Quarterly, Autumn, via InformaWorld)

The U.S. stake in speaking and acting with one voice is enormous
AND
home is as critical as during the perilous days following World War II.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 7 | Opponent: George Mason KL | Judge: Watson, Hays

Econ Turns – Pakistan

Economic collapse means Pakistan becomes a failed state, creating a haven for terrorists and giving them nuclear weapons
Crumley 9 (Bruce Crumley and Tony Karon, writers for time magazine, 2/25/09, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1881492,00.html-http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1881492,00.html)

But like Blair, Tertrais sees the biggest security threat posed by a prolonged recession
AND
we’d likely see the country become a full-fledged haven for extremists."

Failure to boost the economy causes Chinese collapse.
Pethokoukis 9/22 (James, money and politics blogger for U.S. News 26 World Report , where he writes the monthly Capital Commerce magazine column. Pethokoukis is also the assistant managing editor of the magazine’s Money 26 Business section, "Bailout Prevents Great Depression 2.0," 2008, http://www.usnews.com/blogs/capital-commerce/2008/09/22/bailout-prevents-great-depression-20.html)

Nope, I think they believed, and got Congress to believe, that the
AND
impact of that? I don’t know. My guesstimator just blew up.
The result is a CCP lash-out causing a billion deaths
Rexing ’05 (Sam, Epoch Times, 8-5, http://english.epochtimes.com/news/5-8-5/30931.html)

Since the Party’s life is "above all else," it would not be surprising
AND
now plans to hold one billion people hostage and gamble with their lives. 

Will Pass

Will pass – 8 reasons—there’s a way on piecemeal

Boehner has space, willing to break Hastert, it’s in the GOP interest, better issue for them than Obama care, proponents have money, proponents are committed, Obama pushing, Congress wants to show they can pass somthing
TNR- The New Republic, 10-24-2013 http://www.newrepublic.com/article/115341/immigration-reform-may-actually-pass-http://www.newrepublic.com/article/115341/immigration-reform-may-actually-pass

Seven Reasons To Stop Being Fatalistic About Immigration Reform¶ President Obama’s East Room pitch
AND
. And it sure beats spending the next year talking about chained CPI.

Passage likely – empirics, political self-interest and economic benefits

Huffington Post, 11-16-2013 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alex-nowrasteh/immigration-reform-is-del_b_4282635.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alex-nowrasteh/immigration-reform-is-del_b_4282635.html

On Wednesday, Speaker John Boehner (R-OH) confirmed that immigration reform
AND
and political self-interest play any role, it can happen again.

Obama is hands off on the budget

Peter Nicholas, WSJ, 11-4-2013 http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303661404579178220859715300-http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303661404579178220859715300

The president’s top economic adviser said the White House wouldn’t try to dictate the shape
AND
doing.…People know where we’re coming from," Mr. Furman said. 

Obama is going to stay out of the budget

Reuters, 10-22-2013 http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/22/us-washington-summit-immigration-idUSBRE99K1AQ20131022-http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/22/us-washington-summit-immigration-idUSBRE99K1AQ20131022

However, White House press secretary jay Carney strongly hinted last week that the president would not play a leadership role in the budget talks. (Related: Obama WALKS AWAY from new budget talks, setting stage for next shutdown showdown)¶ "The president will be as involved as he and members of the Congress believe to be useful," he said.

Boehner supports piecemeal reform

Huffington Post, 11-13-2013 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/13/john-boehner-immigration_n_4267262.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/13/john-boehner-immigration_n_4267262.html

House Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) insisted on Wednesday that even though
AND
it in a common-sense, step-by-step way." 

AT: Healthcare Thumper

One- no ev that this is draining PC- Obama can be effective if he stays on message- that’s Sanders

Two- doesn’t doom his agenda- the affects are hype

Ernest J. Istook Jr. brings extensive congressional experience to bear on public policy issues as a Distinguished Fellow at The Heritage Foundation. He also hosts the talk radio show "Istook Live21" from Heritage’s Robert H. Bruce radio studio. Istook served 14 years in the U.S. House of Representatives before joining Heritage in 2007 11-12-2013 http://www.talkradionews.com/opinion/2013/11/12/big-bureaucracy-pushes-obamas-agenda-behind-the-scenes.html~~23.UoPAZ-KRIus-http://www.talkradionews.com/opinion/2013/11/12/big-bureaucracy-pushes-obamas-agenda-behind-the-scenes.html

 President Obama is not totally bogged down by Obamacare. Unfortunately, he’s making
AND
agenda that are invisible to most Americans, but he’s using them aggressively.

Obama is focused on immigration despite Obamacare rollout issues

NewsMax, 10-24-2013 http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/Obama-Immigration-obamacare-speech/2013/10/24/id/532792-http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/Obama-Immigration-obamacare-speech/2013/10/24/id/532792

Obama Trying to Change Subject from Obamacare to Immigration¶ President Barack Obama is using
AND
House. Most House Republicans want a piece-by-piece approach.

Obama speech made up some ground on healthcare

NPR, 11-15-2013 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=245434747-http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=245434747

DADE: Yeah, he didn’t really leave it. But he did what Americans
AND
price?¶ DADE: Because this was - this is a political fix.
Interview with Writer Jimi Izrael, Corey Dade of The Root, law professor Paul Butler and healthcare consultant Neil Minkoff

AT: No Loss- Obama Supports Statutory Restrictions

There’s a big difference between agreeing that limits are good in theory and WANTING to have your own power restricted- public support for Congressional limits was in response to Romney doing well in the election

Scott Shane, employed by The New York Times, reporting principally about the United States intelligence community.¶ Prior to joining The Times, from 1983 to 2004 Shane was a reporter for The Baltimore Sun where 11-24-2012 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/25/world/white-house-presses-for-drone-rule-book.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/25/world/white-house-presses-for-drone-rule-book.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0

 The attempt to write a formal rule book for targeted killing began last summer
AND
-carried from office to office rather than sent by e-mail. 

Obama publicly defends executive control of drone strikes

Lesley Clark and Jonathan S. Landay | McClatchy Washington Bureau 5-23-2013 http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/05/23/192081/obama-promises-anew-to-transfer.html~~23.Uh9bfD9Cqd4-http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/05/23/192081/obama-promises-anew-to-transfer.html

President Barack Obama on Thursday defended his administration’s use of drone strikes to kill terrorists
AND
can be targeted in drone strikes and other lethal operations off traditional battlefields.

This is so last year- Brennan nom proves Obama’s commitment to executive powers over drones

Evelyn Krache Morris is an international security program fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. , 1-16-2013 http://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2013/01/16/obama-must-write-rule-book-for-drones/h0viVJgeRuDhcKBYrzopEK/story.html

 President Obama’s nomination of John Brennan to lead the CIA signals that drone strikes
AND
"the high priest of targeted killing" will keep his exalted position.

PC Key

PC key- leadership needed to pressure

Reid Epstein, Politico, 11-10-2013 http://www.politico.com/story/2013/11/white-house-seeks-gop-immigration-help-99640.html-http://www.politico.com/story/2013/11/white-house-seeks-gop-immigration-help-99640.html

But White House involvement won’t be limited to behind-the-scenes discussions.
AND
,’" said a person in the room with McDonough and Munoz.

Consensus of studies

Anthony J. Madonna¶ Assistant Professor¶ University of Georgia, et al Richard L. Vining Jr.¶ Assistant Professor¶ University of Georgia and James E. Monogan III¶ Assistant Professor¶ University of Georgia 10-25-2012 "Confirmation Wars and Collateral Damage:¶ Assessing the Impact of Supreme Court¶ Nominations on Presidential Success in the¶ U.S. Senate"

The selection of Supreme Court justices is just one of several key powers afforded to
AND
(Edwards and Wood 1999; Light 1999; Neustadt 1955, 1960).

Decline Causes War

Perception of economic slowdown causes war – rising nationalism results in adversarial economics which incites external conflict

Harold James 7/3/13 (Professor of History and International Affairs at Princeton University and Professor of History at the European University Institute, Florence, project syndicate, "financial crisis and war" http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/financial-crisis-and-war-by-harold-james~~236ObpMZcq3uXv7puL.99)

The approach of the hundredth anniversary of the outbreak of World War I in 1914
AND
flared up in its wake. Destructive strategies may not be far behind.

Crisis makes diversionary theory true – states will start wars to head off domestic discontent – and use force to settle old disputes with rivals

Rothkopf 9 – David Rothkopf, Visiting Scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 3-11, 2009, "Security and the Financial Crisis," Testimony Before the House Armed Services Committee, CQ Congressional Testimony, lexis 

—Destabilizing Bilateral or Regional Effects of the Crisis: The weakening of states can
AND
a decreased ability to effectively cooperate with neighbors on issues of common concern.

Yes HSW Shortage

Yes HSW shortage – immigration bill’s key – their study is wrong

TechCrunch 13
(http://techcrunch.com/2013/05/05/there-is-in-fact-a-tech-talent-shortage-and-there-always-will-be/-http://techcrunch.com/2013/05/05/there-is-in-fact-a-tech-talent-shortage-and-there-always-will-be/)

For America to maintain its fragile role as the most innovative nation on earth,
AND
There will always be a shortage to the extent that America has international competition

Link Turns

War powers legislation inevitably controversial- undermines the signal of the plan

Alan Greenblatt NPR.org  writer 6-16-2011 http://www.npr.org/2011/06/16/137222043/why-the-war-powers-act-doesnt-work-http://www.npr.org/2011/06/16/137222043/why-the-war-powers-act-doesnt-work

Party Vs. Principle¶ Both Hamilton and Adams say the War Powers Act is
AND
the courts that a president is in violation of the War Powers Act.

Only fixed purpose is perceived internationally

Winik ’91 (Jay, Senior Research Fellow, Nat’l Defense U, Washington Quarterly, Autumn, via InformaWorld)

The U.S. stake in speaking and acting with one voice is enormous
AND
home is as critical as during the perilous days following World War II.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake CV | Judge: Paul, J

Immigration will pass- PC key and election pressure

Bob Ray Sanders is a columnist for the Fort Worth Star-Telegram 10-22-2013 http://www.bnd.com/2013/10/22/2862687/bob-ray-sanders-theres-no-better.html-http://www.bnd.com/2013/10/22/2862687/bob-ray-sanders-theres-no-better.html

 Now that the Republican hijacking of the federal government has been brought to an
AND
to file for office and gear up their campaigns for the 2014 contests.

Obama push inevitable-  it’s the top priority- solves high skilled visas

ABC, 1-28-2013 http://www.abc6onyourside.com/shared/news/features/top-stories/stories/wsyx_senators-agree-bipartisan-immigration-reform-22023.shtml-http://www.abc6onyourside.com/shared/news/features/top-stories/stories/wsyx_senators-agree-bipartisan-immigration-reform-22023.shtml

A bipartisan group of leading senators has reached agreement on the principles for a sweeping
AND
supporting immigration reform with a path to citizenship has become a political imperative.

Restrictions doom Obama- losers lose thesis is true- looks like political overreach and a bargaining failure- perception matters

Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at¶ Georgetown University, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy", March 2, 2007, pg 36-37,¶ http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php-http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php

American Presidents are vested with certain structural powers, such as those powers granted by
AND
affects the character of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic.

Increasing green cards generates an effective base of IT experts- solves cybersecurity

McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms that are H1-B visa requestors, at least 15
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Cyberterrorism will cause accidental launch that triggers the Dead Hand and nuclear war

Fritz 9 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, "Hacking Nuclear Command
AND
mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake MS | Judge: Short

Immigration will pass- PC key and election pressure

Bob Ray Sanders is a columnist for the Fort Worth Star-Telegram 10-22-2013 http://www.bnd.com/2013/10/22/2862687/bob-ray-sanders-theres-no-better.html-http://www.bnd.com/2013/10/22/2862687/bob-ray-sanders-theres-no-better.html

 Now that the Republican hijacking of the federal government has been brought to an
AND
to file for office and gear up their campaigns for the 2014 contests.

Congressional opposition on WPR saps PC and trades of with Obama’s domestic agenda

Douglas L. Kriner, assistant professor of political science at Boston University, "After the
Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", University of Chicago Press, Dec
1, 2010, page 68-69

Raising or Lowering Political Costs by Affecting Presidential Political Capital Shaping both real and anticipated
AND
its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the¶ international arena.

Increasing foreign participation is key to sustainable growth- stops double dip recession

Haseltine 10 (Eric, Neuroscientist, Former Head of Science and Technology for US Intelligence Community, "Why America’s Economy is On the Brink of Going Down the Tubes...for Good," The Huffington Post, August 24, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-haseltine/why-americas-economy-is-o_b_688483.html)

Recessions, especially the deep downturn that started in 2008, always cause us to
AND
into our workforce and our economy and help cure our deep economic ills.

Expanding visas key to bioweapons security —- checks use of engineers pathogens

Brumfiel 3 (Geoff, Physical Science Correspondent – Nature Magazine, "Russia’s Bioweapons Labs: Still Out in the Cold", Science, 423, 6-23)

Collaborations between Western researchers and former Soviet bioweapons scientists could benefit both parties. But
AND
infancy," says Glenn Schweitzer, its coordinator at the US National Academies.

Russian bioweapons cause extinction

Maartens 6 (Dr. Willie, Ph.D. – Business Economics and Management, Mapping Reality: A Critical Perspective on Science and Religion, p. 251-252)

The scientists are the ’high priests of today’ and their beliefs, dogmas,
AND
survive an atomic explosion, is but one of the known deadly strains.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake MS | Judge: Short

Overview

Defense doesn’t assume Russia’s antibiotic-resistant strain – threatens humanity

Carpenter and Bishop 2009 (P. A., P. C.,  July 10, Graduate Program in Studies of the Future, School of Human Sciences and Humanities, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA, Graduate Program in Futures Studies, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA. A review of previous mass extinctions and historic catastrophic events, ScienceDirect)

The flu of 1890, 1918–1919 Spanish flu, 1957 Asian flu,
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to have developed an antibiotic-resistant strain of the plague ~26~.

AT: Obamacare Thumper

Two-Obama is focused on immigration despite Obamacare rollout issues

NewsMax, 10-24-2013 http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/Obama-Immigration-obamacare-speech/2013/10/24/id/532792-http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/Obama-Immigration-obamacare-speech/2013/10/24/id/532792

Obama Trying to Change Subject from Obamacare to Immigration¶ President Barack Obama is using
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House. Most House Republicans want a piece-by-piece approach.

2NC Will Pass

Immigration passage likely- Obama PC key- he has the leverage- and election pressure on the GOP- that’s Sanders

And- err neg- your won’t pass args are just pc key warrants- Obama can overcome opposition

Neil Munro White House Correspondent 10-21-2013 http://dailycaller.com/2013/10/21/u-s-chamber-of-commerce-pleads-for-obamas-help-to-pass-immigration-boost/2/-http://dailycaller.com/2013/10/21/u-s-chamber-of-commerce-pleads-for-obamas-help-to-pass-immigration-boost/2/

The president needs to get personally involved in the high-stakes immigration battle to
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in good faith, or even to implement provisions that he doesn’t like.

Obama resolve causes the GOP to blink- shutdown proves

US News, 10-18-2013 http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/Ken-Walshs-Washington/2013/10/18/obama-strengthened-for-now-http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/Ken-Walshs-Washington/2013/10/18/obama-strengthened-for-now

President Obama emerges from his budget victory this week with a stronger hand as he
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the GOP day after day. In the end, the Republicans blinked.

Will pass – 8 reasons

Boehner has space, willing to break Hastert, it’s in the GOP interest, better issue for them than Obama care, proponents have money, proponents are committed, Obama pushing, Congress wants to show they can pass somthing
TNR- The New Republic, 10-24-2013 http://www.newrepublic.com/article/115341/immigration-reform-may-actually-pass-http://www.newrepublic.com/article/115341/immigration-reform-may-actually-pass

Seven Reasons To Stop Being Fatalistic About Immigration Reform¶ President Obama’s East Room pitch
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. And it sure beats spending the next year talking about chained CPI.

Link

Restrictions on Obama’s use of drones would be a loss- likely to veto and destroy himself politically

Alex Newman, Correspondent at The New American magazine since 2007, University of Florida
B.S., Journalism 3-28-2013 http://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/constitution/item/14936-gop-lawmakers-seek-to-restrain-obama-on-killing-americans-http://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/constitution/item/14936-gop-lawmakers-seek-to-restrain-obama-on-killing-americans

Responding to a tsunami of outrage across the political spectrum over the Obama administration’s lawless
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All Americans." Whether more lawmakers will follow suit remains to be seen.

It’s a loss for Obama and causes controversy

Peter Weber is a senior editor at TheWeek.com, and has handled the editorial night shift since the website launched in 2008. A graduate of Northwestern University, Peter has worked at Facts on File and The New York Times Magazine 2-6-2013 http://theweek.com/article/index/239716/will-congress-curb-obamas-drone-strikes-http://theweek.com/article/index/239716/will-congress-curb-obamas-drone-strikes

"It has to be in the agenda of this Congress to reconsider the scope
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what’s being done by the administration. ~No More Mister Nice Blog~

GOP leadership will push off immigration if the plan causes controversy- can’t muster political will on tough votes back to back

Jake Sherman covers Congress for POLITICO. He got his start in journalism in high school at The Stamford Advocate, where he became a pro at taking box scores for the sports section. He majored in journalism at George Washington University in D.C. but more accurately got a degree at The GW Hatchet, where he was the men’s basketball beat writer before becoming sports editor and, subsequently, editor-in-chief.¶ During summers, Jake interned at The Journal News (N.Y.) and in the Washington bureaus of the Minneapolis Star Tribune and Newsweek. After finishing a master’s in journalism at Columbia University, Jake became an intern in the D.C. bureau of The Wall Street Journal and Carrie Budoff Brown started in journalism at the York Daily Record in the summer before her freshman year in college. She worked as an editor at The Daily Targum, the student-run newspaper of Rutgers University, and interned at the Richmond Times Dispatch and the New York Times. She worked as a staff writer at the Hartford Courant and the Philadelphia Inquirer before arriving at POLITICO on the day it launched in 2007.¶ Budoff Brown is now a White House reporter who focuses on the intersection of policy and politics in the administration and on Capitol Hill. She has covered the Senate, the 2008 Obama campaign, the health care overhaul bill, Wall Street reform and various tax cut battles in Congress. Politico, 8-28-2013 http://www.politico.com/story/2013/08/immigration-reform-95980.html~~23ixzz2dIFeo4Sb-http://www.politico.com/story/2013/08/immigration-reform-95980.html

Immigration reform advocates have a new enemy: the congressional calendar.¶ Fall’s fiscal fights
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have to move. It’s not going to go away because other matters."

Political Backlash Undermines All their Solvency

Prempeh, ’06 (Kwasi, Law Prof @ Seton Hall, Tulane LR, March, 

American constitutional history, however, amply demonstrates that judicial review is profoundly political and
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constitutionalism was the clear victor each time matters came to a head." 150-https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=976817136e391dd4a2420d1e4e610cc226csvc=bl26cform=bool26_fmtstr=FULL26docnum=126_startdoc=126wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkAV26_md5=c2f8296353cee6cedfc7e161aa0926c3

War powers legislation inevitably controversial- undermines the signal of the plan

Alan Greenblatt NPR.org  writer 6-16-2011 http://www.npr.org/2011/06/16/137222043/why-the-war-powers-act-doesnt-work-http://www.npr.org/2011/06/16/137222043/why-the-war-powers-act-doesnt-work

Party Vs. Principle¶ Both Hamilton and Adams say the War Powers Act is
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the courts that a president is in violation of the War Powers Act.

AT: Budget Thumper

Obama is going to stay out of the budget

Reuters, 10-22-2013 http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/22/us-washington-summit-immigration-idUSBRE99K1AQ20131022-http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/22/us-washington-summit-immigration-idUSBRE99K1AQ20131022

However, White House press secretary jay Carney strongly hinted last week that the president would not play a leadership role in the budget talks. (Related: Obama WALKS AWAY from new budget talks, setting stage for next shutdown showdown)¶ "The president will be as involved as he and members of the Congress believe to be useful," he said.

Obama not pushing

CBS News, 10-17-2013 http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57607996/obamas-priorities-for-the-year-budget-immigration-and-farm-bill/-http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57607996/obamas-priorities-for-the-year-budget-immigration-and-farm-bill/

"We want to look for ways to find common ground and to get a
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FY2014 budget, which was released earlier this year, reflects his priorities.

Budget agreement will be easy after the shutdown

Fox News, 10-17-2013 http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/10/17/what-now-congress-faces-new-budget-deadlines-after-stopgap-deal/-http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/10/17/what-now-congress-faces-new-budget-deadlines-after-stopgap-deal/

Another last-minute deal struck, another crisis postponed in Washington. ¶ But
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¶ Meeting for breakfast Thursday morning, top budget writers were cautiously optimistic. 

AT: PC Fails

First- no way this can be offense- push inevitable- that’s Sanders and ABC

Obama doesn’t hurt the chances

LA Times, 10-24-2013 http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-obama-immigration-reform-house-20131024,0,2437443.story~23axzz2igT5uRrW-http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-obama-immigration-reform-house-20131024,0,2437443.story

After months of being relegated to the back of the legislative line, immigration reform
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colleagues that doing nothing is bad politics, and bad for the economy.

And- Obama balancing solves

James 2013 ~Frank, lead political analyst for NPR, "Obama’s Immigration Dilemma: Leading While Following", NPR, 6/11/13, http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2013/06/11/190698436/obamas-immigration-dilemma-leading-while-following-http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2013/06/11/190698436/obamas-immigration-dilemma-leading-while-following~~

If you want to observe one of Washington’s most delicate balancing acts, look no
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business, organized labor and immigrant-rights activists, the president said:

PC Key

Obama PC key- leadership needed to overcome mistrust

Neil Munro White House Correspondent 10-21-2013 http://dailycaller.com/2013/10/21/u-s-chamber-of-commerce-pleads-for-obamas-help-to-pass-immigration-boost/2/-http://dailycaller.com/2013/10/21/u-s-chamber-of-commerce-pleads-for-obamas-help-to-pass-immigration-boost/2/

The president needs to get personally involved in the high-stakes immigration battle to
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in good faith, or even to implement provisions that he doesn’t like.

