Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: NU MV | Judge: Susko, Layron, Hall

Particularity Thesis – We can advance accurate and contingent "small-T" truth claims without linking to broader theorization.

Reinalda ’4
(et al; Dr. Bob Reinalda, Prof of Institutional Management Research at
AND
APSA. – Decision Making Within International Organizations – page 27-28)

Middle-range theories The discussion between rationalists and constructivists is not limited to substantive
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international relations discipline will improve the study of decision making within international organizations.

Link is methodologically flawed. Most recent scholarship shows Security reps WON’T cause magic support for Executive secrecy or control.

Saksena ’11
Mita – Former Lecturer, Jai Hind College, Bombay University. Also former Research Assistant University of Madras, Project on Implementation of Regulatory and Distributive Policies in Tamil Nadu Joint Project between University of Oslo and University of Madras. Dissertation was overseen and approved by Professor Paul A. Kowert, Associate Professor, Department of Politics and International Relations Florida International University. This Thesis is written by Mita Saksena – the author now holds a Ph.D. in International Health 26 Human Rights from FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY "FRAMING INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND U.S. PUBLIC OPINION" A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS – http://search.proquest.com/docview/952533573

There is no consensus among scholars about which frames will appeal most to the public
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and combine frame elements instead of deriving moral valences from the frames."53

(Note to students: the word "valence" means how something "resonates" – "positive valence" means intrinsic attraction… "negative valences" means "intrinsic aversiveness")

Public Alt not trickle-up. Pressure NEVER PERCEIVED by the State as sustained.

Saksena ’11
Mita – Former Lecturer, Jai Hind College, Bombay University. Also former Research Assistant University of Madras, Project on Implementation of Regulatory and Distributive Policies in Tamil Nadu Joint Project between University of Oslo and University of Madras. Dissertation was overseen and approved by Professor Paul A. Kowert, Associate Professor, Department of Politics and International Relations Florida International University. This Thesis is written by Mita Saksena – the author now holds a Ph.D. in International Health 26 Human Rights from FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY "FRAMING INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND U.S. PUBLIC OPINION" A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS – http://search.proquest.com/docview/952533573
An extensive literature on the nexus between public opinion and foreign affairs exists. The
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problems, most scholars "understand the public as reasoned and reasonable."14 

Reps K bad – assumes Representational Determinism. Prefer the particularized and surrounding context of HOW our reps were deployed.

Shim ’14
(David Shim is Assistant Professor at the Department of International Relations and International Organization
AND
and North Korea: Seeing is believing – p.24-25)

Imagery can enact powerful effects, since political actors are almost always pressed to take
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values (see also, Domke et al. 2002; Perlmutter 2005).

Impact’s empirically false – tons of militarism without extinction. Case impact turns it faster. Environment’s also resilient.

Gray 7—Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, graduate of the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, Founder and Senior Associate to the National Institute for Public Policy, formerly with the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Hudson Institute (Colin, July, "The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration", http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf)

7. A policy that favors preventive warfare expresses a futile quest for absolute security
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strategy, though not always policy, must be nothing if not pragmatic.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: NU MV | Judge: Susko, Layron, Hall

"Restriction" means limitation

Mattice 7 (Harry S., Jr., United States District Judge, "Wright v. Magellan Behavioral Health, Inc.", 7-3, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 48718, Lexis)

In the instant case, the Court is required to interpret the word "restriction" as used by the parties in the Agreement. The parties apparently agree that the legal definition of restriction—"a limitation or qualification," Black’s Law Dictionary 1341 (8th ed. 1999)—is a good place to start. Thus, the Court must determine whether the board’s supervision requirement falls within this definition.

Tournament: Texas | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Emory JS | Judge: Gramzinski, Arnett, Walters

(  ) counter-def – USFG includes all three branches – but all three do not have to act in order to be topical.

Absolute Astronomy ’9 
(Encyclopedia – http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Federal_government_of_the_United_States)

The Federal Government of the United States is the central current reigning United States governmental
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of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the other branches.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 2 | Opponent: Indiana PS | Judge: Kelly, Casey

A2: Ontology

(  ) Ontology not 1^st

Jarvis 2K
(D.S.L., Lecturer n Government - U of Sydney, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND THE CHALLENGE OF POSTMODERNISM, p. 128-9)
Certainly it is right and proper that we ponder the depths of our theoretical imaginations
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than those foolish enough to be scholastically excited by abstract and recondite debate.

State Bueno

Examples prove that claim’s too sweeping:

Seligman ’11
Brad Seligman – Lead Counsel, Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc – The nationwide class action gender
discrimination case against Wal-Mart Stores and founder of the Impact Fund, which provides financial and technical
assistance and representation for complex public interest litigation – Clearinghouse REVIEW Journal of Poverty Law and Policy – January–February 2011 – http://www.impactfund.org/downloads/Resources/UsingLawForChange-Seligman.pdf

Litigation as a tool for social change has a long and proud tradition in the
AND
. And I remind readers to take pride in and enjoy their work.

Security

(  ) K’s of Security, Fear, and Exaggeration are all wrong. The better mistake’s to err with us.

Kroenig ’12
Matthew Kroenig: Assistant Professor of Government, Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations – "The History of Proliferation Optimism" – Nonproliferation Policy Education Center Reports – May 26, 2012 – http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=118226tid=30.

Should we worry about the spread of nuclear weapons? At first glance, this
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the steps necessary to combat the spread of the world’s most dangerous weapons.

Pan

Threats are real but provoked by the U.S. —- Pan agrees

Pan 4 (Chengxin, Lecturer in IR at Deakin University, Australia, Alternatives, 29:3, InfoTrac)

For instance, as the United States presses ahead with a missile-defence shield
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dragged into an escalating arms race that would eventually make war more likely. 

Turns Civil Society

K turns the case —- the culture of contest makes meaningful civil society impossible

Karlberg ’2 
(Michael, Professor of Communication – Western Washington University, "Partisan Branding and Media Spectacle: Implications for Democratic Communication", Democratic Communique, 18, Summer, p. 13)

Political Implications Beyond these epistemological implications, partisan branding and partisan spectacle have a number
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trust and loyalty will carry on even after particular policy proposals become obsolete.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: Houston LR | Judge: Abelkop, Adam

A2: Johnson – Inclusion by Exclusion

Goes aff – proves reforms

Your cite
Jones says disability activists feel the loneliness every time they attend a meeting and have
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for us to participate. They don’t really see us as partners. "

"In the 1950s, blacks had their churches. Women had each other as
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? Here, too, liberals should be putting disability front and center."

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 2 | Opponent: Indiana PS | Judge: Kelly, Casey

Heuristic

2AC – Stur, on underview page

Extend our 1AC Stuhr ev. K’s of Aff’s macro-political starting point don’t apply in the War Powers context. Neg’s anti-State and micro-1^st stance fail. Stuhr’s next paragraph prove that WE DON’T EXCLUDE their framework – but perm’s the best option.

Stuhr ’8
(John J, Professor of Philosophy and American Studies, and Chair, Department of Philosophy at Emory University "A Terrible Love of Hope",  The Journal of Speculative Philosophy New Series, Volume 22, Number 4, Project Muse)

These and related experiences, rooted in a love of war, are not merely
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imperative. A century later, that day has not come. Yet.

English

(  ) Our heuristic can meaningfully teach a lot within the debate space. Helps check fundamentalism of all stripes.

English ’7
(Eric, Graduate Student in Communication – U Pittsburgh, Et al., "Debate as a Weapon of Mass Destruction", Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2, June)

It is our position, however, that rather than acting as a cultural technology
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heirs to brand the activity as a ’’weapon of mass destruction.’’

2AC – 4 Layer Fiat

We’re vertical constraint through the public sphere.

Lobel ’89
Jules Lobel, Associate Professor of Law at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, "Emergency Power and the Decline of Liberalism", Yale Law Journal, May, 98 Yale L.J. 1385, Lexis

These changes would supplement and ultimately transform traditional separation of power restraints. The constitutional
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approach views experience as concrete and multifaceted rather than universal and binary. n250

Three – Awareness. We may spur macro-change. If we don’t, our Aff still boosts awareness. This beats framework distinctions by helping the debate-space adjust to Executive practice:

Young – quoting Stewart – ’13
Justice Potter Stewart was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. During his tenure, he made, among other areas, major contributions to criminal justice reform and Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. Kelly Michael Young, Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Forensics, Wayne State University – "Why Should We Debate About Restriction of Presidential War Powers" – Sept 4^th –  http://public.cedadebate.org/node/13

About six months ago, my assistant debate coaches and I decided that it would be a good idea to AND opinions will stand as an important potential check on the presidency. 

A2: Russia Threat Reps Bad

Threat’s real—-bias runs the opposite direction for Russia

Blank 5 – Stephen Blank, Professor at the Strategic Studies Institute at the U.S. Army War College, "Is Russia a Democracy and Does It Matter?", World Affairs, 167(3), Winter, Jstor

Recently, several analysts have argued that Russia is "a normal country" just
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and institutions cannot be sustained in Russia and become something quite unrec ognizable.

A2: China Threat Reps Bad

Their K doesn’t apply—-the thesis of the advantage says the U.S. provokes conflict with China through overly aggressive foreign policy, not that China is intrinsically threatening—-this both denies the link because the context of our argument provides nuance that avoids sweeping claims about China and proves the alt reverses the error by falsely claiming that they can never contribute to violence

Callahan 5 – William A. Callahan, Professor of Politics at the University of Manchester, "How to Understand China: The Dangers and Opportunities of Being a Rising Power", Review of International Studies, 31

Although ’China threat theory’ is ascribed to the Cold War thinking of foreigners who
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more interesting to examine the debates that produced the threat/opportunity dynamic.

Negative reps don’t spill over or shape policy

Wang 00 – Jianwi Wang, Postdoctoral Fellow at the East-West Center, Limited Adversaries: Post-Cold War Sino-American Mutual Images, p. 260-261

Under such ’structural uncertainty’, I would argue, studies of national perceptions become
AND
adversary’ sets an outer boundary for both cooperation and conflict in bilateral relations.

Threats are real but provoked by the U.S. —- Pan agrees

Pan 4 (Chengxin, Lecturer in IR at Deakin University, Australia, Alternatives, 29:3, InfoTrac)

For instance, as the United States presses ahead with a missile-defence shield
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dragged into an escalating arms race that would eventually make war more likely. 

SOP

Space – AT: Asteroid Reps/Mellor K

(  ) Alt not solve, Neg offense exaggerated, and they make things worse.

Ashworth ’10
Stephen Ashworth is a long-standing Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society. He works in academic publishing in the Voltaire Foundation, part of Oxford University – Towards the Sociology of the Universe, part 1 – "A Review of Dickens and Ormrod, Cosmic Society – 18 December 2010 – http://www.astronist.demon.co.uk/space-age/essays/Sociology1.html
The concluding chapter sets "cosmic imperialism" against "social resistance". Somehow the
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100). The Joint Chiefs of Staff must be quaking in their boots. 

(  ) Detection Turn:

Deeper detection checks nuclear deflection

Muese ’6  
(Steve Muese is a Consulting Software Engineer, Medical Devices at re-Vision Development and former Principal Software Engineer at Cytyc – This guy is basically a monster computer genius  June 14^th — "Earth vs. a Killer Asteroid: Nuke or Nudge?" — http://stevespeeves.wordpress.com/2006/06/14/earth-vs-a-killer-asteroid-nuke-or-nudge/)

Researchers at Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico have used a supercomputer to model and
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do not yet have a delivery mechanism for any planet-saving solution.

Nuclear option net worse – huge impact

Schweickart’ 4 
(Russell L.  – Chair, B612 Foundation, "Asteroid Deflection; Hopes and Fears," www.b612foundation.org/papers/Asteroid_Deflection.doc)
The hard options consist of various forms of nuclear explosion as well as that of
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it is highly dependent on the structural character of the asteroid in question. 

Disability K – 2AC

(  ) In-Round focus turn

calls for the ballot discourages community change on issues of oppression.

Ritter ’13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf

The preceding discussion demonstrates why arguments about social change— even social change within the
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round of anything beyond the ultimate question of who did the better debating.

B - "the Ballot as currency" functions to discourage out-of-round community solutions.

Ritter ’13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf

The fiction of social change through debate abuses the win—loss structure of debate
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resolution of social issues within and outside the debate community by prompting backlash.

(  ) Neg ballot doesn’t solve their framework’s broader goals.

Ritter ’13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf

Many students who participate in comp etitive interscholastic debate in high school and college 20
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the exclusion of out - of - round, non - competitive discussions. 

(  ) Our starting point is better – macro-structures that we tackle necessarily shape micro-factors like the Debate community.

Ebert ’5
Teresa L. Ebert is a professor of cultural theory at the University at Albany, State University of New YorkScience 26 Society, Vol. 69, No. 1, January 2005, 33–55, available at: http://people.missouristate.edu/WilliamBurling/Adobe20files/Rematerializing20Feminism.pdf
The emergence of micropolitics marks the impact of the globalization of capitalist production and the
AND
ethnographical studies of the behavior of the subject in its multiple consuming relations.

(  ) Micro-political focus specifically flawed in the disability context.

Davis ’7
Lennard J. Davis is Professor in the English Department in the School of Arts and Sciences at the University of Illinois at Chicago, "Review of: Shelley Tremain, ed. Foucault and the Government of Disability. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005." – ESC: English Studies in Canada, Volume 33, Issue 1-2, March/June¶ 2007, pp. 298-304 – available via Project Muse

The collection is as good as it gets in using Foucault in disability studies.¶
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a solution. The method is, in a sense, the madness.

(  ) Their "scholarship" standard becomes academic religion – doesn’t guide a better world.

Lake 11
(David A., Jerri-Ann and Gary E. Jacobs Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California – San Diego, "Why ’’isms’’ Are Evil: Theory, Epistemology,
and Academic Sects as Impediments to Understanding and Progress," International Studies Quarterly (2011) 55, 465–480)

These ?ve pathologies combine to divert professional debate from the substance of world politics to
AND
religions. By whatever de?nition, we have stopped doing ’’science.’’

Isaac – Util/Ethics

(  ) No, not ethics disad – consequences

Issac, ’2  
(Jeffery, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Dissent, Vol. 49 No. 2, Spring)
Politics, in large part, involves contests over the distribution and use of power
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not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

2AR – Liberal Power not bad (domestic)

(  ) All forms of control are not equal – Liberalism solves the worst excesses

Heins ’5 
(Volker, polisci Concordia University, 6 German Law Journal No. 5, May, http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=598)
According to this basic Principle of Distinction, modern humnitarian action is directed towards those
AND
possible to identify reliable evidence for war crimes from exhumed bodies.~39~

Tournament: Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: Houston LR | Judge: Abelkop, Adam

Extend our 1AC Stuhr ev. K’s of Aff’s macro-political starting point don’t apply in the War Powers context. Stuhr’s next paragraph prove that WE DON’T EXCLUDE their framework – but combining our frameworks is the best

Stuhr ’8
(John J, Professor of Philosophy and American Studies, and Chair, Department of Philosophy at Emory University "A Terrible Love of Hope",  The Journal of Speculative Philosophy New Series, Volume 22, Number 4, Project Muse)

These and related experiences, rooted in a love of war, are not merely
AND
imperative. A century later, that day has not come. Yet.

(  ) In-Round focus turn

calls for the ballot discourages community change on issues of oppression.

Ritter ’13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf

The preceding discussion demonstrates why arguments about social change— even social change within the
AND
round of anything beyond the ultimate question of who did the better debating.

B - "the Ballot as currency" functions to discourage out-of-round community solutions.

Ritter ’13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf

The fiction of social change through debate abuses the win—loss structure of debate
AND
resolution of social issues within and outside the debate community by prompting backlash.

(  ) Neg ballot doesn’t solve their framework’s broader goals.

Ritter ’13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf

Many students who participate in comp etitive interscholastic debate in high school and college 20
AND
the exclusion of out - of - round, non - competitive discussions. 

(  ) Our starting point is better – macro-structures that we tackle necessarily shape micro-factors like the Debate community.

Ebert ’5
Teresa L. Ebert is a professor of cultural theory at the University at Albany, State University of New YorkScience 26 Society, Vol. 69, No. 1, January 2005, 33–55, available at: http://people.missouristate.edu/WilliamBurling/Adobe20files/Rematerializing20Feminism.pdf
The emergence of micropolitics marks the impact of the globalization of capitalist production and the
AND
ethnographical studies of the behavior of the subject in its multiple consuming relations.

(  ) Micro-political focus specifically flawed in the disability context.

Davis ’7
Lennard J. Davis is Professor in the English Department in the School of Arts and Sciences at the University of Illinois at Chicago, "Review of: Shelley Tremain, ed. Foucault and the Government of Disability. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005." – ESC: English Studies in Canada, Volume 33, Issue 1-2, March/June¶ 2007, pp. 298-304 – available via Project Muse

The collection is as good as it gets in using Foucault in disability studies.¶
AND
a solution. The method is, in a sense, the madness.

(  ) The Breckenridge ev K’s is a double-turn. It K’s universals. We’re not that. Our particularity args are the anti-thesis of their K. They are – that’s our Haller arg.

Breckenridge and Volger ’1 (Carol Appadurai and Candace A, "The Critical Limits of Embodiment: Disability’s Criticism", Public Culture, Volume 13, Number 3, Fall 2011)

No one is ever more than temporarily able-bodied. This fact frightens those
AND
a project that is likely to take longer than making public space accessible.

—————— their card ends here ——————————-

Disability studies teaches that an assumed able body is crucial to the smooth operation of
AND
identify the nonuniversalizable in order to call into view the personhood of disability.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 7 | Opponent: Texas CM | Judge: Smelko

Afropessimism

State not Always Racist – Wall

Framing point ~23 1 – Universal v. particular

Too sweeping to say working-through-State never counters racism – here’s 7 concrete examples:

Seligman ’11
Brad Seligman – Lead Counsel, Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc – The nationwide class action gender
discrimination case against Wal-Mart Stores and founder of the Impact Fund, which provides financial and technical
assistance and representation for complex public interest litigation – Clearinghouse REVIEW Journal of Poverty Law and Policy – January–February 2011 – http://www.impactfund.org/downloads/Resources/UsingLawForChange-Seligman.pdf

Litigation as a tool for social change has a long and proud tradition in the
AND
. And I remind readers to take pride in and enjoy their work.

Framing Point ~23 2 – How we engage:

*Pessimism towards progressivism inverts the error and makes racism worse. This card rules:

Jones ’99
Richard Wyn Jones is at Cardiff University, where he is currently a Professor of Politics. Professor Wyn Jones is the former Director of the Institute of Welsh Politics and professor in critical security studies at Aberystwyth University. Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory – 1999. ISBN 1-55587-335-9 (hc. :alk. paper) ON-LINE ED.: Columbia International Affairs Online, Transcribed, proofread, and marked-up in HTML, September 1999.

An even more troubling feature of Adorno and Horkheimer’s analysis is the downplaying of individual
AND
around them in a progressive direction. Adorno and Horkheimer’s pessimism is unwarranted.

A2: Positive Peace Links

Intervention directly kills which should be rejected —- and causes wider conflict that blocks positive peace

Miall ’99 (Hugh, Et Al., Reader in Peace and Conflict Research and Director of the Institute for Peace Studies - U Lancaster, Contemporary Conflict Resolution: The Prevention, Management, and Transformation of Deadly Conflicts p.222-3)

We hope that this book has shown that the founders of the conflict resolution approach
AND
not underestimate the blessing that come with the prevention or ending of war.  

This turns the K —- more than they turn the case

Goldstein 1 – Josh Goldstein, Professor of Int’l Relations, American University, War and Gender, p. 412

First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working
AND
injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.10

A-to Rodriguez

Their Rodriguez article is NOT about abolition of the USFG – it’s about prison abolition. It DOES NOT contextualize.

Here’s proof:

Rodriguez ’10
Dylan Rodriguez – D Rod will make ya jump – Radical Teacher, number 88, summer 2010 

Speaking more precisely to the concerns raised by this issue of Radical Teacher, the
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or opposes the spatial arrangements of white supremacy and intensified racist state violence. 

Rodriguez clarifies that this definition of "abolition" is taken from the organization "Critical Resistance"

Rodriguez ’10
Dylan Rodriguez – D Rod will make ya jump – Radical Teacher, number 88, summer 2010 

The "prison industrial complex," in contrast to the prison regime, names the
AND
medical and architectural/construction industries, and various other hegemonic institutional forms. 

This clarifies Critical Resistance’s mission:

Critical Resistance.Org
(Mission Statement – accessed 9-23-12 – http://criticalresistance.org/)

Critical Resistance seeks to build an international movement to end the prison industrial complex (
AND
PIC, we cannot support any work that extends its life or scope.

Slavery Trivialization

(  ) Reject this slavery comparison. It’s not accurate and violently displaces a specific kind of evil

Wanzo ’9
Rebecca Wanzo is Associate Professor of Women, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Washington University in St Louis. She self-identifies as an African-American woman – The Suffering Will Not Be Televised: African American Women and Sentimental Political Storytelling. Page 43-44 

Slavery stands in U.S. history not only as an acknowledged evil,
AND
as an aesthetically evocative metaphor that ignores the distance from real chattel slavery.

(  ) Analogy alone’s a turn – minimizes a contextual and specific suffering.

Bouie ’13
Jamelle Bouie — staff writer for The Daily Beast, and former fellow at The American Prospect and The Nation Institute. His work centers on politics, race, and the intersection of the two. He graduated from the University of Virginia with degrees in political and social thought, government, and religious studies. "The Right’s Slavery Obsession" – The Daily Beast – November 12th 2013 – http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/11/12/the-right-s-slavery-obsession.html

Chattel slavery stands apart in American history. It was unlike anything else in the
AND
, and—in a small way—minimize the reality of suffering.

Reception Theory

Reception theory double-bind – either reps don’t cause reality or critics can’t explain their non-dominant reading

Kraus ’89
(et al – Sidney Kraus is a professor in the Department of Communication at Cleveland State University and Dennis Giles is also in the Department of Communication at Cleveland State University. Reviewed work(s):
Constructing the Political Spectacle by Murray Edelman Source: Political Psychology, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Sep., 1989), pp. 517-525 Published by: International Society of Political Psychology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3791366)
Edelman’s practice in this book is ambivalent in that he invokes a world outside the
AND
a critical reader should regard them as demystifications or deconstructions of political discourse.

Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: UNLV RV | Judge: Nikolic

Latin America War

No South American war —-

Geography

Stratfor, 08 ("Geography and Conflict in South America" 3-6) 

Geography has led most practitioners of geopolitics to neglect or ignore South America. No
AND
occurred in 1982 during the Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom.) 

Ext – Obama Supports Plan

Obama supports Iran restrictions

Corsi 13 – Jerome R. Corsi, PhD in Government from Harvard University, "Senator Obama Would Impeach President Obama", Before Its News, 8-31, http://beforeitsnews.com/obama/2013/08/senator-obama-would-impeach-president-obama-2455116.html

On Dec. 20, 2007, then-Sen. Obama was asked by
AND
taken by the United States against Iran must be explicitly authorized by Congress."

Especially now

Bailey 10-9 – Nicole Bailey, Editor at Town Hall, "Another War? New Bill to Authorize Military Force Against Iran", Town Hall, 2013, http://townhall.com/tipsheet/nicolebailey/2013/10/09/another-war-new-bill-to-authorize-military-force-against-iran-n1720216

A bill attempting to authorize the use of America’s full military force against Iran is
AND
mainstream that it makes Netanyahu look like a bleeding heart peacenik in comparison."

Ext. Debt Ceiling Thumper – CIR

Debt ceiling thumps and top aides

WP, 12-18-2013 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/12/18/congress-has-found-a-kumbaya-moment-can-it-possibly-last/-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/12/18/congress-has-found-a-kumbaya-moment-can-it-possibly-last/

The opposite view is held by a longtime Democratic Congressional aide who insists that the
AND
seen whether either side moves off of those positions as the deadline approaches.

Ext. Minimum Wage/Unemployment Thumper

Minimum wage and unemployment T of the D

National Review, 1-1-2014 http://www.nationalreview.com/article/367333/obamas-2014-war-poor-michael-tanner-http://www.nationalreview.com/article/367333/obamas-2014-war-poor-michael-tanner

Both the Obama administration and the Democratic leadership in Congress have announced that their top priority when Congress returns later this month will be extending unemployment benefits and raising the minimum wage. Both policies are likely to leave more Americans jobless — especially low-income workers with few skills, the very people Democrats claim they want to help most. 

AT: Impact – India

Relations won’t collapse over Visa policy
Daily News and Analysis 10 ~"U.S. politicians are trying to save their jobs"~

New York’s Democrat senator Charles Schumer calls Infosys a ’chop shop’. The US
AND
saving American jobs. They are actually trying to save their own jobs.
— No collapse —- none of their evidence is good enough —- visas are an irritant in relations, but not the key issue —- won’t destroy overall cooperation —- its resilient
Fernandes 2 (George, Defense Minister – India, "Weighing Inspections", The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, 8-28, Lexis)

GEORGE FERNANDES, Defense Minister, India: Well, I don’t think they should
AND
even more potential for growth as both sides learn to trust one another.

Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: UNLV RV | Judge: Nikolic

Iran-specific restrictions are popular

Politico 7 – "Congressmen to Require Authorization of Force Against Iran", 1-29, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0107/2530.html

Concerned about the way the Bush administration moved against Iraq, a group of congressmen
AND
the House Foreign Relations Committee, sees momentum behind his Republican colleague’s move.

Obama supports it

Kramer 13 – Kramer 9/17/13 http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/09/17/israel-likes-its-u-s-presidents-strong-2/-http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/09/17/israel-likes-its-u-s-presidents-strong-2/ Martin Kramer is President of Shalem College, a new undergraduate liberal arts college in Jerusalem. An authority on contemporary Islam and Arab politics, Kramer earned his undergraduate and doctoral degrees in Near Eastern Studies from Princeton University. During a twenty-five-year academic career at Tel Aviv University, he directed the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies. Kramer has taught as a visiting professor at Brandeis University, the University of Chicago, Cornell University, Georgetown University, and The Johns Hopkins University (SAIS). He has served as a visiting fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, and Harvard University’s Olin Institute for Strategic Studies.

"Too big for business as usual" In light of this history, it’s
AND
in the future, it is quite likely Israel would do the same.

Iran fights now

CBS News, 12-31-2013 http://www.cbsnews.com/news/can-democrats-overcome-obamacare-in-2014/-http://www.cbsnews.com/news/can-democrats-overcome-obamacare-in-2014/

Problems at home aside, 2014 is a year where Mr. Obama’s foreign policy carries big risks with potentially big payoffs. His negotiators are still working to fashion a long-term deal to scale back Iran’s nuclear program after coming to a six-month interim agreement. Still, lawmakers – including Democrats – are threatening to impose additional sanctions, which could undermine an agreement.¶ Then there’s Syria, where a civil war rages on that presents serious risks if the U.S. should get involved. Al Qaeda and other extremists have joined the forces fighting against President Bashar Assad’s authoritarian government, which could present a complicated mess if they take over the country. The U.S. was recently forced to suspend aid to Syria in December after extremist rebel groups captured a warehouse that contained U.S. supplies intended to reach moderate rebels.¶ Negotiating these challenges presents yet another minefield for a president who has his hands full at home.

