Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Binghamton GF | Judge: Barouch

1

Contention 1 —- The US intervenes too frequently

Congress has abdicated war powers, leaving no check on unitary executive war-making

Pinhiero 11 – John C. Pinhiero, Associate Professor of History at Aquinas College, ""Hostilities" and War Powers: Let’s Choose the Constitution", History News Service, 6-29, http://historynewsservice.org/2011/06/hostilities-and-war-powers-lets-choose-the-constitution/

Last week Rep. Jerrold Nadler of New York warned that "if we don’t
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, as in the case of Rep. Nadler, it can happen.

Executive war power structurally ensures groupthink and escalatory interventions

Fleischman 10 – Matthew Fleischman, J.D. Candidate at New York University School of Law, "A Functional Distribution of War Powers", New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy, 13 N.Y.U. J. Legis. 26 Pub. Pol’y 137, Lexis

While Nzelibe and Yoo’s model is clearly plausible, it misses certain critical institutional constructs
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it is the institutional design that would better accommodate functionalists’ concerns and desires.

Those go nuclear —-

Accidents and miscalc

Adler 8 – David Gray, Professor of Political Science at Idaho State University, "The Judiciary and Presidential Power in Foreign Affairs: A Critique", 6-1, http://www.freerangethought.com/index.php?option=com_content26task=blogsection26id=626Itemid=41

~{11~} The structure of shared powers in foreign relations serves to deter abuse
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to an examination of the judiciary’s contribution to executive hegemony in foreign affairs.

High tempo interventions draw in outside powers

Friedman 11 – George Friedman, President of Stratfor Global Forecasting, "What Happened to the American Declaration of War?", Stratfor, 3-29, http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20110328-what-happened-american-declaration-war

An Increasing Tempo of Operations All of this came just before the United States emerged
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-or-death matter, a tonic for our adolescent body politic.

Requiring prior Congressional authorization for war deters adventurism – checks the state of exception

Bacevich 13 – Andrew, Professor of History and International Relations at Boston University and Ph.D. in American Diplomatic History from Princeton University, The New American Militarism, p. 205-210

There is, wrote H. L. Mencken, "always a well-
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point, citizens should replace them by electing people able to do so. 

The process makes conflict less likely, regardless of Congress’ response

Grynaviski 13 – Eric Grynaviski, Professor of Political Science at The George Washington University, "The Bloodstained Spear: Public Reason and Declarations of War", International Theory, 5(2), Cambridge Journals

Conclusion The burden of the argument, thus far, has been to show that
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diplomacy does not loom large as a central component of just war reasoning.

2

Contention 2: Extremes are Bad

The plan limits Vietnam style interventions but doesn’t end all US warfighting – narrowly used power projection solves hotspot escalation that escalates to nuclear war – our argument is not about threats to United States power but geopolitical interactions

Kagan 7 – Frederick Kagan, Resident Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, and Michael O’Hanlon, Senior Fellow and Sydney Stein Jr. Chair in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, "The Case for Larger Ground Forces", Stanley Foundation Report, April, http://stanleyfoundation.org/publications/other/Kagan_OHanlon_07.pdf

We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly every region but
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Such a measure is not only prudent, it is also badly overdue.

Yes US interventions can be violent but its worse to end them all together – statistics prove US leadership leads to a decrease in violence – our epistemology is sound

Drezner 5 – Daniel W. Drezner, Professor of International Politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, Senior Editor at the National Interest,  M.A. in Economics and Ph.D. in Political Science from Stanford University, "Gregg Easterbrook, War, and the Dangers of Extrapolation", 5-25, http://www.danieldrezner.com/archives/002087.html

Via Oxblog’s Patrick Belton, I see that Gregg Easterbrook has a cover story in
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, the prospect of U.S. intervention would be equally daunting.

The plan is key to make power projection clean and effective – executive warmaking is disconnected from national will which makes it incoherent – causes prolonged conflicts and escalates violence

Gallagher 11 – Lieutenant Colonel Joseph V. Gallagher III, United States Marine Corps, "Unconstitutional War: Strategic Risk in the Age of Congressional Abdication", Parameters, Summer, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/articles/2011summer/gallagher.pdf

Understanding the Gap Since World War II, a wide gap has developed between Congress
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wage fewer of them—and be far better positioned to win them.

Ineffective interventions are worse for all sides – its better that the US is effective – the plan is key to unit cohesion, morale, and allied support

Frye 2 – Alton Frye, Presidential Senior Fellow Emeritus and Director of the Program on Congress and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, "Applying the War Powers Resolution to the War on Terrorism", Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Committee, 4-17, http://www.cfr.org/terrorism/applying-war-powers-resolution-war-terrorism/p4514

4. CONSENSUS IS ESSENTIAL TO NATIONAL COHESION The case for active, continuing congressional
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that Congress will play its proper constitutional role in the war on terrorism.