Obama resolve key- debt ceiling proves

US News, 10-18-2013 http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/Ken-Walshs-Washington/2013/10/18/obama-strengthened-for-now-http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/Ken-Walshs-Washington/2013/10/18/obama-strengthened-for-now

President Obama emerges from his budget victory this week with a stronger hand as he
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the GOP day after day. In the end, the Republicans blinked.

Leadership needed on issues like immigration

WSJ, 10-17-2013 http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303680404579141472200495820-http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303680404579141472200495820

Yet it is far from certain Mr. Obama can exploit these tactical gains in
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we can’t let ourselves be back in the same place," she said.

Capital is finite and key to immigration – Obama compromising on other fights to preserve his PC – only plan breaks his strategy

Sanghoee, 13
Sangay Sanghoee, Political Commentator, has worked at leading investment banks as well as at a multi-billion dollar hedge fund. He has an MBA from Columbia Business School, Huffington Post, 4/10/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sanjay-sanghoee/compromise-reform-how-oba_b_3055100.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sanjay-sanghoee/compromise-reform-how-oba_b_3055100.html

There is only one thing that President Obama can truly rely on, and that
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. It is being pragmatic and smart. It is also being Presidential.

PC key to force a vote

Ronald Brownstein, National Jouranl, 1/31/13, On Immigration, What Obama Can Learn From Bush’s Failed Efforts, www.nationaljournal.com/columns/political-connections/on-immigration-what-obama-can-learn-from-bush-s-failed-efforts-20130131

The prospects for major immigration reform are now the brightest in years, but for
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should expect much more public heat, because Obama won’t be as deferential.

Obama can thread the needle- allows for GOP compromise

Dionne 2013 (EJ, Columnist – Washington Post, "GOP Will Back Immigration Reform," 2013, http://www.goerie.com/article/20130206/OPINION09/302069992/EJ-Dionne3A-GOP-will-back-immigration-reform-http://www.goerie.com/article/20130206/OPINION09/302069992/EJ-Dionne3A-GOP-will-back-immigration-reform)

That’s the comparison to keep in mind to understand the extraordinary transformation of Beltway politics
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election, those words are no longer politically incorrect inside John McCain’s party.

Key to keep it comprehensive

Anniston Star, 2013 ~Editorial Board, "On the offensive: Obama is wise to start anew the push for immigration reform," 3-27-13, annistonstar.com/view/full_story/22088295/article-On-the-offensive—Obama-is-wise-to-start-anew-the-push-for-immigration-reform?instance=opinion_lead, accessed 3-28-13, mss~

The point: President Obama didn’t fulfill his promise of securing sweeping immigration-reform
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of those discussions until it’s produced," White House spokesman Josh Earnest said.

CIR Turns – Hard/Naval Power

Immigration reform spurs military tech advances —- key to precise weaponry.

Carafano 7 (James, Ph.D., Deputy Driector – Institute for International Studies and Director of the Center for Foreign Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation, and Andrew Gudgel, "Nanotechnology and National Security: Small Changes, Big Impact", Heritage Backgrounder, 9-21, http://heritage.org/Research/Reports/2007/09/Nanotechnology -and-National-Security-Small-Changes-Big-Impact)

Nanotechnology is an emerging transformational technology that promises wide and dual-use applica-tions in
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the most frequently cited fac¬tors that make travel to the United States difficult. 

India

Immigration reform expands skilled labor—spurs relations and economic growth in China and India.

LA Times 11/9/12 ~Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html~~

"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of skilled labor visas," predicted B.
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see the immigration opportunity as a bigger plus than not," he said.

US-Indian relations avert South Asian nuclear war.

Schaffer 2 ~Spring 2002, Teresita—Director of the South Asia Program at the Center for Strategic and International Security, Washington Quarterly, Lexis~

Washington’s increased interest in India since the late 1990s reflects India’s economic expansion and position
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people out of poverty depends critically on good relations with the United States.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: West Virginia OR | Judge: Short

Reps don’t create reality

Kraus ’89
(et al – Sidney Kraus is a professor in the Department of Communication at Cleveland State University and Dennis Giles is also in the Department of Communication at Cleveland State University. Reviewed work(s):
Constructing the Political Spectacle by Murray Edelman Source: Political Psychology, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Sep., 1989), pp. 517-525 Published by: International Society of Political Psychology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3791366)
Edelman assumes (like the early Frankfurt School) that viewers/audi- tors
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from the "dominant" readings preferred by the political and media institutions. 

Orientalism K is epistemologically-dated, racist, and ensures bad politics.  Functional-censoring internally link turns their whole arg.

Jones ’8
Jonathan Jones is an English journalist and critic who has been writing for The Guardian since 1999.– Guardian – May 22^nd – http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2008/may/22/orientalismisnotracism
A woman wraps a giant snake around her nude form as north African men in
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Islamic world. It is a modern classic - of fear and loathing.

Unipolarity now and sustainable

Kagan 11-15 – Robert Kagan, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution and Chair of the World Economic Forum’s Global Agenda Council on the United States, "A Changing World Order?", Washington Post, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-changing-world-order/2013/11/15/4ce39d1a-489a-11e3-b6f8-3782ff6cb769_story.html?hpid=z3

By most measures, reports of America’s declining power, relative to the rest of
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and several great powers, or as the late Samuel P. Huntington called it, "uni-multipolarity."

Heg prevents multiple extinction scenarios, alternatives cause war

Art 12
~Dr. Robert J., Christian A. Herter Professor of International Relations at Brandeis University, May 2012, "America’s Path Grand Strategy for the Next Administration" Center for New American Security http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_AmericasPath_FontaineAndLord.pdf~~

Why are these national interests crucial to the United States? Clearly, the country
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the United States has to lead, it also has to avoid excessive unilateralism

US military commitment critical to NATO success

Brookes 8 (Peter Brookes, Senior Fellow for National Security Affairs at The Heritage Foundation. He is also a member of the congressional U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, "Why the World Still Needs America’s Military Might", http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/hl1102.cfm

I hope we can all agree that NATO was a critical element in the security
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little more than a paper tiger in the shadow of the Russian bear.

NATO solves nuclear war

Jackson 99 (Bruce, President of US Committee on NATO, "The Conservative Case for NATO," Policy Review, Apr/May, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3552212.html)

NATO is at the center of all U.S. military strategies. Critics
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, one that may make far greater demands of American blood and treasure.

US military power is necessary to stop global genocide and human rights violations – those are violent

Rummel 3 (R.J. Rummel, professor emeritus of political science at the Univ. of Hawaii, 1996 Nobel Peace Prize finalist, May 3, 2003, "Three Cheers for the United States," http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/COMM.5.10.03.HTM)

Presumably, all those who visit this site want to prevent or eliminate democide,
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valuable antiques, we should cheer over what the United States has done.

Heg key to nuclear primacy

Lieber and Press 6 (Keir A. Lieber, Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame, Daryl G. Press, Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania, "The Rise of U.S. Nuclear Primacy", March/April 2006, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/61508/keir-a-lieber-and-daryl-g-press/the-rise-of-us-nuclear-primacy

The intentional pursuit of nuclear primacy is, moreover, entirely consistent with the United
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military technology, both in its conventional arsenal and in its nuclear forces. 

Nuclear primacy permanently contains all wars to the conventional level – we control terminal impact uniqueness

Lieber and Press 7 (Keir A. Lieber, Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame, Daryl G. Press, Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, ".S. Nuclear Primacy and the Future of the Chinese Deterrent", China Security Winter 2007 pp.66-89, http://se2.isn.ch/serviceengine/Files/RESSpecNet/31956/ichaptersection_singledocument/EB0AAA7F-B110-42A1-8BBE-B99C0245E76F/en/cs5_chapter5.pdf)

Third, the growth of U.S. nuclear counterforce capabilities may give U
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sideline and keep their conflicts with the United States at the conventional level. 

Pursuit of hegemony’s locked-in—it’s only a question of effectiveness

Dorfman 12 – Zach Dorfman 12, assistant editor of Ethics and International Affairs, the journal of the Carnegie Council, and co-editor of the Montreal Review, "What We Talk About When We Talk About Isolationism", May 18, http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=605

The rise of China notwithstanding, the United States remains the world’s sole superpower.
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come and go, but the national security state appears here to stay.

Cultural stasis is implausible – some degree of assimilation is inevitable

Blake, 00 (Michael, Professor of Political Philosophy and Philosophy – Harvard University, Civilization, August / September, p. 51-53)

One frequently hears that endangered cultural groups have a right to preservation, and indeed
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a diversity of cultures tends to repress the possibilities for diversity within cultures.

Imperialism doesn’t make war inevitable  – that oversimplifies

Amar ’11
Paul Amar is an associate professor in the Global 26 International Studies Program at the
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in the megacities of the global south. JOURNAL OF MIDDLE EAST WOMEN’S STUDIES
Vol. 7, No. 3 (Fall 2011) © 2011 – Project Muse
COLONIALITY AND DEPENDENCY SCHOOLS There is a critical genealogy of scholarship that has often dropped
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, rather than as genuine sites for ethnography and productive spaces of contestation.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: West Virginia OR | Judge: Short

Reps

Reps don’t shape security policy

Balzacq 5 (Thierry, Professor of Political Science and International Relations at Namur University, "The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context" European Journal of International Relations, London: Jun 2005, Volume 11, Issue 2)

However, despite important insights, this position remains highly disputable. The reason behind
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departure from constructivist approaches to security, external developments are central to it.

Rejection Bad – 2NC Backlines

Third – Correcting academic reps aims at wrong target – this shatters coalitions and props Orientalist macro-policy

Irwin ’8
(not the crocodile hunter – but, instead, Robert Irwin – A British Historian, published author on Said’s works, and the Middle East editor of the Times Literary Supplement. Guardian –June 14^th – http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/14/middleeast)

Shooting at the wrong targets
Of course orientalist attitudes exist, but the campus isn’t the first place you’d look
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should be a serious socio-cultural issue into a campus dog fight.

Your impact author thinks coalition-building is a bigger internal link than the Alt

Batur ’99
(Then-Pinar Batur-VanderLippe, Prof. of Sociology @ Vassar, Source: Teaching Sociology, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Jul., 1999), J-Stor)
Rebecca Giltner continued to debate the importance of this challenge, drawing on the work
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existing hierarchy of power and to establish an inclusive group for antiracist praxis.

Punishing us re-creates Orientalism – better to go with the perm and admit reps alts ALSO don’t fully solve

Varisco ’7 
Dr. Daniel Martin Varisco is chair of anthropology and director of Middle Eastern and Central Asia studies at Hofstra University – "Reading Orientalism – Said and the Unsaid" Publisher: Seattle : University of Washington Press,
I have no desire to repeat Said’s uncritical mistake and stop short of suggesting an
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less time rhetorically damning the binary itself or reconstructing incomplete genealogies of intellectual history

Weak Heg Causes Lashout

Decline causes overreaction and lashout

Beckley 12
Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Tufts, Research Fellow in the International Security Program at Harvard Kennedy School’s. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, CEDA Champ, "The Unipolar Era: Why American Power Persists and China’s Rise Is Limited," PhD dissertation

One danger is that declinism could prompt trade conflicts and immigration restrictions. The results
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and disease, which may fester without a leader to rally collective action.

U.S. will go down fighting

Taliaferro 1 – Jeffrey W., Professor of Political Science – Tufts University, "Realism, Power Shifts, and Major War", Security Studies, 10(4), p. 157

All other things being equal, great powers that face deep and inevitable decline in
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possibility of conflict, since there are less costly means to avert decline. 

Weak hegemony is even worse

Robert Kagan 11 is a contributing editor to The Weekly Standard and a senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution. "The Price of Power" Jan 24 Vol 16 No18 www.weeklystandard.com/articles/price-power_533696.html?page=3
In theory, the United States could refrain from intervening abroad. But, in
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in the kind of international system that American power has built and defended. 

Heg good

War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy—-best statistical studies prove

Owen 11 – John M. Owen 11, Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/

Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
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U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.

Heg – Epistemological Defenses

The epistemological basis for this claim is strong and diverse

Freier 13 – Nathan Freier, Senior Fellow in the International Security Program at CSIS and Visiting Professor of Strategy, Policy, and Risk Assessment at the U.S. Army’s Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute, et al, Beyond the Last War: Balancing Ground Forces and Future Challenges Risk in USCENTCOM and USPACOM", April, http://csis.org/files/publication/130424_Freier_BeyondLastWar_Web.pdf

II. STUDY METHODOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK At the outset of this effort,
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G3/5/7, and the Army Quadrennial Defense Review Office.

Security K – A2: Threat Construction / SFP

Self-fulfilling prophecy is backwards

Macy 95 (Joanna, General Systems Scholar and Deep Ecologist, Ecopsychology)

There is also the superstition that negative thoughts are self-fulfilling.  This is
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holocaust is often made to feel guilty of contributing to that very fate.

Evaluate using particularity—-no "root cause" or sweeping takeouts to our specific claims

PRICE ’98
(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)

One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that
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violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself.

Existential Risks First

Possibilistic thinking best for decision-making – reject their all and always that probability comes first – it balances probabilistic thinking

Clarke 5
~Lee, member of a National Academy of Science committee that considered decision-making models, Anschutz Distinguished Scholar at Princeton University, Fellow of AAAS, Professor Sociology (Rutgers), Ph.D. (SUNY), "Lee Clarke’s Worst Cases: An Interview with Lee Clarke," UChicago press, http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/108597in.html~~

Question: Why focus on worst cases? They probably won’t happen, right?
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all. We say that people who don’t buy life insurance are irresponsible.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 8 | Opponent: OU LM | Judge: Bricker

And the Irvine Round Robin

Rashad Evans, 13 (12/2, http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php/topic,5429.msg12075.html~23msg12075)

UC-Irvine is hosting a round-robin and conference on March 7-9 in Irvine, CA.  A full invitation is
AND
Hosting separate round robins seems counterproductive and potentially destructive to everyone.

Unconditional hospitality is bad – puts the host in a constant state of guilt, leads to paralysis since no actions can truly be "ethical," it causes immense suffering and prevents obligation towards particular individuals.

Gerasimos Kakoliris, 1-20-2009, School of Humanities, The Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece, "Jaques Derrida on Unconditional and Conditional Hospitality," http://books.google.com/books?id=_42Oiy7nn80C26pg=PA6826lpg=PA6826dq=unconditional+hospitality+unethical26source=bl26ots=JLCIczBd3u26sig=Iui9VNVHL_1xV-PnjzYBXERPSRA26hl=en26sa=X26ei=DKDtUbGLHeHhygGt4YHYAQ26ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ~~23v=onepage26q=unconditional20hospitality20unethical26f=false

The accession to this "hyperbolic" ethics of hospitality places us in a permanent
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the unconditional law excludes the possibility of any kind of discrimination between individuals.

Applying universal hospitality to politics is silly if the Other rejects your hospitality – causes net more suffering.

Gilbert Leung1 and Matthew Stone2, 4-1-2009, Birkbeck, University of London₁, London Metropolitan University₂, "Otherwise than Hospitality: A Disputation on the Relation of Ethics to Law and Politics," http://repository.essex.ac.uk/4465/1/Otherwise_than_Hospitality.pdf

In this essay, we would like to consider a potential critique of Derrida’s application
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using the first person plural and which ends with one ’dissensual’ signature.

Unconditional hospitality leaves us unable to cope with the radically hostile Other – their strategy is ultimately one of fear – true recognition of alterity necessarily must understand its inaccessibility.

Naida Zuki?, 11-xx-2009, assistant professor in BMCC’s Department of Speech, Communications and Theater Arts, "My Neighbor’s Face and Similar Vulgarities," http://liminalities.net/5-4/neighbor.pdf

Derrida’s examination of unconditional hospitality belongs to a discourse demanding that hospitality be extended—
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to recognize you in the abyss of your very impenetrability and opacity. –

The demand for engagement with the "faceless Other" prevents recognition of how encounters with the Other are implicated in broader power relations and structures – understanding of social location is necessary.

Sara Ahmed, 2-01-2013, Professor of Race and Cultural Studies @ Goldsmiths, "Strange Encounters: Embodied Others in Post-Coloniality," http://books.google.com/books?id=Af0mtGfAv_gC26pg=PT17726lpg=PT17726dq=sara+ahmed+hospitality+forgetting+of+name26source=bl26ots=FGIcDZTbE826sig=UcyVCC3PRI35meWFjzYkQhcoktQ26hl=en26sa=X26ei=NMztUcuWAsXCyAG7gIHICg26ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ~~23v=onepage26q=sara20ahmed20hospitality20forgetting20of20name26f=false

However, while Derrida is providing us with a model of hospitality which is an
AND
an ethics of welcoming that which is other than the Stranger might begin?

Their ethic creates a static category of "stranger" which they demand to be surprised by – turns case.

Sara Ahmed, 2-01-2013, Professor of Race and Cultural Studies @ Goldsmiths, "Strange Encounters: Embodied Others in Post-Coloniality," http://books.google.com/books?id=Af0mtGfAv_gC26pg=PT17726lpg=PT17726dq=sara+ahmed+hospitality+forgetting+of+name26source=bl26ots=FGIcDZTbE826sig=UcyVCC3PRI35meWFjzYkQhcoktQ26hl=en26sa=X26ei=NMztUcuWAsXCyAG7gIHICg26ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ~~23v=onepage26q=sara20ahmed20hospitality20forgetting20of20name26f=false

The critical literature on Levinasian ethics has placed considerable emphasis on his model of hospitality
AND
being open or hospitable to, that which is yet to be assimilated. 

Conditional hospitality is necessary to prevent the worst forms of violence.

Jacques Derrida, 10-28-2011, French philosopher, "Hospitality, Justice and Responsibility: A dialogue with Jacques Derrida," http://site.douban.com/126693/widget/notes/5335823/note/180821612/

So unconditional hospitality implies that you don’t ask the other, the newcomer, the
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and controls and conditions try to make a distinction between good and evil. 

Why did Kant insist on conditional hospitality? Because he knew that without these conditions hospitality could turn into wild war, terrible aggression. Those are the risks involved in pure hospitality, if there is such a thing and I am not sure that there is.

The aff’s celebration of the ’anonymous Other’ ignores the social construction of the stranger as somebody we already know and fetishizes the stranger.

Sara Ahmed, 9-21-2000, 2k, Professor of Race and Cultural Studies @ Goldsmiths, "Strange Encounters: Embodied Others in Post-Coloniality," http://nucat.library.northwestern.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=926ti=1,926SEQ=2013072311435626Search_Arg=Ahmed2C20Sara26SL=None26Search_Code=NAME26CNT=2526PID=YO7qzJ90JWWkj33H9f_uMEmx3lr26SID=1

Examining the relationship between strangers, embodiment and community, Strange Encounters challenges the assumptions
AND
fetishism’; they assume that the stranger ’has a life of its own’.

Cooption DA – their attempts to protect the other under the guise of charity coopts the true view of the Other. In the debate space it’s the equivalent of telling two women – structurally excluded from debate – that their method is wrong. It reifies exclusion and is in perpetual danger of cooption

Van Pelt, Professor of English and Philosophy at Idaho State University, 2000 ~Tamise, "Otherness," post modern culture, PMC 10.2, project muse~ 

All of the difficulties with the ethics of Otherness arise from the assumption that our
AND
no matter how unreasonable their position. This is not what justice requires.

Deconstruction is worse for debate—collapses any democratic decision making

Wolin, 04 (Richard, B.A. from Reed College—M.A. and Ph.D. from York University in Toronto—D.D. McMurtry Professor of History at Reed College and Rice University, The seduction of unreason : the intellectual romance with fascism : from Nietzsche to postmodernism, p. 21)

Over the last ten years Derrida has made a concerted effort to redress this perceived
AND
old gods and the "not yet" of the gods to come.     

Deconstruction doesn’t create equality or justice—it’s a white man’s way of eliminating historical difference

Fejfar, 07 (Anthony J, B.A. Philosophy, Magna Cum Laude, Creighton University, J.D., With Distinction, University of Nebraska College of Law, "Deconstructing Deconstruction: Deconstructing Derrida", http://www.scribd.com/doc/980/Deconstructing-Deconstruction-Deconstructing-Derrida)  

I have heard that Derrida has deconstructed Derrida, but I haven’t found the book
AND
only negative, and by it’s very terms cannot support any positive statements.   

(  ) Deconstruction’s focus on semantics trades off with real world solutions.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake MS | Judge: Short

Naval drones have high risk of cost overrun and acquisition delay

GAO September 2013 (us government accountability office, "DEFENSE ACQUISITIONS Navy Strategy for Unmanned Carrier- Based Aircraft System Defers Key Oversight Mechanisms" http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/658236.pdf-http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/658236.pdf)

UCLASS faces several programmatic risks going forward. First, the UCLASS cost estimate of
AND
they could lead to cost increases and schedule delays if not effectively addressed.

The carriers won’t be ready or functional in time either

Tony Capaccio 6/23/13 (Bloomberg business week, "Navy Should Delay Next Carrier Amid Troubles, GAO Audit Says (3)" http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-06-27/navy-should-delay-next-carrier-amid-troubles-gao-auditors-say-http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-06-27/navy-should-delay-next-carrier-amid-troubles-gao-auditors-say)

The U.S. Navy should delay the award of a multibillion-dollar
AND
issued this year for the second ship, the USS John F. Kennedy

Absent perfect conditions naval drones fail

ALLEN MCDUFFEE 7/25/13 (reports on defense and national security for Wired, wired, "U.S. Navy Gets in on Drone Action With First Real Aircraft Carrier Landing" http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2013/07/navy-drone/)

For all the questions the trial runs have answered in terms of the potential for
AND
comes to night, extreme crosswinds, rain and a faster moving carrier.

Squo US capabilities solve Iran A2AD and they’ll never close the strait of hormuz

William Choong 1/27/12 (senior writer, straits time, lexis)

In a more recent report, the Centre for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, a
AND
), it would effectively be cutting off its nose to spite its face.

Naval power irrelevant-no statistical correlation

Crisher and Souva, 12 (Brian and Mark, Power At Sea: A Naval Power Dataset, 1865-2011. PhD candidate and PhD, Political Science Department, Florida State University
http://myweb.fsu.edu/bbc09/Crisher-Souva20-20Power20At20Sea20v2.020full.pdf)

Figure 4: Non-Directed Dyad Model Results Figure 7 also displays estimates and
AND
naval power and non-contiguous conflict, we find the opposite.11

No U.S./China war—mutually assured destruction, geography

Keck, 13 (Zachary – Assistant Editor of The Diplomat, 7/12, "Why China and the US (Probably) Won’t Go to War", The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/07/12/why-china-and-the-us-probably-wont-go-to-war/-http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/07/12/why-china-and-the-us-probably-wont-go-to-war/)

But while trade cannot be relied upon to keep the peace, a U.
AND
.S.-China war, it is nearly unthinkable one will occur.