Obama will horse-trade restrictions for his agenda

McGinnis 93 – John O. McGinnis, Assistant Professor at the Cardozo School of Law and Former Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice, "Constitutional Review by the Executive in Foreign Affairs and War Powers: A Consequence of Rational Choice in the Separation of Powers", Law and Contemporary Problems, 56(4), p. 322-324

C. Bargaining in Foreign Policy Areas Where the Accommodation Reflects Congress’s Predominant Interest Shortly
AND
necessary in order to overcome the internal opposition of institutions such as OLC.

PC not key

Andres 10 (Gary, Vice Chair of Policy and Research – Dutko Worldwide and Columnist – Weekly Standard, Quotes George C. Edwards III, Professor of Political Science – Texas A26M University, "Obama and Legislative Power", 7-22,  http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/obama-and-legislative-power-http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/obama-and-legislative-power)
But as Texas A26M professor George C. Edwards III contends in his
AND
and they believed it would ultimately help Democrats maintain their majority in Congress. 

Obama PC fails on CIR- GOP doesn’t trust

Reid Epstein, Politico, 11-10-2013 http://www.politico.com/story/2013/11/white-house-seeks-gop-immigration-help-99640.html-http://www.politico.com/story/2013/11/white-house-seeks-gop-immigration-help-99640.html

White House press secretary Jay Carney said recently that it’s long been established that the
AND
reform~ when he’s sort of scolding them about it all the time."

Comprehensive has ZERO chance in the House

Global Post, 12-20-2013 www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/131220/obama-holds-out-hope-immigration-reform-2014-http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/131220/obama-holds-out-hope-immigration-reform-2014

Last June the Senate passed the most comprehensive rewrite of US immigration laws in a
AND
his support for a "step-by-step" approach to reform

CIR, unemployment, debt ceiling, minimum wage, healthcare, Guantanmo and election thump the DA

Fox News, 12-27-2013 http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2013/12/27/president-obama-eyes-immigration-reform-as-top-priority-for-2014/-http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2013/12/27/president-obama-eyes-immigration-reform-as-top-priority-for-2014/

The last vestiges of 2013’s political wrangling officially behind him, President Barack Obama is
AND
of unfinished business, but there are also things we can build on."

US-India relations resilient- CIR not enough to spillover

Desai 12 Fellow, Truman National Security Project (Ronak. "US-India Relations under the 2nd obama administration." http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ronak-d-desai/usindia-relations-under-t_b_2115396.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ronak-d-desai/usindia-relations-under-t_b_2115396.html)
 What’s ahead for US-India relations now that President Obama has won reelection
AND
on the horizon, the future looks bright for US-India relations.

No chance of conflict

Kumar, 13 (Sanjay – correspondent for The Diplomat, "Pakistan’s Elections: A Harbinger of Peace on the Subcontinent?", The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/the-pulse/2013/05/16/pakistans-elections-a-harbinger-of-peace-on-the-subcontinent/-http://thediplomat.com/the-pulse/2013/05/16/pakistans-elections-a-harbinger-of-peace-on-the-subcontinent/)

Now that we know Nawaz Sharif will succeed Raja Pervez Ashraf as the next prime
AND
to usher in a new era of peace and progress on the Subcontinent.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wichita State MR | Judge: White, Janna

CIR is dead

IBT, 11-12-2013 http://www.ibtimes.com/why-immigration-reform-may-or-may-not-die-2013-1466644-http://www.ibtimes.com/why-immigration-reform-may-or-may-not-die-2013-1466644

But according to Steven Camarota, director of research at the Center for Immigration Studies
AND
politics is that this thing won’t pass this year or next year either."

Political capital doesn’t exist and isn’t key to their DA

Hirsch, 13 (Michael Hirsch, chief correspondent for National Journal. He also contributes to 2012 Decoded-http://decoded.nationaljournal.com/contributors/michael-hirsh. Hirsh previously served as the senior editor and national economics correspondent for Newsweek, based in its Washington bureau. He was also Newsweek’s Washington web editor and authored a weekly column for Newsweek.com, "The World from Washington." Earlier on, he was Newsweek’s foreign editor, guiding its award-winning coverage of the September 11 attacks and the war on terror. He has done on-the-ground reporting in Iraq, Afghanistan, and other places around the world, and served as the Tokyo-based Asia Bureau Chief for Institutional Investor from 1992 to 1994. http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207-http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207)

On Tuesday, in his State of the Union address, President Obama will do
AND
map, you have no choice but to move. It’s your choice.

Farm Bill, CIR and budget thump the DA

Andy, Fubank, Hoosier Ag Today, 11-10-2013 http://www.hoosieragtoday.com/farm-bill-at-top-of-presidents-idea-list-in-new-orleans/-http://www.hoosieragtoday.com/farm-bill-at-top-of-presidents-idea-list-in-new-orleans/

Speaking on the economy in New Orleans Friday – President Barack Obama again addressed three
AND
resolution. That committee is supposed to finish its report by December 13th.
Immigration doesn’t solve agricultural labor crisis—foreign workers don’t want to come to the US
Plumer, 1/29 (Brad – reporter, 2013, "We’re running out of farm workers. Immigration reform won’t help.", Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/01/29/the-u-s-is-running-out-of-farm-workers-immigration-reform-may-not-help/)

For years, one of the groups pushing hardest for immigration reform has been the U.S. food industry. AND isn’t realistic," he says. "It assumes that there’s a willingness to keep doing farm work on the other side of the border. And that’s already dropping off."

Ag industry strong and resilient
Glauber, 13 (Joseph W. Glauber – Chief Economist at the US Department of Agriculture, 2/21-22, "Outlook for U.S. Agriculture in 2013", USDA Agricultural Outlook Forum, http://www.usda.gov/oce/forum/presentations/-http://www.usda.gov/oce/forum/presentations/ Glauber.pdf)

I would like to welcome everyone to this year’s 89th annual Agricultural Outlook Forum. Despite a historic drought affecting much of U.S. agriculture, the U.S. agricultural economy is strong and, in aggregate, farm incomes are near record highs. U.S. agricultural exports are expected to break records again this fiscal year and the financial outlook for the sector remains solid, with debt measures low relative to assets and equity, and asset values at record levels.
Growth doesn’t depend on agriculture
Blank, 99 (Steven C., Professor of Agricultural Economics – UC Davis, "The End of the American Farm?", The Futurist, 33, 4-1, http://www.allbusiness.com/professional-scientific/scientific-research/248525-1.html)

Most Americans could not care less if farming and ranching disappear, as long as
AND
, but insignificant to the economy. America will still be all right.
No spillover – the economy has diversified and is resilient to agricultural shocks
Ledbetter 8 (James, Deputy Managing Editor – CNN Money and Editor – Dispatches, "How Bad Could It Get?", Slate Magazine, 5-2, Lexis)

But no one would dispute that the American economy is more dynamic and resilient than
AND
. unemployment is going to hit 10 percent in the next 18 months.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Brossmann

CIR is dead

IBT, 11-12-2013 http://www.ibtimes.com/why-immigration-reform-may-or-may-not-die-2013-1466644-http://www.ibtimes.com/why-immigration-reform-may-or-may-not-die-2013-1466644
But according to Steven Camarota, director of research at the Center for Immigration Studies
AND
politics is that this thing won’t pass this year or next year either."

Reform fails to solve HSW - would restrict student visas

Tiger 8 (Joseph, J.D. Candidate – Georgetown University Law Center, "Re-Bending the Paperclip: An Examination of America’s Policy Regarding Skilled Workers and Student Visas", Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, Spring, 22 Geo. Immigr. L.J. 507, Lexis)
Offering all students green cards but not H-1B visas would be even more
AND
resident, or leaving immediately upon the termination of F-1 status.

Farm Bill and the budget thump the DA

Andy, Fubank, Hoosier Ag Today, 11-10-2013 http://www.hoosieragtoday.com/farm-bill-at-top-of-presidents-idea-list-in-new-orleans/-http://www.hoosieragtoday.com/farm-bill-at-top-of-presidents-idea-list-in-new-orleans/

Speaking on the economy in New Orleans Friday – President Barack Obama again addressed three
AND
resolution. That committee is supposed to finish its report by December 13th.

Climate change, health care flaws and nominations thump the DA

WP, 10-16-2013 http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-plans-to-renew-immigration-climate-change-efforts/2013/10/16/d0a96cbe-367b-11e3-be86-6aeaa439845b_story_1.html

President Obama, fresh off a trouncing of congressional Republicans over the government shutdown,
AND
to be simultaneously cooperating across party lines on other issues," he said.

Economy AND economic heg are both resilient

Edelman, 10 (Eric S. Edelman 10, former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, was Principal Deputy Assistant to the Vice President for National Security Affairs, 2010, "Understanding America’s Contested Primacy," Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments)

Morgenthau talks about national morale and character as key elements of national power; characteristics
AND
both innovation and managing the social and collaborative uses of information technology.130

Huge bipartisan support for the plan

Gelb 5 – Leslie H. Gelb, President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations and Anne-Marie Slaughter, Dean of the Woodrow Wilson School of International and Public Affairs, "Declare War", The Atlantic, 11-1, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/11/declare-war/304301/?single_page=true

Passing this legislation might not be easy. But the time is right. Liberals
AND
emboldened, and we begin to lose—first psychologically and then literally.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayne JS | Judge: Susko

CIR wont’ pass- shutdown hurt Obama, no popular support, no PC

Garth Kant is WND Washington news editor. Previously, he spent five years writing, copy-editing and producing at "CNN Headline News," three years writing, copy-editing and training writers at MSNBC, and also served several local TV newsrooms as producer, executive producer and assistant news director
10-18-2013 http://www.wnd.com/2013/10/house-poised-to-slap-down-next-big-obama-push/-http://www.wnd.com/2013/10/house-poised-to-slap-down-next-big-obama-push/

President Obama won the shutdown showdown and now has the upper hand in advancing his
AND
education benefits to children of immigrants who are in the United States illegally."

Not pushing

WT, 10-16-2013 http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/oct/16/gop-skeptical-obama-will-negotiate-on-immigration/?page=all~~23pagebreak-http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/oct/16/gop-skeptical-obama-will-negotiate-on-immigration/?page=all

Now that a temporary solution to the partial government shutdown and debt limit are at
AND
, it wouldn’t pass in 2014, which is a congressional election year.

Political capital doesn’t exist and isn’t key to their DA- more likely winners win

Hirsch, 13 (Michael Hirsch, chief correspondent for National Journal. He also contributes to 2012 Decoded-http://decoded.nationaljournal.com/contributors/michael-hirsh. Hirsh previously served as the senior editor and national economics correspondent for Newsweek, based in its Washington bureau. He was also Newsweek’s Washington web editor and authored a weekly column for Newsweek.com, "The World from Washington." Earlier on, he was Newsweek’s foreign editor, guiding its award-winning coverage of the September 11 attacks and the war on terror. He has done on-the-ground reporting in Iraq, Afghanistan, and other places around the world, and served as the Tokyo-based Asia Bureau Chief for Institutional Investor from 1992 to 1994. http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207-http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207)

On Tuesday, in his State of the Union address, President Obama will do
AND
map, you have no choice but to move. It’s your choice.

AT: Impact – High Skilled Workers

Visas inevitable regardless of PC
Yglesias 1/15 Matthew, Slate, 2013, How the GOP Can Roll Obama on Immigration, www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2013/01/15/immigration_reform_will_obama_get_rolled.html-http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2013/01/15/immigration_reform_will_obama_get_rolled.html

Of the major policy issues under discussion in Washington, "immigration reform" stands
AND
kind of fanaticism that is the exact opposite of Obama’s approach to politics.

Reform fails to solve- would restrict student visas

Tiger 8 (Joseph, J.D. Candidate – Georgetown University Law Center, "Re-Bending the Paperclip: An Examination of America’s Policy Regarding Skilled Workers and Student Visas", Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, Spring, 22 Geo. Immigr. L.J. 507, Lexis)
Offering all students green cards but not H-1B visas would be even more
AND
resident, or leaving immediately upon the termination of F-1 status.

No solvency- increasing skilled workers trades-off with effectiveness

Wasem 10 (Ruth Ellen, Specialist in Immigration Policy – Congressional Research Service, "U.S. Immigration Policy on Permanent Admissions", CRS Report, 4-1, http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?art icle=172926context=key_workplace)

Substantial efforts to reform legal immigration have failed in the recent past, prompting some
AND
sharpens the social and business cleavages and may narrow the range of options.

2AC WunderThumper 1

Budget, farm bill and immigration thump the DA

CBS News, 10-17-2013 http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57607996/obamas-priorities-for-the-year-budget-immigration-and-farm-bill/-http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57607996/obamas-priorities-for-the-year-budget-immigration-and-farm-bill/

President Obama said Thursday morning that his top three priorities for the rest of the
AND
leadership to appoint negotiators to craft a budget deal by mid-December.

No Spillover

No agenda and issues are disconnected—spillover is merely GOP red herrings

Brian Beutler, Salon staff writer, 9/9/13, GOP’s massive new lie: The truth about Obama’s second term , www.salon.com/2013/09/09/syria_wont_derail_obamas_second_term_house_republicans_will/

Political reporters have a weakness for narratives, and the narrative of a weakened president
AND
depressing truism: Syria won’t derail Obama’s second term — House Republicans will.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kansas BC | Judge: Hardy

CIR wont’ pass- shutdown hurt Obama, no popular support, no PC

Garth Kant is WND Washington news editor. Previously, he spent five years writing, copy-editing and producing at "CNN Headline News," three years writing, copy-editing and training writers at MSNBC, and also served several local TV newsrooms as producer, executive producer and assistant news director
10-18-2013 http://www.wnd.com/2013/10/house-poised-to-slap-down-next-big-obama-push/-http://www.wnd.com/2013/10/house-poised-to-slap-down-next-big-obama-push/

President Obama won the shutdown showdown and now has the upper hand in advancing his
AND
education benefits to children of immigrants who are in the United States illegally."

No time and econ issues thump- conclusion of your article

Evan McMorris-Santoro BuzzFeed Staff , 10-15-2013 http://www.buzzfeed.com/evanmcsan/obama-has-already-won-the-shutdown-fight-and-hes-coming-for-http://www.buzzfeed.com/evanmcsan/obama-has-already-won-the-shutdown-fight-and-hes-coming-for

Sharry said immigration reform advocates have sketched out a calendar that has them pushing the
AND
on from these battles that have left voters giving them record low ratings."

Political capital doesn’t exist and isn’t key to their DA- more likely winners win

Hirsch, 13 (Michael Hirsch, chief correspondent for National Journal. He also contributes to 2012 Decoded-http://decoded.nationaljournal.com/contributors/michael-hirsh. Hirsh previously served as the senior editor and national economics correspondent for Newsweek, based in its Washington bureau. He was also Newsweek’s Washington web editor and authored a weekly column for Newsweek.com, "The World from Washington." Earlier on, he was Newsweek’s foreign editor, guiding its award-winning coverage of the September 11 attacks and the war on terror. He has done on-the-ground reporting in Iraq, Afghanistan, and other places around the world, and served as the Tokyo-based Asia Bureau Chief for Institutional Investor from 1992 to 1994. http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207-http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207)

On Tuesday, in his State of the Union address, President Obama will do
AND
map, you have no choice but to move. It’s your choice.

No signing statement and no impact

Amira 9 – Dan Amira, Reporter at NY Mag, "Obama Won’t Abuse His Signing Statements Like Some People", New York Magazine, http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2009/03/obama_wont_abuse_his_signing_s.html

President Obama issued a directive yesterday that all his predecessors’ signing statements — namely,
AND
so far is acting like one." ~Political Hotsheet/CBS News~

Budget and farm bill thump

CBS News, 10-17-2013 http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57607996/obamas-priorities-for-the-year-budget-immigration-and-farm-bill/-http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57607996/obamas-priorities-for-the-year-budget-immigration-and-farm-bill/

President Obama said Thursday morning that his top three priorities for the rest of the
AND
leadership to appoint negotiators to craft a budget deal by mid-December.
Visas inevitable regardless of PC
Yglesias 1/15 Matthew, Slate, 2013, How the GOP Can Roll Obama on Immigration, www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2013/01/15/immigration_reform_will_obama_get_rolled.html-http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2013/01/15/immigration_reform_will_obama_get_rolled.html

Of the major policy issues under discussion in Washington, "immigration reform" stands
AND
kind of fanaticism that is the exact opposite of Obama’s approach to politics.

Reform fails to solve- would restrict student visas

Tiger 8 (Joseph, J.D. Candidate – Georgetown University Law Center, "Re-Bending the Paperclip: An Examination of America’s Policy Regarding Skilled Workers and Student Visas", Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, Spring, 22 Geo. Immigr. L.J. 507, Lexis)
Offering all students green cards but not H-1B visas would be even more
AND
resident, or leaving immediately upon the termination of F-1 status.

No solvency- increasing skilled workers trades-off with effectiveness

Wasem 10 (Ruth Ellen, Specialist in Immigration Policy – Congressional Research Service, "U.S. Immigration Policy on Permanent Admissions", CRS Report, 4-1, http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?art icle=172926context=key_workplace)

Substantial efforts to reform legal immigration have failed in the recent past, prompting some
AND
sharpens the social and business cleavages and may narrow the range of options.

Doesn’t solve econ– immigration impact negligible

Steve Malanga is a Contributing Editor to City Journal and a Senior Fellow at the Manhattan Institute., Summer 2006, How Unskilled Immigrants Hurt Our Economy, http://www.city-journal.org/html/16_3_immigrants_economy.html-http://www.city-journal.org/html/16_3_immigrants_economy.html

As foreign competition and mechanization shrink manufacturing and farmworker jobs, low-skilled immigrants
AND
the offsetting effect they have on the wages of native-born workers.

US econ resilient

Robert Johnson 1/19/13 (CFA, director of economic analysis with Morningstar, Morningstar.com, "U.S. Economy Not So Fragile After All" http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=581616)

No, the U.S. Economy Has Not Been Fragile After All¶
AND
a couple of days. These are not signs of a fragile economy.

No impact

Barnett 9 (Thomas, Senior Strategic Researcher – Naval War College, "The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis", Asset Protection Network, 8-25, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules—security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx)

When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze
AND
fear-mongering to proceed apace. That’s what the Internet is for.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan CH | Judge: Severson

SOP

A2: Green

They’ll regulate

McManus 13 – Doyle McManus, Washington Bureau Chief of the Los Angeles Times, MA and Fullbright Scholar at the University of Brussels, Four-Time Winner of the National Press Club’s Edwin Hood Award for Reporting on U.S. Foreign Policy, Winner of Georgetown University’s Weintal Prize, and#34;In America, Not Isolationism But Skepticismand#34;, Los Angeles Times, 9-15, http://www.latimes.com/opinion/commentary/la-oe-mcmanus-column-congress-obama-and-syria-20130915,0,3944454.column

Opposition in Congress to a presidential request to use force has a long history.
AND
rebuilding a national consensus in favor of engagement with the world.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kansas BC | Judge: Hardy

Case Turns

EU soft power resilient

Kundnani and Dennison, 13 (Hans Kundnani – editorial director at the European Council on Foreign Relations 26 Susi Dennison – policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, 3/11, "Europe’s Resilient but Mediocre Foreign Policy", Real Clear World, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/03/11/europes_resilient_but_mediocre_foreign_policy_100606.html)

Europe’s foreign-policy resilience Although Europe’s image and soft power may have continued to
AND
years, as demonstrated by the November UNGA vote on upgrading Palestinian membership.

Alt causes to EU soft power—

Lagendijk, 13 (Joost Lagendijk – Senior Advisor at the Istanbul Policy Center of Sabanc? University and former member of the European Parliament, 5/13, "Europe: Soft Power Is No Power", Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joost-lagendijk/soft-power-is-no-power_b_3262338.html)

It would be an understatement to say the European Union is going through difficult times
AND
and promote its unique model of cooperation in other parts of the world.

A2: Must "Declare" War

"Authorization"’s good enough—-consensus opinion

Minda 7 – Gary Minda, Professor of Law at the Brooklyn Law School, "Congressional Authorization and Deauthorization of War: Lessons from the Vietnam War", The Wayne Law Review, Fall, 53 Wayne L. Rev. 943, Lexis

No one argues today that Congress should return to a practice of commencing war by
AND
may also tend to be overrated) one he has already begun." n110

Tournament: Clay | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake MS | Judge: Barouch

Diplomatic Leverage

Preemption ruins U.S. diplomatic leverage —- risks escalation

Wheeler 3 – Nicholas J. Wheeler, Professor of International Relations and Director of the Institute for Conflict, Cooperation, and Security at the University of Birmingham, "The Bush Doctrine: The Dangers of American Exceptionalism in a Revolutionary Age", Asian Perspective, 27(4), p. 201

India’s belief, for example, that Pakistan is complicit in terrorist attacks against Indian
AND
where governments are deliberating over the merits of launching an anticipatory attack.59

Chechnya

Preemption causes Russian strikes on Chechnya

Efron 2 – Efron 26 Williams ’02
(Sonni-, Staff Writer for L.A. Times, Carol J.-, Staff Writer for L.A. Times, Sept. 29, The Record, "Strike first, talk later;  Will preemptive attack policy help or hurt U.S. interests?", Lexis; Jacob)

Many Europeans fear the Bush doctrine could encourage Russia to claim a similar right to
AND
own right to preventive action while denying Moscow’s "me too" reaction.

Goes nuclear

Blank 2 (Stephen, Professor of National Security – U.S. Army War College, "Putin’s Twelve-Step Program", Washington Quarterly, p. 149-150)

The absence of effective democratic control over the army, together with the military’s obsession
AND
Russia’s integrity and stability by waging an unwinnable war to gain personal power. 

Yes Indo Pak

Preemption dissolves normal checks

Daalder 2
(Ivo H., president of The Chicago Council on Global Affairs, former senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, "Policy Implications of the Bush Doctrine on Preemption," 11-16-02, http://www.cfr.org/international-law/policy-implications-bush-doctrine-preemption/p5251-http://www.cfr.org/international-law/policy-implications-bush-doctrine-preemption/p5251)

The doctrine of preemption is also strategically imprudent. If taken seriously by others,
AND
resort, thus undermining whatever moderating influence diplomatic intervention might otherwise have had.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kansas BC | Judge: Hardy

UN’s key to the global economy

Sawa 3 – Takamitsu Sawa, Professor of Economics, Kyoto University and Director of the University’s Institute of Economic Research, 5/5/2003 (The Japan Times) p. lexis

The U.S. financial industry, which reaped handsome profits through economic unilateralism
AND
accountable for the consequences of the lack of governance in the world economy.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wake DL | Judge: Fitzmier

Fiat

Two – We’re vertical constraint through the public sphere.

Lobel ’89
Jules Lobel, Associate Professor of Law at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, "Emergency Power and the Decline of Liberalism", Yale Law Journal, May, 98 Yale L.J. 1385, Lexis

These changes would supplement and ultimately transform traditional separation of power restraints. The constitutional
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approach views experience as concrete and multifaceted rather than universal and binary. n250

Three – Awareness. We may spur macro-change. If we don’t, our Aff still boosts awareness. This beats framework distinctions by helping the debate-space adjust to Executive practice:

Young – quoting Stewart – ’13
Justice Potter Stewart was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. During his tenure, he made, among other areas, major contributions to criminal justice reform and Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. Kelly Michael Young, Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Forensics, Wayne State University – "Why Should We Debate About Restriction of Presidential War Powers" – Sept 4^th –  http://public.cedadebate.org/node/13

About six months ago, my assistant debate coaches and I decided that it would be a good idea to craft a justification paper to persuade the NDT-CEDA college policy debate community to AND
 powers, as these students’ opinions will stand as an important potential check on the presidency. 

Even if "fiat’s not real", and Affs don’t control levers of power today, we advance a heuristic. Without this heuristic of fiat, we’ll re-enforce dangerous nihilism.

Hoff ’6
(et al, Dr. Dianne Hoff, professor in the College of Education and Human Development and president of Faculty Senate, University of Maine, Journal of Educational Administration, 44:3 – available via Emerald Management 120 database).

There is no question that helping educational leadership students become self-analytical and reflect
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. This is an arena from which a new social order can emerge.

Serial Policy Failure wrong and Policy Nihilism Bad.

Tallis ’97
Raymond Tallis, Professor of Geriatric Medicine at the University of Manchester – Enemies of Hope: A Critique of Contemporary Pessimism, Published by Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0312173261, p. 407-409

If we deny or rubbish the progress that mankind has already made, and at
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poverty of spirit and meanness of mind will not have the last word. 

Overview Effect extension

(  ) And, travel key to Overview Effect.

White ’87
Frank White, is the author of The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human
AND
exploration and the future –, 1987, The Overview Effect, p. 166
The universe is so enormous and awesome that it becomes a unifying force in itself
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understandings of unity and disunity, war and peace, competition and cooperation. 

(  ) Specifically key to solve gendered violence.

Hearsey ’12
Christopher M. Hearsey – Deputy Executive Officer, Astrosociology Research Institute – Proceedings from the 50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition –
09 - 12 January 2012 – http://www.astrosociology.org/Library/PDF/Space2011—EcologiesAndEnvironments.pdf

The Overview Effect¶ Humans’ perceptions of their surroundings determine much of their behavior.
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evolution, and this may result in new types of ecosystems and space societies

Space – Kirby

Asteroid Reps good. History proves they mobilize civil, not imperial, responses
Kirby ’3
Prof. David A. Kirby is a Lecturer in Science Communication at the University of Manchester – Molecular Interventions 3:54-60 –2003 – http://molinterv.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/3/2/54-http://molinterv.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/3/2/54

Indeed, many advisors perceive fictional film as a way to promote their science in
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of their research areas and help make the case for more research support. 

R2P solves Gender

(  ) Plan specifically checks gendered violence.

Harrington ’92
(Mora – Political Scientist at MIT, "What Exactly is Wrong with the Liberal State as an Agent of Change?" in Gendered States: Feminist (Re)visions of International Relations Theory edited by V. Spike Peterson.)

This is where the appeal of international organization is strong: form transnational institutions that
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a democracy can get from the outlook of constituencies different from themselves.3

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 8 | Opponent: OU CL | Judge: Kirk

Heuristic

2AC Passive Voice

(  ) Defense – solves K’s of the State.

Hester ’13
Dr. Michael Hester; Dean of the Honors College 26 Trans-Disciplinary Programs and Director of UWG DebateRe: Papers Being worked on (I’m working on X) – Reply ~237 on: April 03, 2013, 10:59:18 AM – http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic=4753.msg10194~~23msg10194

"The USFG should..." should no longer be unproblematically accepted as the starting point
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diverging from a future-oriented, USFG policy-focused, model. 

State not Always Racist – Wall

And, meaningful reformism now – disproves sweeping claim.

Farber ’98
Daniel A. Farber is the Henry J. Fletcher Professor of Law and Associate
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T.M. Cooley L. Rev. 361 – lexis, lawrev
PROFESSOR FARBER: As I was getting ready to leave for the airport, my
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in white attitudes over that period in a more favorable and tolerant direction.