No impact to oil shocks

Kahn 11 (Jeremy, Managing Editor – New Republic and Contributor – New York Times and International Herald Tribune, "Crude Reality", The Boston Globe, 2-13, Lexis)

But a growing body of economic research suggests that this conventional view of oil shocks
AND
in other words, the market is usually adept at filling the gap.

No conflict in the SCS—both sides not too aggressive, experts

Thayer, 13 (Carlyle A. Thayer – Emeritus Professor at the University of New South Wales, May 13, "Why China and the US won’t go to war over the South China Sea", East Asia Forum, http://www.eastasiaforum-http:www.eastasiaforum/ .org/2013/05/13/why-china-and-the-us-wont-go-to-war-over-the-south-china-sea/)

China’s increasing assertiveness in the South China Sea is challenging US primacy in the Asia
AND
is not the case … it is a strategy of collaboration and cooperation’.

No risk of oil shocks

Gholz 8 (Eugene, Professor of Public Affairs – University of Texas at Austin, and Daryl G. Press, Professor of Government – Dartmouth College, "All the Oil We Need", The New York Times, 8-21, Lexis)

WHILE oil prices have declined somewhat of late, the volatility of the market
AND
governments’ crude oil stocks alone could replace every lost barrel for eight months.

Tournament: CSUF | Round: 4 | Opponent: Oklahoma LW | Judge: Mollison

Extreme critique of Social-Construction is bad – its life-denying, trivializes violent experiences, and hampers useful critique.

Wallace ’4
Michele Faith Wallace is a feminist author. She self-identifies as an African-American female. She became famous in 1979 when, at age 27, she published Black Macho and The Myth of The Superwoman. Her writings on literature, art, film, and popular culture have been widely published and have made her a "leader of a ~new~ generation of African-American intellectuals." Dark Designs and Visual Culture – page 444

Lets just suppose, for a moment, that our attraction to these images is
AND
mean that we should stop trying to find out what is really real.

Baudrillard epistemically flawed and can’t challenge oppression

Leitch ’96
By Professor Vincent B Leitch – Chair in English George Lynn Cross Research Professor University of Oklahoma
Postmodernism—: Local Effects, Global Flows – p.19-20

To enter into orbit is to split off from the real into hyperreality; to
AND
, however, worrying systems of exploitation, which seems a crucial limitation.

(  ) Baudrillard’s epistemic K is wrong.

Stevenson ’2
Dr. Nick Stevenson, The University of Nottingham, Senior Lecturer in Sociology – ¶ Understanding Media Cultures: Social Theory and Mass Communication – p. 180

From a different angle, the fast-flowing world of media images has been
AND
money and power. Unfortunately Baudrillard’s nihilistic social theory renders such issues irrelevant.

Even if their K’s true – the real world so buys-into simulated assumptions that our claims are accurate.

PRICE ’98
(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)
United by these general orientations, modern and postmodern critical theorists stand together in opposition
AND
considered a prelude to substantive analysis but the very essence of such analysis.

(  ) Baudrillard’s scholarship wrong – no basis for defensive "simulation" args or offensive "trying to know bad" arg

Gilman-Opalsky ’10
Richard Gilman-Opalsky. Ph.D .. is Professor of Political Philosophy in the Department
of Political Science at the University of Illinois at Springfield – Theory in Action v. 3 no. 2 (April 2010) p. 9-37

Unfortunately, Baudrillard ’s work from the 1980s to 2007 is full of (perhaps
AND
most valuable within this post-World War II French intellectual trajectory. 13

(  ) Baudrillard wrong – reality exists

Matthias ’7
(Michael – frequent contributor to Daily Kos – self-described liberal in Philly…also a fan of South Park – and who isn’t ?... Daily Kos – March 7^th – http://www.dailykos.com/story/2007/03/07/309298/-Baudrillard-is-not-really-dead)
Baudrillard is not really dead......he is just simulated that way. The Guardian
AND
, such as Foucault or Bourdieu, who were also difficult and French.

(  ) The hyper-reality K reifies – the remedy is contingent logic.

PRICE ’98
(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)
One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that
AND
violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself.

(  ) Zero solvency – reifies

King ’98
Professor Anthony King - Sociology and Philosophy - University of Exeter – "Baudrillard’s nihilism and the end of theory" – Teleos – 112 (Summer 1998), pp.89-106 http://eric.exeter.ac.uk/exeter/bitstream/10036/71394/1/King2520Baudrillard2520Telos.pdf
Ironically, in trying to present hyperreality immediately, Baudrillard falls into exactly the same
AND
would have prevented Baudrillard from falling into the hyperbolic reification of mere assertions. 

No impact to ressentiment

Kaufman, Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware, ’9
(Stuart J, "Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case," Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434)

Even when hostile narratives, group fears, and opportunity are strongly present, war
AND
and opportunity spur hostile attitudes, chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma.

Case

US OCO is good. it’s deterring now, but should stay aggressive.

Diamond 13 (Jonathon, writer for the Technology and Public Policy Blog at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, "The Real U.S. Cyber Strategy and Where It’s Headed: Part I," Sigma Iota Rho Journal of International Relations, 4/18, http://www.sirjournal.org/2013/04/18/the-real-u-s-cyber-strategy-and-where-its-headed-part-i/-http://www.sirjournal.org/2013/04/18/the-real-u-s-cyber-strategy-and-where-its-headed-part-i/)

As Nobel laureate and preeminent game theorist Thomas Schelling writes in his book Arms and
AND
United States have a true "cyber deterrence" separate from other levels.

Our epistemology for this claim’s narrow and accurate. O.C.O. deterrence works – prefer empirics and comparative evidence

Goodman, Defense Adviser for Senator Leahy and for the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense and Security, writing for Strategic Studies Quarterly in the Air University, 10 (Will, "Cyber Deterrence Tougher in Theory than in Practice?", Cyber Deterrence Tougher in Theory than in Practice?, 2010)
While cyberspace does pose unique challenges for deterrence strategists, ¶ real-world cases
AND
seems tougher in theory than it will turn out to be in practice. 

Threat of OCO strikes deescalates Senkaku conflict —- prevents great power war

Leigh Drogen 13, founder and chief investment officer of Surfview Capital, LLC, a New York based investment management firm, "Why Cyber Weapons Will Make The World Even Safer," 3/4, http://www.leighdrogen.com/why-cyber-weapons-will-make-the-world-even-safer/
Scene: China has just exchanged fire with Japan over the East China Sea Islands
AND
believe cyber weapons will add to global security as they become more pervasive.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayne State JS | Judge: DeLong

Executive noncompliance most likely – trends, institutional incentives, public sentiment, weak congressional checks

Baron, ’08 (David, Law Prof @ Harvard, Harvard LR, Feb)
Powers once claimed by the Executive are not easily relinquished. One sees from our
AND
that the President is entitled to unfettered discretion in the conduct of war. 

The fact that the president has to determine whether the attack is and#34;likelyand#34; proves circumvention – he’ll interpret and#34;likelyand#34; to suit his own needs

Overwhelming empirics prove circumvention and true for obama– congress has zero political incentive to object – no political costs

Cohen, 12 (Michael A. Cohen – fellow at the Century Foundation, 3/28, and#34;Power Graband#34;, Foreign Policy, http://www. foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/28/power_grab?page=0,1)

Running roughshod over Congress has becoming something of a norm within the Obama administration.
AND
be the greatest legacy of the U.S. intervention in Libya.

formal restriction net increases noncompliant behavior and unilateral executive actions and preclusive claims – congressional acquiescence and assertiveness BOTH trigger– especially when not reflected in historical norms

Spiro, 93
Peter J. Spiro, Associate Professor of Law, Hofstra University, New York University Law Review, December, 1993, lexis

Moreover, there is a harm in the perpetuation of text that neither reflects nor
AND
in presidential attempts to broaden the range of action undertaken without legislative approval.

Ours Institutional rational choice and executive constitutional review args – we have best theory for war powers and link turns to political costs and perception of lawbreaking

Executive will assert constitutional review crushing enforcement  – internal link turns political costs by painting noncompliance as constitution law enforcement against congressional lawbreaking - prefer our ev – rational choice theory explains power distribution best and ensures executive will win out

McGinnis, 93
John McGinnis, Assistant Professor, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, 1993, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4213andcontext=lcp

In war powers and certain other areas of foreign affairs, the executive rather than
AND
accommodations and to trade its powers for other, higher valued, concessions.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cornell HP | Judge: Severson

Means-end thinking good. Anything else is violent.

Jarvis 2K
Jarvis, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, University of Sydney, 2k (Darryl, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism, p. 128-129)

More is the pity that such irrational and obviously abstruse debate should so occupy us
AND
than those foolish enough to be scholastically excited by abstract and recondite debate.

Consequences

Williams 2005 (Michael, Professor of International Politics at the University of Wales—Aberystwyth,
The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations, p. 174-176)
A commitment to an ethic of consequences reflects a deeper ethic of criticism, of
AND
— it is both a condition of, and imperative toward, responsibility.

Yes, value to life – holocaust survivors AND released gitmo inmates prove their "all hope is lost" appeal is too sweeping. Subjectivity also means that you hold their arguments to a high bar

Domestic checks prevent their biopower impact

Dickinson ’4
(Edward Ross, University of Cincinnati, "Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About ’Modernity’", Central European History, 37(1), p. 18-19)

In an important programmatic statement of 1996 Geoff Eley celebrated the fact that Foucault’s ideas
AND
not develop the dynamic of constant radicalization and escalation that characterized Nazi policies.

Poems are means not ends – you’re author’s lawyer

Lea 7
~Richard, book reviewer for the Guardian, our evidence internally quotes Marc Falkoff who is an assistant professor at the Northern Illinois University College of Law and attorney for seventeen Guantánamo prisoners. He also edited and compiled "Poems from Guantanamo," The Guardian Culture, 2/26, http://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/feb/26/poetry.guantanamo-http://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/feb/26/poetry.guantanamo~~

Falkoff is hoping the collection of poems from Guantánamo Bay will put a human face
AND
poems will prick the conscience of a nation." ~END OF ARTICLE~

"Detention" hides the horrors of indefinite imprisonment – turn the aff and justifies infringements on liberty

Hentoff 12
~Nat, senior fellow at the Cato Institute, "The Main Issue in the 2012 Election," Cato, 4/18, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/main-issue-2012-election-http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/main-issue-2012-election~~

But Obama’s disregard of We the People’s essential judicial due process rights reached its apex
AND
entomb could have trouble remembering what country they’d believed they were living in.

This alone warrants voting negative – sans a plan, all aff rhetoric is on a level playing field – we can agree with their advocacy but not with this part

Circumvention

A) Congress

Wheeler 9
~Darren A, Associate Professor of Political Science (Ball State), "Checking Presidential Detention Power in the War on Terror: What Should We Expect from the Judiciary?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, 39.4, December, http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598-http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598~~

While it was Edward Corwin who noted that the Constitution "is an invitation to
AND
legitimized the use of presidential executive orders at home and executive agreements abroad.

B) Courts

Wheeler 9
~Darren A, Associate Professor of Political Science (Ball State), "Checking Presidential Detention Power in the War on Terror: What Should We Expect from the Judiciary?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, 39.4, December, http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598-http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598~~

This article argues that there are four specific reasons why those expecting the Supreme Court
AND
2004; Goldsmith 2007; Kassop 2007; Savage 2007; Wheeler 2008).

Our offense for circumvention – spurs worse alternatives that flip the aff and make judicial review impossible

Vladeck 12
~Stephen I., Professor of Law at the Washington College of Law at American University, "Detention Policies: What Role for Judicial Review?" ABA Journal, October, http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/detention_policies_what_role_for_judicial_review/-http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/detention_policies_what_role_for_judicial_review/~~

Writing for a divided panel of the U.S. District Court for the
AND
the need for (or availability of) judicial review in future cases.

Plan delays squo release of prisoners – gets draw into battles over branch power
Denniston 13

~Lyle, Supreme Court reporter and expert, "Escalating a Detainee’s Plea," SCOTUS Blog, 8/16, http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/08/escalating-a-detainees-plea/~~23more-168610-http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/08/escalating-a-detainees-plea/~~

Arguing that a wartime prisoner has been held at Guantanamo Bay three years longer than
AND
detaining an individual no longer considered a terrorism threat, Ajam’s counsel argued.

Squo solves – Obama trying to release prisoners via XOs

Linzer 10
~Dafna, Managing editor of MSNBC, syndicated and award-winning national security journalist, "White House Drafts Executive Order for Indefinite Detention," Propublica, 12/21, http://www.propublica.org/article/white-house-drafts-executive-order-for-indefinite-detention-http://www.propublica.org/article/white-house-drafts-executive-order-for-indefinite-detention~~

The White House is preparing an Executive Order on indefinite detention that will provide periodic
AND
needed to ensure that "any prolonged detention is carefully evaluated and justified."

Affirmative results in increases in executive authority on detention

Vladeck 12
~Stephen I., Professor of Law at the Washington College of Law at American University, "Detention Policies: What Role for Judicial Review?" ABA Journal, October, http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/detention_policies_what_role_for_judicial_review/-http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/detention_policies_what_role_for_judicial_review/~~

The short chapter that follows aims to take Judge Brown’s suggestion seriously. As I
AND
Judge Brown to identify "take no prisoners" as Boumediene’s true legacy.

Liberalism and empire don’t make war inevitable  – that oversimplifies

Amar ’11
Paul Amar is an associate professor in the Global 26 International Studies Program at the
AND
in the megacities of the global south. JOURNAL OF MIDDLE EAST WOMEN’S STUDIES
Vol. 7, No. 3 (Fall 2011) © 2011 – Project Muse
COLONIALITY AND DEPENDENCY SCHOOLS There is a critical genealogy of scholarship that has often dropped
AND
, rather than as genuine sites for ethnography and productive spaces of contestation.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cornell HP | Judge: Severson

"Genocide" Triv

(  ) Our definition of genocide.

May ’10
Larry May is the W. Alton Jones Professor of Philosophy and a Professor of Law at Vanderbilt – A Normative Account of Genocide. Sometimes the Book is simply referenced as Genocide – p. 223

When the term "genocide" is used popularly, it is often indistinguishable from
AND
to explain the harm of genocide that would justify resort to humanitarian wars.

Two – reject extreme analogies – they unnecessarily demean and they detract from assessment. Accesses all of their offense.

Krygier ’5
Martin Krygier – Professor, Gordon Samuels Professor of Law and Social Theory, Co-Director - Network for Interdisciplinary Studies of Law, The University of New South Wales – Civil Passions: Selected Writings – p. 136-37

5. Analogy Wars As Owen Harries once pointed out, ’comparisons may be
AND
invoke or condemn the invocation of the Holocaust and genocide in local arguments.

Consequences

(  ) Nuclear war

 Changes Moral Calculus, err on our side====

Seeley, ’86
(Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors, The Handbook of Non-Violence, p. 269-70)
In moral reasoning prediction of consequences is nearly always impossible. One balances the risks
AND
real enough to make nuclear war utterly impermissible under any sane moral code.

(  ) Deontology is bad in the context of public policy

Woller ’97 
(Gary, Economics Professor at BYU, Policy Currents, June, http://apsapolicysection.org/vol7_2/72.pdf , p. 11)
At the same time, deontologically based ethical systems have severe practical limitations as a
AND
perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.

Gewirth is wrong – his principle of intervening action is warrantless and he concedes as much.  We are sometimes morally obligated to violate rights in order to achieve the greater good – Gewirth’s argument supports our consequentialist ethics.

David Cummiskey, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Bates College, 1999
~"Gewirth’s Kantian Consequentialism," Gewirth: Critical Essays on Action, Rationality, and Community, edited by Michael Boylan, Published by Rowman 26 Littefield, ISBN 0847692582, p. 134  BATMAN~
In one of his explicit discussions of the issue of the sacrifice of an innocent
AND
preventing two others from being killed—if all other considerations are equal.

Moral perfectionism is bad – decisionmakers have to choose between the lesser of two evils – that education’s important

Ignatieff ’4
(Michael, Professor of Human Rights – Harvard, Lesser Evils, p. 20-1)

As for moral perfectionism, this would be the doctrine that a liberal state should
AND
, and thus respect for one right might lead us to betray another.

Predictions

( ) Yes, predictions

Kurasawa’4 
(Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, Constellations Volume 11, No 4, 2004).  SAS
A radically postmodern line of thinking, for instance, would lead us to believe
AND
early warning is making its way into preventive action on the global stage. 

Even if sources are wrong on specific predictions, it doesn’t mean their core beliefs are untrue

Caplan ’5 
(Bryan, Associate Professor of Economics at George Mason University, "Tackling Tetlock", EconLog, http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2005/12/tackling_tetloc_1.html-http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2005/12/tackling_tetloc_1.html)
And yes, Tetlock has data, drawing upon twenty years of observation of 82
AND
every day.  You can find that point in Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels.

Security

(  ) Dystopic images are an antidote to fear – they counteract fatalism and catalyze debates to alter the future

Kurasawa ’4
(Fuyuki, Professor of Sociology – York University of Toronto, "Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight", Constellations, 11(4))

Returning to the point I made at the beginning of this paper, the significance
AND
-political action, spurring citizens’ involvement in the work of preventive foresight.

Standpoint Epistemology

(  ) Standpoint epistemology too sweeping – dominant standpoint can emancipate and oppressed standpoint can entrench suffering – turns the aff – we can win on this alone

Dépelteau ’8
François Dépelteau is an Assistant Professor at Laurentian University (Dept of Sociology). His research interests are centered on social theory, classes and social movements – April 2007 – TOWARDS A RELATIONAL-CRITICAL THEORY: SOME REMARKS ON ELIAS’ CONCEPTS – this is from the proceedings of a Brazilian conference called "X Simposio Internacional – Processo Civlizador
http://www.uel.br/grupo-estudo/processoscivilizadores/portugues/sitesanais/anais10/Artigos_PDF/Francois_Depelteau.pdf
Critical theory is not only an anti-positivistic attack against neutral, ’pure’
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his/her own household. (Horkheimer 1972: 215-216)

• • Modified for gendered language *

Tournament: Clay | Round: 1 | Opponent: Emory AB | Judge: Bagwell

No cyber-attacks– too hard to pull off for terrorists and deterrence means states won’t do it

Birch 12 (Douglas, former foreign correspondent for the Associated Press and the Baltimore Sun, writer for Foreign Policy Magazine, "Forget Revolution," 10/1/12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/01/forget_revolution)
A 2009 paper published by the University of California, Berkeley, may offer the
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another to spend the night hunched in your living room with a shotgun.

Speed and flexibility critical to cyber-operations –barriers render our policy ineffective

Walker 10 (Paul, Operations Law Attorney, U.S. Cyber Command, "Traditional Military Activities in Cyberspace: Preparing for Netwar," http://works.bepress.com/paul_walker/2/)
These legal and policy disputes over the employment of Special Operations forces and information-
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to the accomplishment of strategic surprise: positioning of forces and deception operations. 

Perception of restricting prez powers emboldens asymmetric enemies

Newton 12
(Michael A., Professor of the Practice of Law at Vanderbilt University Law School, "Presidential Powers and Foreign Affairs: The War Powers Resolution at 40: Still Controversial: Inadvertent Implications of the War Powers Resolution," Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Fall 2012, 45 Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 173, Lexis)

B. US Enemies’ Ability to Manipulate American Political Will¶ The corollary to this
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asymmetric enemy can in theory erode our political will even before it solidifies.

No impact to natural gas terror – reserves and diffuse production

Matthew Hulbert 11/26/12 (Lead Analyst for European Energy Review and consultant to numerous governments and institutional investors, most recently as Senior Research Fellow at Clingendael International Energy Programme, "A Terrorist Guide To Energy Carnage" http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewhulbert/2012/11/16/a-terrorist-guide-to-energy-carnage/)

Well, the bad news for you guys is that you’re against the clock.
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do. You’ll merely highlight AQ’s increasing structural irrelevance to the energy world.
Manufacturing high
Thomas A. Hemphill is associate professor of strategy, innovation and public policy at the University of Michigan-Flint’s School of Management. 9-14-2012 http://www.american.com/archive/2012/september/u-s-manufacturings-brave-new-world

After losing 6 million manufacturing jobs between 2001 and 2009, the American manufacturing sector
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a negative impact on their ability to expand operations or improve company productivity.
Manufacturing not key to econ- diversification
Ledbetter 8 (James, Deputy Managing Editor – CNN Money and Editor – Dispatches, "How Bad Could It Get?", Slate Magazine, 5-2, Lexis)

But no one would dispute that the American economy is more dynamic and resilient than
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. unemployment is going to hit 10 percent in the next 18 months.
Laws of physics preclude gray goo
Easterbrook, 3 (Gregg, Senior Fellow – New Republic, "We’re All Gonna Die21", Wired Magazine, July, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html?pg=126topic=26topic_set=)

5. Runaway nanobots21 Eric Drexler, the father of nanotechnology, calls it
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of an inch per second, barely fast enough to chase a snail."

Nuclear power is the dead in the water- nothing the government can do will change the fundamental economics- low natural gas prices, low consumer demand, high construction costs- deregulation and massive subsidies wouldn’t be sufficient to solve

Mark Cooper, Institute for Energy and the Environment, Vermont Law School, 2-14-2011 yubanet.com/opinions/Mark-Cooper-Why-Nuclear-Reactor-Loan-Guarantees-Are-Now-More-Imprudent-Than-Ever_printer.php

The U.S. is expected to see very soon (1) the
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and involves no safety issues, waste disposal problems and lengthy construction delays.

No impact to meltdowns

Drum, 11 (Kevin, Political Blogger for Mother Jones, "Nukes and the Free Market", March 14, www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2011/03/nukes-and-free-market-http://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2011/03/nukes-and-free-market)

We’re currently told that the death toll in Japan will be at least 10,
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the worst case the containment vessels will almost certainly restrict the worst damage.

Nuclear power woefully insufficient to solve warming- would need global, exponential growth- more likely that the net growth rate is zero

Oliver Tickell is the founder of Nuclear Pledge, 7-31-2012 http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_analysis/1482669/renewable_revolution_or_nuclear_nightmare.html-http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_analysis/1482669/renewable_revolution_or_nuclear_nightmare.html

So this is the question: does the world need nuclear power for us to
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lives and close, leading to a net growth rate close to zero. 