Framing Point ~23 2 – How we engage:

*Pessimism towards progressivism inverts the error and makes racism worse. This card rules:

Jones ’99
Richard Wyn Jones is at Cardiff University, where he is currently a Professor of Politics. Professor Wyn Jones is the former Director of the Institute of Welsh Politics and professor in critical security studies at Aberystwyth University. Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory – 1999. ISBN 1-55587-335-9 (hc. :alk. paper) ON-LINE ED.: Columbia International Affairs Online, Transcribed, proofread, and marked-up in HTML, September 1999.

An even more troubling feature of Adorno and Horkheimer’s analysis is the downplaying of individual
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around them in a progressive direction. Adorno and Horkheimer’s pessimism is unwarranted.

Framing Point ~23 3 – No bright line

Even total abolition could be always be spun as reformist. They don’t fully escape their K of reformism and set-back meaningful immediate progress.

Heiner ’3
(Brady Heiner is a doctoral student in philosophy at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He is currently guest editing a special issue of Continental Philosophy Review
Source: Social Justice, Vol. 30, No. 2 (92), War, Dissent, and Justice: A Dialogue (2003), pp. 98-101Published by: Social Justice/Global OptionsStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/29768191 .)
However, we must acknowledge that the line between reformist practices and abolitionist practices is
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prison, and, more generally, between the local and the global.

2AC – Four Layer Fiat

Two – We’re vertical constraint through the public sphere.

Lobel ’89
Jules Lobel, Associate Professor of Law at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, "Emergency Power and the Decline of Liberalism", Yale Law Journal, May, 98 Yale L.J. 1385, Lexis

These changes would supplement and ultimately transform traditional separation of power restraints. The constitutional
AND
approach views experience as concrete and multifaceted rather than universal and binary. n250

Three – Awareness. We may spur macro-change. If we don’t, our Aff still boosts awareness. This beats framework distinctions by helping the debate-space adjust to Executive practice:

Young – quoting Stewart – ’13
Justice Potter Stewart was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. During his tenure, he made, among other areas, major contributions to criminal justice reform and Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. Kelly Michael Young, Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Forensics, Wayne State University – "Why Should We Debate About Restriction of Presidential War Powers" – Sept 4^th –  http://public.cedadebate.org/node/13

About six months ago, my assistant debate coaches and I decided that it would be a good idea to craft a justification paper to persuade the NDT-CEDA college policy debate community to AND
powers, as these students’ opinions will stand as an important potential check on the presidency. 

Advantages

2AC – Add-on Racism

Unless POTUS authority declines via the Aff, racist interventions will increase.

Grynaviski ’13
Eric Grynaviski, Professor of Political Science at The George Washington University, "The Real Reason We Need Declarations of War", The Monkey Cage, 9-4, http://themonkeycage.org/2013/09/04/the-real-reason-we-need-declarations-of-war/

Second, this conception rightly focuses us outward, rather than inward. The current
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about war are in the Beltway rather than overseas, continues that legacy.

2AC Graham extension

Their framework CAN’T solve urban oppression. It rejects fiat and non-local theorization.  This ignores macro-origins which shape the local more than vice-versa.

Ebert ’5
Teresa L. Ebert is a professor of cultural theory at the University at Albany, State University of New YorkScience 26 Society, Vol. 69, No. 1, January 2005, 33–55, available at: http://people.missouristate.edu/WilliamBurling/Adobe20files/Rematerializing20Feminism.pdf
The emergence of micropolitics marks the impact of the globalization of capitalist production and the
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ethnographical studies of the behavior of the subject in its multiple consuming relations.

Our violent urbanism disad to their framework. They start with this room – rejecting fiat about the distant or abroad. That cements violence. Perm’s best.

Graham ’10
STEPHEN GRAHAM is Professor of Cities and Society at Newcastle University and previously taught at Durham and MIT, among other universities. Cities Under Siege: the New Military Urbanism – p. xxvii

The book aims in particular to unite two very different, and usually separate,
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the symbolic violence necessary to allow states to launch real violence and war.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Wake HS | Judge: Cohn, Paul, Kall

Increases political costs and solves signal regardless

Wilkinson 12 – Will Wilkinson, Research Fellow at the Cato Institute, M.A. in Philosophy from the Northern Illinois University, Academic Coordinator of the Social Change Project and the Global Prosperity Initiative at The Mercatus Center at George Mason University, "Rebridling the Executive", Economist, 4-17, http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2012/04/democracy-and-war

I think this is good, sound sense. Fabio Rojas, a professor of sociology at Indiana University, disagrees. The sorts of rules that
AND
. That’s how democracies restrain, isn’t it? How is that useless?

Self-interest and normative pressure

Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

For these reasons, I want to move beyond empirical issues and engage Posner and
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distinction that seems of limited pragmatic significance, as the next Part shows.

Large risk of India/Pakistan nuclear conflict – deterrence postures unstable now.

Narang 10 – Vipin Narang, Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Government at Harvard University and a research fellow at Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Winter 2009/2010, International Security, Lexis Academic

Of the three nuclear postures adopted in South Asia since the late 1980s, only
AND
from the dynamic instability induced by their choice of conventional and nuclear postures.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan CH | Judge: Severson

NK War

Yes NK war – threat is real

Fitzsimmons 6 (Michael, Defense Analyst, and#34;The Problem of Uncertainty in Strategic Planningand#34;, Survival, 48(4), December)

At one level it is difficult to contest the basis for these claims. Who
AND
nor overwhelming in the face of some clear challenges facing US national security. 

Pre-Emptive War

Conflict’s likely in Taiwan, Georgia, and India/Pakistan —- U.S. signal’s key

Rehman 12 – Fehzan Rehman, International Relations at the University of Westminster, and#34;Analyzing America’s National Security Strategyand#34;, e-International Relations, 9-13, http://www.e-ir.info/2012/09/13/analyzing-americas-national-security-strategy/

Another implication on sovereignty, due to the NSS, was, yet again,
AND
emption and preventive wars against Taiwan for the promotion of its Chinese values.

A2: Circumvention (General) – 2AC

Increases political costs and solves signal regardless

Wilkinson 12 – Will Wilkinson, Research Fellow at the Cato Institute, M.A. in Philosophy from the Northern Illinois University, Academic Coordinator of the Social Change Project and the Global Prosperity Initiative at The Mercatus Center at George Mason University, and#34;Rebridling the Executiveand#34;, Economist, 4-17, http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2012/04/democracy-and-war

I think this is good, sound sense. Fabio Rojas, a professor of sociology at Indiana University, disagrees. and#34;~T~he sorts of rules that
AND
. That’s how democracies restrain, isn’t it? How is that useless?

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Hays Watson

Modeling – Preemption

Norms of use of force are powerful and shaped by the U.S. —- and preemption crushes diplomatic leverage, causing global nuclear war

Khan 5 – Tahir Khan, Brigadier in the Pakistan Army, and#34;Doctrine of Preemption: Analysis and Implications for South Asiaand#34;, USAWC Strategy Research Project, 3-2, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433669

RISKS ATTACHED TO THE DOCTRINE
Elevating the preemptive option to a policy doctrine can have serious negative consequences. It
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aggression. And that may well be the gravest flaw with this doctrine.

Khan 5 – Tahir Khan, Brigadier in the Pakistan Army, and#34;Doctrine of Preemption: Analysis and Implications for South Asiaand#34;, USAWC Strategy Research Project, 3-2, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433669

This doctrine of unilateral pre-emption is a radical departure from the purposes and
AND
consequence of violating other countries’ sovereignty and hurting innocent people will be significant.

Excess Presidential power causes aggressive preemption

Fincher 3 – Charles Pugsley Fincher, October 26, 2003, http://www.thadeusandweez.com/cam03/10.26.03..html

The United States Congress has gone missing. Before the rise of the and#34;imperial
AND
of Congress are elected in the first place — to represent the American people

Causes regional conflict in South Asia, Taiwan, and Korea

Fetzer 2 – FETZER, PROF EMERITUS – UNIV OF MINNESOTA DULUTH, 2
~JIM, www.assassinationscience.com/domination.pdf-http://www.assassinationscience.com/domination.pdf~~

A policy of preemption is not only morally corrupt but inherently destabilizing. As I
AND
now present under the auspices of and#34;The National Security Strategy of Iraqand#34;21

Israel Strike 2AC

Pre-emption justifies Israeli attack on Iran—kills US cred

Dunn, 7 (David Hastings – Senior Lecturer in the Department of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Birmingham, and#34;’Real men want to go to Tehran’: Bush, pre-emption and the Iranian nuclear challengeand#34;, International Affairs 83.1, http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/IMG/pdf/iranpreemption.pdf)

If not America, then what about an Israeli military strike against Iran? Again
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For this reason Washington has privately discouraged Israel from contemplating such an attack.

Israel Strike – A2: Impact Defense*

Israel/Iran war is the most deadly extinction scenario—experts, Iran geography, climate, buildings, population density, advanced Israeli nuclear weapons and delivery systems, miscalc

Turse, 13 (Nick Turse – fellow at the Nation Institute, 5/13, and#34;What a Nuclear War Between Israel and Iran Would Look Likeand#34;, Real Clear World, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/05/13/what_a_nuclear_-http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/05/13/what_a_nuclear_ war_between_israel_and_iran_would_look_like_105158.html)

In those first minutes, they’ll be stunned. Eyes fixed in a thousand-
AND
handful, say, in a South Asian conflict,and#34; he told me.
and#34;I do believe that the longer we have these weapons and the more there are, the greater the chances that we will experience either an intentional attack (state-based or terrorist) or an accident,and#34; Carroll wrote in his email. and#34;In many ways, we’ve been lucky since 1945. There have been some very close calls. But our luck won’t hold forever.and#34;
Cham Dallas says there is an urgent need to grapple with the prospect of nuclear attacks, not later, but now. and#34;There are going to be other big public health issues in the twenty-first century, but in the first third, this is it. It’s a freight train coming down the tracks,and#34; he told me. and#34;People don’t want to face this. They’re in denial.and#34;

A2: Heg Turns – General

Lack of prior participation causes interference in duration and conduct of war

Barron 8 – David J. Barron, Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, and#34;The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb — A Constitutional Historyand#34;, Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis

By the conclusion of the Clinton Administration, however, it appeared that something of
AND
much to say about the question of unilateral executive use of military force.

Trade-off’s zero-sum and accesses the turn more

Barron 8 – David J. Barron, Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, and#34;The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb — A Constitutional Historyand#34;, Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis

In a companion Article, we described many of the structural forces responsible for this
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to doubt certain of the President’s decisions about how it should be prosecuted. 

Congress knows better —- they’ll only stop bad wars

Koh 6 – Harold Koh, Professor of International Law at Yale Law School and Former Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, and#34;Setting the World Rightand#34;, The Yale Law Journal, 115 Yale L.J. 2350, Lexis

Remarkably, the authors suggest that recent setbacks in the Iraq War support their case
AND
the likely actual cost to be between 24 1 and 2 trillion. n111

Executive power is fallible and prone to miscalculation —- impact is global nuclear war

Adler 11 – David Gray Adler, Professor of Political Science at the University of Idaho, and#34;Presidential Ascendancy in Foreign Affairs and the Subversion of the Constitutionand#34;, Presented to the German-American Conference on and#34;Comparisons of Parliamentary and Coordinated Power (Presidential) Systemsand#34;, 3-8, http://www.civiced.org/pdfs/GermanAmericanConf2011/Adler.pdf

A considerable literature urges executive supremacy, and extols the supposed virtues of presidential assertion
AND
policy concerns are even more compelling today than they were two centuries ago.

If opposition is strong, they’ll tube military effectiveness by acting behind the scenes

Somin 7 – Ilya Somin, Professor of Law at George Mason University School of Law, and#34;Can Presidents Wage War Without Congressional Support?and#34;, Volokh Conspiracy, 9-13, http://www.volokh.com/archives/archive_2007_09_09-2007_09_15.shtml~~231189716517

I disagree. In fact, it is very difficult for a president to either initiate or continue a military conflict without fairly strong congressional backing. And the evidence of the last 60 years proves it.
I. Initiating War.
Let’s start with war initiation. Virtually every major military action undertaken by the US
AND
effectively veto proof, since Congress can exercise it simply by refusing to vote the money in the first place.

History disproves the DA

Barron 8 – David J. Barron, Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, and#34;The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb — A Constitutional Historyand#34;, Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis

At the same time, the history we have reviewed casts doubt on the functionalist
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what consequences might follow from a constitutional judgment in the here and now.

Executive retains non-binding influence over Congress —- solves the link

Barron 8 – David J. Barron, Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, and#34;The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb — A Constitutional Historyand#34;, Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis

Insofar as such a Commander in Chief nevertheless concludes that the existing constraints are harmful
AND
or misjudgments that the President might make if left to his own devices.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 8 | Opponent: NU OP | Judge: Andres Gannon

input stops abrupt changes that ruin leadership

Sabis 2 – Christopher C. Sabis, JD from Georgetown University Law Center, "Congress and the Treaty Power: An Originalist Argument Against Unilateral Presidential Termination of the ABM Treaty", Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, Winter, 31 Denv. J. Int’l L. 26 Pol’y 223, Lexis

Giving the President unilateral power to withdraw from a treaty gives exclusive power to terminate
AND
terminate a treaty without Congress, this potential for inconsistency reaches a zenith.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wichita State MR | Judge: White, Janna

Heg Bad – 2AC

Intervention’s inevitable —- plan stops bad ones

Mead 9 (Walter Russell, Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy – Council on Foreign Relations, American Interest, http://www.the-american-interest.com/ai2/article.cfm?Id=33426MId=16)

Barry Posen puts his fingers on some of the classic and enduring tensions in American
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engagement than Jeffersonians want; this is unlikely to change any time soon. 

Weak heg is worse —- invites aggression, causes miscalc, and doesn’t deter

Feaver 3 (Peter D., Professor of Political Science – Duke University, Armed Services: Agency, Oversight, and Civil-Military Relations, p. 213)

The civil-military problematique is a simple paradox: The very institution created to
AND
leading them to rash behavior and then failing in the ultimate military contest.

Collapse causes re-intervention and nuclear war —- turns their impacts

Hirsch 3 (Michael, Senior Editor – Washington Bureau, At War With Ourselves, p. 10-11)
Yes, it is possible. But first we must cross a psychological threshold ourselves
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a high-tech, nuclearized, and very lethal age of warfare

Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: UNLV RV | Judge: Nikolic

Iranian nuclearization causes Israeli preemptive strikes –destabilizes the region.

Brom 5 – Brom, Senior Research Associate at the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, 05 (Shlomo, October, "Getting Ready for a Nuclear Ready Iran", http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub629.pdf)

Other scholars argue that Israel is more prone to launch preventive strikes against other proliferators
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is Israel willing to take violent preemptive action against an adversary’s nuclear program?

Tournament: Clay | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kentucky GV | Judge: Brown, Nick

No impact—-UN fails

Perle 3 – Richard, Chair of the Defense Policy Board, The Guardian, 3-21, Lexis

But is the security council capable of ensuring order and saving us from anarchy?
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the true alternative to the anarchy of the abject failure of the UN.

UN cred’s tanked now

Tillawi 11 – Hesham, Host of the Current Issues TV Program, "No Credibility Left for UN", Press TV, 9-22, http://presstv.com/detail/200556.html

The United Nations days are over and the world needs a new organization that really
AND
organization. It is not realistic now but it should be in the future

Sequestration thumps

The Hill, 4-3-13 http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/un-treaties/291771-un-backers-brace-for-sequestration-hit-http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/un-treaties/291771-un-backers-brace-for-sequestration-hit

The United States risks losing influence on the world stage as sequestration threatens to once
AND
improved cooperation among agencies; and consolidated support for peace-keeping missions.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wichita State MR | Judge: White, Janna

Mideast deterrence uniquely fails—-prolif causes nuclear war

Inbar 6 – Efraim Inbar, Professor of Political Science at Bar-Ilan University, Director at Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, March, 2006, The Need to Block a Nuclear Iran, The Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 10, No. 1, Article 7, p. http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2006/issue1/jv10no1a7.html

The Iranian nuclear threat is also to be taken seriously in light of the difficulties
AND
is great variation in how people calculate their interests and react to threats.  

Even slow prolif triggers our impact

Russell 6 – Richard, November/December, Research associate in Georgetown University’s Institute for the Study of Diplomacy and professor in Georgetown’s Security Studies Program. "Military Planning for a Middle East Stockpiled with Nuclear Weapons," Military Review, http://usacac.leavenworth.army.mil/CAC/milreview/English/NovDec06/bob.pdf-http://usacac.leavenworth.army.mil/CAC/milreview/English/NovDec06/bob.pdf

How would the Middle East be affected by numerous states armed with nuclear weapons?
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potentially explosive political  powder kegs like the one that exists  in Pakistan today.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wichita State MR | Judge: White, Janna
Proliferation will be fast and unstable, cracking multilater coping mechanisms spurring NBC prolif and terrorism
Brad Roberts, Member of the research staff at the Institute for Denfesne Analyses, "Viewpoint: Proliferation and Non-prolifeartion in the 1990s," THe nonproliferation review, Fall, 1999 http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/robert64.pdf-http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/robert64.pdf.

But the standard answers don’t really take us very far into this problem any more
AND
, among others. Were it to unravel, the world would change fundamentally

AT: Waltz - Increases Security

Waltz is wrong – his example over-generalizes, proliferation hurts global security
Brown 07  (Harold, CSIS counselor and trustee and served as secretary of defense from 1977 to 1981, "New Nuclear Realities," http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/washington_quarterly/v031/31.1brown.html)  

Does this mean that nuclear proliferation will stabilize international relations, reducing the chances of
AND
Nuclear weapons proliferation is just as dangerous as most people have always believed.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Brossmann

CMR – A2: Alt Causes

Their cards describe civil-military conflicts – those are inevitable – only the plan stops them from spiraling

Cimbala 12
(Stephen J., Distinguished Professor of Political Science at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine, Civil-military Relations in Perspective: Strategy, Structure and Policy, p. 15)

As Dale R. Herspring notes in Chapter 2, scholars working on civil-
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approach by focusing on civilmilitary relations in two countries: Canada and Germany.

CMR – Joint Training Solves Global CMR

US programs are key to promoting CMR around the world

Desch 1996 ~Michael C., Assistance prof @ Harvard University, Civil Military Relations and Demcracy~

The book concludes with an epilogue by Joseph S. Nye Jr., based on
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coming to recognize the importance of the issue for the consolidation of democracy. 

CMR – Impact – Nigeria – Yes Escalation

Escalates – US will get drawn in

Lubeck et al 2007 (Paul Lubeck, professor of sociology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, Ronnie D. Lipschutz, professor of politics at the University of California, Santa Cruz, Michael Watts, director of African Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, "CONVERGENT INTERESTS: U.S. Energy Security and the"Securing" of Nigerian Democracy," International Policy Report, February, http://www.ciponline.org/NIGERIA_FINAL.pdf)

In this brief, we have marshaled evidence confirming the scale of mission creep into
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and legislators on both sides of the Atlantic to take up these challenges.

Georgetown CMR DA – 2AC

We control uniqueness—-structural decline now—-plan can’t make it worse

Zenko 9-25-13
(Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, "The Soldier and the State Go Public," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/25/the_soldier_and_the_state_go_public-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/25/the_soldier_and_the_state_go_public)

Washington has found itself in a crisis over the proper relationship between senior civilian and
AND
to General Dempsey anymore. With me he just doesn’t have any credibility."

We solve public perception of civilian control – outweighs their internal link

Wong, 8 (leonard, research professor of military strategy in the strategic studies institute at the u.s. army war college, "civil-military relations in a post-9/11 world", strategic studies institute, p. 3-4)

Concluding Thoughts. The conference ended with some integrating observations. One noted that the
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-terbalance to executive power, thus rendering the War Powers Act useless.

Links – Fourth Gen Warfare

4^th Gen warfare is garbage

Khan, 10 (Amos – MSc. in Strategic Studies from the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies – Nanyang  Technological University and research analyst with the US Research Programme at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies – Nanyang Technological University, 10/14, "A Response to Fourth Generation Warfare", S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies Working Papers)

Conclusion Hammes and van Creveld ignore important continuities in military thought and their theories suffer
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to deal with it properly, but 4GW cannot give us that understanding.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 3 | Opponent: Louisville LR | Judge: Frederick

Japan – 2AC

Japan models the plan—-solves miscalc

Martin 12 – Craig Martin, Associate Professor of Law at the Washburn University School of Law, and Frequent Visiting Lecturer at Osaka University Graduate School of Law and Politics, "Why Japan should Amend Its War-Renouncing Article 9", Japan Times, 8-4, http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2012/08/04/opinion/why-japan-should-amend-its-war-renouncing-article-9/~~23.UsXSSdKIySo

Even more important, a new paragraph three would establish explicit requirements that the Diet
AND
. This makes for better decisions, and makes military misadventure less likely.

Japanese miscalc causes extinction

Baker 12 – Kevin Robert, Political Analyst, "What Would Happen If China and Japan Went To War?", 9-17, http://appreviews4u.com/2012/09/17/what-would-happen-if-china-and-japan-went-to-war/

So could this island dispute spark off a full blown war? Well, if
AND
maybe 20 years at best, if there are ample supplies of course.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 3 | Opponent: Louisville LR | Judge: Frederick

Steinberg

Preemption ruins U.S. leverage to deescalate regional crises —- goes nuclear

Steinberg 2 – James B. Steinberg, Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution, Michael E. O’Hanlon and Susan E. Rice, "The New National Security Strategy and Preemption", Brookings Policy Brief Series, December, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2002/12/terrorism-ohanlon

The Dangers of Legitimating Preemption A final concern relates to the impact of the precedent
AND
also illustrate the dangers of legitimating an easy and early recourse to preemption.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 3 | Opponent: Louisville LR | Judge: Frederick

R2P – 2AC

Plan stops R2P

Hanania 12 – Richard Hanania, JD Candidate at the University of Chicago Law School and Writer at The Atlantic, "Humanitarian Intervention and the War Powers Debate", The Journal Jurisprudence, (2012) J. JURIS 47, http://www.jurisprudence.com.au/juris13/Hanania.pdf

What we see is a public that is generally indifferent to foreign affairs, but
AND
necessary than ever to have Congress decide when the nation commits to war.

Congress will block every humanitarian intervention

Hanania 12 – Richard Hanania, JD Candidate at the University of Chicago Law School and Writer at The Atlantic, "Humanitarian Intervention and the War Powers Debate", The Journal Jurisprudence, (2012) J. JURIS 47, http://www.jurisprudence.com.au/juris13/Hanania.pdf

What the interventionists must realize, however, is that without the ability of the
AND
own initiative, unless we believe that that number is close to zero.

Global nuclear war

Trombly 11 – Dan Trombly, Ph.D Candidate in International Relations at George Washington University, "The Upending of Sovereignty", 8-27, http://slouchingcolumbia.wordpress.com/2011/08/27/the-upending-of-sovereignty/

The other, truly potent danger of this new set of norms is that it
AND
seriously challenge the basis of amicable great power relations in the first place.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgetown ErMc | Judge: Katsulas

Plan’s key to UN legitimacy

McGuinness 9 – Margaret E. McGuinness, Associate Professor at the University of Missouri Law School, "The President, Congress and The Security Council: Counterterrorism And The Use Of Force Through The Internationalist Lens", Willamette Law Review, 45 Willamette L. Rev. 417, Spring, Lexis

A. The Value of More Explicit Ex Ante Congressional Involvement in U.S
AND
lead to congressionally imposed reversals that may prove more costly to the President.

Extinction

Tharoor 3 – Shashi Tharoor, Indian Minister of State for Human Resource Development, Member of Parliament, PhD. from The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, Foreign Affairs, September / October, http://www.cfr.org/world/why-america-still-needs-united-nations/p7567

BEYOND LIMITS  What about the Security Council’s structural deficiencies? For all the carping about
AND
provided a framework for them to work in partnership with the United States.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kentucky GV | Judge: Brown, Nick

Circumvention

Officials think Congress has enforcement power —- they’ll self-restrain

Cole 11 – David Cole, Professor at the Georgetown University Law Center, "Where Liberty Lies: Civil Society and Individual Rights After 9/11", The Wayne Law Review, Winter, 57 Wayne L. Rev. 1203, Lexis

In my view, Posner and Vermeule simultaneously underestimate the constraining force of law and
AND
law will have substantial deterrent effect, with or without actual court decisions.

No definitions arg

Bacevich 13 – Andrew, Professor of History and International Relations at Boston University and Ph.D. in American Diplomatic History from Princeton University, The New American Militarism, p. 209-210

An essential step toward curbing the new American militarism is to redress this imbalance in
AND
point, citizens should replace them by electing people able to do so. 

Overcomes barriers —- forces Court enforcement

Spiro 93 – Peter J. Spiro, Associate Professor of Law at Hofstra University, "Book Review: War Powers And The Sirens Of Formalism", New York University Law Review, December, 68 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 1338, Lexis

STATUTORY RIGIDITIES AND BAD AURAS Ely sees in the Resolution’s failure a political expedience "
AND
the President would be obliged to terminate the operation. n41  ~*1347~

Tournament: Clay | Round: 7 | Opponent: USC PV | Judge: Revelins

Plan’s a broad definition that covers almost all uses of force

Bacevich 13 – Andrew, Professor of History and International Relations at Boston University and Ph.D. in American Diplomatic History from Princeton University, The New American Militarism, p. 209-210

An essential step toward curbing the new American militarism is to redress this imbalance in
AND
point, citizens should replace them by electing people able to do so. 

Courts go aff

Schonberg 4 – Karl K. Schonberg, Assistant Professor of Government at St. Lawrence University, "Global Security and Legal Restraint: Reconsidering War Powers after September 11", Political Science, 119(1), p. 138-139

But if the WPR will not provide a fruitful avenue for future congressional challenges to
AND
every reason to believe they would support its actions unequivocally if it did.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayne JS | Judge: Susko

Avoids Circumvention – 1AR

Our mechanism makes restrictions effective

Mitchell 9 – Jonathan, Assistant Professor of Law at the George Mason University School of Law, "Legislating Clear-Statement Regimes in National-Security Law", Georgia Law Review, Summer, 43 Ga. L. Rev. 1059, Lexis

Conclusion Congress will frequently legislate clear-statement requirements in its national security legislation.
AND
presidents from continuing to infer congressional authorization from vague or ambiguous statutory language.

Overcomes justiceability barriers

Franck 89 – Thomas M. Franck, Professor of Law at New York University, "Distribution of Constitutional Authority: Rethinking War Powers: By Law or by "Thaumaturgic Invocation"?", American Journal of International Law, October, 83 A.J.I.L. 766, Lexis

Reliance on the courts is not Congress’s only means to enforce the law and rebut
AND
the purse strings when the President exceeds his constitutional and legislatively ordained authority.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Vats

1ar Evidence

All of their evidence is descriptive of the status quo and the WPR – only our evidence makes the comparative claim that policy trials overcome current compliance issues

Buchanan 13(Bruce, professor of government at the University of Texas Austin, "Presidential Power and Accountability Toward a Presidential Accountability System")
Prospective Accountability Since World War II, constitutionally mandated "ambition against ambition" has
AND
with Congress will be meaningful only if the president wants it to be.

A2: Circumvention – Executive Interpretation

Plan’s a broad definition that covers almost all uses of force

Bacevich 13 – Andrew, Professor of History and International Relations at Boston University and Ph.D. in American Diplomatic History from Princeton University, The New American Militarism, p. 209-210

An essential step toward curbing the new American militarism is to redress this imbalance in
AND
point, citizens should replace them by electing people able to do so. 

No work-arounds

Huq 12 – Aziz Z. Huq, Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, "Review: Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)", University of Chicago Law Review, 79 U. Chi. L. Rev. 777, Spring, Lexis

Alternatively, perhaps the Neustadt and Skowronek accounts can be explained solely in terms of
AND
legislated and nonlegislated actions even in the teeth of White House opposition. n80

A2: Circumvention – Executive Interpretation (Offensive / Defensive Distinction)

"Defensive" exemption is narrow and defined in law—-it’s a precise loophole that won’t be circumvented

Skaggs 8 – David Skaggs, Co-Chair of The War Powers Committee at The Constitution Project, "Congressional Perspective On War Powers", CQ Congressional Testimony, 3-13, Lexis

I would like to cut to the chase. That is this. Except in
AND
the constitutional role in authorizing military action, I believe that is problematic.

A2: Circumvention (General) – 1AR

And – legacy costs

Ackerman 13 – Bruce Ackerman, Sterling Professor of Law at Yale Law School, "Oversight Now", Foreign Policy, 6-11, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/06/11/oversight_now_FISA_executive_congress?page=full

Partisans of the status quo will claim that a serious congressional effort will only make
AND
the country to heed Madison’s warning about the dangers of "continual warfare."

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Hardy

No work-arounds

Huq 12 – Aziz Z. Huq, Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, "Review: Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)", University of Chicago Law Review, 79 U. Chi. L. Rev. 777, Spring, Lexis

Alternatively, perhaps the Neustadt and Skowronek accounts can be explained solely in terms of
AND
legislated and nonlegislated actions even in the teeth of White House opposition. n80

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: Green, Justin

A2: Circumvention (General) – 1AR

And – legacy costs

Ackerman 13 – Bruce Ackerman, Sterling Professor of Law at Yale Law School, "Oversight Now", Foreign Policy, 6-11, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/06/11/oversight_now_FISA_executive_congress?page=full

Partisans of the status quo will claim that a serious congressional effort will only make
AND
allow the country to heed Madison’s warning about the dangers of "continual warfare

A2: Circumvention (General) – 1AR – A2: Rational Choice Theory

Normative force outweighs pure rational calculations and ensures compliance

Huq 12 – Aziz Z. Huq, Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, "Review: Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)", University of Chicago Law Review, 79 U. Chi. L. Rev. 777, Spring, Lexis

B. The Motivational Status of Law D. But why should Presidents attend to
AND
executive constraint and discretion is surely incomplete without an accounting of those preferences.

A2: Circumvention (General) – 1AR – Signal Independent

Symbol’s independent of effect

Wolff 8 – Dj Wolff, Summer Associate at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and JD Candidate at Stanford Law School, "Should the Next President Advocate Replacing the War Powers Resolution?", World Politics Review, 8-12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/2558/should-the-next-president-advocate-replacing-the-war-powers-resolution

Nevertheless, the WPCA can still serve a strong symbolic function. The Bush presidency
AND
equal branches of government, as was originally intended by our founding fathers.

A2: Circumvention – Courts Decline – Standing

No standing barrier

Hahn 1 – Michael Hahn, JD from Georgetown University Law Center and MPP from Georgetown Public Policy Institute, "The Conflict in Kosovo: A Constitutional War?", Georgetown Law Journal, 89 Geo. L.J. 2351, July, Lexis

The Campbell courts argue that if Congress passes measures that directly oppose the President’s initiation
AND
Campbell courts’ restrictive requirement for a direct confrontation between the branches is wrong.

A2: Circumvention – Congress Won’t Stop Use of Force – 1AR

Congress won’t approve force

Berman 13 – Daniel Berman, Ph.D. Candidate in History at the London School of Economics, MAs at the University of St. Andrews and the London School of Economics, BA at Bates College, Writer for Fivethirtyeight.com, World-Outline, Dale26CO, and The American, "Syria, Congress, and Obama: The changing partisan contours of American foreign policy", The World Outline, 9-6, http://theworldoutline.com/2013/09/syria-congress-obama-changing-partisan-contours-american-foreign-policy/

As a consequence, the decision to seek congressional approval made political sense for Obama
AND
the fight on it is changing perspectives as to which party stands where.

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Emory AB | Judge: Kallmyer

A2: Circumvention (General) – 1AR – Signal Independent

Symbol’s independent of effect

Wolff 8 – Dj Wolff, Summer Associate at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and JD Candidate at Stanford Law School, "Should the Next President Advocate Replacing the War Powers Resolution?", World Politics Review, 8-12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/2558/should-the-next-president-advocate-replacing-the-war-powers-resolution

Nevertheless, the WPCA can still serve a strong symbolic function. The Bush presidency
AND
equal branches of government, as was originally intended by our founding fathers.

A2: Circumvention – Congress Won’t Stop Use of Force – 2AC

They’ll regulate

McManus 13 – Doyle McManus, Washington Bureau Chief of the Los Angeles Times, MA and Fullbright Scholar at the University of Brussels, Four-Time Winner of the National Press Club’s Edwin Hood Award for Reporting on U.S. Foreign Policy, Winner of Georgetown University’s Weintal Prize, "In America, Not Isolationism But Skepticism", Los Angeles Times, 9-15, http://www.latimes.com/opinion/commentary/la-oe-mcmanus-column-congress-obama-and-syria-20130915,0,3944454.column

Opposition in Congress to a presidential request to use force has a long history.
AND
Syria but rebuilding a national consensus in favor of engagement with the world.

Deters Executive overreach

Cole 11 – David Cole, Professor at the Georgetown University Law Center, "Where Liberty Lies: Civil Society and Individual Rights After 9/11", The Wayne Law Review, Winter, 57 Wayne L. Rev. 1203, Lexis

In my view, Posner and Vermeule simultaneously underestimate the constraining force of law and
AND
law will have substantial deterrent effect, with or without actual court decisions.~

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wichita State MR | Judge: White, Janna

They’ll regulate

McManus 13 – Doyle McManus, Washington Bureau Chief of the Los Angeles Times, MA and Fullbright Scholar at the University of Brussels, Four-Time Winner of the National Press Club’s Edwin Hood Award for Reporting on U.S. Foreign Policy, Winner of Georgetown University’s Weintal Prize, "In America, Not Isolationism But Skepticism", Los Angeles Times, 9-15, http://www.latimes.com/opinion/commentary/la-oe-mcmanus-column-congress-obama-and-syria-20130915,0,3944454.column

Opposition in Congress to a presidential request to use force has a long history.
AND
Syria but rebuilding a national consensus in favor of engagement with the world.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Brossmann

Sign Statements

Obama won’t do it and follow-on oversight solves

Evans 13 – Kevin Evans, Assistant Professor in the Department of Politics and International Relations at Florida International University, "Why the Obama Administration Has Issued Fewer Signing Statements", Miller Center, 2-4, http://millercenter.org/blog/obama-administration-signing-statements-evans

A signing statement is written commentary on a bill that is being signed into law
AND
opinions from the Office of Legal Counsel might serve as a partial substitute).

Def

Plan’s a broad definition that covers almost all uses of force

Bacevich 13 – Andrew, Professor of History and International Relations at Boston University and Ph.D. in American Diplomatic History from Princeton University, The New American Militarism, p. 209-210

An essential step toward curbing the new American militarism is to redress this imbalance in
AND
point, citizens should replace them by electing people able to do so. 

Signal

Increases political costs and solves signal regardless

Wilkinson 12 – Will Wilkinson, Research Fellow at the Cato Institute, M.A. in Philosophy from the Northern Illinois University, Academic Coordinator of the Social Change Project and the Global Prosperity Initiative at The Mercatus Center at George Mason University, "Rebridling the Executive", Economist, 4-17, http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2012/04/democracy-and-war

I think this is good, sound sense. Fabio Rojas, a professor of
AND
. That’s how democracies restrain, isn’t it? How is that useless?

Tournament: CSUF | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Gannon, Seth

A2: Circumvention (General) – 2AC

Self-interest and normative pressure

Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

III. The Incomplete Consequentialist Theory for the Role of Law For these reasons,
AND
distinction that seems of limited pragmatic significance, as the next Part shows.

And – legacy costs

Ackerman 13 – Bruce Ackerman, Sterling Professor of Law at Yale Law School, "Oversight Now", Foreign Policy, 6-11, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/06/11/oversight_now_FISA_executive_congress?page=full

Partisans of the status quo will claim that a serious congressional effort will only make
AND
the country to heed Madison’s warning about the dangers of "continual warfare."

Outweighs Executive reluctance

Barron 8 – David J. Barron, Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, "The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb — A Constitutional History", Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis

Perhaps even more importantly, with one possible and equivocal exception during the Fillmore Administration
AND
that conceded the constitutional plan precluded them from taking a more defiant stance. 

Plan’s a broad definition that covers almost all uses of force

Bacevich 13 – Andrew, Professor of History and International Relations at Boston University and Ph.D. in American Diplomatic History from Princeton University, The New American Militarism, p. 209-210

An essential step toward curbing the new American militarism is to redress this imbalance in
AND
point, citizens should replace them by electing people able to do so.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cal SW | Judge: Roark

Overcomes barriers —- forces Court enforcement

Spiro 93 – Peter J. Spiro, Associate Professor of Law at Hofstra University, "Book Review: War Powers And The Sirens Of Formalism", New York University Law Review, December, 68 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 1338, Lexis

STATUTORY RIGIDITIES AND BAD AURAS Ely sees in the Resolution’s failure a political expedience "
AND
the President would be obliged to terminate the operation. n41  ~*1347~ 

Public pressure kicks in first and solves

Hahn 1 – Michael Hahn, JD from Georgetown University Law Center and MPP from Georgetown Public Policy Institute, "The Conflict in Kosovo: A Constitutional War?", Georgetown Law Journal, 89 Geo. L.J. 2351, July, Lexis

How should the war power be restored to the legislative branch of government? One
AND
a greater danger of power being transferred slowly from Congress to the Executive.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kentucky GV | Judge: Brown, Nick

Symbol’s independent of effect

Wolff 8 – Dj Wolff, Summer Associate at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and JD Candidate at Stanford Law School, "Should the Next President Advocate Replacing the War Powers Resolution?", World Politics Review, 8-12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/2558/should-the-next-president-advocate-replacing-the-war-powers-resolution

Nevertheless, the WPCA can still serve a strong symbolic function. The Bush presidency
AND
equal branches of government, as was originally intended by our founding fathers.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake MS | Judge: Barouch

Increases political costs and solves signal regardless

Wilkinson 12 – Will Wilkinson, Research Fellow at the Cato Institute, M.A. in Philosophy from the Northern Illinois University, Academic Coordinator of the Social Change Project and the Global Prosperity Initiative at The Mercatus Center at George Mason University, "Rebridling the Executive", Economist, 4-17, http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2012/04/democracy-and-war

I think this is good, sound sense. Fabio Rojas, a professor of
AND
. That’s how democracies restrain, isn’t it? How is that useless?

Self-interest and normative pressure

Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

III. The Incomplete Consequentialist Theory for the Role of Law For these reasons,
AND
distinction that seems of limited pragmatic significance, as the next Part shows.

And – legacy costs

Ackerman 13 – Bruce Ackerman, Sterling Professor of Law at Yale Law School, "Oversight Now", Foreign Policy, 6-11, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/06/11/oversight_now_FISA_executive_congress?page=full

Partisans of the status quo will claim that a serious congressional effort will only make
AND
the country to heed Madison’s warning about the dangers of "continual warfare."

Outweighs Executive reluctance

Barron 8 – David J. Barron, Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, "The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb — A Constitutional History", Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis

Perhaps even more importantly, with one possible and equivocal exception during the Fillmore Administration
AND
that conceded the constitutional plan precluded them from taking a more defiant stance.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 7 | Opponent: USC PV | Judge: Revelins

Increases political costs and solves signal regardless

Wilkinson 12 – Will Wilkinson, Research Fellow at the Cato Institute, M.A. in Philosophy from the Northern Illinois University, Academic Coordinator of the Social Change Project and the Global Prosperity Initiative at The Mercatus Center at George Mason University, "Rebridling the Executive", Economist, 4-17, http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2012/04/democracy-and-war

I think this is good, sound sense. Fabio Rojas, a professor of
AND
. That’s how democracies restrain, isn’t it? How is that useless?

Self-interest and normative pressure

Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

III. The Incomplete Consequentialist Theory for the Role of Law For these reasons,
AND
distinction that seems of limited pragmatic significance, as the next Part shows.

And – legacy costs

Ackerman 13 – Bruce Ackerman, Sterling Professor of Law at Yale Law School, "Oversight Now", Foreign Policy, 6-11, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/06/11/oversight_now_FISA_executive_congress?page=full

Partisans of the status quo will claim that a serious congressional effort will only make
AND
the country to heed Madison’s warning about the dangers of "continual warfare."

Outweighs Executive reluctance

Barron 8 – David J. Barron, Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, "The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb — A Constitutional History", Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis

Perhaps even more importantly, with one possible and equivocal exception during the Fillmore Administration
AND
that conceded the constitutional plan precluded them from taking a more defiant stance. 

Symbol’s independent of effect

Wolff 8 – Dj Wolff, Summer Associate at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and JD Candidate at Stanford Law School, "Should the Next President Advocate Replacing the War Powers Resolution?", World Politics Review, 8-12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/2558/should-the-next-president-advocate-replacing-the-war-powers-resolution

Nevertheless, the WPCA can still serve a strong symbolic function. The Bush presidency
AND
equal branches of government, as was originally intended by our founding fathers.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayne JS | Judge: Susko

It’s effective

Mitchell 9 – Jonathan, Assistant Professor of Law at the George Mason University School of Law, "Legislating Clear-Statement Regimes in National-Security Law", Georgia Law Review, Summer, 43 Ga. L. Rev. 1059, Lexis

All of this has spurred proposals to strengthen the clear-statement regimes in Congress’s
AND
to establish an effective clear-statement regime in national-security law.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Vats

Avoids failings of our old plan

Buchanan 8 – Bruce Buchanan, Professor of Government at the University of Texas at Austin, "Presidential Accountability for Wars of Choice", Issues in Governance Studies, Number 22, December, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2008/12/3020war20buchanan/1230_war_buchanan.pdf

This paper focuses on how Congress and the American people evaluate presidential wars of choice
AND
for the result is shared by the president with Congress and the people?

Self-interest and normative pressure

Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

III. The Incomplete Consequentialist Theory for the Role of Law For these reasons,
AND
distinction that seems of limited pragmatic significance, as the next Part shows.

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Hardy

Plan’s a broad definition that covers almost all uses of force

Bacevich 13 – Andrew, Professor of History and International Relations at Boston University and Ph.D. in American Diplomatic History from Princeton University, The New American Militarism, p. 209-210

An essential step toward curbing the new American militarism is to redress this imbalance in
AND
point, citizens should replace them by electing people able to do so. 

No work-arounds

Huq 12 – Aziz Z. Huq, Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, and#34;Review: Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)and#34;, University of Chicago Law Review, 79 U. Chi. L. Rev. 777, Spring, Lexis

Alternatively, perhaps the Neustadt and Skowronek accounts can be explained solely in terms of
AND
legislated and nonlegislated actions even in the teeth of White House opposition. n80

Courts won’t allow it

Kossop 9 – Nancy Kassop, Professor of Political Science at the State University of New York at New Paltz, Debating the Presidency: Conflicting Perspectives on the American Executive, Ed. Ellis and Nelson, Google Books

In summary, presidents have grabbed Congress’s war power for themselves; Congress has not
AND
rare announcement of judicial resolve but without any practical consequence flowing from it.

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: Green, Justin

Increases political costs and solves signal regardless

Wilkinson 12 – Will Wilkinson, Research Fellow at the Cato Institute, M.A. in Philosophy from the Northern Illinois University, Academic Coordinator of the Social Change Project and the Global Prosperity Initiative at The Mercatus Center at George Mason University, "Rebridling the Executive", Economist, 4-17, http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2012/04/democracy-and-war

I think this is good, sound sense. Fabio Rojas, a professor of
AND
. That’s how democracies restrain, isn’t it? How is that useless?

Self-interest and normative pressure

Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

III. The Incomplete Consequentialist Theory for the Role of Law For these reasons,
AND
distinction that seems of limited pragmatic significance, as the next Part shows.

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 8 | Opponent: Oklahoma LM | Judge: Hall, Sherry

A2: Circumvention (General) – 2AC

Increases political costs and solves signal regardless

Wilkinson 12 – Will Wilkinson, Research Fellow at the Cato Institute, M.A. in Philosophy from the Northern Illinois University, Academic Coordinator of the Social Change Project and the Global Prosperity Initiative at The Mercatus Center at George Mason University, "Rebridling the Executive", Economist, 4-17, http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2012/04/democracy-and-war

I think this is good, sound sense. Fabio Rojas, a professor of
AND
. That’s how democracies restrain, isn’t it? How is that useless?

Self-interest and normative pressure

Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

III. The Incomplete Consequentialist Theory for the Role of Law For these reasons,
AND
distinction that seems of limited pragmatic significance, as the next Part shows.

Overcomes barriers —- forces Court enforcement

Spiro 93 – Peter J. Spiro, Associate Professor of Law at Hofstra University, "Book Review: War Powers And The Sirens Of Formalism", New York University Law Review, December, 68 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 1338, Lexis

STATUTORY RIGIDITIES AND BAD AURAS Ely sees in the Resolution’s failure a political expedience "
AND
the President would be obliged to terminate the operation. n41  ~*1347~ 

They’ll regulate

McManus 13 – Doyle McManus, Washington Bureau Chief of the Los Angeles Times, MA and Fullbright Scholar at the University of Brussels, Four-Time Winner of the National Press Club’s Edwin Hood Award for Reporting on U.S. Foreign Policy, Winner of Georgetown University’s Weintal Prize, "In America, Not Isolationism But Skepticism", Los Angeles Times, 9-15, http://www.latimes.com/opinion/commentary/la-oe-mcmanus-column-congress-obama-and-syria-20130915,0,3944454.column

Opposition in Congress to a presidential request to use force has a long history.
AND
Syria but rebuilding a national consensus in favor of engagement with the world.

Plan’s a broad definition that covers almost all uses of force

Bacevich 13 – Andrew, Professor of History and International Relations at Boston University and Ph.D. in American Diplomatic History from Princeton University, The New American Militarism, p. 209-210

An essential step toward curbing the new American militarism is to redress this imbalance in
AND
point, citizens should replace them by electing people able to do so.

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Emory AB | Judge: Kallmyer

Self-interest and normative pressure

Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

III. The Incomplete Consequentialist Theory for the Role of Law For these reasons,
AND
distinction that seems of limited pragmatic significance, as the next Part shows.

And – legacy costs

Ackerman 13 – Bruce Ackerman, Sterling Professor of Law at Yale Law School, "Oversight Now", Foreign Policy, 6-11, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/06/11/oversight_now_FISA_executive_congress?page=full

Partisans of the status quo will claim that a serious congressional effort will only make
AND
the country to heed Madison’s warning about the dangers of "continual warfare."

Outweighs Executive reluctance

Barron 8 – David J. Barron, Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, "The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb — A Constitutional History", Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis

Perhaps even more importantly, with one possible and equivocal exception during the Fillmore Administration
AND
that conceded the constitutional plan precluded them from taking a more defiant stance.

Tournament: USC | Round: 6 | Opponent: OU LW | Judge: Guevara, Omar

Increases political costs and solves signal regardless

Wilkinson 12 – Will Wilkinson, Research Fellow at the Cato Institute, M.A. in Philosophy from the Northern Illinois University, Academic Coordinator of the Social Change Project and the Global Prosperity Initiative at The Mercatus Center at George Mason University, "Rebridling the Executive", Economist, 4-17, http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2012/04/democracy-and-war

I think this is good, sound sense. Fabio Rojas, a professor of
AND
. That’s how democracies restrain, isn’t it? How is that useless?

Self-interest and normative pressure

Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

III. The Incomplete Consequentialist Theory for the Role of Law For these reasons,
AND
distinction that seems of limited pragmatic significance, as the next Part shows.

They’ll regulate

McManus 13 – Doyle McManus, Washington Bureau Chief of the Los Angeles Times, MA and Fullbright Scholar at the University of Brussels, Four-Time Winner of the National Press Club’s Edwin Hood Award for Reporting on U.S. Foreign Policy, Winner of Georgetown University’s Weintal Prize, "In America, Not Isolationism But Skepticism", Los Angeles Times, 9-15, http://www.latimes.com/opinion/commentary/la-oe-mcmanus-column-congress-obama-and-syria-20130915,0,3944454.column

Opposition in Congress to a presidential request to use force has a long history.
AND
Syria but rebuilding a national consensus in favor of engagement with the world.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Brossmann

No signing statement and no impact

Amira 9 – Dan Amira, Reporter at NY Mag, "Obama Won’t Abuse His Signing Statements Like Some People", New York Magazine, http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2009/03/obama_wont_abuse_his_signing_s.html

President Obama issued a directive yesterday that all his predecessors’ signing statements — namely,
AND
so far is acting like one." ~Political Hotsheet/CBS News~

Tournament: CSUF | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: JP, Hardy, Lucas-Bolin

A2: Circumvention (General) – 1AR

And – legacy costs

Ackerman 13 – Bruce Ackerman, Sterling Professor of Law at Yale Law School, "Oversight Now", Foreign Policy, 6-11, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/06/11/oversight_now_FISA_executive_congress?page=full

Partisans of the status quo will claim that a serious congressional effort will only make
AND
the country to heed Madison’s warning about the dangers of "continual warfare."

A2: Circumvention – Executive Interpretation

Plan’s a broad definition that covers almost all uses of force

Bacevich 13 – Andrew, Professor of History and International Relations at Boston University and Ph.D. in American Diplomatic History from Princeton University, The New American Militarism, p. 209-210

An essential step toward curbing the new American militarism is to redress this imbalance in
AND
point, citizens should replace them by electing people able to do so. 

A2: Circumvention – Congress Won’t Stop Use of Force – 2AC

They’ll regulate

McManus 13 – Doyle McManus, Washington Bureau Chief of the Los Angeles Times, MA and Fullbright Scholar at the University of Brussels, Four-Time Winner of the National Press Club’s Edwin Hood Award for Reporting on U.S. Foreign Policy, Winner of Georgetown University’s Weintal Prize, "In America, Not Isolationism But Skepticism", Los Angeles Times, 9-15, http://www.latimes.com/opinion/commentary/la-oe-mcmanus-column-congress-obama-and-syria-20130915,0,3944454.column

Opposition in Congress to a presidential request to use force has a long history.
AND
Syria but rebuilding a national consensus in favor of engagement with the world.

Deters Executive overreach

Cole 11 – David Cole, Professor at the Georgetown University Law Center, "Where Liberty Lies: Civil Society and Individual Rights After 9/11", The Wayne Law Review, Winter, 57 Wayne L. Rev. 1203, Lexis

In my view, Posner and Vermeule simultaneously underestimate the constraining force of law and
AND
law will have substantial deterrent effect, with or without actual court decisions.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgetown ErMc | Judge: Katsulas

Point Avoids Circumvention – 1AR

Our mechanism makes restrictions effective

Mitchell 9 – Jonathan, Assistant Professor of Law at the George Mason University School of Law, "Legislating Clear-Statement Regimes in National-Security Law", Georgia Law Review, Summer, 43 Ga. L. Rev. 1059, Lexis

Conclusion Congress will frequently legislate clear-statement requirements in its national security legislation.
AND
presidents from continuing to infer congressional authorization from vague or ambiguous statutory language.

Policy

All of their evidence is descriptive of the status quo and the WPR – only our evidence makes the comparative claim that policy trials overcome current compliance issues

Buchanan 13(Bruce, professor of government at the University of Texas Austin, "Presidential Power and Accountability Toward a Presidential Accountability System")
Prospective Accountability Since World War II, constitutionally mandated "ambition against ambition" has
AND
with Congress will be meaningful only if the president wants it to be.

A2: Circumvention (General) – 1AR

And – legacy costs

Ackerman 13 – Bruce Ackerman, Sterling Professor of Law at Yale Law School, "Oversight Now", Foreign Policy, 6-11, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/06/11/oversight_now_FISA_executive_congress?page=full

Partisans of the status quo will claim that a serious congressional effort will only make
AND
the country to heed Madison’s warning about the dangers of "continual warfare."

Tournament: Texas | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Emory JS | Judge: Gramzinski, Arnett, Walters

1ar Evidence

All of their evidence is descriptive of the status quo and the WPR – only our evidence makes the comparative claim that policy trials overcome current compliance issues

Buchanan 13(Bruce, professor of government at the University of Texas Austin, "Presidential Power and Accountability Toward a Presidential Accountability System")
Prospective Accountability Since World War II, constitutionally mandated "ambition against ambition" has
AND
with Congress will be meaningful only if the president wants it to be.

A2: Circumvention (General) – 1AR – Signal Independent

Symbol’s independent of effect

Wolff 8 – Dj Wolff, Summer Associate at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and JD Candidate at Stanford Law School, "Should the Next President Advocate Replacing the War Powers Resolution?", World Politics Review, 8-12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/2558/should-the-next-president-advocate-replacing-the-war-powers-resolution

Nevertheless, the WPCA can still serve a strong symbolic function. The Bush presidency
AND
equal branches of government, as was originally intended by our founding fathers.

A2: Circumvention – Congress Won’t Stop Use of Force – 2AC

They’ll regulate

McManus 13 – Doyle McManus, Washington Bureau Chief of the Los Angeles Times, MA and Fullbright Scholar at the University of Brussels, Four-Time Winner of the National Press Club’s Edwin Hood Award for Reporting on U.S. Foreign Policy, Winner of Georgetown University’s Weintal Prize, "In America, Not Isolationism But Skepticism", Los Angeles Times, 9-15, http://www.latimes.com/opinion/commentary/la-oe-mcmanus-column-congress-obama-and-syria-20130915,0,3944454.column

Opposition in Congress to a presidential request to use force has a long history.
AND
the world. substantial deterrent effect, with or without actual court decisions.

A2: Circumvention (General) – 1AR

And – legacy costs

Ackerman 13 – Bruce Ackerman, Sterling Professor of Law at Yale Law School, "Oversight Now", Foreign Policy, 6-11, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/06/11/oversight_now_FISA_executive_congress?page=full

Partisans of the status quo will claim that a serious congressional effort will only make
AND
the country to heed Madison’s warning about the dangers of "continual warfare."