Err neg- their advantage is just pro-nuclear hype

Gerd Rosenkranz, earned a doctorate in material science as well as a degree in metal engineer- ing "Myths about nuclear energy" Sept 2010 http://www.il.boell.org/downloads/Myth_of_nuclear_power_Rosenkranz.pdf-http://www.il.boell.org/downloads/Myth_of_nuclear_power_Rosenkranz.pdf

It is only gradually that the public is becoming aware of how fundamentally flawed this
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2030 (Prognos AG 2009~}. We will come back to this later.

Warming doesn’t cause extinction—-mitigation and adaptation will solve

Mendelsohn, 9 (Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, "Climate Change and Economic Growth," online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf-http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf)

These statements are largely alarmist and misleading. Although climate change is a serious problem
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range climate risks. What is needed are long?run balanced responses.

Recent temperatures show no increase in warming

Happer 12 (William is a professor of physics at Princeton. "Global Warming Models Are Wrong Again", Wall Street Journal, 3/27/12, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304636404577291352882984274.html-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304636404577291352882984274.html)
What is happening to global temperatures in reality? The answer is: almost nothing for more than 10 years. Monthly values of the global temperature anomaly of the lower atmosphere, compiled at the University of Alabama from NASA satellite data, can be found at the website http://www.drroyspencer.com/latest-global-temperatures/. The latest (February 2012) monthly global temperature anomaly for the lower atmosphere was minus 0.12 degrees Celsius, slightly less than the average since the satellite record of temperatures began in 1979

Warming evidence skewed – urban heat island

Evans 12 (David has a PhD in electrical engineering, worked from 1999 to 2006 for the Australian Greenhouse Office, an agency of the Australian government, designing a carbon accounting system- Financial Post, "Global Warming Theory Is Based on False Science.", 7 Apr. 2011, infotrac)
There are now several independent pieces of evidence showing that the earth responds to the
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science track only the surface thermometer results and not mention the satellite results?

Not anthropogenic – multiple warrants

Spencer 12 (Roy, former NASA climatologist and author, "Ten Years After the Warming," 2/26, http://www.drroyspencer.com/2012/02/)
As can be seen, in the last 10 years the estimated forcing has been
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most discussed: 1) cooling from anthropogenic aerosols has been cancelling out warming 

from more greenhouse gases 2) natural cooling from internal climate fluctuations or the sun
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next 10 years. Eek21 But I personally doubt that will happen.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 1 | Opponent: Emory AB | Judge: Bagwell

No Nuc

Nuclear stigma, media spin and wasteful spending ensure massive public backlash

Lopez et al, ’8
Ana Prades López, Tom Horlick-Jones, Christian Oltra and Rosario Solá, Dr Ana Prades López (corresponding author), Dr Christian Oltra
and Dr Rosario Solá are at CIEMAT’s Socio-Technical Research Unit, Barcelona, Science and Public Policy, March, http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/beech/spp 

Our literature review led us to formulate a number ¶ of hypotheses regarding lay perceptions
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technology, leading to existing perceptions not necessarily reflecting future views and preferences. 

Meltdown

NO meltdown impact

Adams, 12 (Rod Adams, Former submarine Engineer Officer, Founder, Adams Atomic Engines, Inc., "Has Apocalyptic Portrayal of Climate Change Risk Backfired?", May 2, http://atomicinsights.com/2012/05/has-apocalyptic-portrayal-of-climate-change-risk-backfired.html?utm_source=feedburnerandutm _medium= feedandutm_campaign=Feed3A+AtomicInsights+28Atomic+Insights29)

Not only was the discussion enlightening about the reasons why different people end up with
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and must not be marginalized by the people who market fear and trembling.

Redundancy solves

Rid 12 (Thomas, writer for Foreign Policy, "Think Again: Cyberwar," March, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles /2012/02/27/cyberwar)

Just because there’s more malware, however, doesn’t mean that attacks are becoming easier
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made reprogramming highly specific installations on legacy systems more complex, not less.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 8 | Opponent: Wake MQ | Judge: Weiner

US tailors its strikes in Pakistan to public criticism and secret deal with their military prevents kickout/backlash

Gannon 7/26/13 (special regional correspondent for Pakistan and Afghanistan, new Zealand herald, ""Criticism alters US drone program in Pakistan" lexis)

The United States has drastically scaled back the number of drone attacks against militants in
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245 billion bailout the country desperately needs from the International Monetary Fund.

No host country internal link

Your ev is about strikes generally- only ending sig strikes can’t solve

Your ev is political rhetoric- host countries support US drones

Daniel Byman 2013 (Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh
School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban
Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, 92 foreign affairs 32, "Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice", hein online)

It is also telling that drones have earned the backing, albeit secret, of
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against the drone program~ in the National Assembly and then ignore it."

Specifically true for Pakistan

Jahanzeb Aslam 5/30/13 (deputy editor of Newsweek Pakistan, the daily beast, "pakistan’s drone dilemma" http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/05/30/pakistan-s-drone-dilemma.html

Less than a week after President Obama pledged to make the U.S.
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"I think Pakistan should thank the U.S. for this."

No blowback internal link- boomerang effect not true for Pakistan

Amitai Etzioni March/April 2013 (military review, Senior Advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard Business School, University of California at Berkeley, and is the first University Professor at George Washington University, where he is the Director of the Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies. He served as the President of the American Sociological Association, and he founded the Communitarian Network, military review, "Great Drone Debate" http://icps.gwu.edu/files/2013/03/Etzioni_DroneDebate.pdf)

Critics argue that drone strikes alienate the population and thus help al Qaeda’s recruitment,
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is as high, or higher, than in drone-targeted Pakistan.

No military internal link

Their ev is about strikes generally- aff only ends signature strikes

Secret deal with the military to continue drones with cooperation

Gannon 7/26/13 (special regional correspondent for Pakistan and Afghanistan, new Zealand herald, ""Criticism alters US drone program in Pakistan" lexis)

The United States has drastically scaled back the number of drone attacks against militants in
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245 billion bailout the country desperately needs from the International Monetary Fund.

No hearts and minds internal link-

It’s about strikes generally- aff can’t solve

Threshold is too low- mistrust means any action is attributed to the US by the Pakistani public

DECLAN WALSH 3/6/13 (international herald tribune, "U.S. disavows 2 recent drone strikes in Pakistan; Officials think Islamabad is blaming C.I.A. to mask its own military’s actions" lexis)

When news of the two latest drone strikes emerged from the Pakistani tribal belt in
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fighting among themselves. Or it could have been simply bad reporting.’’
No chance that Pakistan will collapse
Bandow 09 (Senior Fellow @ Cato, former special assistant to Reagan (11/31/09, Doug, "Recognizing the Limits of American Power in Afghanistan," Huffington Post,http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php ?pub_id=10924)

From Pakistan’s perspective, limiting the war on almost any terms would be better than
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state in the vain hope of salvaging Afghanistan would be a terrible mistake."

Not willing to break relations over it- no monolithic EU response and tacitly accept US actions in private despite public comments

Judy Dempsey¶ Nonresident Senior Associate¶ Carnegie Europe¶ Editor in chief¶ Strategic Europe  7-11-2012 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/world/europe/12iht-letter12.html?_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/world/europe/12iht-letter12.html?_r=0

When Thomas de Maizière, the German defense minister, told a gathering of army
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directly concern them. Government officials point to this to explain their silence. 

Yemen intel cooperation now

BBC 8/26/13 (BBC republishing Saba, a State-run Yemeni news agency, "Yemeni president vows to pursue "terrorists", defends US drone strikes" lexis)

President Abd-Rabbuh Mansur Hadi said that the agreement on fighting terrorism was made
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drones reached certain areas, some considered them a violation of national sovereignty."

No tribesmen internal link

It’s about strikes generally- can’t solve

Robust statistical proof this isn’t true

Christopher Swift 7/1/12 (fellow at the University of Virginia’s Center for National Security Law, foreign affairs, "The drone blowback fallacy" http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137760/christopher-swift/the-drone-blowback-fallacy

Critics argue that drone strikes create new adversaries and drive al Qaeda’s recruiting. As
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U.S. ambassador goes on television and takes credit for it."

No democratic governance internal link

This is about strikes generally- aff only bans sig strikes

No capacity irrespective of the plan

Major General John Hartley AO (Retd) Institute Director and CEO Future Directions International 1-25-2012 http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publications/indian-ocean/29-indian-ocean-swa/358-yemen-long-term-structural-weaknesses-exposed-by-political-crisis.html

Yemen faces an unfolding humanitarian crisis.  While international attention focuses on political and separatist
AND
businesses are also closing or leaving, recognising the difficulties facing the country.

Yemen instability inevitable

Sharp -11 (Jeremy M. Sharp, Specialist in Middle East Affairs, June 8, 2011, Yemen: Background and U.S. Relations, CRS Report for Congress, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL34170.pdf)
Well before the unrest in Tunisia and Egypt, Yemen’s opposition parties had been angry
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change … and these are rude statements, they are the utmost rudeness."
No trade impact
Fletcher, 11 (Ian Fletcher is Senior Economist of the Coalition for a Prosperous America, former Research Fellow at the U.S. Business and Industry Council M.A. and B.A. from Columbia and U Chicago, "Avoid Trade War? We’re Already In One21" August 29 2011 www.huffingtonpost.com/ian-fletcher/avoid-trade-war-were-alre_b_939967.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ian-fletcher/avoid-trade-war-were-alre_b_939967.html)

The curious thing about the concept of trade war is that, unlike actual shooting
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much harm; it will be no different if we join the party.

Multiple Other threats to Caucasus Stability – Historical Conflicts, Ethnic Tensions, and Organized Crime and Extremism

Cornell, 5 (Svante, Deputy Director of the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Assistant Research Prof @ Nitze School of Advanced International Studies @ John Hopkins "Security Threats and Challenges in the Caucasus after 9/11" Eurasia in Balance p. 43-44)

Since before independence, conflict and instability have plagued the South Caucasus region. The
AND
, arms and persons, and the rise of Islamic radical movements.3

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: Emory DK | Judge: Mosley-Jensen

1NC A2:  Drones Advantage

====U.S. drone use doesn’t cause prolif – no international precedent.====
Etzioni 13, Professor of International Relations @ George Washington University
(Aimtai Etzioni, adviser to the Carter administration, and#34;The Great Drone Debate’’and#34;, Military Review, 4/2013, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf)**
Other critics contend that by the United States ¶ using drones, it leads other
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In such circumstances, the role ¶ of norms is much more limited.

No prolif – no major prolif over next 10 years
Micah Zenko, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). and#34;Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,and#34; CPA at CFR, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013.
Based on current trends, it is unlikely that most states will have, within
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will undertake the significant investment required for armed drones in the near term.

Deterrence STILL checks – diplomatic costs and other reasons

Singh 12 (Joseph Singh is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security. and#34;Betting Against a Drone Arms Race,and#34; http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/)
Bold predictions of a coming drones arms race are all the rage since the uptake
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of 21st Century warfare remains fundamentally unaltered despite their arrival in large numbers.

Norms fail – international manipulation

Lerner 13 (Ben, is Vice President for Government Relations at the Center for Security Policy in Washington, D.C. and#34;Judging ’Drones’ From Afar,and#34; http://spectator.org/archives/2013/03/25/judging-drones-from-afar/1
Whatever the potential motivations for trying to codify international rules for using UAVs, such
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countries that already use UAVs responsibly, while empowering those that do not.

No great power war – easily defeated and wont be used

Lewis 11 (Michael W. Lewis teaches international law and the law of war at Ohio Northern University School of Law. He is a former Navy fighter pilot and is the coauthor of and#34;The War on Terror and the Laws of War: A Military Perspective.and#34; and#34;Unfounded drone fears,and#34; http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/17/opinion/la-oe—lewis-drones-20111017)
Almost since the United States began using the unmanned aerial vehicles known as drones,
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by a foreign nation could be easily detected and either destroyed or captured.

Can’t solve terrorist save-havens unless they’re in a zone of active hostility- leaders are outside of active hostilities

John R. Crook, Professorial Lecturer in Law, George Washington University, April 2013
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE OF THE UNITED STATES RELATING TO INTERNATIONAL LAW: USE OF FORCE AND ARMS CONTROL: U.S. Department of Justice and#34;White Paperand#34; Addresses Legal Basis for Use of Lethal Force Against U.S. Citizens

Any operation of the sort discussed here would be conducted in a foreign country against
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express geographic limitation on the use of force it authorizes. . . .

Strict adherence to limits encourages targets to spread - causes regional destabilization

Afsheen John Radsan* and Richard Murphy 2012 (* Professor, William Mitchell College of Law; Assistant General Counsel at the Central Intelligence Agency from 2002 to 2004, Journal of National Security Law 26 Policy,  5 J. Nat’l Security L. 26 Pol’y 439and#34;The Evolution of Law and Policy for CIA Targeted Killingand#34; lexis)

The example of al-Awlaki, a dual American-Yemeni citizen, is
AND
pushes, and other parts of our constitutional system exist to push back.

Extinction

Yonah Alexander, professor and director of the Inter-University for Terrorism Studies in Israel and the United States. and#34;Terrorism myths and realities,and#34; The Washington Times, August 28, 2003

Unlike their historical counterparts, contemporary terrorists have introduced a new scale of violence in
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the road may be: For without victory, there is no survival.and#34;

Tournament: Clay | Round: 5 | Opponent: Michigan CH | Judge: Henning

Plan collapses US and ILaw cred, norms, and allied coop – 2 reasons – 1) crushes court based due process  2) court secrecy triggers perceptions on hypocrisy and non compliance

Rona, 13
Gabor Rona, As the International Legal Director of Human Rights First, Gabor Rona advises Human Rights First programs on questions of international law and coordinates international human rights litigation. He also represents Human Rights First with governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, the media and the public on matters of international human rights and international humanitarian law (the law of armed conflict)Before coming to Human Rights First, Gabor was a Legal Advisor in the Legal Division of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Geneva., Human Rights First, 02/27/13, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/judicial/285041-the-pro-rule-of-law-argument-against-a-drone-court-http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/judicial/285041-the-pro-rule-of-law-argument-against-a-drone-court

The pro-rule of law argument against a ’drone court’ After many years of
AND
own secret rules while insisting that other countries follow the international public ones.

Article 3 turn

advisory opinions - Crushes constitution, SOP, judicial independence,  legal precedent, and establishes international LEGAL NORM of UNLIMITED drone use and targeted killings without any due process constraint

LaRouche, Quoting retired DC district court judge Robertson, 13
LaRouche PAC, 2/19/13, http://larouchepac.com/node/25547
Retired federal judge James Robertson, who served on the U.S. District
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preservation of the rights, peace, and dignity of the United States."

B) No Adversarial process - Courts will strike down – FISA proves NEG argument -  no analogy to article 3 search warrants and no possibility for ex post suppression

Vladeck, 13  (Steve, professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law. A 2004 graduate of Yale Law School, Steve clerked for Judge Marsha Berzon on the Ninth Circuit and Judge Rosemary Barkett on the Eleventh Circuit, 2/10, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/-http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/**)**

The standard response to this concern is the observation that the same is true of
AND
investigation (e.g., the second and third questions noted above).

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Mary Washington MP | Judge: D Heidt

Ex Ante Substantive Judicial review fails –guts drone effectiveness, crushes exec accountability - causes blame shifting and court bashing on national security  - lack expertise, too slow, zero precedent,

Katyal, 13
NEAL K. KATYAL, 2/20/13,
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/opinion/an-executive-branch-drone-court.html?ref=opinion26_r=126-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/opinion/an-executive-branch-drone-court.html?ref=opinion26_r=126

IN the wake of revelations about the Obama administration’s drone program, politicians from both
AND
. With an internal court, it would be impossible to avoid blame.

That uniquely Collapses judicial power, credibility and enforcement – net turns case and every solvency deficit

McGinnis, 93
John McGinnis, Assistant Professor, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, 1993, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=421326context=lcp-http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=421326context=lcp

The interest the executive branch has in emphasizing the justification for military action premised on
AND
risks of judicial intervention to enforce the sixty-day cut-off.

collapsing US and ILaw cred, norms, and allied coop – 2 reasons – 1) crushes court based due process  2) court secrecy triggers perceptions on hypocrisy and non compliance

Rona, 13
Gabor Rona, As the International Legal Director of Human Rights First, Gabor Rona advises Human Rights First programs on questions of international law and coordinates international human rights litigation. He also represents Human Rights First with governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, the media and the public on matters of international human rights and international humanitarian law (the law of armed conflict)Before coming to Human Rights First, Gabor was a Legal Advisor in the Legal Division of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Geneva., Human Rights First, 02/27/13, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/judicial/285041-the-pro-rule-of-law-argument-against-a-drone-court-http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/judicial/285041-the-pro-rule-of-law-argument-against-a-drone-court

The pro-rule of law argument against a ’drone court’ After many years of
AND
own secret rules while insisting that other countries follow the international public ones.

Article 3 turn

advisory opinions - Crushes constitution, SOP, judicial independence,  legal precedent, and establishes international LEGAL NORM of UNLIMITED drone use and targeted killings without any due process constraint

LaRouche, Quoting retired DC district court judge Robertson, 13
LaRouche PAC, 2/19/13, http://larouchepac.com/node/25547
Retired federal judge James Robertson, who served on the U.S. District
AND
preservation of the rights, peace, and dignity of the United States."

B) No Adversarial process - Courts will strike down – FISA proves NEG argument -  no analogy to article 3 search warrants and no possibility for ex post suppression

Vladeck, 13  (Steve, professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law. A 2004 graduate of Yale Law School, Steve clerked for Judge Marsha Berzon on the Ninth Circuit and Judge Rosemary Barkett on the Eleventh Circuit, 2/10, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/-http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/**)**

The standard response to this concern is the observation that the same is true of
AND
investigation (e.g., the second and third questions noted above).

Causes MOST expansive legal framework – multiple factors make pressures for ex ante approval irresistible – CP prevents this rubberstamping

- meaningful ex ante assessment of imminence, alternatives feasibility and threat posed is necessarily impossible
- decided in secret without adversary parties, briefings or presentation of facts
- possibility wrong decision directly cause American deaths
Vladeck, 13  (Steve, professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law. A 2004 graduate of Yale Law School, Steve clerked for Judge Marsha Berzon on the Ninth Circuit and Judge Rosemary Barkett on the Eleventh Circuit, 2/10, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/-http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/**)**

III. Drone Courts and the Legitimacy Problem That brings me to perhaps the biggest
AND
and practically possible, a drone court would be a very dangerous idea.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 5 | Opponent: Michigan CH | Judge: Henning

Ex ante Substantive judicial review is worst of all worlds - cant solve excess strikes or perception of legitimacy – and ensures denial of due process

JANE Y. CHONG December 2012 (Yale Law School, J.D. 2014; Duke University, B.A. 2009, yale law journal, "Targeting the Twenty-First-Century Outlaw" 122 Yale L.J. 724 lexis)

3. A Targeted Killing Court Commentators have clamored around proposals for the creation of
AND
the secret court context, submit its evidence for review strictly in camera.

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Mary Washington MP | Judge: D Heidt

Ext Due Process Turn

Ex ante Substantive judicial review is worst of all worlds - cant solve excess strikes or perception of legitimacy – and ensures denial of due process

JANE Y. CHONG December 2012 (Yale Law School, J.D. 2014; Duke University, B.A. 2009, yale law journal, "Targeting the Twenty-First-Century Outlaw" 122 Yale L.J. 724 lexis)

3. A Targeted Killing Court Commentators have clamored around proposals for the creation of
AND
the secret court context, submit its evidence for review strictly in camera.

Article 3 Turn

Violates cornerstone constitutional article III case or controversy requirements

Vladeck, 13  (Steve, professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law. A 2004 graduate of Yale Law School, Steve clerked for Judge Marsha Berzon on the Ninth Circuit and Judge Rosemary Barkett on the Eleventh Circuit, 2/10, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/-http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/**)**

I. Drone Courts and Article III Although the "drone court" proposals floating
AND
noticeably lacking in a drone court set up along the lines noted above.

Ex ante substantive judicial review violates constitution, SOP and over 200 years of entrenched precedent – advisory opinions and ripeness doctrine

Robertson, 13
James Robertson, a retired federal judge, served on the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia from 1994 to 2010, Washington Post, 2/15/13, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-02-15/opinions/37117878_1_drone-strikes-justice-department-white-paper-federal-courts
Judges shouldn’t decide about drone strikes In the wake of the recent confirmation hearing on
AND
preservation of the rights, peace, and dignity of the United States."

Greenlighting Turn

Rubber stamping DOES take out solvency – doesn’t cause executive to self select – FISA proves

Greenwald, 13
Glenn Greenwald, Glenn Greenwald is a columnist on civil liberties and US national security issues for the Guardian. A former constitutional lawyer, he was until 2012 a contributing writer at Salon, The Guardian, 5/3/13, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/03/fisa-court-rubber-stamp-drones

What makes all of this worse is just how extreme the US government is "
AND

rubber-stamping virtually anything and everything the government wants to do.
 "The U.S. always does the right thing – eventually."

Tournament: Wake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Concordia BS | Judge: Sarah Lundeen, DeLo, PJ, Ermo, Short

They read old Fraser – and this is more important than post-dating on a silly Debt Ceiling uniqueness arg. Fraser ORGINIALLY thought that feminists need to work outside the public sphere –NOW, she thinks that feminism lost its way in K’s of identity and needs to re-engage the public sphere. The Aff is stuck in Fraser’s wave 1 and 2. The implication is that their K of our T arg is backwards and Fraser votes NEG on framework to engage the public sphere. We can win the debate on  this card alone – it straight turns the Aff irrespective of Topicality.

Warnke – excerpting Nancy Fraser – ’13
LA Review of Books, reviewing Fraser’s newest book – Georgia Warnke is Professor of political science, University of California, Riverside – Georgia Warnke on Fortunes of Feminism : From Women’s Liberation to Identity Politics to Anti-Capitalism Feminism, the Frankfurt School, and Nancy Fraser August 4th, 2013 – http://lareviewofbooks.org/review/feminism-the-frankfurt-school-and-nancy-fraser/

WHEN MAX HORKHEIMER took over the Institute for Social Research in 1930 and brought together
AND
that follow are representative contributions she has made to each of these acts.

(  ) More ev that Fraser NOW wants to instruct activists to engage the State – this card is jaw-dropping and explains her third wave. She now REJECTS anti-structural feminism. The critical bend of the Aff is COUNTERPRODUTIVE TO HER ARG.

Warnke – excerpting Nancy Fraser – ’13
LA Review of Books, reviewing Fraser’s newest book – Georgia Warnke is Professor of political science, University of California, Riverside – Georgia Warnke on Fortunes of Feminism : From Women’s Liberation to Identity Politics to Anti-Capitalism Feminism, the Frankfurt School, and Nancy Fraser August 4th, 2013 – http://lareviewofbooks.org/review/feminism-the-frankfurt-school-and-nancy-fraser/

What categorial framework does Fraser think can do better? What sort of theoretical perspective
AND
socio-economic issues, and leaves women without any prospects for change.

Excluding men and people in positions of power makes their movement worse

La Paglia 13
(Heidi, writer for Lip Magazine, http://lipmag.com/opinion/feminism-needs-to-include-not-exclude-men/-http://lipmag.com/opinion/feminism-needs-to-include-not-exclude-men/)

We often think of feminism as purely a women’s movement, based on the inclusion
AND
feminism is pro-equality; it is not the exclusion of men.

Tournament: Texas | Round: Octas | Opponent: West Georgia AM | Judge: Bausch, Brass, DCH, Donlan, Nick Miller

Their advocacy statement is incoherent – how do Malcom X’s revolutionary ideals restrict war powers? What’s the mechanism? No solvency ev or explanation

Aff fails—-Islam is not intrinsically emancipatory—-essentializing a religion as inherently liberatory elides the way specific practices can be twisted to support oppression

Plummer 13 – BRENDA GAYLE PLUMMER, Prof @ University of Wisconsin–Madison, Journal of American Studies, 47(3)

Black Star, Crescent Moon could use less of the author’s irritatingly essentialized appeals to
AND
The same may be said for all of the "universal" religions.
This work makes an important contribution in allowing readers to see beyond the intellectual ghetto
AND
by claiming insurgents who neither were Muslims nor were motivated by religious goals.

(  ) Our dangerous ties turn:

The 1AC expressly draws comparison between restrictive debate norms and particular historical events related to Shakur and Tubman. We shouldn’t export history to the immediate condition – especially debate. It totalizes and internally link turns their offense by violently re-projecting that loss.

Sanyal ’2
Debarati Sanyal is Associate Professor of French at the University of California, Berkeley. She received her PhD in Romance Languages from Princeton University.     The author of The Violence of Modernity: Baudelaire, Irony and the Politics of Form (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), she has also published articles on Baudelaire, Holocaust Studies, World War Two and postwar commitment. SubStance, Vol. 31, No. 2/3, Issue 98/99: Special Issue: Theatricality (2002), pp. 301-306 – Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3685496

What might it mean to "write trauma," or to give voice to a
AND
of sacrifice in which totalization and fragmentation are but mirrors of one another. 

They’ll say "we deploy differently" – but appropriating history ultimately undermines the Alt and reifies. Also proves that not all universals are the same – Neg’s  historiography is especially bad.

Alanís ’6 
(Jaime Alanís, doctoral student in educational policy studies at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, "How Much are You Willing to Risk? How Far are You Willing to Go"? Cultural Studies = Critical Methodologies, 2006; 6; 166, http://csc.sagepub.com)

As Patti Lather (1998) notes, from the perspective of feminist pedagogies,
AND
they will end up actually silencing diversity in the name of liberatory pedagogy. 

(  ) Rattling-off a list of black liberation leaders occludes black females from the movement. Why did they choose Malcom X’s revolutionary ideals to use in the advocacy statement instead of Asma Lamrabet’s or Assata Shakur’s? That they merely footnoted Assata Shakur does proves our link

Corrigan ’6
Lisa Marie Corrigan, now Doctor of Philosophy, 2006. This is her dissertation. Title of dissertation: REIMAGINING BLACK POWER: PRISON MANIFESTOS AND THE STRATEGIES OF REGENERATION IN THE REWRITING OF BLACK IDENTITY, 1969-2002. Dissertation directed by: Professor Shawn J. Parry-Giles Department of Communication – http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/4182/1/umi-umd-3985.pdf

Although Shakur includes her favorite black heroine Harriet Tubman in this list of famous black
AND
role in the movement while reifying patriarchy in this next phase as well.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harvard BN | Judge: Najor

They are obviously insufficient to solve all prison abolition – the aff doesn’t do anything about domestic prisons

We’ll straight turn their pedagogical starting points.

First – Rodriguez bases pedagogy on Freire:

Rodriguez ’10
Dylan Rodriguez – D Rod will make ya jump – Radical Teacher, number 88, summer 2010 

As a pedagogical tool, this framework compels students and teachers to examine how deeply
AND
at least momentarily) to become intimate and familiar with the allegedly impossible. 

That pedagogy ensures domination.

Bowers ’5 
(C.A. Bowers, "Is Transformative Learning the Trojan Horse of Western Globalization?" Journal of Transformative Education 2005; 3; 116, http://jtd.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/3/2/116)
And one of the primary characteristics of this political language, which I earlier identified
AND
ways that address issues related to the diversity of the world’s cultural commons.  

Their impacts are self-limiting – won’t play-out in their sweeping extreme

Rabinow 26 Rose 3 
(Paul, Anthropology at Berkeley, Nikolas, Sociology @ London School of Economics, December 10, http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/sociology/ pdf/RabinowandRose-BiopowerToday03.pdf, accessed July 07, pg. 8-9)
The interpretation of contemporary biopolitics as the politics of a state modeled on the figure
AND
same time an element in this moral economy and an attempt to master it

(  ) Sexton’s entire K is de-contextual and based on poor evidence

Spickard ’9 
(Paul Spickard is a professor of history and Asian American studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Amalgamation Schemes: Antiblackness and the Critique of Multiracialism (review) American Studies, Volume 50, Number 1/2, Spring/Summer 2009, pp. 125-127 – Project Muse)
Sexton does point out, as do many writers, the flawed tendencies in multiracial
AND
personal lives of the writers themselves. It is a pretty tawdry exercise.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harvard HX | Judge: Katsulas

CIA Intel

Trends toward effective CIA intel gathering—-past failures won’t be repeated

Wobensmith 7 – John C. Wobensmith, Vice President for Development and Senior Fellow in Intelligence Studies at the American Foreign Policy Council, "Reinvigorating Intelligence", Journal of International Security Affairs, 12, Spring, http://www.securityaffairs.org/issues/2007/12/wobensmith26smith.php

Even with all the intelligence failures of the past term, and the incalculable work
AND
"notorious" characters the CIA has been long barred from engaging.10
Elsewhere, the Boston Globe has exposed details about the little-known Iran-
AND
which governs our intelligence services has become radical Islam’s greatest ally and asset.

Intel collection is massive

Juul 13 – Peter Juul, Policy Analyst at American Progress, where he specializes in the Middle East, military affairs, and U.S. national security policy. He holds degrees in international relations from Carleton College and security studies from Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service, "Adapting to the Future of Intelligence Gathering", 7-23, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/report/2013/07/23/70281/adapting-to-the-future-of-intelligence-gathering/

According to a 2010 investigation by The Washington Post, the U.S.
AND
-sector workers but do not count against the intelligence community’s personnel budgets.

Solvency takes forever

Johnson 11 – Loch K. Johnson, Regents Professor of Public and International Aff airs at the University of Georgia, "A Framework for Strengthening U.S. Intelligence", Yale Journal of International Affairs, http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/061210johnson.pdf

Within the collection phase, renewed concentration on human intelligence is critical. Since 1947
AND
, the government covers college tuition for students studying foreign languages and cultures.

Hegemony

Data disproves hegemony impacts
Fettweis, 11 (Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO)

It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship
AND
global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.

Chemical Terrorism

No mass death from chemical weapons

Easterbrook 3 (Gregg, Senior Fellow – New Republic, "We’re All Gonna Die21", Wired Magazine, July, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html?pg=126topic=26topic_set=)

2. Chemical weapons21 Spooky-sounding, sure. And dangerous. But
AND
a severe chemical attack likely would be confined to a few city blocks. 

Bioterrorism

No impact to bioterrorism—adequate defenses, no precedent, bioterrorists will fail

Epstein, 10 (Gerald R. – Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic Research and International Studies and assistant director for national security at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, October, "Are Microorganisms Macrothreats?", BioScience 60.9, p. 759-760, JSTOR)

It is impossible for national security planners to know the real threat of bioterrorism,
AND
wrong, however, their recommendations would leave the country at greater risk.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harvard HX | Judge: Katsulas

Squo solves accountability mechanisms —-

A. International pressure inevitable forces the US to change policies to maintain credibility – the links to their advantages trigger reform before the impact occurs

(also in "AT international/ilaw backlash and AT backlash/boomerang effect)
Gregory S. McNeal 3/5/13 (Pepperdine University School of Law, "Targeted Killing and Accountability" http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583)

Furthermore, other international political constraints can impose accountability on the targeting process. For
AND
extent of international legal scrutiny that U.S. Actions received." 491

B. Congressional oversight is sufficient and effective now – empirics prove pushback is possible through informal means

JACK GOLDSMITH 3/19/12 (Harvard Law professor and a member of the Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law. He served in the Bush administration as assistant attorney general in charge of the Office of Legal Counsel, foreign policy, "fire when ready", http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/19/fire_when_ready-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/19/fire_when_ready)

Congress too is involved. The executive branch only targets enemy forces that fall within
AND
many public reports that the 2001 statute was relied on to kill Awlaki. 

C. Bureaucratic accountability

Gregory S. McNeal 3/5/13 (Pepperdine University School of Law, "Targeted Killing and Accountability" http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583)

Bureaucratic accountability, exercises a high degree of control over bureaucratic action. It has
AND
a high degree of control over personnel in the targeted killing process. 500

Backlash inevitable – US will always be blamed for strikes regardless of whether or not they launched

Micah Zenko 2013 (Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, council on foreign relations, "Reforming US Drone Strike Policies" pdf)

The problem with maintaining that drone strikes are covert is that ¶ both the American
AND
we found that many more civilians are being killed ¶ than officials acknowledge.

Public announcement of restrictions allows terrorists to exploit them – makes strikes ineffective

Amitai Etzioni 5/29/13 (the national interest, Senior Advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard Business School, University of California at Berkeley, and is the first University Professor at George Washington University, where he is the Director of the Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies. He served as the President of the American Sociological Association, and he founded the Communitarian Network "the danger of overreacting on terror" http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-danger-overcorrecting-terror-8525?page=1-http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-danger-overcorrecting-terror-8525?page=1

Each one of these "corrective" measures ought to be evaluated in its own
AND
fire on mosques, it used these to store ammunition and place snipers.

Err neg – none of their evidence is from this year and is theoretical, prefer our forthcoming ev that describes the actual effects of strikes

Terrorism

Terrorists won’t attack the US—few deaths, no terrorists, no motivation, effective prevention

Schanzer, 13 (David H., Associate Professor of the Practice at the Duke Sanford School of Public Policy and Director of the Triangle Center on Terrorism and Homeland Security, 4/17, "Mostly Quiet on the Western Front", Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/17/why_is_domestic_ terrorism_so_rare?page=0,0-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/17/why_is_domestic_ terrorism_so_rare?page=0,0)

While the horrific bombing at the Boston Marathon has brought concerns about terrorism back to
AND
society and our government should respond to the attack on the Boston Marathon.

Nuclear Terror

No risk of nuclear terrorism – technically impossible
Michael, 12 (Professor Nuclear Counterprolif and Deterrence at Air Force Counterprolif Center, ’12 (George, March, "Strategic Nuclear Terrorism and the Risk of State Decapitation" Defence Studies, Vol 12 Issue 1, p 67-105, T26F Online)

Despite the alarming prospect of nuclear terrorism, the obstacles to obtaining such capabilities are
AND
there are still many nuclear weapons that could fall into the wrong hands.

Pakistan Stability

No chance that Pakistan will collapse

Bandow 09 (Senior Fellow @ Cato, former special assistant to Reagan (11/31/09, Doug, "Recognizing the Limits of American Power in Afghanistan," Huffington Post,http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php ?pub_id=10924)

From Pakistan’s perspective, limiting the war on almost any terms would be better than
AND
state in the vain hope of salvaging Afghanistan would be a terrible mistake."

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayne State JS | Judge: DeLong
Data disproves hegemony impacts
Fettweis, 11 (Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO)

It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship
AND
global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.

Accidental war unlikely

Farley, 13 (Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce – University of Kentucky, April 5, and#34;North Korea and the Fallacy of Accidental Warsand#34;, The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/2013/04/05/north-korea-and-the-fallacy-of-accidental-wars/?all=true)

Accidental wars rarely happen. AND
otherwise, you have either a punitive raid or an armed surrender negotiation.

Goldilocks executive now – prez powers are high enough to deter conflicts, but constrained enough to prevent abuses

Prakash and Ramsey 12
(Saikrishna B., David Lurton Massee, Jr. Professor of Law and Sullivan and Cromwell Professor of Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, and Michael D., Professor of Law at University of San Diego School of Law, and#34;The Goldilocks Executive,and#34; Texas Law Review, February 2012, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2012-18 , http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2008419)

Missing from this grid is a fourth position—the one we find most ¶
AND
Franklin Roosevelt, or George W. ¶ Bush—tyranny never comes. 

Prez powers solve WMD conflicts

Yoo 12
(John, Professor of Law, University of California at Berkeley Law School and Visiting Scholar at the  American Enterprise Institute, and#34;War Powers Belong to the President,and#34; 2-1-12, http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president)

This time, President Obama has the Constitution about right. His exercise of war
AND
time to introduce sweeping, untested changes in the way we make war.

Perception of restricting prez powers emboldens enemies

Newton 12
(Michael A., Professor of the Practice of Law at Vanderbilt University Law School, and#34;Presidential Powers and Foreign Affairs: The War Powers Resolution at 40: Still Controversial: Inadvertent Implications of the War Powers Resolution,and#34; Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Fall 2012, 45 Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 173, Lexis)

B. US Enemies’ Ability to Manipulate American Political Will¶ The corollary to this
AND
asymmetric enemy can in theory erode our political will even before it solidifies.

Congressional oversight and restrictions fail

Kriner, 9 (Douglas – Assistant Professor of Political Science, Boston University, and#34;Can Enhanced Oversight Repair and#34;The Broken Branchand#34;?and#34;, Boston University Law Review 89:765, https://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organization s/journals/bulr/volume89n2/documents/KRINER.pdf)

IV. DOES OVERSIGHT AFFORD A CHECK ON EXECUTIVE POWER? The presumption is widespread
AND
suggest that congressional oversight can influence executive branch behavior through more informal means.

Congress results in worse decision making – less intel and political pressure to vote for conflict

Nzelibe, 7 (Jide Nzelibe – Assistant Professor of Law at Northwestern University Law School, February, and#34;Are Congressionally Authorized Wars Perverse?and#34;, The Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University, 59 Stan. L. Rev. 907, Lexis)

While this notion of congressional authorization as political insurance might appear puzzling, it makes
AND
to accept the relatively low short-term costs of involving other elected officials

Even if congress requires an end to military operations inherent commander-in-chief authority still allows hostilities

Elsea et al., 13 (Jennifer K. Elsea – legislative attorney with the Congressional Research Service, Michael John Garcia – legislative attorney, Thomas J. Nicola – legislative attorney, 2/19, and#34;Congressional Authority to Limit Mili

Tournament: Indiana | Round: Semis | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Kelly Young, Meloche, Koch

Poems are means not ends – you’re author’s lawyer

Lea 7
~Richard, book reviewer for the Guardian, our evidence internally quotes Marc Falkoff who is an assistant professor at the Northern Illinois University College of Law and attorney for seventeen Guantánamo prisoners. He also edited and compiled "Poems from Guantanamo," The Guardian Culture, 2/26, http://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/feb/26/poetry.guantanamo~~

Falkoff is hoping the collection of poems from Guantánamo Bay will put a human face
AND
poems will prick the conscience of a nation." ~END OF ARTICLE~

(  ) Their deployment of Poetry actually re-ifes what they’re critiquing.

Mootz 93 
(Francis, Law Professor, Tennessee Law Review, Fall)
Gadamer and radical deconstructionists both claim to follow the path of the later Heidegger.
AND
the subject exist beyond the embedded horizon of tradition. =342   n340

2NC You

 Not Solidarity/Bad Solidarity===

====Bypassing institutional debates is solipsistic hand-washing the soothes the guilt of complicity with Gitmo but does nothing to materially change its conditions ====
Coverstone 5 – Alan, Debate Coach at Montgomery Bell Academy, "Acting On Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with a Pro-Social Impact", NCA Paper, 11-17, Not Online – Email charrigan@gmail.com For It

Perhaps the most significant question raised by Mitchell’s work is that of personal agency.
AND
as individuals through quixotic activism but offer little to society as a whole.

2NC We

 Key Solidarity===

The Detainees that are being tortured are asserting their CONSTITUTIONALLY PROTECTED rights and DEMANDING THE COURT ACCEPT JURISDICTION – your refusal to defense court jurisdiction is in direct opposition to solidarity with them – it literally refuses to endorse their appeal

Chong 13
~Jane, editor of the Yale Law Journal, National Security Researcher at Brookings, Duke Graduate in Law, "Appellants File Reply in Force-Feeding Case Aamer v. Obama" Lawfare, 9/15, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/09/appellants-file-reply-in-force-feeding-case-aamer-v-obama/~~23.UuCOTtIo6wo~~

On Wednesday, the Guantánamo detainees appealing the D.C. District Court’s refusal
AND
pursuant to a 1933 Provisional Agreement between the United States and Saudi Arabia.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: Semis | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Kelly Young, Meloche, Koch

Case

The affirmative cherry picks detainees’ experiences to prove the harm of force feeding. In doing so, they ignore the calls for action by the detainees

Your letter from al-Alwi goes beyond solidarity against force feeding. It demands freedom, policy change and improved conditions. You do none of those – proves ESR or T version of the aff solve comparatively best

Al-Alwi 13
~Moath, Yemini national detained at Guantanamo since 2002 (one of the first imprisoned there), "Guantanamo Inmate: ’We Will Remain on Hunger Strike’" Al Jazeera, 10/15, http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/10/15/hunger-strike-guantanamo.html~~

No form of pressure is too cruel or petty for our captors. They have
AND
God continue to sustain us all until we achieve our goal of justice.

Instead, you could be topical judicial intervention to end force feeding OR close the prison – case ongoing now

Gerstein 13
~Josh, Legal and national security columnist, "Court Hears Guantanamo Force-Feeding Case," Politico, 10/18, http://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2013/10/court-hears-guantanamo-forcefeeding-case-175429.html~~

A legal challenge to the U.S. military’s force feeding of prisoners at
AND
judge publicly appealed to President Barack Obama to "address" the practice.

This decision to condemn parts of indefinite detention while leaving the structure intact and ignoring the state is complicit with the violence isolated in the 1AC – You reify your harms by not isolating a coherent policy option

Gosztola 13
~Kevin, syndicated and award-winning political commentator that focuses on "War on Terror" politics and international affairs, "Obama’s Deluded Remarks Ignore His Role in Keeping Prisoners at Guantanamo," 4/30, http://dissenter.firedoglake.com/2013/04/30/obamas-deluded-remarks-on-guantanamo-ignore-his-role-in-keeping-prisoners-detained/~~

"Why do we have to do this?" Because President Obama has not had
AND
facility to get him to address the ongoing atrocity human beings are experiencing? 

V2L subjective

Coontz’1
Phyllis D. Coontz, PhD Graduate School of Public and International Affairs University of Pittsburgh, et al, JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING, 2001, 18(4), 235-246 – J-Stor
In the 1950s, psychiatrist and theorist Viktor Frankl (1963) described an existential
AND
and fu- ture to strengthen one’s present life (Reed, 1991b).

No biopower impact – that’s what their Duarte ev is describing

Dickinson ’4
(Edward Ross, University of Cincinnati, "Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About ’Modernity’", Central European History, 37(1), p. 18-19)

In an important programmatic statement of 1996 Geoff Eley celebrated the fact that Foucault’s ideas
AND
not develop the dynamic of constant radicalization and escalation that characterized Nazi policies. 

Problem-solution thinking good. Anything else is violent.

Jarvis 2K
Jarvis, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, University of Sydney, 2k (Darryl, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism, p. 128-129)

More is the pity that such irrational and obviously abstruse debate should so occupy us
AND
than those foolish enough to be scholastically excited by abstract and recondite debate.

Squo solves – Obama trying to release prisoners via XOs

Linzer 10
~Dafna, Managing editor of MSNBC, syndicated and award-winning national security journalist, "White House Drafts Executive Order for Indefinite Detention," Propublica, 12/21, http://www.propublica.org/article/white-house-drafts-executive-order-for-indefinite-detention~~

The White House is preparing an Executive Order on indefinite detention that will provide periodic
AND
needed to ensure that "any prolonged detention is carefully evaluated and justified."

Circumvention

Wheeler 9
~Darren A, Associate Professor of Political Science (Ball State), "Checking Presidential Detention Power in the War on Terror: What Should We Expect from the Judiciary?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, 39.4, December, http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598~~

While it was Edward Corwin who noted that the Constitution "is an invitation to
AND
legitimized the use of presidential executive orders at home and executive agreements abroad.

Tournament: CSUF | Round: 2 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: Arnett

Deference

No impact – observer effect – Deference is irrelevant because mere presence of courts checks executive action and makes perception of them strong

Deeks 13
~Ashley, Associate Professor of Law (Virginia), Peer reviewed at 2012 National Security Law Faculty Workshop and the 2013 Potomac National Security Roundtable, Fordham Law Review, University of Virginia School of Law Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series 2013-41, October, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667~~

One of the core tenets of national security doctrine is that courts play a deeply
AND
courts periodically (and perhaps unpredictably) decline to defer to the executive.

Deference to Pentagon, CIA and NSA inevitable and alt causes – targeted killings, Cold War mindset, and CIA experimentation

Hornberger 13
~Jacob G, founder and president of The Future of Freedom Foundation, "More judicial deference on National-Security State Murder," FFF, 8/5, http://fff.org/2013/08/05/more-judicial-deference-on-national-security-state-murder/-http://fff.org/2013/08/05/more-judicial-deference-on-national-security-state-murder/~~

Continuing the long tradition of deference to the national-security state by the U
AND
all just a way of life under this Cold War-era monstrosity. 