Tournament: Wake | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: Seth Gannon, Kallmyer, Brovero, Weiner, Feldman

Obama will comply on Iran

Savage, 7 (charlie – globe staff, 12/20, interview with barack obama, "barack obama’s q26a", boston, http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/candidateqa/obamaqa/)

1. Does the president have inherent powers under the Constitution to conduct surveillance for
   AND
   manner contrary to an express limit imposed by Congress and adopted into law.

Tournament: CSUF | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: JP, Hardy, Lucas-Bolin

Avoids failings of our old plan

Buchanan 8 – Bruce Buchanan, Professor of Government at the University of Texas at Austin, "Presidential Accountability for Wars of Choice", Issues in Governance Studies, Number 22, December, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2008/12/3020war20buchanan/1230_war_buchanan.pdf

This paper focuses on how Congress and the American people evaluate presidential wars of choice
AND
for the result is shared by the president with Congress and the people?

Increases political costs and solves signal regardless

Wilkinson 12 – Will Wilkinson, Research Fellow at the Cato Institute, M.A. in Philosophy from the Northern Illinois University, Academic Coordinator of the Social Change Project and the Global Prosperity Initiative at The Mercatus Center at George Mason University, "Rebridling the Executive", Economist, 4-17, http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2012/04/democracy-and-war

I think this is good, sound sense. Fabio Rojas, a professor of
AND
. That’s how democracies restrain, isn’t it? How is that useless?

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 3 | Opponent: Louisville LR | Judge: Frederick

A2: Circumvention – Congress Won’t Stop Use of Force – 2AC

They’ll regulate

McManus 13 – Doyle McManus, Washington Bureau Chief of the Los Angeles Times, MA and Fullbright Scholar at the University of Brussels, Four-Time Winner of the National Press Club’s Edwin Hood Award for Reporting on U.S. Foreign Policy, Winner of Georgetown University’s Weintal Prize, "In America, Not Isolationism But Skepticism", Los Angeles Times, 9-15, http://www.latimes.com/opinion/commentary/la-oe-mcmanus-column-congress-obama-and-syria-20130915,0,3944454.column

Opposition in Congress to a presidential request to use force has a long history.
AND
Syria but rebuilding a national consensus in favor of engagement with the world.

Deters Executive overreach

Cole 11 – David Cole, Professor at the Georgetown University Law Center, "Where Liberty Lies: Civil Society and Individual Rights After 9/11", The Wayne Law Review, Winter, 57 Wayne L. Rev. 1203, Lexis

In my view, Posner and Vermeule simultaneously underestimate the constraining force of law and
AND
law will have substantial deterrent effect, with or without actual court decisions.

Congress won’t approve force

Berman 13 – Daniel Berman, Ph.D. Candidate in History at the London School of Economics, MAs at the University of St. Andrews and the London School of Economics, BA at Bates College, Writer for Fivethirtyeight.com, World-Outline, Dale26CO, and The American, "Syria, Congress, and Obama: The changing partisan contours of American foreign policy", The World Outline, 9-6, http://theworldoutline.com/2013/09/syria-congress-obama-changing-partisan-contours-american-foreign-policy/

As a consequence, the decision to seek congressional approval made political sense for Obama
AND
the fight on it is changing perspectives as to which party stands where.

They’re motivated to restrict

Huq 12 – Aziz Z. Huq, Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, "Review: Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)", University of Chicago Law Review, 79 U. Chi. L. Rev. 777, Spring, Lexis

Alternatively, perhaps the Neustadt and Skowronek accounts can be explained solely in terms of
AND
legislated and nonlegislated actions even in the teeth of White House opposition. n80

Iraq

Kriner, 10 (Douglas L. – assistant professor of political science at Boston University, ed. William Howell and Jon Pevenhouse, "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", p. 148)

Yet Congress’s repeated failure to terminate military engagements legislatively does not mean that Congress and
AND
critiques of the administration’s decision to invade and its conduct of the war.

Self-regulation solves prior to the vote

Barron 8 – David J. Barron, Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, "The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb — A Constitutional History", Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis

At the same time, the history we have reviewed casts doubt on the functionalist
AND
what consequences might follow from a constitutional judgment in the here and now.

Congress will oppose force before troops are on the ground

Streichler, 8 (Stuart – Adjunct Faculty at Seattle University School of Law and Ph.D. – Johns Hopkins University and J.D. – University of Michigan Law School, "Mad about Yoo, or, Why Worry about the Next Unconstitutional War?", Journal of Law 26 Politics XXIV.93, http://faculty.washington.edu/sstreich/documents/madaboutyoo.pdf)

Once a military campaign is underway, Congress’s ability to check the president through the
AND
be dramatically reduced. The recent experience in Iraq demonstrates this vividly.199

Tournament: Texas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgetown ErMc | Judge: Katsulas

Avoids Circumvention – 2AC

Trials avoid failings of our old plan

Buchanan 8 – Bruce Buchanan, Professor of Government at the University of Texas at Austin, "Presidential Accountability for Wars of Choice", Issues in Governance Studies, Number 22, December, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2008/12/3020war20buchanan/1230_war_buchanan.pdf

This paper focuses on how Congress and the American people evaluate presidential wars of choice
AND
for the result is shared by the president with Congress and the people?

Point of order – it’s effective

Mitchell 9 – Jonathan, Assistant Professor of Law at the George Mason University School of Law, "Legislating Clear-Statement Regimes in National-Security Law", Georgia Law Review, Summer, 43 Ga. L. Rev. 1059, Lexis

All of this has spurred proposals to strengthen the clear-statement regimes in Congress’s
AND
to establish an effective clear-statement regime in national-security law.

No circumvention generally –

Increases political costs and solves signal regardless

Wilkinson 12 – Will Wilkinson, Research Fellow at the Cato Institute, M.A. in Philosophy from the Northern Illinois University, Academic Coordinator of the Social Change Project and the Global Prosperity Initiative at The Mercatus Center at George Mason University, "Rebridling the Executive", Economist, 4-17, http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2012/04/democracy-and-war

I think this is good, sound sense. Fabio Rojas, a professor of
AND
. That’s how democracies restrain, isn’t it? How is that useless?

Self-interest and normative pressure

Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

III. The Incomplete Consequentialist Theory for the Role of Law For these reasons,
AND
distinction that seems of limited pragmatic significance, as the next Part shows.

They’ll regulate

McManus 13 – Doyle McManus, Washington Bureau Chief of the Los Angeles Times, MA and Fullbright Scholar at the University of Brussels, Four-Time Winner of the National Press Club’s Edwin Hood Award for Reporting on U.S. Foreign Policy, Winner of Georgetown University’s Weintal Prize, "In America, Not Isolationism But Skepticism", Los Angeles Times, 9-15, http://www.latimes.com/opinion/commentary/la-oe-mcmanus-column-congress-obama-and-syria-20130915,0,3944454.column

Opposition in Congress to a presidential request to use force has a long history.
AND
Syria but rebuilding a national consensus in favor of engagement with the world.

Tournament: Texas | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Emory JS | Judge: Gramzinski, Arnett, Walters

Circumvention – 2AC

Avoids failings of our old plan

Buchanan 8 – Bruce Buchanan, Professor of Government at the University of Texas at Austin, "Presidential Accountability for Wars of Choice", Issues in Governance Studies, Number 22, December, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2008/12/3020war20buchanan/1230_war_buchanan.pdf

This paper focuses on how Congress and the American people evaluate presidential wars of choice
AND
for the result is shared by the president with Congress and the people?

Self-interest and normative pressure

Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

III. The Incomplete Consequentialist Theory for the Role of Law For these reasons,
AND
distinction that seems of limited pragmatic significance, as the next Part shows.

Increases political costs and solves signal regardless

Wilkinson 12 – Will Wilkinson, Research Fellow at the Cato Institute, M.A. in Philosophy from the Northern Illinois University, Academic Coordinator of the Social Change Project and the Global Prosperity Initiative at The Mercatus Center at George Mason University, "Rebridling the Executive", Economist, 4-17, http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2012/04/democracy-and-war

I think this is good, sound sense. Fabio Rojas, a professor of
AND
. That’s how democracies restrain, isn’t it? How is that useless?

Neg’s pessimism about circumvention is wrong and CAUSES Fascism. We can win on this even if plan does nothing.

Kutz ’7
Christopher Kutz, Professor of Law, Jurisprudence and Social Policy Program, U.C. Berkeley. Torture, Necessity and Existential Politics, 95 Cal. L. Rev. 235 (2007). Available at: http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/californialawreview/vol95/iss1/6
In our current context, however, Schmitt’s eventual embrace of fascism,’36 through
AND
can define a long-term relation as much as can open war.

Tournament: Wake | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: Seth Gannon, Kallmyer, Brovero, Weiner, Feldman

Plan’s a broad definition that covers almost all uses of force

Bacevich 13 – Andrew, Professor of History and International Relations at Boston University and Ph.D. in American Diplomatic History from Princeton University, The New American Militarism, p. 209-210

An essential step toward curbing the new American militarism is to redress this imbalance in
AND
point, citizens should replace them by electing people able to do so.

Tournament: CSUF | Round: 1 | Opponent: Irvine San Fran State University PA | Judge: Larson, Andy

K

Util

(  ) Ethics 1st wrong – utility is net more ethical

Williams ’5
(Michael, Professor of International Politics at the University of Wales—Aberystwyth,
The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations, p. 174-176)
A commitment to an ethic of consequences reflects a deeper ethic of criticism, of
AND
— it is both a condition of, and imperative toward, responsibility. 

Perm

(  ) Ontological 2nd –2 focus forever delays political action

Jarvis, 2K
(Darryl, Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Sydney, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND THE CHALLENGE OF POSTMODERNISM, p. 139-140)

This we might interpret as faceless description without meaning, comment without purpose, and
AND
time when the greatest danger and contingencies in the world are global character.

Our definition of genocide.

May ’10
Larry May is the W. Alton Jones Professor of Philosophy and a Professor of Law at Vanderbilt – A Normative Account of Genocide. Sometimes the Book is simply referenced as Genocide – p. 223

When the term "genocide" is used popularly, it is often indistinguishable from
AND
to explain the harm of genocide that would justify resort to humanitarian wars.
Reject the team – not just the analogy.
First – double-bind – we either win within their framework or ALL that matters is the policy. Their args prove the importance of avoiding violent rhetoric.
Two – reject extreme analogies – they unnecessarily demean and they detract from assessment. Accesses all of their offense. 

Krygier ’5
Martin Krygier – Professor, Gordon Samuels Professor of Law and Social Theory, Co-Director - Network for Interdisciplinary Studies of Law, The University of New South Wales – Civil Passions: Selected Writings – p. 136-37

5. Analogy Wars As Owen Harries once pointed out, ’comparisons may be
AND
invoke or condemn the invocation of the Holocaust and genocide in local arguments.

— "Natives first" is a terrible political strategy – alike groups should work together – excluding the plan shatters the coalitions necessary to confront oppression
Krishna 93 (Sankaran, Professor of Political Science – University of Hawaii, Alternatives, 18)
While this point is, perhaps, debatable, Der Derian’s further assertion, that
AND
genre of critical international theory and its impact on such an activist politics. 

Remediation

— alt is a token gesture to pacify Native Americans – it can’t possibly compensate for colonization
Tillotson 2 (Tammy, Old Dominion University, "Reparation for Native Americans: Another Trail of Tears", Go Inside, 1-16, http://goinside.com/02/1/repairs.html)

Native Americans were here first. We took their land while generously doling out reservations
AND
they should have nothing else to complain about, when indeed they do.

Tournament: CSUF | Round: 1 | Opponent: Irvine San Fran State University PA | Judge: Larson, Andy

2AC – Stur

Extend our 1AC Stuhr ev. K’s of Aff’s macro-political starting point don’t apply in the War Powers context. Neg’s anti-State and micro-1^st stance fail. Stuhr’s next paragraph prove that WE DON’T EXCLUDE their framework – but perm’s the best option.

Stuhr ’8
(John J, Professor of Philosophy and American Studies, and Chair, Department of Philosophy at Emory University "A Terrible Love of Hope",  The Journal of Speculative Philosophy New Series, Volume 22, Number 4, Project Muse)

These and related experiences, rooted in a love of war, are not merely
AND
imperative. A century later, that day has not come. Yet.

Heuristic Solves Colonialism

(  ) Our Heuristic breaks-down colonialist power structures.  If they win the State or Debate’s colonialist – we still best teach how to re-assign that power.

INOUE ’5
ASAO B. INOUE – at the time of this writing, Asao held an
AND
edu/xmlui/.../2376/.../a_inoue_012205.pdf?

Gutherie’s definition of nomos helps us also see the nomos-physis debate as one
AND
would be dangerous to the Greek state and the power relationships it nurtured.

Fiat

Two – We’re vertical constraint through the public sphere.

Lobel ’89
Jules Lobel, Associate Professor of Law at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, "Emergency Power and the Decline of Liberalism", Yale Law Journal, May, 98 Yale L.J. 1385, Lexis

These changes would supplement and ultimately transform traditional separation of power restraints. The constitutional
AND
approach views experience as concrete and multifaceted rather than universal and binary. n250

Three – Awareness. We may spur macro-change. If we don’t, our Aff still boosts awareness. This beats framework distinctions by helping the debate-space adjust to Executive practice:

Young – quoting Stewart – ’13
Justice Potter Stewart was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. During his tenure, he made, among other areas, major contributions to criminal justice reform and Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. Kelly Michael Young, Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Forensics, Wayne State University – "Why Should We Debate About Restriction of Presidential War Powers" – Sept 4^th –  http://public.cedadebate.org/node/13

About six months ago, my assistant debate coaches and I decided that it would be a good idea to craft a justification paper to persuade the NDT-CEDA college policy debate community AND  opinions will stand as an important potential check on the presidency. 

2AC Add-on – Native Americans

Unless POTUS authority declines via the Aff’s effort to have greater Congressional review, racist interventions in the form of denigrating Native peoples will increase.

Grynaviski ’13
Eric Grynaviski, Professor of Political Science at The George Washington University, "The Real Reason We Need Declarations of War", The Monkey Cage, 9-4, http://themonkeycage.org/2013/09/04/the-real-reason-we-need-declarations-of-war/

Second, this conception rightly focuses us outward, rather than inward. The current
AND
about war are in the Beltway rather than overseas, continues that legacy.

Add-on – War

A 2^nd Add-on is that War causes imperial injustice – and not the other way around. Causality runs in our direction.

Goldstein ’1
Joshua S. Goldstein, Professor of International Relations at American University, War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa, 2001, pp.411-412

I began this book hoping to contribute in some way to a deeper understanding of
AND
on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.

2AC Graham extension

Their framework CAN’T solve urban oppression. It rejects fiat and non-local theorization.  This ignores macro-origins which shape the local more than vice-versa.

Ebert ’5
Teresa L. Ebert is a professor of cultural theory at the University at Albany, State University of New YorkScience 26 Society, Vol. 69, No. 1, January 2005, 33–55, available at: http://people.missouristate.edu/WilliamBurling/Adobe20files/Rematerializing20Feminism.pdf
The emergence of micropolitics marks the impact of the globalization of capitalist production and the
AND
ethnographical studies of the behavior of the subject in its multiple consuming relations.

2AC – Settler Colonialism K

— Turn – remediation focus –  cannot undo past harm to natives – only locks in a cycle of guilt and hostility

Espinoza and Harris 97 (Leslie, Associate Professor of Law – Boston College Law School and Angela P., Professor of Law –  University of California, Berkeley School of Law, "Embracing the Tar-Baby - LatCrit Theory and the Sticky Mess of Race", California Law Review, October, 85 Calif. L. Rev. 1585, Lexis)

Interracial justice in Yamamoto’s sense may also require that we question the underlying assumption of
AND
a never-ending tango of guilt, despair, and hostile denial.

Essentialism

These specific forms of essentialism should be rejected– re-deployment bad, get commodified.

Brady 26 Monani ’12
Miranda J. Brady is an assistant professor of Communication Studies. She holds a
AND
17:2, 147-166 – obtained via Taylor 26 Francis Database

While the Campo example highlights the challenges of balancing economics with environmental¶ concerns,
AND
is also embedded in broader socio-cultural contexts¶ of representational discrimination.

(  ) Reject essentialism as an end onto itself. It is violent.

Chilisa ’12
Bagele Chilisa, is a Professor at the University of Botswana where she teaches Research Methods and Evaluation courses to graduate and undergraduate students – From the book: Indigenous Research Methodologies – p.262-264

The last theme is how African and Asian feminists and other non-Western feminists
AND
of methodologies that engage in intersectional analyses of all forms domination and exclusion.

K of the term "settler"

(  ) They’ve called us "settlers". That term offends many Native People because of what it implies about their Native ancestors. Means we can win a net turn within the Neg Framework.

Johansen ’7
BRUCE ELLIOTT JOHANSEN is Robert T. Reilly Professor of Communication and Coordinator of the
AND
Volume 1 (Native America: Yesterday and Today) – p. xii
Language has meaning, although we often speak as a mailer of assumption without forethought
AND
often fits, however, and I use the term under those conditions.

The term also essentializes all non-indigenous into one category. That essentializes and create binaries that make their solvency impossible.

Phung ’11
Malissa Phung is completing a doctorate in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. She has a specialization in the study of post-colonial cultures – "Are People of Colour Settlers Too ?" – A chapter in the following publication from the Aboriginal Healing Foundation Research Series: Cultivating Canada: Reconciliation through the Lens of Cultural Diversity – http://speakingmytruth.ca/?page_id=647~~23

Not only have I drawn on Lawrence and Dua’s critical intervention but I have also
AND
deserved can constitute a first step in supporting Indigenous activism against settler domination.

(  ) And, reject essentialism as the basis of claims – it’s inaccurate and exclusionary.

Heyes ’97
Cressida J. Heyes is currently employed as the Canada Research Chair in Philosophy of Gender and Sexuality at the University of Alberta, Edmonton.~1~ Educated at Oxford University (BA) and McGill University (MA and PhD), "Anti-Essentialism in Practice: Carol Gilligan and Feminist Philosophy" – Hypatia; Vol. 12, No. 3, Summer, 1997 – available via J-Stor

Its neglect of power differences among women notwithstanding, much second wave theory was "
AND
in relation to women even as it presumed to speak for us all.

Isaac – Util/Ethics

(  ) No, not ethics disad – consequences

Issac, ’2  
(Jeffery, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Dissent, Vol. 49 No. 2, Spring)
Politics, in large part, involves contests over the distribution and use of power
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

2AC – Imperialism not root of violence

(  ) Imperialism doesn’t make war inevitable  – that oversimplifies

Amar ’11
Paul Amar is an associate professor in the Global 26 International Studies Program at the
AND
in the megacities of the global south. JOURNAL OF MIDDLE EAST WOMEN’S STUDIES
Vol. 7, No. 3 (Fall 2011) © 2011 – Project Muse
COLONIALITY AND DEPENDENCY SCHOOLS There is a critical genealogy of scholarship that has often dropped
AND
, rather than as genuine sites for ethnography and productive spaces of contestation.

Epistemology/Ontology

(  ) Epistemology and ontology are not first

Jarvis 2K
(D.S.L., Lecturer n Government - U of Sydney, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND THE CHALLENGE OF POSTMODERNISM, p. 128-9)
Certainly it is right and proper that we ponder the depths of our theoretical imaginations
AND
than those foolish enough to be scholastically excited by abstract and recondite debate.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 7 | Opponent: Michigan CP | Judge: Hingstman

A2: Congressional Follow-On

Zero chance of follow-on AND you’ve just lost on links to politics

Drum 13 – Kevin Drum, Mother Jones, 4/22/13, Maureen Dowd and Presidential Leverage, www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/04/maureen-dowd-and-presidential-leverage

Finally, there’s the most obvious change of all: the decision by Republicans to
AND
in to Obama. That’s a kiss of death with the party’s base.

Congressional Resolution – Ext – No Solve SOP

====Statutory checks are key to an active congress ====
Fisher 4
(Louis, Senior Specialist in Separation of Powers at the Congressional Research Service, Specialist in Constitutional Law at Law Library, Presidential War Power, 2^nd ed., 2004, p. 280-281)

Members of Congress need to participate in the daily grind of overseeing administration policies,
AND
Military issues need the thorough exploration and ventilation that only Congress can provide.

Wont signal congress taking back war power authority

Schonberg 4 – Karl K. Schonberg, Assistant Professor of Government at St. Lawrence University, "Global Security and Legal Restraint: Reconsidering War Powers after September 11", Political Science, 119(1), p. 140

But consultation cannot supplant the congressional authority to declare war, which can be exercised
AND
public alike, that the branches are not legally coequal in foreign affairs.

Congressional Resolution – Ext – Not Solve Signal

Soft law wrecks the signal

Shaffer 11 – Gregory Shaffer, Professor of Law, University of Minnesota Law School, and Mark Pollack, Professor of Political Science and Jean Monnet Chair, Temple University., Sept 2011, ARTICLE: HARD VERSUS SOFT LAW IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY, 52 B.C. L. Rev 1147

As we have observed in our previous scholarship, the existing analyses of hard and
AND
we are likely to see hard and soft law often interacting as antagonists.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kansas BC | Judge: Hardy

Perm—-do the CP: it restricts authority

Fisher 9 – Louis Fisher, Scholar in Residence at the Cato Constitution Project, 2009, The Law: The Baker-Christopher War Powers Commission, Presidential Studies Quarterly  Volume 39, Issue 1

The commission devotes a section to the War Powers Resolution (WPR), summarizing the
AND
, the commission’s draft bill relies on congressional action through a concurrent resolution.

Causes uncertainty and strategic failure

Gallagher 11 – Lieutenant Colonel Joseph V. Gallagher III, United States Marine Corps, "Unconstitutional War: Strategic Risk in the Age of Congressional Abdication", Parameters, Summer, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/articles/2011summer/gallagher.pdf

Clausewitz asserted war is politics by other means. Therefore, in the American democracy
AND
achieve the uncertain objectives of the military actions that began extra-constitutionally.

Doesn’t bind or solve signal

Kall 7 (Rob, Executive Editor, Publisher and Website Architect of OpEdNews.com, Host of the Rob Kall Bottom Up Radio Show (WNJC 1360 AM), and Publisher of Storycon.org, President of Futurehealth, Inc, and an inventor . He is also published regularly on the Huffingtonpost.com, "Forget About "Sense of Congress" Legislation by Bush Enablers," January 24, http://www.opednews.com/populum/printer_friendly.php?content=a26id=29762-http://www.opednews.com/populum/printer_friendly.php?content=a26id=29762)

There’s no doubt. Bush is the worst president in US history. That’s a
AND
them. So tell your legislators. Use the action page link below.

President will ignore it

Samples 11 (John, Director of the Center for Representative Government at the Cato Institute, "Congress Surrenders the War Powers Libya, the United Nations, and the Constitution," October 27, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa687.pdf-http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa687.pdf)

President Clinton sent American engineers to begin rebuilding the nation as part of the agreement
AND
another nation did not, according to the OLC, constitute a war.

Specifically true for concurrent resolutions

El-Haj 12 – Tabatha Abu El-Haj, Assistant Professor of Law, Drexel University, Earle Mack School of Law. J.D./Ph.D., New York University, "Linking the Questions: Judicial Supremacy as a Matter of Constitutional Interpretation", Washington University Law Review, 89 Wash. U. L. Rev. 1309, Lexis

While obviously legitimate, a joint resolution, insofar as it requires united opposition to
AND
not be the constitutional position of a co-equal branch of government.

Avoiding Presentment means no force of law or binding effect

Glicksman 84 – Robert L. Glicksman, Associate Professor of Law at the University of Kansas, "Severability and the Realignment of the Balance of Power Over the Public Lands: The Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 After the Legislative Veto Decisions", Hastings Law Journal, September, 36 Hastings L.J. 3, Lexis

There is a more convincing reason, however, why the Supreme Court’s statements in
AND
pursuant to article I powers, is effective even without presidential presentment. n344

Means no enforcement and Court strike-down

Garcia 3 – Michael J. Garcia, "A Necessary Response: The Lack of Domestic and International Constraints Upon a U.S. Nuclear Response to a Terrorist Attack", The Georgetown Journal of Law 26 Public Policy, Summer, 1 Geo. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 515, Lexis

Frustration at the excesses of executive discretion in interpreting the Tonkin Gulf Resolution propelled Congress
AND
." Id. at 967, 1003 (White, J., dissenting).

Links to politics

Kriner, 10 (Douglas L. – assistant professor of political science at Boston University, ed. William Howell and Jon Pevenhouse, "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", p. 36)

By contrast, chapter 2 argues that all of these actions, both formal and
AND
initiation and conduct phases, Congress may exert considerable influence through indirect means.

Specifically true for concurrent resolutions

Gerson 9 – Jacob Gerson, U. Chicago Ast. Professor Law, Eric Posner, U. Chicago Law Professor, December 2008, Article: Soft Law: Lessons from Congressional Practice, 61 Stan. L. Rev. 573

But why is Congress’s statement credible? Maybe Congress does not really mean that it
AND
or other military interventions would do well to take note of the resolution.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 7 | Opponent: Michigan CP | Judge: Hingstman

Perm—-do the CP: it restricts authority

Fisher 9 – Louis Fisher, Scholar in Residence at the Cato Constitution Project, 2009, The Law: The Baker-Christopher War Powers Commission, Presidential Studies Quarterly  Volume 39, Issue 1

The commission devotes a section to the War Powers Resolution (WPR), summarizing the
AND
, the commission’s draft bill relies on congressional action through a concurrent resolution.

Causes uncertainty and strategic failure

Gallagher 11 – Lieutenant Colonel Joseph V. Gallagher III, United States Marine Corps, "Unconstitutional War: Strategic Risk in the Age of Congressional Abdication", Parameters, Summer, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/articles/2011summer/gallagher.pdf

Clausewitz asserted war is politics by other means. Therefore, in the American democracy
AND
achieve the uncertain objectives of the military actions that began extra-constitutionally.

Doesn’t bind or solve signal

Kall 7 (Rob, Executive Editor, Publisher and Website Architect of OpEdNews.com, Host of the Rob Kall Bottom Up Radio Show (WNJC 1360 AM), and Publisher of Storycon.org, President of Futurehealth, Inc, and an inventor . He is also published regularly on the Huffingtonpost.com, "Forget About "Sense of Congress" Legislation by Bush Enablers," January 24, http://www.opednews.com/populum/printer_friendly.php?content=a26id=29762)

There’s no doubt. Bush is the worst president in US history. That’s a
AND
them. So tell your legislators. Use the action page link below.

President will ignore it

Samples 11 (John, Director of the Center for Representative Government at the Cato Institute, "Congress Surrenders the War Powers Libya, the United Nations, and the Constitution," October 27, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa687.pdf)

President Clinton sent American engineers to begin rebuilding the nation as part of the agreement
AND
another nation did not, according to the OLC, constitute a war.