Court’s active ENOUGH and no spillover – Be extremely skeptical of their impacts – war is not lawless and courts have an active role – even if there isn’t a perfect balance of deference and engagement, its sufficient

Chertoff 11
~Michael, Judge, Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (2003-2005); Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division, U.S. Department of Justice (2001-2003), "The Decline of Judicial Deference on National Security," Rutgers Law Review, 63.4, http://www.rutgerslawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/archive/vol63/Issue4/Chertoff_Speech_PDF.pdf-http://www.rutgerslawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/archive/vol63/Issue4/Chertoff_Speech_PDF.pdf~~

I recognize there are matters about which people will disagree, and of course,
AND
2 But, life has changed, and I think that is important.
 

CMR F/L

CMR decline inevitable – and long time-frame

Cohen, 97 (Eliot, Professor of Strategic Studies – Johns Hopkins, "Civil-Military Relations – Are US Forces Overstretched?", Orbis)

The ills besetting civil-military relations in the United States are the deeply rooted
AND
support of military traditions and practice with patriotic support for the armed forces.

Aff’s necessary but not sufficient and deference isn’t the key issues – Our on point answer to your Mazur internal link

Levinson 12
~Sanford, W. St. John Garwood and W. St. John Garwood Jr. Centennial Chair in Law, University of Texas Law School; Professor of Government, University of Texas at Austin, "Book Review: A More Perfect Military", Texas Law Review Dicta, http://www.texaslrev.com/wp-content/uploads/Levinson-TLR-Dicta.pdf-http://www.texaslrev.com/wp-content/uploads/Levinson-TLR-Dicta.pdf~~

If I have a cavil about her book, it is that like many legal
AND
, but of course, there is no practical likelihood of that occurring.

No effectiveness crisis

Weisgerber 13
~Marcus, National security journalist covering the Pentagon, "U.K., U.S. Look To Preserve Capabilities," Defense News, 3/30, http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130330/DEFREG02/303300006/U-K-U-S-Look-Preserve-Capabilities-http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130330/DEFREG02/303300006/U-K-U-S-Look-Preserve-Capabilities~~

The American and British militaries are examining ways to preserve critical warfighting capabilities honed over
AND
. counterparts, Greenert said, hinting at future coordination of carrier deployments.

CMR Resilient – be skeptical of their claims of "total CMR collapse", it’s never happened

Hoffman 11
~Frank, Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic Research at National Defense University, "Effective Civil-Military Relations in the 21st Century," Small Wars Journal, 4/26, http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/effective-civil-military-relations-in-the-21st-century-http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/effective-civil-military-relations-in-the-21st-century~~

Protracted and indecisive conflict often generates serious fissures between policy makers and military leaders.
AND
of U.S. civil-military interactions over the past decade.

Bioweapons F/L

US Labs safe and No impact to US bioweapons—defenses, no precedent, terrorists will fail

Epstein, 10 (Gerald R. – Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic Research and International Studies and assistant director for national security at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, October, "Are Microorganisms Macrothreats?", BioScience 60.9, p. 759-760, JSTOR)

It is impossible for national security planners to know the real threat of bioterrorism,
AND
wrong, however, their recommendations would leave the country at greater risk.

Military investment in bioweapons good – prevents terrorist acquisition and updates vulnerable status quo labs

Pasternack 13
~Alex, syndicated science columnist, "The US is Building a Bioweapons Lab in Kazakhstan," 8/29, Salon, http://www.salon.com/2013/08/29/the_us_is_building_a_bioweapons_lab_in_kazakhstan_newscred/-http://www.salon.com/2013/08/29/the_us_is_building_a_bioweapons_lab_in_kazakhstan_newscred/~~

In 1992, Dr. Kanatjan Alibekov, a biologist from the Soviet Union,
AND
virus include China, Cuba, India, Iran, Israel and Pakistan.

Access is inevitable – Indian labs

Sharma 10
~Ashok, India-based correspondent, "Leak: US Fears Theft of Bioweapons from India Labs," AP, 12/17, http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/12/17/wikileaks-fears-bioweapons-india-labs-954387995/-http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/12/17/wikileaks-fears-bioweapons-india-labs-954387995/~~

U.S. officials fear lax security at Indian laboratories could make the facilities
AND
health and agricultural infrastructures, and a booming and sophisticated biotech industry coexist."

Rule of Law

No impact to terrorism—they’re just dumb

Mueller and Stewart, 13 (John Mueller – political scientist at Ohio State and senior fellow at the Cato Institute, Mark G. Stewart – civil engineer at the University of Newcastle in Australia and a visiting fellow at Cato, April 22, "Hapless, Disorganized, and Irrational", CATO Institute, http://www.cato.org/publications/-http://www.cato.org/publications/ commentary/hapless-disorganized-irrational)

By far the most striking difference between the Boston Marathon killings and these earlier cases
AND
venue and the manhunt — is yet to be seen, of course.

No impact to failed states

Patrick, 11 (Stewart M. – Senior Fellow and Director of the International Institutions and Global Governance Program, May, "Weak Links", Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/international-peace-and-security/weak-links/p24311?excerpt=1)

What is striking, in view of this flurry of official activity, is how
AND
relationship between state weakness and five of the world’s most pressing transnational threats.

International law doesn’t prevent conflict or constrain nations

Hiken, 12 (Associate Director Institute for Public Accuracy, 7-17-’12 (Luke, "The Impotence of International Law" http://www.fpif.org/blog/the_impotence_of_international_law-http://www.fpif.org/blog/the_impotence_of_international_law)

Whenever a lawyer or historian describes how a particular action "violates international law"
AND
citing international legal principles to a lawless president, and his ruthless military. 

Blowback

Heg

No precedent spillover – expert empirical studies prove

Neal Devins, Law Prof @ William and Mary, Willamette Law Review, Spring, 2009

Before turning to Part I, let me clarify two points that underlie the analysis
AND
not try to establish a point that I have made several times before.  

4 judicial constraints that guarantee circumvention

-Slow
-Narrow decisions
-Implementation
-Deference
Wheeler 9
~Darren A, Associate Professor of Political Science (Ball State), "Checking Presidential Detention Power in the War on Terror: What Should We Expect from the Judiciary?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, 39.4, December, http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598-http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598~~

This article argues that there are four specific reasons why those expecting the Supreme Court
AND
2004; Goldsmith 2007; Kassop 2007; Savage 2007; Wheeler 2008).

Our offense for circumvention – spurs worse alternatives that flip the aff and make judicial review impossible

Vladeck 12
~Stephen I., Professor of Law at the Washington College of Law at American University, "Detention Policies: What Role for Judicial Review?" ABA Journal, October, http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/detention_policies_what_role_for_judicial_review/-http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/detention_policies_what_role_for_judicial_review/~~

Writing for a divided panel of the U.S. District Court for the
AND
the need for (or availability of) judicial review in future cases.

Russia/US War

No nuclear strike

Graham 7 (Thomas Graham, senior advisor on Russia in the US National Security Council staff 2002-2007, 2007, "Russia in Global Affairs" The Dialectics of Strength and Weakness http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/20/1129.html)

An astute historian of Russia, Martin Malia, wrote several years ago that "
AND
while laying the basis for more constructive long-term relations with Russia.

Accidents

Accidental war unlikely

Farley, 13 (Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce – University of Kentucky, April 5, "North Korea and the Fallacy of Accidental Wars", The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/2013/04/05/north-korea-and-the-fallacy-of-accidental-wars/?all=true)

Accidental wars rarely happen. Historians have demonstrated that most wars initially deemed "accidental," (perhaps most notably the First World War), have in actuality resulted from deliberative state policy, even if the circumstances of the war were unplanned.  While war seems discordant, it actually requires a great deal of cooperation and coordination. Fundamentally, two parties have to agree to conduct a war; otherwise, you have either a punitive raid or an armed surrender negotiation.

Tournament: CSUF | Round: 2 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: Arnett

Judiciary

Observer Effect  – Detention General

Possibility of future litigation ensures it

Deeks 13
~Ashley, Associate Professor of Law (Virginia), Peer reviewed at 2012 National Security Law Faculty Workshop and the 2013 Potomac National Security Roundtable, Fordham Law Review, University of Virginia School of Law Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series 2013-41, October, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667~~

The third factor that helps secure the observer effect’s operation is the likelihood of future
AND
the executive, it would have secured the operation of the observer effect. 

Yes it applies to detention – contextual evidence that Hamdi STILL matters

Deeks 13
~Ashley, Associate Professor of Law (Virginia), Peer reviewed at 2012 National Security Law Faculty Workshop and the 2013 Potomac National Security Roundtable, Fordham Law Review, University of Virginia School of Law Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series 2013-41, October, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667~~

Consider a situation in which the executive branch long operated without judicial oversight.  Military
AND
the Court’s holding serve as a triggering event in the detention area.34 

Blowback

1NC Precedent – Detention Affs

Lower courts wont follow - there’s always enough wiggle room – proves no solvency for ROL

Friedman 5 (Barry Friedman, "The Politics of Judicial Review," Texas Law Review, 84 Tex. L. Rev. 257, December 2005, Lexis)
Implications for Normative Theory. - The idea of bottom-up influence is not
AND
be an appealing rationalization for sharp departure from the rule of law. n271

Extension – Circumvention – General

Courts are a terrible actor – institutional and political forces evaporate solvency

Wheeler 9
~Darren A, Associate Professor of Political Science (Ball State), "Checking Presidential Detention Power in the War on Terror: What Should We Expect from the Judiciary?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, 39.4, December, http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598-http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598~~

The broader argument offered in this article is that the judiciary, and more specifically
AND
limitations of the judiciary and by the political process that follows a judicial decision

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 4 | Opponent: Michigan BM | Judge: Young, Kelly

They expressly repeat Derrida’s claim that "nuclear war is fabulously textual" – that line:

turns the Aff by re-insribing nuclearism. AND

violently effaces real, non-textual nuclear conflicts.

Ruthen ’93
Ken Ruthven, Professor of English at University of Melbourne, Nuclear Criticism 1993

The next site to be hit by a Derridean miss/ive/ile is
AND
nuclear war’ and ’a limited and "clean" nuclear war’_( ibid). 

Reject the phrase "fabulously textual" AND Masco’s line that nuclear war’s "impossible to contemplate". THOSE PHRASES as imperial violence AND make their discursive project fail. Their Author proves:

Taylor ’98 
Their author for 80 of the 1AC –  Bryan, asst. prof of Communication Studies @ U of Colorado-Boulder, Western Journal of Communication, vol 62(3)

Ten years after the Cornell conference, one observer paused to wonder "Whatever happened
AND
of the group’s newsletter ceased. Its members moved on to other interests. 

Independently, Masco’s highly-specialized rhetoric links to Schiappa’s K of "nukespeak". Also kills the Aff’s discursive strategy.

Hales ’7 
(Peter Bacon, Chair of the Art History Department and Director of the American Studies Institute – University of Illinois, Chicago, "The Atomic Psyche", Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, 63(4), July / August, p. 68)

Detailing the smaller and more intimate incursions on tribes, protest organizations, subcultures,
AND
span the globe; he doesn’t offer an easy route to that alternative.

(  ) Turns the Aff. Derrida’s textualism arg INCREASES OUR COMFORT WITH THE BOMB. This also proves an exclusivity arg versus the perm. 

Wagar ’89
(W. Warren, Distinguished Teaching Prof. History – SUNY Binghamton, American Literary History, "Truth and Fiction, Equally Strange: Writing about the Bomb", 1:2, Summer, JSTOR)

Yet I leave both books with a sense of unease. Is there anything else
AND
the arcane language of high theory, Solomon de- serves much credit.

Independently, the aff’s use of the word "nuclear" undermines broad transformative potential —- public has an instinctual negative response —- deletion solves

Tchudi 97 (Stephen, Professor of English – University of Nevada, Reno, Science, Values, and the American West, p. 161)

The strong interaction was once called the "nuclear interaction" but the word nuclear has been maligned. It is a word you do not use in public. Hardly anyone remembers that the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) spectrometer, widely used as a medical diagnostic tool, was originally a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMRI) spectrometer. People would not get in this machine until the word nuclear was deleted. This is pure paranoia and vulnerability to poor semantics.

There’s also an external impact —- the word "nuclear" swamps the Aff —- crushing public deliberation and turning the aff.

DoE 7 (Department of Energy, "A Vision for Nuclear Science Education and Outreach for the Next Long Range Plan", January, http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/np/Executive_summary_final010807.pdf

Recommendation ~232. An effective program of nuclear science outreach is also essential to
AND
discussion on important technical and societal issues that should be of primary interest.

Current frontline

(  ) No hair-trigger and targeted to go into the ocean, anyway

Slocombe ’9
Walter Becker Slocombe is a senior advisor for the Coalition Provisional Authority in Baghdad (2003) and a former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (1994-2001), June 2009," De-Alerting: Diagnoses, Prescriptions, and Side-Effects," http://www.ewi.info/system/files/Slocombe.pdf

Whatever other problems the current nuclear posture of the US nuclear force may present,
AND
-targeting, therefore, provides a significant protection against technical error.5

(  ) Schiappa’s K of "nukespeak" is a huge link turn to the Aff’s rhetorical goals. The only people that abide the Aff’s K are outside the system – increasing separation.

Cohn ’89
(Carol, Senior research fellow at the Center for Psychological Studies in the Nuclear Age - Harvard, PEACE: MEANINGS, POLITICS, STRATEGIES, Ed: Linda Rennie Forcey, p. 65-66)

I do not, however, want to suggest that none of us should learn
AND
possible to hold this up as a paragon of cool-headed objectivity?

(  ) And, this alone warrants voting Neg. We can defend the rest of their advocacy and negate only particular statements or authors.

(  ) Intelligence Officer Shift turn

A – Aff premise Flawed. Sure, quick central decisions could be made. But, procedure for these contingencies IS democratic. Also proves Macro-politics ARE possible – public sphere’s NOT ruined.

Grove ’8
Jairus Victor Grove is a Ph.D. candidate at Johns Hopkins University in International Relations and Political Theory. His research focuses on the new materialities of politics and warfare. He studies the effects of new forms of warfare on soldiers and civilian populations in urban settings.
Chapter 1: A Schmittian Century?: From Nuclear Leviathan to Nuclear-Sovereign-Assemblage – March 17, 2008 –  http://becomingwar.blogspot.com/2008/03/chapter-1-schmittian-century-from.html

Initially nuclear weapons seemed to solidify even complete the decisionistic model of sovereignty once and
AND
many levels the Nuclear-sovereign-assemblage can be engaged or reterritorialized.

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 9 | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: Reed, Andrea

Squo solves—Obama already rolled back the detention policies the EU cares about

Archick, 13 (Kristin, Specialist in European Affairs, July 5, "The European Union: Questions and Answers", Congressional Research Service, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21372.pdf-http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21372.pdf)

At times, however, the U.S.-EU political relationship has faced
AND
the EU had long opposed as degrading shared values, have been reversed. 

No US-Europe tension over detention. Not close to enough to hamper coop.

Archick ’13
Kristin Archick; Specialist in European Affairs for the Congressional Research Service – "U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism" – CRS Reports – September 4, 2013 – http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22030.pdf

U.S.-EU frictions over terrorist detainee policies have subsided to some degree
AND
Some EU members accepted small numbers of released detainees, but others declined. 

Not willing to break relations over it- no monolithic EU response and tacitly accept US actions in private despite public comments

Judy Dempsey¶ Nonresident Senior Associate¶ Carnegie Europe¶ Editor in chief¶ Strategic Europe  7-11-2012 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/world/europe/12iht-letter12.html?_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/world/europe/12iht-letter12.html?_r=0

When Thomas de Maizière, the German defense minister, told a gathering of army
AND
directly concern them. Government officials point to this to explain their silence. 

Alt cause to intel sharing- spying scandal

Claire Davenport, Huffington Post, 7-4-2013 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/04/eu-parliament-spying_n_3546291.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/04/eu-parliament-spying_n_3546291.html

The European Parliament called on Thursday for the scrapping of two agreements granting the United
AND
the only one that initially called for the suspension of the trade talks.

Alt Causes to NATO co-op

Stevens, 8 (Stevens, CEO of Lockheed Martin, 7/15/2008 (Robert J., "The Current State of Transatlantic Defense Industrial Relations" Hampton Roads International Security Quarterly, Proquest)

But the trends on today’s horizon are not all positive. Most worrying is the
AND
way for European governments to protect European industry is to invest in it. 

NATO is becoming increasing weak and ineffective in the 21st century

Sieff 9 (Martin, UPI Sr News Analyst, April 17, http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2009/04/17/21st-century-NATO-a-weak-hollow-giant/UPI-99071239994461/) 

WASHINGTON-http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2009/04/17/21st-century-NATO-a-weak-hollow-giant/UPI-99071239994461/, April 17 (UPI) — The NATO alliance that confronted the collapse
AND
ever-increasing number of much smaller and weaker NATO member states rested. 

Piracy is dead—statistics, international naval patrolling, private ship security, best management practices manual, Somalia stability

Venugopalan, 13 (Urmila Venugopalan – South Asia manager at Oceans Beyond Piracy, April 10, "Is Somali piracy over?", CNN, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2013/04/10/is-somali-piracy-over/)

Difficult economic conditions have pushed many a business leader into early retirement. But
AND
Somalia’s capital, are reminders of just how much remains to be done.

No trade impact

Fletcher, 11 (Ian Fletcher is Senior Economist of the Coalition for a Prosperous America, former Research Fellow at the U.S. Business and Industry Council M.A. and B.A. from Columbia and U Chicago, "Avoid Trade War? We’re Already In One21" August 29 2011 www.huffingtonpost.com/ian-fletcher/avoid-trade-war-were-alre_b_939967.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ian-fletcher/avoid-trade-war-were-alre_b_939967.html)

The curious thing about the concept of trade war is that, unlike actual shooting
AND
much harm; it will be no different if we join the party.

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 9 | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: Reed, Andrea

Alt Cause – Spy Scandal

Spy scandal thumps the intel internal link or proves cooperation is resilient- this ev postdates ALL 1AC internal links

Spy scandal scuttles US-EU intel sharing frameworks

LARA JAKES and FRANK JORDANS¶ Associated Press¶ 6-30-2013 http://www.gazettenet.com/home/7240987-95/us-faces-european-backlash-on-spying

The Obama administration faced a breakdown in confidence Sunday from key foreign allies who threatened
AND
infringements of citizens’ privacy by left-wing and libertarian lawmakers in Europe. 

Trade

Rules and economic self interest check global trade conflict

Ikenson, 09 ~Daniel, associate director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute, " A Protectionism Fling: Why Tariff Hikes and Other Trade Barriers Will Be Short-Lived," March 12, 2009, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=10651~~

Although some governments will dabble in some degree of protectionism, the combination of a
AND
outcomes far more impressive than when governments attempt to limit choices through policy constraints

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 9 | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: Reed, Andrea

No causal link between US doctrine and others’ choices

Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor of International Law at American University, 10/9/11, "What Kind of Drones Arms Race Is Coming?," http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/~~23more-51516-http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/
New York Times national security correspondent Scott Shane has an opinion piece in today’s Sunday
AND
states competing to come up with weapons technologies that are … more discriminating.

Your Boyle av prove prolif is inevitable without binding international rules to govern it

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf

A final, and crucial, step towards mitigating the strategic consequences of drones¶
AND
architecture which might avert¶ some of the worst consequences of their use.

Detention is inevitable

Vladeck 12 ~10/01/12, Professor Stephen I. Vladeck of the Washington College of Law at American University, "Detention Policies: What Role for Judicial Review?", http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/detention_policies_what_role_for_judicial_review/-http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/detention_policies_what_role_for_judicial_review/)~~

The short chapter that follows aims to take Judge Brown’s suggestion seriously. As I
AND
particularly high, especially compared to the benefit that such review has provided.

The drone conflict impact is 10 years away

Micah Zenko 2013 (Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, council on foreign relations, "Reforming US Drone Strike Policies" pdf)

Based on current trends, it is unlikely that most states will have, ¶
AND
undertake the significant ¶ investment required for armed drones in the near term.

Democracy doesn’t cause peace – statistical models are spurious and don’t assume economic growth

Mousseau, 12 (Michael – Professor IR Koç University, "The Democratic Peace Unraveled: It’s the Economy" International Studies Quarterly, p 1-12)

Model 2 presents new knowledge by adding the control for economic type. To capture
AND
economy being the more likely explanation for both democracy and the democratic peace.

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 9 | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: Reed, Andrea

Ext. Drone Prolif Inev

Drone prolif inev and the US can’t stop it – easy to produce, surveillance drone prolif now, and China exports

Daniel Byman 2013 (Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh
School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban
Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, 92 foreign affairs 32, "Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice", hein online)

Controlling the spread of drone technology will prove impossible; that horse left the barn
AND
(also called Burma) to kill a wanted drug trafficker hiding there.

Drone prolif is inevitable and restricting their use doesn’t solve

Amitai Etzioni March/April 2013 (professor of international relations at George
Washington University, Military Review, "Great Drone Debate" http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf)

Other critics contend that by the United States using drones, it leads other countries
AND
). In such circumstances, the role of norms is much more limited.

Democ Now

Increasing now

Magill, 12
Dr. R. Jay Magill, Jr., American Academy in Berlin, 2012, http://www.americanacademy.de/home/program/past/global-trends-quality-and-governance-democracy

Global Trends in the Quality and Governance of Democracy The long-term view of
AND
, Goldstone says that modern democratic society has made people markedly less violent.

Tournament: Wake | Round: Octas | Opponent: Liberty CE | Judge: Hall Sherry, Harper Allison, Zagorin, Crowe, Spring
(  ) ====Nommo does not emancipate, does not dismantle dominant languages, and closes spaces for resistance for non-Nommo African-American Languages. ====

Lynn Clarke is an Assistant Professor of Communication at Vanderbilt – Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Vol. 18, No. 4, 2004 – http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_speculative_philosophy/v018/18.4clarkel.pdf

Supported by the creative power of Nommo oriented toward African American community, the oppositional
AND
sheerly instrumental Nommo nor a sheerly oppositional theory of AAL may do.2  

(Note: The phase "A.A.L. – internally cited – stands for "African-American Languages").

Nommo discourages black unity and cannot transcend

Lynn Clarke is an Assistant Professor of Communication at Vanderbilt – Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Vol. 18, No. 4, 2004 – http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_speculative_philosophy/v018/18.4clarkel.pdf

Returning to the question of creative powers compass Yancy’s account of Nommo raises problems here
AND
African Americans who are divided on the terms of their present and future. 