Links to politics

Kriner, 10 (Douglas L. – assistant professor of political science at Boston University, ed. William Howell and Jon Pevenhouse, "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", p. 36)

By contrast, chapter 2 argues that all of these actions, both formal and
AND
initiation and conduct phases, Congress may exert considerable influence through indirect means.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kentucky GV | Judge: Norris

2ac Oversight

Counterplan doesn’t signal morale or unified purpose

Weingast 98 – Matthew S. Weingast, Adjunct Professor at the Joint Military Intelligence College, Associate on the National Security Team at Booz-Allen 26 Hamilton, M.S. in Strategic Intelligence from The Defense Intelligence College, Former Strategic Intelligence Officer for The Joint Chiefs of Staff, and#34;The Strategic Necessity Perspective: A New Approach to Solving Old Constitutional War Powers Questionsand#34;, USAFA Journal of Legal Studies, 8 USAFA J. Leg. Stud. 109, Lexis

The Strategic Necessity Perspective: What It Is and How It Works
Simply put, the strategic necessity perspective is based upon two fundamental principles that were
AND
to declare war remains completely relevant and critical to today’s war powers questions.

Even if oversight solves in theory in practice congress is ineffective

Ornstein and Mann 6(Norman, resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, Thomas, W. Averell Harriman Chair and senior fellow in Governance Studies at The Brookings Institution, and#34;When Congress Checks Out,and#34; December, ProQuest)
But since George W. Bush has become president, oversight has all but disappeared
AND
military officer, and only two saw witnesses from the Department of Defense.

Obama will circumvent oversight and it won’t bind future executives

Stevenson 8 – Charles A. Stevenson, Professor of National Security Policy at the National War College, and#34;Congress in Retreat on War Powers Reformand#34;, Boston Globe, 7-11, http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2008/07/11/congress_in_retreat_on_war_powers_reform/
What’s worse, their recommended substitute for the 1973 war powers law would make it
AND
personnel abroad.and#34; It even exempts and#34;acts to prevent criminal activity abroad.and#34;

Doesn’t solve SOP

Schonberg 4 – Karl K. Schonberg, Assistant Professor of Government at St. Lawrence University, and#34;Global Security and Legal Restraint: Reconsidering War Powers after September 11and#34;, Political Science, 119(1), p. 140
But consultation cannot supplant the congressional authority to declare war, which can be exercised
AND
public alike, that the branches are not legally coequal in foreign affairs.
Links to politics
Kriner, 10 (Douglas L. – assistant professor of political science at Boston University, ed. William Howell and Jon Pevenhouse, and#34;After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging Warand#34;, p. 36)

By contrast, chapter 2 argues that all of these actions, both formal and
AND
initiation and conduct phases, Congress may exert considerable influence through indirect means.

Only formal checks solve – congress won’t be forceful enough otherwise
Hamilton 4
(Lee, director of The Center on Congress at Indiana University, former president and director of The Wilson Center, served for 34 years in Congress representing Indiana’s ninth district, and#34;Why Congress Needs to Assert Itself,and#34; page last updated 2004, http://72.32.58.69/radio_commentaries/why_congress_needs_to_assert_itself.php-http://72.32.58.69/radio_commentaries/why_congress_needs_to_assert_itself.php)

One voice has been conspicuous in its absence, however: that of Congress itself
AND
fully in Congress, yet it has made little effort to do so.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wake DL | Judge: Fitzmier

We defend the idea of the plan – not immediacy or certainty

AC 99 (Atlas Collaboration, "Use of Shall, Should, May Can," http://rd13doc.cern.ch/Atlas/DaqSoft/sde/inspect/shall.html)

shall ’shall’ describes something that is mandatory. If a requirement uses ’shall’, then
AND
to be stated anywhere (to say nothing of defining what  ’thoroughly’ means).

Always value

Coontz’1
Phyllis D. Coontz, PhD Graduate School of Public and International Affairs University of Pittsburgh, et al, JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING, 2001, 18(4), 235-246 – J-Stor
In the 1950s, psychiatrist and theorist Viktor Frankl (1963) described an existential
AND
and fu- ture to strengthen one’s present life (Reed, 1991b).

There’s no strong methodological defense of their claim—-they sweepingly assert "root cause" without any verifiable proof

Jarvis 00 (Darryl, Senior Lecturer in International Relations – University of Sydney, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism, p. 173-174)

Crude characterizations of a hegemonic gender class thus display an anomalous capacity to ignore completely
AND
the ultimate sacrifice, a sacrifice made throughout his¬tory overwhelmingly by male combatants.

War isn’t solely a product of gender and focusing on identity first doesn’t "spill up"

Jarvis 00 (Daryl, Lecturer in Government and International Relations – University of Sydney, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism: Defending the Discipline)

Lurking Behind such positions, of course, is the highly problematic assumption that a
AND
factionalisms in the future remains curiously absent from the discourse of identity politics.  

Perm do both – genuine not key – it crushes credibility

Carroll 9 (Jamie FF, Notes 26 Comments Editor – Emory International Law Review, J.D. with Honors – Emory University School of Law, "Back to the Future: Redefining the Foreign Investment and National Security Act’s Conception of National Security", Emory International Law Review, 23 Emory Int’l L. Rev. 167, Lexis)

n221. See Thomas Friedman, Op-Ed., 9/11 is Over
AND
al. eds., 1992). See also Khalilzad, supra note 177.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Wake HS | Judge: Cohn, Paul, Kall

Doesn’t solve alliances or joint operations – Congressional signal’s key

Moss 8
(Kenneth B., professor at and chairman of the Department of National Security Studies at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, also formerly affiliated with the Siemens Corporation, the Woodrow Wilson Center, and the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Undeclared War and the Future of U.S. Foreign Policy, 2008, p. 220-221)

While the Constitution’s authors would rightly view the current U.S. situation with
AND
inattention, even disregard, of its own constitution in war and peace.

Joint operations multiple global threats

Brooks 13 – Stephen G., Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, G. John ikenberry, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul and William C. Wohlforth, Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, "Lean Forward", Foreign Affairs, January / February, 92(1)

What goes for the global economy goes for other forms of international cooperation. Here
AND
international cooperation easier. Charting a different course would threaten all these benefits.

CP doesn’t send a clear signal, undermines SOP, and gets delayed – true even if they rule on SOP grounds

Entin 12
(Jonathan L., Associate Dean for Academic Affairs (School of Law), David L. Brennan Professor of Law, and Professor of Political Science, Case Western Reserve University, "War Powers, Foreign Affairs, and the Courts: Some Institutional Considerations," CASE WESTERN RESERVE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, VOL.45, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1262.21.Article.Entin.pdf-http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1262.21.Article.Entin.pdf)

III. THE BENEFITS OF POLITICAL RESOLUTION OF ¶ INTERBRANCH DISPUTES¶ Whatever the merits
AND
must leave issues of war and foreign affairs ¶ largely to our politicians.

CP cripples Congressional leadership

Fisher 4
(Louis, Senior Specialist in Separation of Powers at the Congressional Research Service, Specialist in Constitutional Law at Law Library, Presidential War Power, 2^nd ed., 2004, p. 274-281)

The framers’ basic theory, guiding us for two centuries, is that "ambition
AND
Military issues need the thorough exploration and ventilation that only Congress can provide.

Plan boosts Congressional leadership —- solves existential threats

Hamilton 2 – Lee H., President and Director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Vice Chairman of the 9/11 Commission, President’s Homeland Security Advisory Council, Former Member of the United States House of Representatives for 34 years, Co-Chair of the Iraq Study Group, Formerly Special Assistant to the Director at the Woodrow Wilson Center, A Creative Tension: The Foreign Policy Roles of the President and Congress, p. 3-7

We face many dangers, however. The diversity of the security and economic threats
AND
such a foreign policy to advance our interests and values around the globe.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cal SW | Judge: Roark

1AR – Backpay Thumper – Loss

Obama’s pushing it

Fox News, 10-1-2013 http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/10/01/obama-addresses-military-as-govt-shuts-down/-http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/10/01/obama-addresses-military-as-govt-shuts-down/

As much of the federal government grinds to a halt, President Obama is telling
AND
will be off the job Tuesday, but some essential services will continue.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake MS | Judge: Barouch

The issues are conflated and they’re running out of time

Politico, 10-3-2013 http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/democrats-cr-debt-ceiling-97806.html-http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/democrats-cr-debt-ceiling-97806.html

Democratic demands are the same as they’ve always been: They want the GOP to
AND
we aren’t either. It’s never happened in the history of the country."

Decreases the chances of success- default likely

Barron’s, 10-5-2013 http://online.barrons.com/article/SB50001424053111903320604579107383630972324.html?mod=googlenews_barrons-http://online.barrons.com/article/SB50001424053111903320604579107383630972324.html?mod=googlenews_barrons

The conventional wisdom was that Republicans and Democrats would bury their bombast and resolve the
AND
described the meeting as productive, she elicited a surprised look from Reid.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cal SW | Judge: Roark

Won’t pass- health care negotiations fail

Nick Chiles is a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and New York Times bestselling author. He has written or co-written 11 books and won over a dozen major journalism awards during a journalism career that brought him to the Dallas Morning News, the Star-Ledger of New Jersey and New York Newsday, in addition to serving as Editor-in-Chief of Odyssey Couleur travel magazine. 10-2-2013 http://atlantablackstar.com/2013/10/02/debt-ceiling-looming-stubbornness-congress-spell-economic-catastrophe/-http://atlantablackstar.com/2013/10/02/debt-ceiling-looming-stubbornness-congress-spell-economic-catastrophe/

House Republicans have shut down the federal government with the bizarre demand that President Obama
AND
, the president said Washington won’t be able to keep paying its bills.

Shutdown causes chaos for debt ceiling and thumps the econ impact

NBC, 9-30-2013 http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/30/20758038-shutdown-seems-all-but-certain-as-hours-quickly-dwindle?lite-http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/30/20758038-shutdown-seems-all-but-certain-as-hours-quickly-dwindle?lite

A shutdown would have serious implications for the American economy, which is still struggling
AND
vote over whether to approve more borrowing to fund the government’s existing obligations.

Backpay vote after shutdown is over thumps the DA

LA Times, 9-30-2013 http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-shutdown-economy-20131001,0,3865701,full.story-http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-shutdown-economy-20131001,0,3865701,full.story

Also, this time, it’s unclear whether federal workers considered to be in nonessential
AND
any agreement that remunerates federal employees for the time they did not work."

Err aff- their no impact cards are media outlets downplaying the affects to shield the GOP

Albert Kleine joined Media Matters in 2012 as Senior Economics Researcher. He has previously conducted research on distributional effects of property taxes and ecological economics. He holds a Master of Philosophy in land economy from the University of Cambridge.  10-1-2013 http://mediamatters.org/blog/2013/10/01/fox-ignores-history-to-claim-last-shutdown-didn/196202

Fox Business host Melissa Francis erroneously claimed that previous government shutdowns in the 1990s did
AND
government shutdown, often by ignoring an array of evidence to the contrary.

No impact

Barnett 9 (Thomas, Senior Strategic Researcher – Naval War College, "The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis", Asset Protection Network, 8-25, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules—security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx)

When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze
AND
fear-mongering to proceed apace. That’s what the Internet is for.

Huge bipartisan support for the plan

Gelb 5 – Leslie H. Gelb, President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations and Anne-Marie Slaughter, Dean of the Woodrow Wilson School of International and Public Affairs, "Declare War", The Atlantic, 11-1, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/11/declare-war/304301/?single_page=true

Passing this legislation might not be easy. But the time is right. Liberals
AND
with subsequent regrets about either the war itself or how it was fought.
But in the wake of the Iraq War such a law might also appeal to
AND
emboldened, and we begin to lose—first psychologically and then literally.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kentucky GV | Judge: Brown, Nick

Won’t pass- health care negotiations fail

Nick Chiles is a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and New York Times bestselling author. He has written or co-written 11 books and won over a dozen major journalism awards during a journalism career that brought him to the Dallas Morning News, the Star-Ledger of New Jersey and New York Newsday, in addition to serving as Editor-in-Chief of Odyssey Couleur travel magazine. 10-2-2013 http://atlantablackstar.com/2013/10/02/debt-ceiling-looming-stubbornness-congress-spell-economic-catastrophe/-http://atlantablackstar.com/2013/10/02/debt-ceiling-looming-stubbornness-congress-spell-economic-catastrophe/

House Republicans have shut down the federal government with the bizarre demand that President Obama
AND
, the president said Washington won’t be able to keep paying its bills.

Shutdown causes chaos for debt ceiling and thumps the econ impact

NBC, 9-30-2013 http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/30/20758038-shutdown-seems-all-but-certain-as-hours-quickly-dwindle?lite-http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/30/20758038-shutdown-seems-all-but-certain-as-hours-quickly-dwindle?lite

A shutdown would have serious implications for the American economy, which is still struggling
AND
vote over whether to approve more borrowing to fund the government’s existing obligations.

Obama not pushing- won’t even picnic

ABC News, 9-15-2013 http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/09/obama-calls-gop-debt-ceiling-demands-an-assault-on-us-constitutional-structure/-http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/09/obama-calls-gop-debt-ceiling-demands-an-assault-on-us-constitutional-structure/

On the eve of another fiscal showdown with congressional Republicans, President Obama is outright
AND
this month will likely not help bolster positive relations heading into the fall.

Backpay vote after shutdown is over thumps the DA

LA Times, 9-30-2013 http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-shutdown-economy-20131001,0,3865701,full.story-http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-shutdown-economy-20131001,0,3865701,full.story

Also, this time, it’s unclear whether federal workers considered to be in nonessential
AND
any agreement that remunerates federal employees for the time they did not work."

Losing on Budget and a laundry list of other failures that overwhelm the aff

Lawrence 9/17/13
"Staying aloof to appearances could endanger both Democratic chances in 2014 and the president’s legacy." JILL LAWRENCE-National correspondent at National Journal. She was previously a columnist at Politics Daily, national political correspondent at USA Today and national political writer at the Associated Press., SEP 17 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/09/obama-says-he-s-not-worried-about-style-but-he-should-be/279743/

In some ways Obama’s fifth year is typical of fifth years, when reelected presidents
AND
they can’t always be in command, and the public is not forgiving."

Err aff- their no impact cards are media outlets downplaying the affects to shield the GOP

Albert Kleine joined Media Matters in 2012 as Senior Economics Researcher. He has previously conducted research on distributional effects of property taxes and ecological economics. He holds a Master of Philosophy in land economy from the University of Cambridge.  10-1-2013 http://mediamatters.org/blog/2013/10/01/fox-ignores-history-to-claim-last-shutdown-didn/196202

Fox Business host Melissa Francis erroneously claimed that previous government shutdowns in the 1990s did
AND
government shutdown, often by ignoring an array of evidence to the contrary.

No impact- prioritization

Romina Boccia is the Grover M. Hermann Fellow in Federal Budgetary Affairs in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies at The Heritage Foundation., 9-18-2013 http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/09/debt-limit-options-and-the-way-forward-http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/09/debt-limit-options-and-the-way-forward

If Congress does not raise the debt limit by mid-October, the Treasury
AND
securities will continue to be honoured in full and on time.~13 ~

No impact

Barnett 9 (Thomas, Senior Strategic Researcher – Naval War College, "The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis", Asset Protection Network, 8-25, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules—security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx)

When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze
AND
fear-mongering to proceed apace. That’s what the Internet is for.

Huge bipartisan support for the plan

Gelb 5 – Leslie H. Gelb, President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations and Anne-Marie Slaughter, Dean of the Woodrow Wilson School of International and Public Affairs, "Declare War", The Atlantic, 11-1, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/11/declare-war/304301/?single_page=true

Passing this legislation might not be easy. But the time is right. Liberals
AND
with subsequent regrets about either the war itself or how it was fought.
But in the wake of the Iraq War such a law might also appeal to
AND
emboldened, and we begin to lose—first psychologically and then literally.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 7 | Opponent: USC PV | Judge: Revelins

Won’t pass- health care negotiations fail

Nick Chiles is a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and New York Times bestselling author. He has written or co-written 11 books and won over a dozen major journalism awards during a journalism career that brought him to the Dallas Morning News, the Star-Ledger of New Jersey and New York Newsday, in addition to serving as Editor-in-Chief of Odyssey Couleur travel magazine. 10-2-2013 http://atlantablackstar.com/2013/10/02/debt-ceiling-looming-stubbornness-congress-spell-economic-catastrophe/-http://atlantablackstar.com/2013/10/02/debt-ceiling-looming-stubbornness-congress-spell-economic-catastrophe/

House Republicans have shut down the federal government with the bizarre demand that President Obama
AND
, the president said Washington won’t be able to keep paying its bills.

Shutdown causes chaos for debt ceiling and thumps the econ impact

NBC, 9-30-2013 http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/30/20758038-shutdown-seems-all-but-certain-as-hours-quickly-dwindle?lite-http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/30/20758038-shutdown-seems-all-but-certain-as-hours-quickly-dwindle?lite

A shutdown would have serious implications for the American economy, which is still struggling
AND
vote over whether to approve more borrowing to fund the government’s existing obligations.

Obama not pushing- won’t even picnic

ABC News, 9-15-2013 http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/09/obama-calls-gop-debt-ceiling-demands-an-assault-on-us-constitutional-structure/-http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/09/obama-calls-gop-debt-ceiling-demands-an-assault-on-us-constitutional-structure/

On the eve of another fiscal showdown with congressional Republicans, President Obama is outright
AND
this month will likely not help bolster positive relations heading into the fall.

No impact- prioritization

Romina Boccia is the Grover M. Hermann Fellow in Federal Budgetary Affairs in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies at The Heritage Foundation., 9-18-2013 http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/09/debt-limit-options-and-the-way-forward-http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/09/debt-limit-options-and-the-way-forward

If Congress does not raise the debt limit by mid-October, the Treasury
AND
securities will continue to be honoured in full and on time.~13 ~

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Wake HS | Judge: Cohn, Paul, Kall

All the incentives line up against a deal

Chris Cillizza, 9/18/13, 5 reasons why a government shutdown is (likely) coming, www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/09/18/5-reasons-why-a-government-shutdown-is-likely-coming/?wprss=rss_politics26clsrd

1. Speaker John Boehner had a choice going into today’s meeting: Go forward
   AND
   could be very detrimental to his chances of being Speaker again in 2015.

Obama not pushing- won’t even picnic

ABC News, 9-15-2013 http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/09/obama-calls-gop-debt-ceiling-demands-an-assault-on-us-constitutional-structure/-http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/09/obama-calls-gop-debt-ceiling-demands-an-assault-on-us-constitutional-structure/

On the eve of another fiscal showdown with congressional Republicans, President Obama is outright
AND
this month will likely not help bolster positive relations heading into the fall.

No impact- prioritization

Romina Boccia is the Grover M. Hermann Fellow in Federal Budgetary Affairs in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies at The Heritage Foundation., 9-18-2013 http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/09/debt-limit-options-and-the-way-forward-http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/09/debt-limit-options-and-the-way-forward

If Congress does not raise the debt limit by mid-October, the Treasury
AND
securities will continue to be honoured in full and on time.~13 ~

No agenda and issues are disconnected—spillover is merely GOP red herrings

Brian Beutler, Salon staff writer, 9/9/13, GOP’s massive new lie: The truth about Obama’s second term , www.salon.com/2013/09/09/syria_wont_derail_obamas_second_term_house_republicans_will/

Political reporters have a weakness for narratives, and the narrative of a weakened president
AND
depressing truism: Syria won’t derail Obama’s second term — House Republicans will.

Budget, farm bill, Syria, energy and immigration thump

WP, 9-16-2013 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/09/16/the-congressional-fight-over-obamacare-part-341/-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/09/16/the-congressional-fight-over-obamacare-part-341/

Will the House pass a short-term budget this week? Maybe. Will
AND
to gauge whether there is any hope for the issue in coming weeks.

No impact

Barnett 9 (Thomas, Senior Strategic Researcher – Naval War College, "The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis", Asset Protection Network, 8-25, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules—security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx)

When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze
AND
fear-mongering to proceed apace. That’s what the Internet is for.

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Hardy

Won’t pass- healthcare

Hook et al., 10/1 (Janet Hook, Kristina Peterson, Carol E. Lee, and#34;Lawmakers Resume Budget Battleand#34;, The New York Times, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304373104579109083001071104.html?mod=WSJ_WS J_US_News_4-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304373104579109083001071104.html?mod=WSJ_WS20J_US_News_4)

Other Republicans—including Mr. Boehner himself, in the past—have favored
AND
will become part of a larger negotiation over raising the federal debt limit.

Shutdown causes chaos for debt ceiling and thumps the econ impact

NBC, 9-30-2013 http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/30/20758038-shutdown-seems-all-but-certain-as-hours-quickly-dwindle?lite-http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/30/20758038-shutdown-seems-all-but-certain-as-hours-quickly-dwindle?lite

A shutdown would have serious implications for the American economy, which is still struggling
AND
vote over whether to approve more borrowing to fund the government’s existing obligations.

PC low and fails for fiscal fights

Greg Sargent 9-12, September 12th, 2013, and#34;The Morning Plum: Senate conservatives stick the knife in House GOP leaders,and#34; Washington Post, factiva

All of this underscores a basic fact about this fall’s fiscal fights: Far and
AND
. The time for injecting reality into the debate has long since passed.

Obama not pushing- won’t even picnic

ABC News, 9-15-2013 http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/09/obama-calls-gop-debt-ceiling-demands-an-assault-on-us-constitutional-structure/-http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/09/obama-calls-gop-debt-ceiling-demands-an-assault-on-us-constitutional-structure/

On the eve of another fiscal showdown with congressional Republicans, President Obama is outright
AND
this month will likely not help bolster positive relations heading into the fall.

Err aff- neg impacts are media fear-mongering

Goodwin 13 ~Tracy, graduate student in political science (Stonybrook), and#34;Fear-Mongering is Despicable Regardless of who is doing it,and#34; SocioPolitical Dysfunction, 2/27, http://sociopoliticaldysfunction.wordpress.com/category/politics-2/international-relations-politics/-http://sociopoliticaldysfunction.wordpress.com/category/politics-2/international-relations-politics/~~

Then even after the sequestration showdown this week we have another fear-mongering opportunity
AND
interest rates will go up causing our economy to collapse according to some.

Obama will XO it

Business Insider, 9-30-2013 http://www.businessinsider.com/it-increasingly-looks-like-obama-will-have-to-raise-the-debt-ceiling-all-by-himself-2013-9-http://www.businessinsider.com/it-increasingly-looks-like-obama-will-have-to-raise-the-debt-ceiling-all-by-himself-2013-9

With no movement on either side and the debt ceiling fast approaching, there’s increasing
AND
around, again, Clinton is advising Obama to call the GOP’s bluff.

No impact

Barnett 9 (Thomas, Senior Strategic Researcher – Naval War College, and#34;The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisisand#34;, Asset Protection Network, 8-25, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules—security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx)

When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze
AND
fear-mongering to proceed apace. That’s what the Internet is for.

Huge bipartisan support for the plan

Gelb 5 – Leslie H. Gelb, President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations and Anne-Marie Slaughter, Dean of the Woodrow Wilson School of International and Public Affairs, and#34;Declare Warand#34;, The Atlantic, 11-1, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/11/declare-war/304301/?single_page=true

Passing this legislation might not be easy. But the time is right. Liberals
AND
with subsequent regrets about either the war itself or how it was fought.
But in the wake of the Iraq War such a law might also appeal to
AND
emboldened, and we begin to lose—first psychologically and then literally.

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: Green, Justin

Won’t pass- healthcare

Hook et al., 10/1 (Janet Hook, Kristina Peterson, Carol E. Lee, "Lawmakers Resume Budget Battle", The New York Times, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304373104579109083001071104.html?mod=WSJ_WS J_US_News_4-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304373104579109083001071104.html?mod=WSJ_WS20J_US_News_4)

Other Republicans—including Mr. Boehner himself, in the past—have favored
AND
will become part of a larger negotiation over raising the federal debt limit.

Shutdown causes chaos for debt ceiling and thumps the econ impact

NBC, 9-30-2013 http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/30/20758038-shutdown-seems-all-but-certain-as-hours-quickly-dwindle?lite-http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/30/20758038-shutdown-seems-all-but-certain-as-hours-quickly-dwindle?lite

A shutdown would have serious implications for the American economy, which is still struggling
AND
vote over whether to approve more borrowing to fund the government’s existing obligations.

PC low and fails for fiscal fights

Greg Sargent 9-12, September 12th, 2013, "The Morning Plum: Senate conservatives stick the knife in House GOP leaders," Washington Post, factiva

All of this underscores a basic fact about this fall’s fiscal fights: Far and
AND
. The time for injecting reality into the debate has long since passed.

Obama not pushing- won’t even picnic

ABC News, 9-15-2013 http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/09/obama-calls-gop-debt-ceiling-demands-an-assault-on-us-constitutional-structure/-http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/09/obama-calls-gop-debt-ceiling-demands-an-assault-on-us-constitutional-structure/

On the eve of another fiscal showdown with congressional Republicans, President Obama is outright
AND
this month will likely not help bolster positive relations heading into the fall.

Err aff- neg impacts are media fear-mongering

Goodwin 13 ~Tracy, graduate student in political science (Stonybrook), "Fear-Mongering is Despicable Regardless of who is doing it," SocioPolitical Dysfunction, 2/27, http://sociopoliticaldysfunction.wordpress.com/category/politics-2/international-relations-politics/-http://sociopoliticaldysfunction.wordpress.com/category/politics-2/international-relations-politics/~~

Then even after the sequestration showdown this week we have another fear-mongering opportunity
AND
interest rates will go up causing our economy to collapse according to some.

Obama will XO it

Business Insider, 9-30-2013 http://www.businessinsider.com/it-increasingly-looks-like-obama-will-have-to-raise-the-debt-ceiling-all-by-himself-2013-9-http://www.businessinsider.com/it-increasingly-looks-like-obama-will-have-to-raise-the-debt-ceiling-all-by-himself-2013-9

With no movement on either side and the debt ceiling fast approaching, there’s increasing
AND
around, again, Clinton is advising Obama to call the GOP’s bluff.

No impact- prioritization

Romina Boccia is the Grover M. Hermann Fellow in Federal Budgetary Affairs in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies at The Heritage Foundation., 9-18-2013 http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/09/debt-limit-options-and-the-way-forward-http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/09/debt-limit-options-and-the-way-forward

If Congress does not raise the debt limit by mid-October, the Treasury
AND
securities will continue to be honoured in full and on time.~13 ~

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Emory JS | Judge: Russell

Won’t pass- health care negotiations fail

Nick Chiles is a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and New York Times bestselling author. He has written or co-written 11 books and won over a dozen major journalism awards during a journalism career that brought him to the Dallas Morning News, the Star-Ledger of New Jersey and New York Newsday, in addition to serving as Editor-in-Chief of Odyssey Couleur travel magazine. 10-2-2013 http://atlantablackstar.com/2013/10/02/debt-ceiling-looming-stubbornness-congress-spell-economic-catastrophe/-http://atlantablackstar.com/2013/10/02/debt-ceiling-looming-stubbornness-congress-spell-economic-catastrophe/

House Republicans have shut down the federal government with the bizarre demand that President Obama
AND
, the president said Washington won’t be able to keep paying its bills.