Nommo hurts black unity – by pitting African-Americans against each other, Nommo lacks an effective vision

Lynn Clarke is an Assistant Professor of Communication at Vanderbilt – Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Vol. 18, No. 4, 2004 – http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_speculative_philosophy/v018/18.4clarkel.pdf

The question of Nommo’s compass of power is also significant for relations between African American
AND
between blacks and whites may therefore be relevant to thinking and defining AAL. 

(Note: The phase "A.A.L. – internally cited – stands for "African-American Languages").

This alone warrants voting negative – sans a plan, all aff rhetoric is on a level playing field – we can agree with their advocacy but not with this part

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard BS | Judge: Weil

Virilio’s Ontology of Speed is bad – ensures nihilism and fragmentation.

Cooper ’2
(Simon, Senior Lecturer at the University of Sunderland – Technoculture and Critical Theory: In the Service of the Machine ? – page 115)

This book has argued tor a need to conceive of the social as an intersection
AND
determined nihilism (Virilio) and the celebration of heterogeneous fragmentation (Wark).

Techno-pessimism wrong

A – logic and empirics… we ain’t dead yet.

Thommesen ’3
(Jacob Thommesen is a doctoral student at the Center for Tele-Information at the Technical University of Denmark. He has a Master’s degree in Computer Science from the University of Copenhagen. He is now preparing his thesis on intranet-based knowledge sharing in virtual organizations. His work is inspired by German philosophy and critical theory. Since Spring 2000, he has been associated with the ikon (Innovation, Knowledge and Organisation Network) group based in Warwick Business School. and#34;Virilio: From Space to Time, From Reality to Imageand#34; – A review of three of Virilio’s books – Paul Virilio (2001a) A Landscape of Events. Cambridge, MA: MIT. (PB: pp. 120. £10.50. ISBN: 0-2627-2034-5) Paul Virilio (2001b) Virilio Live: Selected Interviews, ed. John Armitage. (PB: pp. 299. £20.99. ISBN: 0-7619-6860-1) Paul Virilio (2002) Desert Screen: War at the Speed of Light. Loudon: Continuum. (PB: pp. 192. £12.99. ISBN: 0-8264-5822-X – Ephemera – volume 3(2): 147-155 – http://www.ephemeraweb.org/journal/3-2/3-2thommesen.pdf)

It seems appropriate to close this review by returning once more to the issue of
AND
for further study, without having to subscribe to all of his theses.

B- Current politics of speed won’t cause extinction

Stevenson ’2
Nick Stevenson is a Lecturer in the Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield, Understanding Media Cultures: Social Theory and Mass Communication – page 209

Finally, missing from Virilio’s argument is an account of the way in which new
AND
class, he thereby neglects to analyse different identity formations to his own.

(  ) Liberalism won’t make violence inevitable. It also self-corrects – beating their uniqueness trick.

Botwinick ’1
(Professor of Political Science at Temple, Aryeh, Telos. Fall, nl21, p. 63-64)

Agamben acknowledges that the correct way to read the transition from the state of nature
AND
existence and are fulfilled simultaneously, without either concept ever being exhaustively enacted. 

(  ) Global violence and concentration camps not inevitable – other systems check.

O’Kane ’97 
(and#34;Modernity, the Holocaust, and politicsand#34;, Economy and Society, February, ebsco)

Chosen policies cannot be relegated to the position of immediate condition (Nazis in power
AND
and common attributes of modernity which stand in the way of modern genocides.

They said OCO’s and#34;the apotheosis of squo’s efforts for controland#34;. But, US OCO is good. it’s deterring now, but should stay aggressive.

Diamond 13 (Jonathon, writer for the Technology and Public Policy Blog at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, and#34;The Real U.S. Cyber Strategy and Where It’s Headed: Part I,and#34; Sigma Iota Rho Journal of International Relations, 4/18, http://www.sirjournal.org/2013/04/18/the-real-u-s-cyber-strategy-and-where-its-headed-part-i/-http://www.sirjournal.org/2013/04/18/the-real-u-s-cyber-strategy-and-where-its-headed-part-i/)

As Nobel laureate and preeminent game theorist Thomas Schelling writes in his book Arms and
AND
United States have a true and#34;cyber deterrenceand#34; separate from other levels.

Our epistemology for this claim’s narrow and accurate. O.C.O. deterrence works – prefer empirics and comparative evidence

Goodman, Defense Adviser for Senator Leahy and for the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense and Security, writing for Strategic Studies Quarterly in the Air University, 10 (Will, and#34;Cyber Deterrence Tougher in Theory than in Practice?and#34;, Cyber Deterrence Tougher in Theory than in Practice?, 2010)
While cyberspace does pose unique challenges for deterrence strategists, ¶ real-world cases
AND
seems tougher in theory than it will turn out to be in practice. 

Only deterrence is an empirically verifiable solution to war

Moore 4 – Dir. Center for Security Law @ University of Virginia, 7-time Presidential appointee, 26 Honorary Editor of the American Journal of International Law, Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace, John Norton Moore, page 27-31.

As so broadly conceived, there is strong evidence that deterrence, that is,
AND
totality of external factors, that is, deterrence, that become crucial.

Speed key – general K’s don’t apply to cyber.

Stephen Dycus ’10, Professor, Vermont Law School, 8/11/10, and#34;Congress’s Role in Cyber Warfare,and#34; http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf-http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf

Cyber weapons bear a striking resemblance to nuclear weapons in some important ways. An
AND
before launching a counterstrike, if that were U.S. policy. 

Even if imperfect – OCO deters - changes attackers’ decision calculus. Solves war avoids harsher-counter measures.

Stevens ’12 (Tim, associate of the Centre for Science and Security Studies, and#34;A Cyberwar of Ideas? Deterrence and Norms in Cyberspace,and#34; Contemporary Security Policy Volume 33, Issue 1, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13523260.2012.659597~~23.UiEUkza1GgZ)

It may be that cyber deterrence can be understood and developed as a form of
AND
information and propaganda campaigns as an alternative to denial and punishment measures.41

An attack kills the chemical industry and shuts down the power grid

Rash, a freelance writer and editor with a 35 year history covering technology, citing: Leon Panetta, American politician, lawyer, and professor, served in the Barack Obama administration as Director of the CIAfrom 2009 to 2011 and as Secretary of Defense from 2011 to 2013, professor of public policy at Santa Clara University, 12 (Wayne, Iranian Cyber-Attack Is Most Destructive to Date Says Defense Secretary - See more at: http://www.eweek.com/security/iranian-cyber-attack-is-most-destructive-to-date-says-defense-secretary/~~23sthash.R3ttU1A0.dpuf-http://www.eweek.com/security/iranian-cyber-attack-is-most-destructive-to-date-says-defense-secretary/, 10/14/12, Jpape)

Neither Saudi Arabia nor Qatar is on friendly terms with Iran and they provide a
AND
of what they’re up against. China? Iran? Are you listening? 

Chemical industry solves extinction – improves the tech bad, turning the case and solving unsustainability

Baum 99 (Rudy M. Baum, C26EN Washington, and#34;Millennium Special Report,and#34; Chemical and Engineering News, American Chemical Society, Volume 77, Number 49, December 6, 1999, http://pubs.acs.org/cen/hotarticles/cenear/991206/7749spintro2.html)
Here is the fundamental challenge we face: The world’s growing and aging population must
AND
mysteries and provide for humanity’s basic and not-so-basic needs.

(  ) Preventing Cyber Attack on US key to solve US Military Adventurism– internal link turns every piece of aff offense

Wolff, PhD candidate in the Engineering Systems Division of MIT in cyber security and Internet policy, citing: former CIA and NSA director Michael Hayden, 7/23/13 (Josephine, and#34;Is a cyber attack on US infrastructure inevitable?and#34;, http://www.salon.com/2013/07/23/is_a_doomsday_cyber_attack_on_the_us_inevitable_partner/-http://www.salon.com/2013/07/23/is_a_doomsday_cyber_attack_on_the_us_inevitable_partner/, 7/23/13, Jpape)

It’s been a busy summer for computer security mavens. The U.S.
AND
year, you won’t have to be so imaginative in creating the scenario.and#34;

(  ) Their K of Threats and Reps is backwards. Disad turns the K.

Kaufman 9 – Kaufman, Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware, ’9 (Stuart J, and#34;Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case,and#34; Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434) 

Even when hostile narratives, group fears, and opportunity are strongly present, war
AND
and opportunity spur hostile attitudes, chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma.

(  ) We don’t have a singular epistemology – we’ve read authors from think-tanks, doves, hawks, law profs, and journalists. Particularity beats sweeping K’s.

PRICE ’98
(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf-http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)

One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that
AND
violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself.

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard BS | Judge: Weil

Impact Defense

(  ) Aff epistemology is flawed. ALL speed K starts by over-universalizing the and#34;Launch on Warningand#34; example. That mis-represents the amount of democracy in each decision. We can win the debate on this card alone.

Grove ’8
Jairus Victor Grove is a Ph.D. candidate at Johns Hopkins University in International Relations and Political Theory. His research focuses on the new materialities of politics and warfare. He studies the effects of new forms of warfare on soldiers and civilian populations in urban settings.
Chapter 1: A Schmittian Century?: From Nuclear Leviathan to Nuclear-Sovereign-Assemblage – March 17, 2008 –  http://becomingwar.blogspot.com/2008/03/chapter-1-schmittian-century-from.html

Initially nuclear weapons seemed to solidify even complete the decisionistic model of sovereignty once and
AND
many levels the Nuclear-sovereign-assemblage can be engaged or reterritorialized. 

2NC-1NR – Tech pessimism

They over-dwell on downsides and ignore checks.

Stevenson ’2
Nick Stevenson is a Lecturer in the Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield, Understanding Media Cultures: Social Theory and Mass Communication – page 214-15

The arrival of new technologies of communication has offered new possibilities for the social theory
AND
certitudes of either an exclusively class politics or a less technologically complex society.

They can’t escape their K of technology.

Chandler ’10
(David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster – Conflict, Security 26 Development 10:2 May 2010 – Review of The Liberal Way of War: Killing to Make Life Live by
Michael Dillon and Julian Reid and War in an Age of Risk by Christopher Coker – http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/journal_articles/CSD20-20Foucault20and20Biopolitics.pdf)

Dillon and Reid claim that they are developing the work of Foucault and extending his
AND
realisation of what they essentialise as ’the liberal way of war’.2 

2NC-1NR – Liberalism

(  ) Liberalism doesn’t cement violence – that’s too sweeping.

Botwinick ’1
(Professor of Political Science at Temple, Aryeh, Telos. Fall, nl21, p. 64)

Agamben’s diagnosis of Nazism highlights its gnostic character by evincing how the and#34;paradox of
AND
that he himself has succumbed to the temptations of facticity as previously described.

(  ) Liberal Model doesn’t cause violence to be exported.
Chandler ’10
(David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster – Review of International Studies – Vol. 36 (2011), Special Issue: Evaluating Global Orders, pp.137-155. Available at: http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/journal_articles/RIS20-20Uncritical20Critique20of20Lib20Peace.pdf)
In the critiques of the liberal peace, this growing consensus on the problematic nature
AND
a self-standing actor in so-called ’Westphalian’ terms.44 

2AC – biopower not bad

No global concentration camps

Dickinson ’4
(Edward Ross, University of Cincinnati, and#34;Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About ’Modernity’and#34;, Central European History, 37(1), p. 18-19)

In an important programmatic statement of 1996 Geoff Eley celebrated the fact that Foucault’s ideas
AND
not develop the dynamic of constant radicalization and escalation that characterized Nazi policies. 

2NC Links – Executive/Speed

Only a swift response can deter attacks – shortening the decisionmaking chain is key

Gourley 8 (Bob, systems analyst for Comcast, writer for CTO Vision, a tech resource for public policymakers, and#34;Towards a Cyber Deterrent,and#34; http://ctovision.com/references/towards-a-cyber-deterrent/)
Regardless of which school of thought is proven right over time, we must consider
AND
that is addressed the challenge remains one that today’s strategists must deal with.

2NC OCO/Cyber Deterrence Effective

Using offensive capabilities to deter cyber-attacks now – assumes international perception

Lardner 13 (Richard, reporter for the Boston Globe, and#34;US forming cyber teams to take offensive,and#34; 3/13, http://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2013/03/12/pentagon-forming-cyber-teams-prevent-attacks/UcUxkq95wj2FCXTQ3LJsvM/story.html)
The Defense Department is establishing a series of cyber teams charged with carrying out offensive
AND
strike could be traced to its source and would generate a robust response.

US is deterring state sponsored attacks now

Alexander 13 (Keith, U.S. Cyber Command chief, cited in and#34;U.S. Sharpens Tone on Cyber Attacks From China,and#34; Defense News, 3/18, http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130318/DEFREG02/303180021/U-S-Sharpens-Tone-Cyber-Attacks-From-China)
Alexander wrote in a statement to Congress that he believed the increased capability of the
AND
or cyber actor could misjudge the impact and the certainty of our resolve.and#34;

A2: Ks of OCO

And, if they win a K of our impacts, reject those impacts – not the team. We ran an impact about the Chemical industry – which is completely separate. Here’s proof that impact’s accurate and the standard should be probability, not epistemic perfection.

Campbell 6 (Scott and Greg Currie, Professors – University of Nottingham (United Kingdom), and#34;Against Beck: In Defence of Risk Analysisand#34;, Philosophy of Social Science, June)

Beck’s next objection is that good science demands impossible standards for proving a causal link
AND
low-probability event can be risky if the harm is high enough.  

(  ) Security K’s especially sweeping

Ling ’97 
(et al – LL.H.M. Ling is Associate Professor on the Graduate Program in International Affairs at The New School. She graduated from Wellesley College, and from Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a Ph.D.;  along with Anna M. Agathangelou and , Director of the Global Change Institute in Nicosia and Former Assistant Professor of Women’s Studies and Politics at Oberlin; Studies in Political Economy, v54, Fall, p. 7-8)

Given these concerns with political transformation, post-colonialism exposes several internal ironies in
AND
recognition that we have a moral obligation to do anything about it.and#34;49

2NC OCO Good - Meltdowns Scenario

Cyberattacks cause meltdowns

Pascrell 5 (Bill, US representative, FDCH, 10-5 Lexis)

We know that there are vulnerabilities within these systems and we know that these vulnerabilities
AND
structure it could bring forth. That’s very serious, very serious business.

Extinction

Wasserman 2 (Harvey, Senior Editor – Free Press, Earth Island Journal, Spring, www.earthisland.org/eijournal/new_articles.cfm?articleID=45726journalID=63)

The intense radioactive heat within today’s operating reactors is the hottest anywhere on the planet
AND
core of our life and of all future generations must be shut down.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake CV | Judge: Paul, J

Courts are a terrible actor – institutional and political forces evaporate solvency

Wheeler 9
~Darren A, Associate Professor of Political Science (Ball State), "Checking Presidential Detention Power in the War on Terror: What Should We Expect from the Judiciary?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, 39.4, December, http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598-http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598~~

The broader argument offered in this article is that the judiciary, and more specifically
AND
limitations of the judiciary and by the political process that follows a judicial decision

Bush circumvention of most powerful cases proves prez control of detention inevitable

Wheeler 9
~Darren A, Associate Professor of Political Science (Ball State), "Checking Presidential Detention Power in the War on Terror: What Should We Expect from the Judiciary?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, 39.4, December, http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598-http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598~~

When the U.S. Supreme Court issued its first detainee decisions in 2004
AND
ability to be a significant check on presidential detention power in this context.

Affirmative results in increases in executive authority on detention

Vladeck 12
~Stephen I., Professor of Law at the Washington College of Law at American University, "Detention Policies: What Role for Judicial Review?" ABA Journal, October, http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/detention_policies_what_role_for_judicial_review/-http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/detention_policies_what_role_for_judicial_review/~~

The short chapter that follows aims to take Judge Brown’s suggestion seriously. As I
AND
Judge Brown to identify "take no prisoners" as Boumediene’s true legacy.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake CV | Judge: Paul, J

Judicial constraints that guarantee circumvention

Wheeler 9
~Darren A, Associate Professor of Political Science (Ball State), "Checking Presidential Detention Power in the War on Terror: What Should We Expect from the Judiciary?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, 39.4, December, http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598-http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598~~

This article argues that there are four specific reasons why those expecting the Supreme Court
AND
2004; Goldsmith 2007; Kassop 2007; Savage 2007; Wheeler 2008).

Spurs worse alternatives that flip the aff and make judicial review impossible

Vladeck 12
~Stephen I., Professor of Law at the Washington College of Law at American University, "Detention Policies: What Role for Judicial Review?" ABA Journal, October, http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/detention_policies_what_role_for_judicial_review/-http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/detention_policies_what_role_for_judicial_review/~~

Writing for a divided panel of the U.S. District Court for the
AND
the need for (or availability of) judicial review in future cases.

Affirmative results in increases in executive authority on detention

Vladeck 12
~Stephen I., Professor of Law at the Washington College of Law at American University, "Detention Policies: What Role for Judicial Review?" ABA Journal, October, http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/detention_policies_what_role_for_judicial_review/-http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/detention_policies_what_role_for_judicial_review/~~

The short chapter that follows aims to take Judge Brown’s suggestion seriously. As I
AND
Judge Brown to identify "take no prisoners" as Boumediene’s true legacy.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake MS | Judge: Short

Plan locks in the executive’s ability to strike anyone anywhere – crushes allied intel sharing flips the case – note – the hoover institution proposal is their solvency ev

JENNIFER DASKAL and STEPHEN I. VLADECK 5/15/13 (Jennifer Daskal, a former Department of Justice lawyer, is a professor at Georgetown University’s Center on National Security and the Law. Stephen I. Vladeck is a law professor at American University, new York times, "Don’t Expand the War on Terror" http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/16/opinion/dont-expand-the-war-on-terror.html?ref=opinion26_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/16/opinion/dont-expand-the-war-on-terror.html?ref=opinion26_r=0)

One leading proposal, put forward by the Hoover Institution, would have Congress delegate
AND
the world’s increasing resentment of our use of force, especially targeted killings.

Plan locks in and legitimizes US preemption – violates Ilaw- note CGWW

 Bobby Chesney, Jack Goldsmith, Matt Waxman, and Ben Wittes, the authors of their solvency evidence – this ev is a direct response to the article they cite====
Jennifer Daskal and Steve Vladeck 3/17/13 (Daskal is a fellow at Georgetown University’s Center on National Security and the Law, and adjunct professor there. From 2009-2011, she was counsel to the Assistant Attorney General for National Security at the Department of Justice (DOJ), and served on the joint Attorney General and Secretary of Defense-led Detention Policy Task Force. Prior to joining DOJ, Jen was the senior counterterrorism counsel at Human Rights Watch, and also previously worked as a staff attorney at the Public Defender Service for the District of Columbia. Jen has degrees from Harvard Law School, Cambridge University, UK (where she was a Marshall scholar), and Brown University. From 2001-2002, she was a law clerk to Jed S. Rakoff in the Southern District of New York. Steve Vladeck is a professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law. A 2004 graduate of Yale Law School, Steve clerked for Judge Marsha Berzon on the Ninth Circuit and Judge Rosemary Barkett on the Eleventh Circuit. In addition to serving as a senior editor of the Journal of National Security Law 26 Policy, Steve is also the co-editor of Aspen Publishers’ leading National Security Law and Counterterrorism Law casebooks.lawfare, "After the AUMF: A Response to Chesney, Goldsmith, Waxman, and Wittes" http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/after-the-aumf/-http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/after-the-aumf/)

II. WHY THE CGWW PROPOSAL IS UNWISE In addition to being unnecessary, we
AND
to say nothing of the very real consequences in terms of human lives.

Preemption ruins U.S. leverage to deescalate regional crises —- goes nuclear

Steinberg 2 – James B. Steinberg, Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution, Michael E. O’Hanlon and Susan E. Rice, "The New National Security Strategy and Preemption", Brookings Policy Brief Series, December, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2002/12/terrorism-ohanlon

The Dangers of Legitimating Preemption A final concern relates to the impact of the precedent
AND
also illustrate the dangers of legitimating an easy and early recourse to preemption

Tournament: Clay | Round: 8 | Opponent: Wake MQ | Judge: Weiner

Legally codifying geographic restrictions undermines effective counterterrorism and signals to the enemy where to set up safe havens

Geoffrey Corn 13, Professor of Law and Presidential Research Professor, South Texas College of Law, 5/16/13, Statement before the Senate Armed Services Committee, CQ Congressional Testimony, lexis 

3. What is the geographic scope of the AUMF and under what circumstances may
AND
him to dictate when and where they will be subject to lawful attack.
edited for gendered language

nuclear war

Speice 6 (Patrick, JD Candidate, 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427, February, Lexis)

Terrorist groups could acquire a nuclear weapon by a number of methods, including "
AND
draw in the United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake MS | Judge: Short

No host state kick out – governments secretly support drone strikes – their evidence is political rhetoric

Daniel Byman 2013 (Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh
School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban
Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, 92 foreign affairs 32, "Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice", hein online)

It is also telling that drones have earned the backing, albeit secret, of
AND
against the drone program~ in the National Assembly and then ignore it."

Squo solves restrictions and criticism – proves the program will never collapse and Obama will reform on the go to ensure it survives

Jim Lobe 5/24/13 (graduated magna cum laude from Williams College in Williamstown (Massachusetts), with highest honors in History in 1970 and received a law degree from Boalt Hall School of Law at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1974, Washington D.C. correspondent and chief of the Washington bureau of Inter Press Service (IPS), an international news agency specializing in coverage of issues and events of interest to developing countries, from 1980 to 1985, and again from 1989 to the presentinter press service, inter press service, "obama narrows the scope of terror war" http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/05/obama-narrows-scope-of-terror-war/)

Responding to growing criticism by human rights groups and foreign governments, U.S
AND
to the Pentagon – a reform long sought by human-rights groups.

Their only solvency advocate concedes the specific mandate of the plan crushes drone effectiveness or gets circumvented

Chesney et al 13 Benjamin Wittes is a senior fellow in governance studies at the Brookings Institution and codirector of the Harvard Law School–Brookings Project on Law and Security. Matthew Waxman is a professor of law at Columbia Law School and an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He previously served as principal deputy director of policy planning (2005–7) and acting director of policy planning (2007) at the US Department of State. He also served as deputy assistant secretary of defense for detainee affairs (2004–5), director for contingency planning and international justice at the National Security Council (2002–3), and special assistant to National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice (2001–2). He is a graduate of Yale College and Yale Law School. Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor of Law at Harvard University. Former assistant attorney general, Office of Legal Counsel, Goldsmith holds a JD from Yale Law School, a BA and an MA from Oxford University. Robert Chesney is a professor at the University of Texas School of Law, a nonresident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution, and a distinguished scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. "Is the "War on Terror" Lawful?" February 25, 2013. http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/141091-http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/141091

2. Specify Terrorist Groups or Geographies Congress could instead authorize the President to use
AND
difficulties of crafting force authorizations that are neither too narrow nor too broad.

Targeting transparency ends the program – cooperation with foreign countries is conditioned on non-acknowledgment

JACK GOLDSMITH 5/1/13 (teaches at Harvard Law School and is a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, new republic, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror" http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism

But the point goes deeper, for secrecy is the essence of the type of
AND
, and the United States is still living with the fallout in Pakistan.

Absent an AUMF self-defense solves

Steve Vladeck 5/16/13 (professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, lawfare, "The Washington Post, the AUMF, and Self-Defense"http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/05/the-washington-post-the-aumf-and-self-defense/)

Ben quotes from this morning’s Washington Post editorial on AUMF reform, the last two
AND
/or unavailable. To that, this morning’s editorial has no answer.

No retaliation

Pearlstein 9 – Deborah N. Pearlstein, Visiting Scholar and Lecturer in Public and International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public 26 International Affairs, Princeton University, "Form and Function in the National Security Constitution", Connecticut Law Review, July, 41 Conn. L. Rev. 1549, Lexis

In any case, disaster experience provides important reason to pause before embracing the raw
AND
control and normalcy may well be helpful in mitigating the risk of panic.

No chance of conflict—new Pakistan PM solves relations, Pakistan becoming more democratic, close relationship between Singh and Sharif, Indian optimism, favorable circumstances, Pakistan army is willing to improve ties, deeper economic engagement planned, more positive Indian discourse

Kumar, 13 (Sanjay – correspondent for The Diplomat, "Pakistan’s Elections: A Harbinger of Peace on the Subcontinent?", The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/the-pulse/2013/05/16/pakistans-elections-a-harbinger-of-peace-on-the-subcontinent/-http://thediplomat.com/the-pulse/2013/05/16/pakistans-elections-a-harbinger-of-peace-on-the-subcontinent/)

Now that we know Nawaz Sharif will succeed Raja Pervez Ashraf as the next prime minster of Pakistan, it’s worth noting that AND usher in a new era of peace and progress on the Subcontinent.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: Michigan KM | Judge: Garrett, Lincoln

Aff kills economics and the social sciences

Rosenau 92 Pauline Marie Rosenau is Professor of Political Science at the University of Quebec—Montreal, POST-MODERNISM AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES pp105

The post-modern call for an End of the Order of Representation poses both
AND
of credibility, yet to be resolved and in need of immediate attention.

That causes extinction—-vote neg to affirm the ability of the social sciences to provide provisional bases for knowledge and action

DANIEL M. HAUSMAN 2006 Prof @ University of Wisconsin MICHAEL S. McPHERSON @ The Spencer Foundation, Economic Analysis, Moral Philosophy, and Public Policy, accessed online p279~
There are many mundane detailed issues in economic theory, in moral philosophy, and
AND
. The choice between alternative possible indices depends on both economics and ethics.

Our claims are "true" in the sense that they are pragmatically useful for solving a particular set of problems. Factual statements can be understood as provisional truths —- which have limitations but must be accepted in the short-term to address immediate risks

Rowland 95 (Robin, NDT Winner and Debate Coach, Looks like Wallace Shawn, Professor of Communication – University of Kansas, "In Defense of Rational Argument: A Pragmatic Justification of Argumentation Theory andResponse to the Postmodern Critique", Philosophy 26 Rhetoric, 28(4), p. 354-356)

The performative contradiction at the heart of postmodernism is nowhere more evident than in the
AND
justified pragmatically, based on their value for producing useful solutions to problems.

They cause a slide into relativism that makes problem-solving impossible

Rowland 95 (Robin, NDT Winner and Debate Coach, Looks like Wallace Shawn, Professor of Communication – University of Kansas, "In Defense of Rational Argument: A Pragmatic Justification of Argumentation Theory andResponse to the Postmodern Critique", Philosophy 26 Rhetoric, 28(4), p. 357-358)

The pragmatic perspective I have described is quite different from that of interpretive pragmatists
AND
a method of invention or discovery and the method of justification is undisputed.

(  ) Biopower K too sweeping and wrong. Throws positive power out with the bathwater.

Dickinson ’4
(UC Berkeley – History, Edward Ross, "Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About "Modernity," Central European History, vol. 37, no. 1, 1–48)

In short, the continuities between early twentieth-century biopolitical discourse and the practices
AND
of biopolitics, the only end point of the logic of social engineering.

Air power stops global nuclear war

Pfaltzgraff 10 – Robert L, Shelby Cullom Davis Professor of International Security Studies at. The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and President of the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, et al., Final Report of the IFPA-Fletcher Conference on National Security Strategy and Policy, "Air, Space, 26 Cyberspace Power in the 21st-Century", p. xiii-9

Deterrence Strategy
In stark contrast to the bipolar Cold War nuclear setting, today’s security environment includes
AND in U.S. strategy and crisis management.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: Michigan KM | Judge: Garrett, Lincoln

They cause a slide into relativism that makes problem-solving impossible

Rowland 95 (Robin, NDT Winner and Debate Coach, Looks like Wallace Shawn, Professor of Communication – University of Kansas, "In Defense of Rational Argument: A Pragmatic Justification of Argumentation Theory andResponse to the Postmodern Critique", Philosophy 26 Rhetoric, 28(4), p. 357-358)

The pragmatic perspective I have described is quite different from that of interpretive pragmatists such
AND
a method of invention or discovery and the method of justification is undisputed.

Localized, narrow truth claims are possible—-this doesn’t require a meta-claim about "knowledge"

Tushnet 92 (Mark, Professor of Law – Georgetown University, "The Left Critique Of Normativity: A Comment", Michigan Law Review, August, 90 Mich. L. Rev. 2325, Lexis)

The answer lies in their definition of normativity. In Pierre Schlag’s terms, the
AND
damned. There is in the world such a thing as evil. 13-http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=12a43757c6321373e11d311a26f1f0a326docnum=1726_fmtstr=FULL26_startdoc=126wchp=dGLbVlW-zSkAb26_md5=163dd768154b373a85ed1cdd8c107f9626focBudTerms=napalming20babies26focBudSel=all

Air Power

Action not always fail – pessimism bias and alts more dangerous.

Tallis ’97
Raymond Tallis, Professor of Geriatric Medicine at the University of Manchester – Enemies of Hope: A Critique of Contemporary Pessimism, Published by Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0312173261, p. 407-409

If we deny or rubbish the progress that mankind has already made, and at
AND
poverty of spirit and meanness of mind will not have the last word.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 5 | Opponent: Michigan CH | Judge: Henning

Self interest overrides norms

Etzioni 13, Professor of International Relations @ George Washington University
(Aimtai Etzioni, adviser to the Carter administration, "The Great Drone Debate  ", Military Review, 4/2013, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf-http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf**)**

Other critics contend that by the United States ¶ using drones, it leads other
AND
In such circumstances, the role ¶ of norms is much more limited.

U.S. Constitutional norms not modeled anymore

Versteeg 13
(Mila, Associate Professor at the University of Virginia School of Law, "Model, Resource, or Outlier? What Effect Has the U.S. Constitution Had on the Recently Adopted Constitutions of Other Nations?" 5-29-13, http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2013/05/model-resource-or-outlier-what-effect-has-the-us-constitution-had-on-the-recently-adopted-constitutions-of-other-nations-http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2013/05/model-resource-or-outlier-what-effect-has-the-us-constitution-had-on-the-recently-adopted-constitutions-of-other-nations)

For some time, both scholars and the public have considered the U.S
AND
as well as the constitutional doctrines of substantive due process and judicial review.

No impact to Human Rights

Hamilton 04 ( Charles, 4-14, speaker and writer on human rights, speaker @ the Midwest Political Science Conference, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the The Midwest Political Science Associationhttp://www.allacademic.com/meta/p82840_index.html

Human rights do not exist. Human rights are rights that belong to human beings
AND
of being human. Rights have to be founded on an alternative basis.

Economics make relations resilient

Villarreal, Specialist in International Trade and Finance, 3/31/2010 (M. Angeles, "U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations:Trends, Issues, and Implications" Congressional research Service http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32934.pdf)

The United States and Mexico have strong economic ties through the North American Free Trade
AND
countries. They agreed to continue cooperation in North American competitiveness and security.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 3 | Opponent: UMKC CP | Judge: Mironoff-Chin

1NC – Norms

Self interest overrides norms

Etzioni 13, Professor of International Relations @ George Washington University
(Aimtai Etzioni, adviser to the Carter administration, "The Great Drone Debate  ", Military Review, 4/2013, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf-http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf**)**

Other critics contend that by the United States ¶ using drones, it leads other
AND
In such circumstances, the role ¶ of norms is much more limited.

Acquisition too easy

Daniel Byman 2013 (Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, 92 foreign affairs 32, "Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice", hein online)

Controlling the spread of drone technology will prove impossible; that horse left the barn
AND
(also called Burma) to kill a wanted drug trafficker hiding there.

No causal link

Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor of International Law at American University, 10/9/11, "What Kind of Drones Arms Race Is Coming?," http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/~~23more-51516-http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/

New York Times national security correspondent Scott Shane has an opinion piece in today’s Sunday
AND
states competing to come up with weapons technologies that are … more discriminating.

Even if modeling occurs drone acquisition is slow and has no impact

Micah Zenko 12/10/12 (Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, candian international council, "Lethal Drones" http://opencanada.org/features/the-think-tank/essays/lethal-drones/)

For the foreseeable future, the U.S.’s use of armed drones
AND
attacks by one state against another will endure even as armed drones proliferate.

Warming

No extinction—-mitigation and adaptation will solve

Mendelsohn, 9 (Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, "Climate Change and Economic Growth," online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf-http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf)

These statements are largely alarmist and misleading. Although climate change is a serious problem
AND
range climate risks. What is needed are long?run balanced responses.
long-term effect in terms of sea level rise and drought. 

Disease

No disease impact—intervening actors, empirics, this ain’t 1918 yo

Zakaria, 9 (Editor of Newsweek, BA from Yale, PhD in pol sci, Harvard. He serves on the board of Yale University, The Council on Foreign Relations, The Trilateral Commission, and Shakespeare and Company. Named "one of the 21 most important people of the 21st Century", Fareed, "The Capitalist Manifesto: Greed Is Good," 13 June 2009, http://www.newsweek.com/id/201935)
Note: Laurie Garrett is a science and health writer, winner of the Pulitzer, Polk, and Peabody Prize

It certainly looks like another example of crying wolf. After bracing ourselves for a
AND
far better than anything Britain or France had in the early 20th century.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 3 | Opponent: UMKC CP | Judge: Mironoff-Chin

1NC – Pakistan

Pakistani public backlash causes the US to reduce strikes – the signal of their internal link prevents the impact

Joshua Kopstein  6/25/13 (Cyberculture journalist, The Verge, "CIA cutting down on drone strikes in Pakistan, fearing public outrage" http://www.theverge.com/2013/7/25/4557080/cia-cutting-down-drone-strikes-in-pakistan-fearing-public-outrage

The tempo of CIA drone strikes in Pakistan has slowed significantly in recent months,
AND
continue at the current rate, citing concerns over the civilian death toll.

Pakistan will attribute any strikes to US drones – politically safe to do so

DECLAN WALSH 3/6/13 (international herald tribune, "U.S. disavows 2 recent drone strikes in Pakistan; Officials think Islamabad is blaming C.I.A. to mask its own military’s actions" lexis)

When news of the two latest drone strikes emerged from the Pakistani tribal belt in
AND
fighting among themselves. Or it could have been simply bad reporting.’’

Boomerang effect not true for Pakistan  - not supported by data

Amitai Etzioni March/April 2013 (military review, Senior Advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard Business School, University of California at Berkeley, and is the first University Professor at George Washington University, where he is the Director of the Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies. He served as the President of the American Sociological Association, and he founded the Communitarian Network, military review, "Great Drone Debate" http://icps.gwu.edu/files/2013/03/Etzioni_DroneDebate.pdf)

Critics argue that drone strikes alienate the population and thus help al Qaeda’s recruitment,
AND
is as high, or higher, than in drone-targeted Pakistan.

Pakistan Stability

No chance that Pakistan will collapse

Bandow 09 (Senior Fellow @ Cato, former special assistant to Reagan (11/31/09, Doug, "Recognizing the Limits of American Power in Afghanistan," Huffington Post,http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php ?pub_id=10924)

From Pakistan’s perspective, limiting the war on almost any terms would be better than
AND
state in the vain hope of salvaging Afghanistan would be a terrible mistake."

No chance of conflict—new Pakistan PM solves relations, Pakistan becoming more democratic, close relationship between Singh and Sharif, Indian optimism, favorable circumstances, Pakistan army is willing to improve ties, deeper economic engagement planned, more positive Indian discourse

Kumar, 13 (Sanjay – correspondent for The Diplomat, "Pakistan’s Elections: A Harbinger of Peace on the Subcontinent?", The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/the-pulse/2013/05/16/pakistans-elections-a-harbinger-of-peace-on-the-subcontinent/-http://thediplomat.com/the-pulse/2013/05/16/pakistans-elections-a-harbinger-of-peace-on-the-subcontinent/)

Now that we know Nawaz Sharif will succeed Raja Pervez Ashraf as the next prime minster of Pakistan, it’s worth noting that AND usher in a new era of peace and progress on the Subcontinent.

No risk of nuclear terrorism – technically impossible

Michael, 12 (Professor Nuclear Counterprolif and Deterrence at Air Force Counterprolif Center, ’12 (George, March, "Strategic Nuclear Terrorism and the Risk of State Decapitation" Defence Studies, Vol 12 Issue 1, p 67-105, T26F Online)

Despite the alarming prospect of nuclear terrorism, the obstacles to obtaining such capabilities are
AND
there are still many nuclear weapons that could fall into the wrong hands.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 3 | Opponent: UMKC CP | Judge: Mironoff-Chin

SQ Solves

A. International pressure inevitable forces the US to change policies to maintain credibility – the links to their advantages trigger reform before the impact occurs

(also in "AT international/ilaw backlash and AT backlash/boomerang effect)
Gregory S. McNeal 3/5/13 (Pepperdine University School of Law, "Targeted Killing and Accountability" http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583)

Furthermore, other international political constraints can impose accountability on the targeting process. For
AND
extent of international legal scrutiny that U.S. Actions received." 491

Stab

China solves

APP, 10 (Associated Press of Pakistan, "Pak-China friendship factor of peace, stability for region: PM", 6/9/10, Lexis)

Prime Minister Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani said Pakistan values its relations with China based on
AND
to overcome energy shortage. He hoped that this cooperation will further expand.

No Pakistani collapse

AP 10 (Pakistan’s stability, leadership under spotlight after floods and double dealing accusations, 6 August 2010, http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/08/06/pakistans-stability-leadership-spotlight-floods-double-dealing-accusations/)

Not for the first time, Pakistan appears to be teetering on the edge with
AND
, home to only about 20 million of the country’s 175 million people.

Tournament: CSUF | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wake DL | Judge: Najor

The 1AC’s vision of feminism posits men and women as categorically in hostile opposition to one another – that oversimplifies and ignores the positive contributions men can make to the feminist movement – it also excludes females from the movement who don’t agree with antagonistic dichotomies as a strategy

La Paglia 13
(Heidi, writer for Lip Magazine, http://lipmag.com/opinion/feminism-needs-to-include-not-exclude-men/-http://lipmag.com/opinion/feminism-needs-to-include-not-exclude-men/)

We often think of feminism as purely a women’s movement, based on the inclusion
AND
feminism is pro-equality; it is not the exclusion of men.

The impact turns the case – the aff’s strategy turns women off from feminist movements and crushes the ability to coalition-build

Baily 12
(Jessica, doctoral candidate at the University of Sheffield’s Department of Sociological Studies, Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, "What happens when men get involved in feminism? Contemporary mixed-gender feminist activism in England," December 2012, http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3763/1/Jessica_Baily_PhD_thesis.pdf)

Rejecting and reinforcing stereotypes ¶ Sometimes participants sought to distance themselves from feminist ¶ stereotypes
AND
work in my participants’ attempts to distance themselves¶ from stereotypes of feminism. 

Restrictions of presidential war powers (especially detention) cause drone use – that’s bad

-ILaw
-Constitutionality
-Terror
-Rule of law
-Stability
Roberts 13
~Dan, Washington Bureau Chief of the Guardian, "Bush Lawyer: Drone Strikes Are Worse than Indefinite Detention," Business Insider, 5/2, http://www.businessinsider.com/bush-administration-lawyer-drone-strikes-being-used-as-alternative-to-guantnamo-2013-5~~23ixzz2cSBL5zvK-http://www.businessinsider.com/bush-administration-lawyer-drone-strikes-being-used-as-alternative-to-guantnamo-2013-5~~

John Bellinger, who was responsible for drafting the legal framework for targeted drone killings
AND
the rule of law or are indifferent to civilian casualties," she added.

Only DA turns case – and patriarchy is not the root cause of wars

Goldstein 1 – Josh Goldstein, Professor of Int’l Relations, American University, War and Gender, p. 412

First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working
AND
injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.10

Tournament: Clay | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Wake LW | Judge: Harris, Short, Najor, Severson, Crowe

(  ) Our dangerous ties turn:

The 1AC expressly draws comparison between restrictive debate norms and particular historical events related to Shakur and Tubman. We shouldn’t export history to the immediate condition – especially debate. It totalizes and internally link turns their offense by violently re-projecting that loss.

Sanyal ’2
Debarati Sanyal is Associate Professor of French at the University of California, Berkeley. She received her PhD in Romance Languages from Princeton University.     The author of The Violence of Modernity: Baudelaire, Irony and the Politics of Form (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), she has also published articles on Baudelaire, Holocaust Studies, World War Two and postwar commitment. SubStance, Vol. 31, No. 2/3, Issue 98/99: Special Issue: Theatricality (2002), pp. 301-306 – Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3685496

What might it mean to "write trauma," or to give voice to a
AND
of sacrifice in which totalization and fragmentation are but mirrors of one another. 

They’ll say "we deploy differently" – but appropriating history ultimately undermines the Alt and reifies. Also proves that not all universals are the same – Neg’s  historiography is especially bad.

Alanís ’6 
(Jaime Alanís, doctoral student in educational policy studies at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, "How Much are You Willing to Risk? How Far are You Willing to Go"? Cultural Studies = Critical Methodologies, 2006; 6; 166, http://csc.sagepub.com)

As Patti Lather (1998) notes, from the perspective of feminist pedagogies,
AND
they will end up actually silencing diversity in the name of liberatory pedagogy. 

(  ) Rattling-off a list of black liberation leaders occludes black females from the movement. That they listed Assata Shakur does not solve the link – this card’s specificity will genuinely astonish you.

Corrigan ’6
Lisa Marie Corrigan, now Doctor of Philosophy, 2006. This is her dissertation. Title of dissertation: REIMAGINING BLACK POWER: PRISON MANIFESTOS AND THE STRATEGIES OF REGENERATION IN THE REWRITING OF BLACK IDENTITY, 1969-2002. Dissertation directed by: Professor Shawn J. Parry-Giles Department of Communication – http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/4182/1/umi-umd-3985.pdf

Although Shakur includes her favorite black heroine Harriet Tubman in this list of famous black
AND
role in the movement while reifying patriarchy in this next phase as well.

We Agree with their call to show solidarity with liberation movements. But, the specific rhetorical elevation of Malcolm X hampers Assata Shakur’s liberation strategy. The perm can’t solve – as "doing both" hurts their liberation and links to Shakur’s gender K. This card is specific to how WE set the stage by our DEPLOYMENT of history.

Tournament: Clay | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Wake LW | Judge: Harris, Short, Najor, Severson, Crowe

Authenticity

Turn, modifying advocacy locates the best epistemologies, strategies, and motives

Edwards 95, Bob Edwards, East Carolina University, Sociology, "With Liberty and Environmental Justice for All: The Emergence and Challenge of Grassroots Environmentalism in the United States"
Collective action frames are narrative maps guiding move-ments toward their goals. Frames
AND
the case when the civil rights frame was extended to include environmental racism.

Modifying advocacies provides the best education

Nygaard et al 08, Learning-based curriculum development Claus Nygaard * Thomas Hojlt *Mads Hermansen Department of Organization and Industrial Sociology 26 CBS Learning Lab, Copenhagen Business School, Higher Education, Vol. 55, No. 1 (Jan., 2008),
Learners always move within the framework of past, present and future. As time
AND
not only situated in linear, chronological time but also in ’learning time’.

Mesearch fails and legitimates squo violence

Bridges 2001 David, Centre for Applied Research in Education, University of East Anglia, The Ethics of Outsider Research, Journal of Philosophy of Education, Vol. 35, No. 3
There are, however, at last three reasons in principle for keeping the possibility
AND
the paternalism of the powerful, the route to a more just society.

List Turns

We Agree with their call to show solidarity with liberation movements. But, the specific rhetorical elevation of Malcolm X hampers Assata Shakur’s liberation strategy. The perm can’t solve – as "doing both" hurts their liberation and links to Shakur’s gender K. This card is specific to how WE set the stage by our DEPLOYMENT of history.

Corrigan ’6
Lisa Marie Corrigan, now Doctor of Philosophy, 2006. This is her dissertation. Title of dissertation: REIMAGINING BLACK POWER: PRISON MANIFESTOS AND THE STRATEGIES OF REGENERATION IN THE REWRITING OF BLACK IDENTITY, 1969-2002. Dissertation directed by: Professor Shawn J. Parry-Giles Department of Communication – http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/4182/1/umi-umd-3985.pdf

In the Black Power manifestos of this study, which exhibit strategies of regeneration,
AND
center the prison-industrial complex and political prisoners in Black Power agitation.

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wake MQ | Judge: Brovero

They can’t change drone policy

Self interest overrides norms