Shutdown causes chaos for debt ceiling and thumps the econ impact

NBC, 9-30-2013 http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/30/20758038-shutdown-seems-all-but-certain-as-hours-quickly-dwindle?lite-http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/30/20758038-shutdown-seems-all-but-certain-as-hours-quickly-dwindle?lite

A shutdown would have serious implications for the American economy, which is still struggling
AND
vote over whether to approve more borrowing to fund the government’s existing obligations.

Backpay vote after shutdown is over thumps the DA

LA Times, 9-30-2013 http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-shutdown-economy-20131001,0,3865701,full.story-http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-shutdown-economy-20131001,0,3865701,full.story

Also, this time, it’s unclear whether federal workers considered to be in nonessential
AND
any agreement that remunerates federal employees for the time they did not work."

Losing on Budget and a laundry list of other failures that overwhelm the aff

Lawrence 9/17/13
"Staying aloof to appearances could endanger both Democratic chances in 2014 and the president’s legacy." JILL LAWRENCE-National correspondent at National Journal. She was previously a columnist at Politics Daily, national political correspondent at USA Today and national political writer at the Associated Press., SEP 17 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/09/obama-says-he-s-not-worried-about-style-but-he-should-be/279743/

In some ways Obama’s fifth year is typical of fifth years, when reelected presidents
AND
they can’t always be in command, and the public is not forgiving."

Err aff- neg impacts are media fear-mongering

Goodwin 13 ~Tracy, graduate student in political science (Stonybrook), "Fear-Mongering is Despicable Regardless of who is doing it," SocioPolitical Dysfunction, 2/27, http://sociopoliticaldysfunction.wordpress.com/category/politics-2/international-relations-politics/-http://sociopoliticaldysfunction.wordpress.com/category/politics-2/international-relations-politics/~~

Then even after the sequestration showdown this week we have another fear-mongering opportunity
AND
interest rates will go up causing our economy to collapse according to some.

No impact

Barnett 9 (Thomas, Senior Strategic Researcher – Naval War College, "The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis", Asset Protection Network, 8-25, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules—security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx)

When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze
AND
fear-mongering to proceed apace. That’s what the Internet is for.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan CH | Judge: Severson

Politics

Ext. No Push

Obama won’t push- not willing to negotiate

CNN, 9-15-2013 http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/09/15/obama-economic-advisers-refrain-no-debt-ceiling-negotiations/-http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/09/15/obama-economic-advisers-refrain-no-debt-ceiling-negotiations/

President Barack Obama and his closest advisers are making it clear: They will not
AND
, that we should not be negotiating over whether to pay our bills.and#34;

Recent speeches prove

IBT- International Business Times, 9-16-2013 http://www.ibtimes.com/president-obama-i-will-not-negotiate-debt-ceiling-1406580-http://www.ibtimes.com/president-obama-i-will-not-negotiate-debt-ceiling-1406580

In a White House speech that resembled Obama’s campaign-style rhetoric from last year
AND
Obamacare, the president said, and#34;would be the height of irresponsibility.and#34;

1AR – Budget – T of the D

Vote this friday

Huey-Burns 9/18
and#34;House GOP to Push Budget With Defunded Health Care Lawand#34; Caitlin Huey-Burns -Political Reporter for Rea lClear Politics, September 18, 2013, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/09/18/house_gop_to_push_budget_with_defunded_aca_119987.html-http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/09/18/house_gop_to_push_budget_with_defunded_aca_119987.html

Speaker John Boehner has decided to virtually bet the House on thrashing Obamacare in a
AND
this part of the GOP strategy is expected as early as next week.

1AR – Budget – Obama Push

HES SO INVOLVED- He just isn’t succeeding- drains PC

Blake 9/18/13
and#34;Carney assures that Obama ’has twisted arms’and#34; Aaron Blake- covers national politics at the Washington Post, September 18, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/09/18/carney-assures-that-obama-has-twisted-arms/

White House press secretary Jay Carney on Wednesday fought back against criticism that President Obama
AND
not,and#34; Carney said. and#34;And that’s not how the system works.and#34;

1AR – Budget – Loss

Losing on Budget and a laundry list of other failures that overwhelm the aff

Lawrence 9/17/13
and#34;Staying aloof to appearances could endanger both Democratic chances in 2014 and the president’s legacy.and#34; JILL LAWRENCE-National correspondent at National Journal. She was previously a columnist at Politics Daily, national political correspondent at USA Today and national political writer at the Associated Press., SEP 17 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/09/obama-says-he-s-not-worried-about-style-but-he-should-be/279743/

In some ways Obama’s fifth year is typical of fifth years, when reelected presidents
AND
they can’t always be in command, and the public is not forgiving.and#34;

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kentucky GV | Judge: Norris

Debt Ceiling 1AR

No disease impact—intervening actors, empirics, this ain’t 1918 yo
Zakaria, 9 (Editor of Newsweek, BA from Yale, PhD in pol sci, Harvard. He serves on the board of Yale University, The Council on Foreign Relations, The Trilateral Commission, and Shakespeare and Company. Named and#34;one of the 21 most important people of the 21st Centuryand#34;, Fareed, and#34;The Capitalist Manifesto: Greed Is Good,and#34; 13 June 2009, http://www.newsweek.com/id/201935)
Note: Laurie Garrett is a science and health writer, winner of the Pulitzer, Polk, and Peabody Prize

It certainly looks like another example of crying wolf. After bracing ourselves for a
AND
far better than anything Britain or France had in the early 20th century. 

Obama won’t push- not willing to negotiate

CNN, 9-15-2013 http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/09/15/obama-economic-advisers-refrain-no-debt-ceiling-negotiations/-http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/09/15/obama-economic-advisers-refrain-no-debt-ceiling-negotiations/

President Barack Obama and his closest advisers are making it clear: They will not
AND
, that we should not be negotiating over whether to pay our bills.and#34;

Recent speeches prove

IBT- International Business Times, 9-16-2013 http://www.ibtimes.com/president-obama-i-will-not-negotiate-debt-ceiling-1406580-http://www.ibtimes.com/president-obama-i-will-not-negotiate-debt-ceiling-1406580

In a White House speech that resembled Obama’s campaign-style rhetoric from last year
AND
Obamacare, the president said, and#34;would be the height of irresponsibility.and#34;

Treasury fills in – causing debt to decline now

Lefkin 13
~Peter, Senior Vice President of Government and External Affairs for Allianz of North America, and#34;Round 2 of the Debt-Ceiling Debate,and#34; Allianz Global, 5/21, http://us.allianzgi.com/Commentary/MarketInsights/Pages/5QuestionswithPeterLefkin.aspx-http://us.allianzgi.com/Commentary/MarketInsights/Pages/5QuestionswithPeterLefkin.aspx~~

The May 19 debt-ceiling deadline wasn’t all that eventful because, true to
AND
efforts. It’s relatively insignificant in the context of the bigger deficit problem.

No Default – multiple checks – especially in current environment
Austin, 13
D. Andrew Austin Analyst in Economic Policy Mindy R. Levit Analyst in Public Finance, Congressional Research Service 5/22/13, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31967.pdf-http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31967.pdf

How long the U.S. Treasury could continue to pay federal obligations absent
AND
1,087 billion, implying a slower overall pace of borrowing.32

No impact

Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, and#34;Force in Our Times,and#34; Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425

Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
AND
times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

No chance of war from economic decline—-best and most recent data

Daniel W. Drezner 12, Professor, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, October 2012, and#34;The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked,and#34; http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf-http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf

The final outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: the effect of the Great
AND
II – and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate.and#34;42

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan CH | Judge: Severson

Won’t pass- momentum, conclusive, no GOP support

MSNBC, 9-13-2013 http://maddowblog.msnbc.com/_news/2013/09/13/20477384-congress-on-crazy-pills?lite-http://maddowblog.msnbc.com/_news/2013/09/13/20477384-congress-on-crazy-pills?lite

What do Boehner and GOP leaders intend to do? In a way, that’s
AND
likelihood of a shutdown at this point is about 65 and climbing.

PC low and fails for fiscal fights

Greg Sargent 9-12, September 12th, 2013, and#34;The Morning Plum: Senate conservatives stick the knife in House GOP leaders,and#34; Washington Post, factiva

All of this underscores a basic fact about this fall’s fiscal fights: Far and
AND
. The time for injecting reality into the debate has long since passed.

Obama not pushing- won’t even picnic

ABC News, 9-15-2013 http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/09/obama-calls-gop-debt-ceiling-demands-an-assault-on-us-constitutional-structure/-http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/09/obama-calls-gop-debt-ceiling-demands-an-assault-on-us-constitutional-structure/

On the eve of another fiscal showdown with congressional Republicans, President Obama is outright
AND
this month will likely not help bolster positive relations heading into the fall.

Budget, farm bill, Syria, energy and immigration thump

WP, 9-16-2013 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/09/16/the-congressional-fight-over-obamacare-part-341/-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/09/16/the-congressional-fight-over-obamacare-part-341/

Will the House pass a short-term budget this week? Maybe. Will
AND
to gauge whether there is any hope for the issue in coming weeks.

Losers don’t necessarily lose- can still get big agenda items after a loss

Weisberg 5. (Jacob Weisberg, Editor, and#34;Bush’s First Defeat: The president has lost on Social Security. How will he handle it?and#34; Slate, March 31, 2005, http://www.slate.com/id/2115141/-http://blog.al.com/breaking/2011/06/nasa_supporters_find_no_white.html)
This means that Bush is about to suffer—and is actually in the midst
AND
he accomplishes any of the other big-ticket items on his agenda. 

Err aff- neg impacts are media fear-mongering

Goodwin 13 ~Tracy, graduate student in political science (Stonybrook), and#34;Fear-Mongering is Despicable Regardless of who is doing it,and#34; SocioPolitical Dysfunction, 2/27, http://sociopoliticaldysfunction.wordpress.com/category/politics-2/international-relations-politics/-http://sociopoliticaldysfunction.wordpress.com/category/politics-2/international-relations-politics/~~

Then even after the sequestration showdown this week we have another fear-mongering opportunity
AND
interest rates will go up causing our economy to collapse according to some.

Huge bipartisan support for the plan

Gelb 5 – Leslie H. Gelb, President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations and Anne-Marie Slaughter, Dean of the Woodrow Wilson School of International and Public Affairs, and#34;Declare Warand#34;, The Atlantic, 11-1, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/11/declare-war/304301/?single_page=true

Passing this legislation might not be easy. But the time is right. Liberals
AND
with subsequent regrets about either the war itself or how it was fought.
But in the wake of the Iraq War such a law might also appeal to
AND
emboldened, and we begin to lose—first psychologically and then literally.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kentucky GV | Judge: Norris

2AC

Won’t pass- momentum, conclusive, no GOP support

MSNBC, 9-13-2013 http://maddowblog.msnbc.com/_news/2013/09/13/20477384-congress-on-crazy-pills?lite-http://maddowblog.msnbc.com/_news/2013/09/13/20477384-congress-on-crazy-pills?lite

What do Boehner and GOP leaders intend to do? In a way, that’s
AND
likelihood of a shutdown at this point is about 65 and climbing.

PC low and fails for fiscal fights

Greg Sargent 9-12, September 12th, 2013, and#34;The Morning Plum: Senate conservatives stick the knife in House GOP leaders,and#34; Washington Post, factiva

All of this underscores a basic fact about this fall’s fiscal fights: Far and
AND
. The time for injecting reality into the debate has long since passed.

Obama not pushing- won’t even picnic

ABC News, 9-15-2013 http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/09/obama-calls-gop-debt-ceiling-demands-an-assault-on-us-constitutional-structure/-http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/09/obama-calls-gop-debt-ceiling-demands-an-assault-on-us-constitutional-structure/

On the eve of another fiscal showdown with congressional Republicans, President Obama is outright
AND
this month will likely not help bolster positive relations heading into the fall.

No impact- prioritization

Romina Boccia is the Grover M. Hermann Fellow in Federal Budgetary Affairs in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies at The Heritage Foundation., 9-18-2013 http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/09/debt-limit-options-and-the-way-forward-http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/09/debt-limit-options-and-the-way-forward

If Congress does not raise the debt limit by mid-October, the Treasury
AND
securities will continue to be honoured in full and on time.~13 ~

US econ resilient

Robert Johnson 1/19/13 (CFA, director of economic analysis with Morningstar, Morningstar.com, and#34;U.S. Economy Not So Fragile After Alland#34; http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=581616)

No, the U.S. Economy Has Not Been Fragile After All¶
AND
a couple of days. These are not signs of a fragile economy.

No impact

Barnett 9 (Thomas, Senior Strategic Researcher – Naval War College, and#34;The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisisand#34;, Asset Protection Network, 8-25, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules—security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx)

When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze
AND
fear-mongering to proceed apace. That’s what the Internet is for.

Losers don’t necessarily lose- can still get big agenda items after a loss

Weisberg 5. (Jacob Weisberg, Editor, and#34;Bush’s First Defeat: The president has lost on Social Security. How will he handle it?and#34; Slate, March 31, 2005, http://www.slate.com/id/2115141/-http://blog.al.com/breaking/2011/06/nasa_supporters_find_no_white.html)
This means that Bush is about to suffer—and is actually in the midst
AND
he accomplishes any of the other big-ticket items on his agenda. 

Huge bipartisan support for the plan

Gelb 5 – Leslie H. Gelb, President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations and Anne-Marie Slaughter, Dean of the Woodrow Wilson School of International and Public Affairs, and#34;Declare Warand#34;, The Atlantic, 11-1, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/11/declare-war/304301/?single_page=true

Passing this legislation might not be easy. But the time is right. Liberals
AND
emboldened, and we begin to lose—first psychologically and then literally.

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Hardy

General

Bold legislative rejection of preemption’s key

Bacevich 7 – Andrew, Professor of History and International Relations at Boston University and Ph.D. in American Diplomatic History from Princeton University, "Rescinding the Bush Doctrine", Boston Globe, 3-1, http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2007/03/01/rescinding_the_bush_doctrine/

RATHER THAN vainly sniping at President Bush over his management of the Iraq war,
AND
tarnished honor, and its standing in the eyes of the American people.

Only structural checks access signaling

Martin 10 (Craig – Visiting Assistant Professor at the University of Baltimore School of Law, February, "Taking War Seriously: A Model for Constitutional Constraints on the Use of Force, in Compliance with International Law", Brooklyn Law Review 76.2, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100326context-http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100326context= craig_martin)

B. Image II—The Level of the State The causes of war also
AND
while such signals may be misunderstood or missed entirely by nondemocratic states.49

Perception of process outweighs substance

Owen 94 – John M. Owen, Fellow at the Center for International Security and Arms Control at Stanford University, "How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace", International Security, 19(2), Fall, p. 96-97

THE IMPORTANCE OF PERCEPTIONS. That a state has enlightened citizens and liberal-democratic
AND
examine their constitutions. We must examine how the liberals themselves define democracy.

A2: OLC

OLC can’t restrain the President

Ackerman, 10 (Bruce – Sterling Professor of Law and Political Science at Yale, "The Decline and Fall of the American Republic", Harvard University Press, p. 101)

But there is little reason to suppose that the OLC will be inclined to say
AND
. OLC exists to serve the presidency, not the other way around.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayne JS | Judge: Susko

No durable enforcement

HLR 12 – Harvard Law Review 12, "Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority," Vol. 125:2057, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf-http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf

Political checks thus can work to restrain the President by prompting executive self-binding
AND
practices. 147 Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.

CP keeps power with the Executive

Swanson 9 – David, Master’s Degree in Philosophy from the University of Virginia, Chair of the Accountability and Prosecution Working Group of United for Peace and Justice, "Dangerous Executive Orders", Op-ed News, 1/25, http://www.opednews.com/articles/Dangerous-Executive-Orders-by-David-Swanson-090125-670.html

The Center for Constitutional Rights has expressed concern that President Obama’s executive order banning torture
AND
the other violated laws for which no such formal orders have been given?

Shifting authority’s key to legitimacy

McGuinness 9 – Margaret E. McGuinness, Associate Professor at the University of Missouri Law School, "The President, Congress and The Security Council: Counterterrorism And The Use Of Force Through The Internationalist Lens", Willamette Law Review, 45 Willamette L. Rev. 417, Spring, Lexis

III. Congressional Participation in U.N. Counterterrorism Policy and the Democracy Deficit
AND
of the executive at home and the legitimacy of the Council process itself.

No global buy-in unless Congress moves first

Moss 8 – Kenneth B., Professor and Chair of the Department of National Security Studies at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, Formerly affiliated with the Siemens Corporation, the Woodrow Wilson Center, and the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Undeclared War and the Future of U.S. Foreign Policy, p. 220-221

While the Constitution’s authors would rightly view the current U.S. situation with
AND
inattention, even disregard, of its own constitution in war and peace.

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Emory JS | Judge: Russell

Obama will overrule the OLC

Goldsmith 13 – Goldsmith 13 – Jack Goldsmith, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, "Blaming (or Crediting) the Lawyers for Our Syria Policy", Lawfare Blog, 7-15, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/07/blaming-or-crediting-the-lawyers-for-our-syria-policy/

First, the Obama administration has continued controversial Bush-era interpretations of international law
AND
the lawyers, deserves credit, or blame, for our Syria policy.)

Doesn’t solve SOP —-

Statutory check’s key to signal restraint —- states look to formal structures —- that’s Damrosch. CP fails.

Scheuerman 12 – William E. Scheuerman, Professor of Political Science and West European Studies at Indiana University, "Review Essay:  Emergencies, Executive Power, and the Uncertain Future of US Presidential Democracy", Law and Social Inquiry, Summer, 37 Law 26 Soc. Inquiry 743, Lexis

Posner and Vermeule rely on two main claims. First, even if the president
AND
seems like a pale replacement for liberal legalism and the separation of powers.

Plan’s way more credible

Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

That Posner and Vermeule miss the role of legal compliance as a powerful signal,
AND
American political culture, is probably the President’s willingness to comply with law.

CP keeps power with the Executive

Swanson 9 – David, Master’s Degree in Philosophy from the University of Virginia, Chair of the Accountability and Prosecution Working Group of United for Peace and Justice, "Dangerous Executive Orders", Op-ed News, 1/25, http://www.opednews.com/articles/Dangerous-Executive-Orders-by-David-Swanson-090125-670.html

The Center for Constitutional Rights has expressed concern that President Obama’s executive order banning torture
AND
the other violated laws for which no such formal orders have been given?

Congressional lead’s key to alliances

Moss 8 (Kenneth B., Professor and Chair of the Department of National Security Studies at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, Formerly affiliated with the Siemens Corporation, the Woodrow Wilson Center, and the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Undeclared War and the Future of U.S. Foreign Policy, p. 220-221)

While the Constitution’s authors would rightly view the current U.S. situation with
AND
inattention, even disregard, of its own constitution in war and peace.

Links to politics

Magid 13 – Aaron Magid, MA Candidate in Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard University and Staff Writer at The Jerusalem Review of Near East Affairs, "Why Obama Should Be Applauded for Consulting Congress on Syria", Daily Beast, 9-9, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/09/09/obama-should-be-applauded-for-consulting-congress-on-syria.html

Critics both domestic and foreign have been quick to lambast President Barack Obama for consulting
AND
politics, some are willing to criticize Obama no matter what he does.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Brossmann

No durable enforcement

HLR 12 – Harvard Law Review 12, "Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority," Vol. 125:2057, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf-http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf

Political checks thus can work to restrain the President by prompting executive self-binding
AND
practices. 147 Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.

Congressional lead’s key to alliances

Moss 8 (Kenneth B., Professor and Chair of the Department of National Security Studies at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, Formerly affiliated with the Siemens Corporation, the Woodrow Wilson Center, and the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Undeclared War and the Future of U.S. Foreign Policy, p. 220-221)

While the Constitution’s authors would rightly view the current U.S. situation with
AND
inattention, even disregard, of its own constitution in war and peace.

Legislative check’s key to reject preemption

Bacevich 7 – Andrew, Professor of History and International Relations at Boston University and Ph.D. in American Diplomatic History from Princeton University, "Rescinding the Bush Doctrine", Boston Globe, 3-1, http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2007/03/01/rescinding_the_bush_doctrine/

RATHER THAN vainly sniping at President Bush over his management of the Iraq war,
AND
tarnished honor, and its standing in the eyes of the American people.

Preemption’s model causes global conflict—-goes nuclear

Steinberg 2 – James B. Steinberg, Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution, Michael E. O’Hanlon and Susan E. Rice, "The New National Security Strategy and Preemption", Brookings Policy Brief Series, December, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2002/12/terrorism-ohanlon

The Dangers of Legitimating Preemption A final concern relates to the impact of the precedent
AND
also illustrate the dangers of legitimating an easy and early recourse to preemption.

Only Congress can decide warmaking – anything else wrecks civilian control of the military

Barno 13
(David W., senior adviser and senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, retired Army lieutenant general, commanded U.S. and coalition forces in Afghanistan from 2003 to 2005, " U.S. war decisions rightfully belong to elected civilian leaders, not the military," 9-12-13, http://www.cnas.org/david-barno-us-war-decisions-WAP-http://www.cnas.org/david-barno-us-war-decisions-WAP)

The Sept. 6 commentary by retired Maj. Gen. Robert H. Scales
AND
war-making power and, eventually, civilian control of the military.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake MS | Judge: Barouch

Only legal limits effectively shift Executive practice

Huq 12 – Aziz Z. Huq, Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, "Review: Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)", University of Chicago Law Review, 79 U. Chi. L. Rev. 777, Spring, Lexis

III. The Fragility of Politics
This Part turns to the second element of the strong law/politics dichotomy:
AND
set the stage for the normative analysis at the close of Part IV.

Trade-off’s zero-sum and accesses the DA more

Barron 8 – David J. Barron, Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, "The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb — A Constitutional History", Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis

In a companion Article, we described many of the structural forces responsible for this
AND
to doubt certain of the President’s decisions about how it should be prosecuted.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 8 | Opponent: NU OP | Judge: Andres Gannon

Credibility

Iran’ won’t trust the CP without Congressional codification

Gaouette 13 – Nicole Gaouette, Reporter at Bloomberg News, "Shutdown Undercuts Obama Defining America’s Global Role", Bloomberg News, 10-2, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-02/shutdown-undercuts-obama-defining-america-s-global-role.html

’Significant Pall’ "It does cast a very significant pall over America’s credibility with
AND
ask foreign powers to trust that they can handle much tougher issues overseas.

Codification’s key

Grotto, 7 (March 2007, Joseph Cirincione, Senior Fellow and Director for Nuclear Policy at the Center ¶ for American Progress, Andrew Grotto, Senior National Security Analyst at the Center for American ¶ Progress, where he specializes in U.S. strategic policy and the proliferation of nuclear ¶ weapon, Center for American Progress, "Contain and Engage: A New Strategy for Resolving the Nuclear Crisis with Iran,"¶ http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2007/02/pdf/iran_report.pdf-http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2007/02/pdf/iran_report.pdf)

Implementing this proposal will require changes to U.S. law and administrative practice that restrict U.S. trade with Iran and sanction foreign entities from investing in Iran’s oil infrastructure.73 Iran will not take the proposal seriously unless it perceives that United States Congress supports it. Accordingly, the Bush administration will need to work closely with Congress.

Tournament: CSUF | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: JP, Hardy, Lucas-Bolin

No durable enforcement

HLR 12 – Harvard Law Review 12, "Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority," Vol. 125:2057, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf-http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf

Political checks thus can work to restrain the President by prompting executive self-binding
AND
practices. 147 Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.

Statutory check’s key to signal restraint —- states look to formal structures —- that’s Damrosch. CP fails.

Scheuerman 12 – William E. Scheuerman, Professor of Political Science and West European Studies at Indiana University, "Review Essay:  Emergencies, Executive Power, and the Uncertain Future of US Presidential Democracy", Law and Social Inquiry, Summer, 37 Law 26 Soc. Inquiry 743, Lexis

Posner and Vermeule rely on two main claims. First, even if the president
AND
seems like a pale replacement for liberal legalism and the separation of powers.

====Plan’s way more credible====
Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

That Posner and Vermeule miss the role of legal compliance as a powerful signal,
AND
American political culture, is probably the President’s willingness to comply with law.

Iran won’t trust the pledge without Congressional backing

Pillar 13 – Dr. Paul R. Pillar, Professor and Senior Fellow at the Center for Security Studies at Georgetown University and Nonresident Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution, Ph.D. in Politics from Princeton University, MA in Politics from Oxford University, "Iran and the Quelling of Congressional Troublemaking", The National Interest, 10-17, http://nationalinterest.org/blog/paul-pillar/iran-the-quelling-congressional-troublemaking-9258

The administration will need Congressional cooperation to undo sanctions that were erected supposedly to induce
AND
give as much priority to every issue as he did to that one.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cal SW | Judge: Roark

No durable enforcement

HLR 12 – Harvard Law Review 12, "Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority," Vol. 125:2057, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf-http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf

Political checks thus can work to restrain the President by prompting executive self-binding
AND
practices. 147 Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.

Statutory check’s key to signal restraint —- states look to formal structures —- that’s Damrosch. CP fails.

Scheuerman 12 – William E. Scheuerman, Professor of Political Science and West European Studies at Indiana University, "Review Essay:  Emergencies, Executive Power, and the Uncertain Future of US Presidential Democracy", Law and Social Inquiry, Summer, 37 Law 26 Soc. Inquiry 743, Lexis

Posner and Vermeule rely on two main claims. First, even if the president
AND
seems like a pale replacement for liberal legalism and the separation of powers.

Plan’s way more credible

Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

That Posner and Vermeule miss the role of legal compliance as a powerful signal,
AND
American political culture, is probably the President’s willingness to comply with law.

Congressional lead’s key to alliances

Moss 8 (Kenneth B., Professor and Chair of the Department of National Security Studies at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, Formerly affiliated with the Siemens Corporation, the Woodrow Wilson Center, and the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Undeclared War and the Future of U.S. Foreign Policy, p. 220-221)

While the Constitution’s authors would rightly view the current U.S. situation with
AND
inattention, even disregard, of its own constitution in war and peace.

CP gets ignored and doesn’t bind

Posner, 12 (Eric A. – Kirkland 26 Ellis Professor at the University of Chicago Law School, Winter, "Reflections On The Law Of September 11: A Ten-Year Retrospective: Deference To The Executive In The United States After September 11: Congress, The Courts, And The Office Of Legal Counsel", Harvard Journal of Law 26 Public Policy,  35 Harv. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 213, Lexis)

B. The OLC as a Constraint on the Executive A number of scholars have
AND
and other institutions with political power, then the President would ignore it.

Tournament: Clay | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake MS | Judge: Barouch

No durable enforcement

HLR 12 – Harvard Law Review 12, "Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority," Vol. 125:2057, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf-http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf

Political checks thus can work to restrain the President by prompting executive self-binding
AND
practices. 147 Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.

Statutory check’s key to signal restraint —- states look to formal structures —- that’s Damrosch. CP fails.

Scheuerman 12 – William E. Scheuerman, Professor of Political Science and West European Studies at Indiana University, "Review Essay:  Emergencies, Executive Power, and the Uncertain Future of US Presidential Democracy", Law and Social Inquiry, Summer, 37 Law 26 Soc. Inquiry 743, Lexis

Posner and Vermeule rely on two main claims. First, even if the president
AND
seems like a pale replacement for liberal legalism and the separation of powers.

Plan’s way more credible

Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

That Posner and Vermeule miss the role of legal compliance as a powerful signal,
AND
American political culture, is probably the President’s willingness to comply with law.

Congressional lead’s key to alliances and joint operations

Moss 8 (Kenneth B., Professor and Chair of the Department of National Security Studies at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, Formerly affiliated with the Siemens Corporation, the Woodrow Wilson Center, and the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Undeclared War and the Future of U.S. Foreign Policy, p. 220-221)

While the Constitution’s authors would rightly view the current U.S. situation with
AND
inattention, even disregard, of its own constitution in war and peace.

Obama will overrule the OLC

Goldsmith 13 – Goldsmith 13 – Jack Goldsmith, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, "Blaming (or Crediting) the Lawyers for Our Syria Policy", Lawfare Blog, 7-15, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/07/blaming-or-crediting-the-lawyers-for-our-syria-policy/

First, the Obama administration has continued controversial Bush-era interpretations of international law
AND
the lawyers, deserves credit, or blame, for our Syria policy.)

Tournament: Clay | Round: 7 | Opponent: USC PV | Judge: Revelins

No durable enforcement

HLR 12 – Harvard Law Review 12, "Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority," Vol. 125:2057, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf-http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf

Political checks thus can work to restrain the President by prompting executive self-binding
AND
practices. 147 Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.

Statutory check’s key to signal restraint —- states look to formal structures —- that’s Damrosch. CP fails.

Scheuerman 12 – William E. Scheuerman, Professor of Political Science and West European Studies at Indiana University, "Review Essay:  Emergencies, Executive Power, and the Uncertain Future of US Presidential Democracy", Law and Social Inquiry, Summer, 37 Law 26 Soc. Inquiry 743, Lexis

Posner and Vermeule rely on two main claims. First, even if the president
AND
seems like a pale replacement for liberal legalism and the separation of powers.

Plan’s way more credible

Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

That Posner and Vermeule miss the role of legal compliance as a powerful signal,
AND
American political culture, is probably the President’s willingness to comply with law.

Only legal limits effectively shift Executive practice

Huq 12 – Aziz Z. Huq, Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, "Review: Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)", University of Chicago Law Review, 79 U. Chi. L. Rev. 777, Spring, Lexis

III. The Fragility of Politics This Part turns to the second element of the
AND
set the stage for the normative analysis at the close of Part IV.

Political constraints fail

Cole 11 – David Cole, Professor at the Georgetown University Law Center, "Where Liberty Lies: Civil Society and Individual Rights After 9/11", The Wayne Law Review, Winter, 57 Wayne L. Rev. 1203, Lexis

In my view, Posner and Vermeule simultaneously underestimate the constraining force of law and
AND
society organizations, was critical to rendering effective constitutional and international legal checks.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Wake HS | Judge: Cohn, Paul, Kall

No durable enforcement

HLR 12 – Harvard Law Review 12, "Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority," Vol. 125:2057, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf-http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf

Political checks thus can work to restrain the President by prompting executive self-binding
AND
practices. 147 Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.

Consultation is non-binding – the executive will circumvent when congress says no – triggers bad interventions, ineffective warfighting, and reinforces presidential war powers

Posner 13(Eric, Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School. An editor of The Journal of Legal Studies, "Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier," September 3, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html)

President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will ask Congress for approval of a military attack
AND
car." This is hardball politics, not a rediscovery of legal values.

Doesn’t solve SOP —-

Statutory check’s key to signal restraint —- states look to formal structures —- that’s Damrosch. CP fails.

Scheuerman 12 – William E. Scheuerman, Professor of Political Science and West European Studies at Indiana University, "Review Essay:  Emergencies, Executive Power, and the Uncertain Future of US Presidential Democracy", Law and Social Inquiry, Summer, 37 Law 26 Soc. Inquiry 743, Lexis

Posner and Vermeule rely on two main claims. First, even if the president
AND
seems like a pale replacement for liberal legalism and the separation of powers.

Plan’s way more credible

Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

That Posner and Vermeule miss the role of legal compliance as a powerful signal,
AND
American political culture, is probably the President’s willingness to comply with law.

Links to politics

Magid 13 – Aaron Magid, MA Candidate in Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard University and Staff Writer at The Jerusalem Review of Near East Affairs, "Why Obama Should Be Applauded for Consulting Congress on Syria", Daily Beast, 9-9, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/09/09/obama-should-be-applauded-for-consulting-congress-on-syria.html

Critics both domestic and foreign have been quick to lambast President Barack Obama for consulting
AND
politics, some are willing to criticize Obama no matter what he does.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Wake HS | Judge: Cohn, Paul, Kall

No durable enforcement

HLR 12 – Harvard Law Review 12, "Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority," Vol. 125:2057, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf-http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf

Political checks thus can work to restrain the President by prompting executive self-binding
AND
practices. 147 Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.

Consultation is non-binding – the executive will circumvent when congress says no – triggers bad interventions, ineffective warfighting, and reinforces presidential war powers

Posner 13(Eric, Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School. An editor of The Journal of Legal Studies, "Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier," September 3, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html)

President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will ask Congress for approval of a military attack
AND
car." This is hardball politics, not a rediscovery of legal values.

Doesn’t solve SOP —-

Statutory check’s key to signal restraint —- states look to formal structures —- that’s Damrosch. CP fails.

Scheuerman 12 – William E. Scheuerman, Professor of Political Science and West European Studies at Indiana University, "Review Essay:  Emergencies, Executive Power, and the Uncertain Future of US Presidential Democracy", Law and Social Inquiry, Summer, 37 Law 26 Soc. Inquiry 743, Lexis

Posner and Vermeule rely on two main claims. First, even if the president
AND
seems like a pale replacement for liberal legalism and the separation of powers.

Plan’s way more credible

Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

That Posner and Vermeule miss the role of legal compliance as a powerful signal,
AND
American political culture, is probably the President’s willingness to comply with law.

Links to politics

Magid 13 – Aaron Magid, MA Candidate in Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard University and Staff Writer at The Jerusalem Review of Near East Affairs, "Why Obama Should Be Applauded for Consulting Congress on Syria", Daily Beast, 9-9, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/09/09/obama-should-be-applauded-for-consulting-congress-on-syria.html

Critics both domestic and foreign have been quick to lambast President Barack Obama for consulting
AND
politics, some are willing to criticize Obama no matter what he does.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Vats

No durable enforcement

HLR 12 – Harvard Law Review 12, "Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority," Vol. 125:2057, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf

Political checks thus can work to restrain the President by prompting executive self-binding
AND
practices. 147 Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.

Congress must be the first mover

Schumer 7 – Charles E. Schumer, JD from Harvard Law School, AB in Politics from Harvard College, Senior United States Senator from New York, Youngest Representative in the History of New York State, "Under Attack: Congressional Power in the Twenty-First Century", Harvard Law 26 Policy Review, 1(1), http://web.archive.org/web/20120625034444/http://www.hlpronline.com/Vol1No1/schumer.pdf

The momentous election of November 7, 2006, sent a clear message that voters
AND
our founders envisioned . . . and that our current citizenry has demanded.

Tournament: UK RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Hardy

Obama will overrule the OLC

Goldsmith 13 – Goldsmith 13 – Jack Goldsmith, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, and#34;Blaming (or Crediting) the Lawyers for Our Syria Policyand#34;, Lawfare Blog, 7-15, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/07/blaming-or-crediting-the-lawyers-for-our-syria-policy/

First, the Obama administration has continued controversial Bush-era interpretations of international law
AND
the lawyers, deserves credit, or blame, for our Syria policy.)

Statutory check’s key to signal restraint —- states look to formal structures —- that’s Damrosch. CP fails.

Scheuerman 12 – William E. Scheuerman, Professor of Political Science and West European Studies at Indiana University, and#34;Review Essay:  Emergencies, Executive Power, and the Uncertain Future of US Presidential Democracyand#34;, Law and Social Inquiry, Summer, 37 Law 26 Soc. Inquiry 743, Lexis

Posner and Vermeule rely on two main claims. First, even if the president
AND
seems like a pale replacement for liberal legalism and the separation of powers.

Plan’s way more credible

Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, and#34;Book Review: Law and the Presidentand#34;, Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

That Posner and Vermeule miss the role of legal compliance as a powerful signal,
AND
American political culture, is probably the President’s willingness to comply with law.

CP keeps power with the Executive

Swanson 9 – David, Master’s Degree in Philosophy from the University of Virginia, Chair of the Accountability and Prosecution Working Group of United for Peace and Justice, and#34;Dangerous Executive Ordersand#34;, Op-ed News, 1/25, http://www.opednews.com/articles/Dangerous-Executive-Orders-by-David-Swanson-090125-670.html

The Center for Constitutional Rights has expressed concern that President Obama’s executive order banning torture
AND
the other violated laws for which no such formal orders have been given?

Congressional lead’s key to alliances

Moss 8 (Kenneth B., Professor and Chair of the Department of National Security Studies at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, Formerly affiliated with the Siemens Corporation, the Woodrow Wilson Center, and the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Undeclared War and the Future of U.S. Foreign Policy, p. 220-221)

While the Constitution’s authors would rightly view the current U.S. situation with
AND
inattention, even disregard, of its own constitution in war and peace.

Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: UNLV RV | Judge: Nikolic

Not Solve Iran – Credibility

Iran’ won’t trust the CP without Congressional codification

Gaouette 13 – Nicole Gaouette, Reporter at Bloomberg News, "Shutdown Undercuts Obama Defining America’s Global Role", Bloomberg News, 10-2, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-02/shutdown-undercuts-obama-defining-america-s-global-role.html

’Significant Pall’ "It does cast a very significant pall over America’s credibility with
AND
ask foreign powers to trust that they can handle much tougher issues overseas.

Codification’s key

Grotto, 7 (March 2007, Joseph Cirincione, Senior Fellow and Director for Nuclear Policy at the Center ¶ for American Progress, Andrew Grotto, Senior National Security Analyst at the Center for American ¶ Progress, where he specializes in U.S. strategic policy and the proliferation of nuclear ¶ weapon, Center for American Progress, "Contain and Engage: A New Strategy for Resolving the Nuclear Crisis with Iran,"¶ http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2007/02/pdf/iran_report.pdf-http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2007/02/pdf/iran_report.pdf)

Implementing this proposal will require changes to U.S. law and administrative practice that restrict U.S. trade with Iran and sanction foreign entities from investing in Iran’s oil infrastructure.73 Iran will not take the proposal seriously unless it perceives that United States Congress supports it. Accordingly, the Bush administration will need to work closely with Congress.

Not Solve Iran – Signal

Formalizing the restriction through statute is key to signaling and prevents bluffing

Waxman 13 – Matthew Waxman, Law Professor at Columbia Law School, "The Constitutional Power To Threaten War", Yale Law Journal, 10-1, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2316777

Even if Congress already wields informal political influence over threatened force, more potent and
AND
misrepresent preferences about war and peace, and therefore reduce opportunities for bluffing.

Diplomacy – A2: Congress Will Authorize Iran War

Not offense—-if they’ll authorize, they’d do that no matter what—-plan makes no difference

Definitely not

Lobe, 9/21 - best known for his coverage of U.S. foreign policy, particularly the neo-conservative influence in the Bush administration. The Washington Bureau Chief of the international news agency Inter Press Service (IPS), Lobe has also written for Al Jazeera English, Foreign Policy In Focus, Alternet, Tompaine.com (Jim, "Hard Times for Iran Hawks, Inter Press Service, http://www.lobelog.com/hard-times-for-iran-hawks/)

As Congress reconvened, it became clear that the White House would be lucky to
AND
of Jesse Jackson" whose proposals "have no political support at home".

Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: UNLV RV | Judge: Nikolic

Iran won’t trust the pledge without Congressional backing

Pillar 13 – Dr. Paul R. Pillar, Professor and Senior Fellow at the Center for Security Studies at Georgetown University and Nonresident Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution, Ph.D. in Politics from Princeton University, MA in Politics from Oxford University, "Iran and the Quelling of Congressional Troublemaking", The National Interest, 10-17, http://nationalinterest.org/blog/paul-pillar/iran-the-quelling-congressional-troublemaking-9258

The administration will need Congressional cooperation to undo sanctions that were erected supposedly to induce
AND
give as much priority to every issue as he did to that one.

Informal restraint isn’t perceived

Waxman 13 – Matthew Waxman, Law Professor at Columbia Law School, "The Constitutional Power To Threaten War", Yale Law Journal, 10-1, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2316777

II. Democratic Checks on Threatened Force The previous Parts of this Article showed that
AND
and allies, alike – observing and reacting to those politics, too.

Threat alone makes U.S. unreliable, even if actual withdrawal never occurs—-that’s De Groot. Other countries see allocation of power

Martin 5 – Lisa L. Martin, Professor of Government at Harvard University, "U.S. Military Commitments: Multilateralism and Treaties", April, http://files.wcfia.harvard.edu/936__US_military_commitments.pdf

Perhaps even more telling, the evasion hypothesis completely neglects the process of negotiation with
AND
manner that it does not behave as the other parties anticipated it would.

C) Restraint fails—-formal checks key

Healy 00 – Gene Healy, Vice President at the Cato Institute and JD from University of Chicago Law School, "Arrogance of Power Reborn: The Imperial Presidency and Foreign Policy in the Clinton Years", Cato Policy Analysis No. 389, 12-13, http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/arrogance-power-reborn-imperial-presidency-foreign-policy-clinton-years

Congressional courage of the kind needed to reclaim the war power will not be forthcoming
AND
those Americans who think that the Constitution and the Republic are worth saving.

Groupthink Net Ben

Executive decision making more likely to cause groupthink—distorts policy—cut off flow of info, downplay contrary views, no think long-term, underestimate risks, fail to develop contingency plans

Streichler, 8 (Stuart – Adjunct Faculty at Seattle University School of Law and Ph.D. – Johns Hopkins University and J.D. – University of Michigan Law School, "Mad about Yoo, or, Why Worry about the Next Unconstitutional War?", Journal of Law 26 Politics XXIV.93, http://faculty.washington.edu/sstreich/documents/madaboutyoo.pdf)

Yoo expresses no doubt that the president’s capacity to make decisions in foreign affairs and
AND
questions, they can only go so far to challenge the president.244

Nate Dogg and Congress gonna regulate

McManus 13 – Doyle McManus, Washington Bureau Chief of the Los Angeles Times, MA and Fullbright Scholar at the University of Brussels, Four-Time Winner of the National Press Club’s Edwin Hood Award for Reporting on U.S. Foreign Policy, Winner of Georgetown University’s Weintal Prize, "In America, Not Isolationism But Skepticism", Los Angeles Times, 9-15, http://www.latimes.com/opinion/commentary/la-oe-mcmanus-column-congress-obama-and-syria-20130915,0,3944454.column

Opposition in Congress to a presidential request to use force has a long history.
AND
Syria but rebuilding a national consensus in favor of engagement with the world.

They won’t authorize Iran

York, 9/18 (Byron, "Sen. Lindsey Graham to seek authorization for U.S. attack on Iran" Washington Examiner, http://washingtonexaminer.com/sen.-lindsey-graham-to-seek-authorization-for-u.s.-attack-on-iran/article/2536040)

Sen. Lindsey Graham is one of the strongest advocates of an American military strike
AND
weapon, all options are on the table, including the military option."

Tournament: Wake | Round: 8 | Opponent: NU OP | Judge: Andres Gannon

Iran won’t trust the pledge without Congressional backing

Pillar 13 – Dr. Paul R. Pillar, Professor and Senior Fellow at the Center for Security Studies at Georgetown University and Nonresident Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution, Ph.D. in Politics from Princeton University, MA in Politics from Oxford University, "Iran and the Quelling of Congressional Troublemaking", The National Interest, 10-17, http://nationalinterest.org/blog/paul-pillar/iran-the-quelling-congressional-troublemaking-9258

The administration will need Congressional cooperation to undo sanctions that were erected supposedly to induce
AND
give as much priority to every issue as he did to that one.

Informal restraint isn’t perceived

Waxman 13 – Matthew Waxman, Law Professor at Columbia Law School, "The Constitutional Power To Threaten War", Yale Law Journal, 10-1, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2316777

II. Democratic Checks on Threatened Force The previous Parts of this Article showed that
AND
and allies, alike – observing and reacting to those politics, too.

Congress must be the first mover—-Iran’s the test case

Foley 6 – Brian J. Foley, Professor of Law at Florida Coastal School of Law, "Limiting War by Process: Congress, the UN, and Iran", Jurist, 5-25, http://jurist.org/forum/2006/05/limiting-war-by-process-congress-un.php

Congress appears equally unlikely to ask tough-minded questions this time, despite the
AND
to create such a process is a mistake we cannot afford to repeat.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan CH | Judge: Severson

Executive Restraint CP – Ext – Not Solve SOP – Signal 1AR

Bold legislative rejection of preemption’s key

Bacevich 7 – Andrew, Professor of History and International Relations at Boston University and Ph.D. in American Diplomatic History from Princeton University, and#34;Rescinding the Bush Doctrineand#34;, Boston Globe, 3-1, http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2007/03/01/rescinding_the_bush_doctrine/

Rather than vainly sniping at President Bush over his management of the Iraq war, the Democratic-AND
 its badly tarnished honor, and its standing in the eyes of the American people.

Only structural checks access signaling

Martin 10 (Craig – Visiting Assistant Professor at the University of Baltimore School of Law, February, and#34;Taking War Seriously: A Model for Constitutional Constraints on the Use of Force, in Compliance with International Lawand#34;, Brooklyn Law Review 76.2, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100326context-http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100326context= craig_martin)

The causes of war also operate at the level of the state itself. Again
AND
while such signals may be misunderstood or missed entirely by nondemocratic states.49

Executive Restraint CP – Ext – No Durable Enforcement

Only legal limits effectively shift Executive practice

Huq 12 – Aziz Z. Huq, Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, and#34;Review: Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)and#34;, University of Chicago Law Review, 79 U. Chi. L. Rev. 777, Spring, Lexis

This Part turns to the second element of the strong law/politics dichotomy:
AND
set the stage for the normative analysis at the close of Part IV.

Political constraints fail

Cole 11 – David Cole, Professor at the Georgetown University Law Center, and#34;Where Liberty Lies: Civil Society and Individual Rights After 9/11and#34;, The Wayne Law Review, Winter, 57 Wayne L. Rev. 1203, Lexis

In my view, Posner and Vermeule simultaneously underestimate the constraining force of law and
AND
society organizations, was critical to rendering effective constitutional and international legal checks.

Executive Restraint CP (OLC Mechanism) – Ext – Can’t Check Prez

OLC can’t restrain the President

Ackerman, 10 (Bruce – Sterling Professor of Law and Political Science at Yale, and#34;The Decline and Fall of the American Republicand#34;, Harvard University Press, p. 101)

But there is little reason to suppose that the OLC will be inclined to say
AND
systematic legal check on overweening presidential ambition

Underestimates the OLC attachment to the president—causes constant authorization to use force and diminishes precedent

Dehn, 10 (John C. – Assistant Professor at the United States Military Academy and J.S.D. candidate at Columbia Law School, 11/12, and#34;Institutional Advocacy, Constitutional Obligations, and Professional Responsibilities: Arguments for Government Lawyering Without Glassesand#34;, Columbia Law Review Sidebar, http://www.columbialaw-http:www.columbialaw/ review.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/73_Dehn.pdf)

This response addresses only the normative theoretical inquiry and makes one essential point: Professor
AND
thereby the propriety of applying judicial stare decisis principles to OLC legal opinions.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan CH | Judge: Severson

Executive Restraint CP – 2AC

No durable enforcement

HLR 12 – Harvard Law Review 12, and#34;Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority,and#34; Vol. 125:2057, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf-http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf

Political checks thus can work to restrain the President by prompting executive self-binding
AND
practices. 147 Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.

Statutory check’s key to signal restraint —- states look to formal structures —- that’s Damrosch. CP fails.

Scheuerman 12 – William E. Scheuerman, Professor of Political Science and West European Studies at Indiana University, and#34;Review Essay:  Emergencies, Executive Power, and the Uncertain Future of US Presidential Democracyand#34;, Law and Social Inquiry, Summer, 37 Law 26 Soc. Inquiry 743, Lexis

Posner and Vermeule rely on two main claims. First, even if the president
AND
seems like a pale replacement for liberal legalism and the separation of powers.

====Plan’s way more credible====
Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, and#34;Book Review: Law and the Presidentand#34;, Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

That Posner and Vermeule miss the role of legal compliance as a powerful signal,
AND
American political culture, is probably the President’s willingness to comply with law.

CP keeps power with the Executive

Swanson 9 – David, Master’s Degree in Philosophy from the University of Virginia, Chair of the Accountability and Prosecution Working Group of United for Peace and Justice, and#34;Dangerous Executive Ordersand#34;, Op-ed News, 1/25, http://www.opednews.com/articles/Dangerous-Executive-Orders-by-David-Swanson-090125-670.html

The Center for Constitutional Rights has expressed concern that President Obama’s executive order banning torture
AND
the other violated laws for which no such formal orders have been given?

Congressional lead’s key to alliances

Moss 8 (Kenneth B., Professor and Chair of the Department of National Security Studies at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, Formerly affiliated with the Siemens Corporation, the Woodrow Wilson Center, and the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Undeclared War and the Future of U.S. Foreign Policy, p. 220-221)

While the Constitution’s authors would rightly view the current U.S. situation with
AND
inattention, even disregard, of its own constitution in war and peace.

Obama will overrule the OLC

Goldsmith 13 – Goldsmith 13 – Jack Goldsmith, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, and#34;Blaming (or Crediting) the Lawyers for Our Syria Policyand#34;, Lawfare Blog, 7-15, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/07/blaming-or-crediting-the-lawyers-for-our-syria-policy/

First, the Obama administration has continued controversial Bush-era interpretations of international law
AND
the lawyers, deserves credit, or blame, for our Syria policy.)

CP gets ignored and doesn’t bind

Posner, 12 (Eric A. – Kirkland 26 Ellis Professor at the University of Chicago Law School, Winter, and#34;Reflections On The Law Of September 11: A Ten-Year Retrospective: Deference To The Executive In The United States After September 11: Congress, The Courts, And The Office Of Legal Counseland#34;, Harvard Journal of Law 26 Public Policy,  35 Harv. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 213, Lexis)

B. The OLC as a Constraint on the Executive
A number of scholars have argued that the OLC can serve as an important constraint
AND
and other institutions with political power, then the President would ignore it.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Hays Watson

Executive Restraint CP – 2AC

No durable enforcement

HLR 12 – Harvard Law Review 12, and#34;Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority,and#34; Vol. 125:2057, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf-http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf

Political checks thus can work to restrain the President by prompting executive self-binding
AND
practices. 147 Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.

CP’s object fiat because it fiats the President —- ruins Aff ground because it devolves into and#34;no warand#34; and kills education because it avoids the central question of how to restrain the President

Doesn’t solve SOP —-

Statutory check’s key to signal restraint —- states look to formal structures —- that’s Damrosch. CP fails.

Scheuerman 12 – William E. Scheuerman, Professor of Political Science and West European Studies at Indiana University, and#34;Review Essay:  Emergencies, Executive Power, and the Uncertain Future of US Presidential Democracyand#34;, Law and Social Inquiry, Summer, 37 Law 26 Soc. Inquiry 743, Lexis

Posner and Vermeule rely on two main claims. First, even if the president
AND
seems like a pale replacement for liberal legalism and the separation of powers.

====Plan’s way more credible====
Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, and#34;Book Review: Law and the Presidentand#34;, Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

That Posner and Vermeule miss the role of legal compliance as a powerful signal,
AND
American political culture, is probably the President’s willingness to comply with law.

Only Congressional action stops preclusive authority that spills over to complete Executive control. Congress must be the first mover or it loses relevance —- that’s Barron and Hansen

CP keeps power with the Executive

Swanson 9 – David, Master’s Degree in Philosophy from the University of Virginia, Chair of the Accountability and Prosecution Working Group of United for Peace and Justice, and#34;Dangerous Executive Ordersand#34;, Op-ed News, 1/25, http://www.opednews.com/articles/Dangerous-Executive-Orders-by-David-Swanson-090125-670.html

The Center for Constitutional Rights has expressed concern that President Obama’s executive order banning torture
AND
the other violated laws for which no such formal orders have been given?

Tournament: Wake | Round: 8 | Opponent: NU OP | Judge: Andres Gannon

Thumpin

Wont even make the docket—healthcare swamps

Burlij and Bowman 10/25
"Obama agenda hinges on health care fixes" TERENCE BURLIJ AND BRIDGET BOWMAN- Staff at PBS News, OCTOBER 25, 2013, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/10/obama-agenda-hinges-on-health-care-fixes.html

The day after Congress approved a measure to end the government shutdown and raise the
AND
Senate have suggested the effort is unlikely to produce a "grand bargain."

It’s a Katrina moment

Mike Dorning, Business Week, 10/26/13, Obamacare Website Flaws Imperil President’s Activist Agenda, www.businessweek.com/news/2013-10-25/obamacare-website-flaws-imperil-activist-agenda-president-backs

The rocky debut of the insurance exchanges at the heart of President Barack Obama’s health
AND
ravaged the Gulf Coast and led to more than 1,800 deaths.

Obama pushing EPA standards on climate change

Ben Geman, The Hill, 11-8-2013 http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/189754-obama-grasps-for-climate-legacy-as-second-term-agenda-crumbles-http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/189754-obama-grasps-for-climate-legacy-as-second-term-agenda-crumbles

President Obama has a chance to craft a second-term legacy on climate change
AND
through executive action could shape Obama’s legacy — but only to a point.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 8 | Opponent: NU OP | Judge: Andres Gannon

Won’t pass but extensions solves

Stu Ellis, FarmGate Blog 11-15-2013 http://www.cattlenetwork.com/cattle-news/Farm-bill-When-and-how-will-it-be-completed-232067501.html-http://www.cattlenetwork.com/cattle-news/Farm-bill-When-and-how-will-it-be-completed-232067501.html

"We can’t do much about it. We just have to sit and wait
AND
first and telling the agriculture committee conference how much money they could spend.

Obama PC meaningless- top Dems

Politico, 11-6-2013 http://www.politico.com/story/2013/11/the-farm-bill-a-dickens-tale-99457.html-http://www.politico.com/story/2013/11/the-farm-bill-a-dickens-tale-99457.html

At the opening session of the House-Senate farm bill conference last week,
AND
Michigan Democrat is defiant and draws a parallel between SNAP and crop insurance.

Climate change, health care flaws and nominations thump the DA

WP, 10-16-2013 http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-plans-to-renew-immigration-climate-change-efforts/2013/10/16/d0a96cbe-367b-11e3-be86-6aeaa439845b_story_1.html

President Obama, fresh off a trouncing of congressional Republicans over the government shutdown,
AND
to be simultaneously cooperating across party lines on other issues," he said.

Iran fights now

Solomon 10-25 – Jay Solomon, Foreign Affairs Reporter at the Wall Street Journal, "White House, Congress Clash on Iran: The Obama Administration Is Arguing that Diplomatic Efforts Need More Time", Wall Street Journal, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304682504579157983219813894