Executive war power ruins soft power and global alliances

Schiffer 9 – Adam Schiffer, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Political Science at Texas Christian University, and Carrie Liu Currier, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Political Science at Texas Christian University, "War Powers, International Alliances, the President, and Congress", http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/US_Gov_Balance_of_Power_SF.pdf

The president’s advantages over Congress in the foreign policy realm have consequences far beyond the
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and how they are used to establish the legitimacy of American foreign policy.

Restraining use of force builds democratic cooperation that prevents and mitigates food shortages

Ikenberry 11 – G. John Ikenberry, Peter F. Krogh Professor of Global Justice at the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, "A World of Our Making", Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Issue ~2321, Summer, http://www.democracyjournal.org/21/a-world-of-our-making-1.php?page=all

Grand Strategy as Liberal Order Building American dominance of the global system will eventually yield
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liberal order building, it can begin the process of gaining it back.

Food shortages kill billions

Brown 5
(Lester, President – Earth Policy Institute, , People and the Planet, "Falling Water Tables ’Could Hit Food Supply’", 2-7, http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=2424)

Many Americans see terrorism as the principal threat to security, but for much of
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For them, it is the next meal that is the overriding concern."

3

Contention 3: The precedent has already been set

Unchecked war power sets a precedent that causes the executive to broadly ignore Congressional controls

Barron 8 – David J. Barron, Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, "The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb — A Constitutional History", Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis

Thus, as future administrations contemplate the extent of their own discretion at the "
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for a change that risks such a fundamental revision of our national identity.

U.S. war powers are already being modeled internationally —- precedent of executive authority has paved the way for preemptive conflict in Korea

Sloane 8 – Sloane, Associate Professor of Law, Boston University School of Law, 2008 (Robert, Boston University Law Review, April, 88 B.U.L. Rev. 341, Lexis)

There is a great deal more constitutional history that arguably bears on the scope of
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to U.S. national security in the twenty-first century.

Simply stopping preemptive conflicts is a failing strategy – only a the action of the affirmative sends the signal of restored congressional war powers necessary to end the precedent of preemption internationally

Weinberger 9 – Seth Weinberger, Assistant Professor in the Department of Politics and Government at the University of Puget Sound, M.A. and Ph.D. in Political Science from Duke University, "Balancing War Powers in an Age of Terror", The Good Society, 18(2), http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/good_society/v018/18.2.weinberger.html

The key to developing a constitutionally, legally, and practically sound balanced theory of
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-so to undo that separation, even in the face of war.

Risk of conflict in Korea is high —- no restraint

Blair 13 – David Blair, Chief Foreign Correspondent and Former Diplomatic Editor at The Daily Telegraph, National Post Wire Services, M.Phil in International Relations from Cambridge University, 2012 Foreign Reporter of the Year – The Press Awards, "A Small Incident Could Quickly Escalate into a Korean War That No Side Wants", National Post, 4-5, http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/04/05/a-small-incident-could-quickly-escalate-into-a-korean-war-that-no-side-wants/

Despite everything, this crisis will almost certainly not peak with North Korea deciding to
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this. We do not know whether Mr Kim’s is hot or cold.

Even if Korean war is generally an exaggeration when its triggered by the preemption model its incredibly likely to escalate

Pulcifer 3 – Ash Pulcifer, U.S. Based Analyst of International Conflicts and Human Rights Activist at the Information Clearing House, "The Dangers Caused By A Policy Of Preemption", 3-1, http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article1722.htm

Furthermore, North Korea jabbed the sword even deeper into the heart of White House
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, can often lead to unexpected conflicts that quickly spiral out of control.

It’s too sweeping to say all of our evidence comes from one epistemology – we incorporate a variety of schools of thought and authors from vastly different backgrounds – in particular internal documents not simply Western IR inform our analysis  

Woo 11
Seongji Woo is currently an Associate Professor at the College of International Studies,¶ Kyung Hee University.¶ Pacific Focus, Vol. XXVI, No. 2 (August 2011), 188–205.¶ doi: 10.1111/j.1976-5118.2011.01062.x¶ © 2011 Center for International Studies, Inha University – available via EBSCO-HOST database. 

As witnessed by two nuclear tests and intermittent missile launches, the¶ so-
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the¶ current world order and to build a new world order.25

Plan –

The United States Federal Government should require a Congressional declaration of war prior to initiating offensive use of military force.

Congressional authorization forces the public to internalize the costs of war

Zelizer 11 – Julian E. Zelizer, Professor of History and Public Affairs at Princeton University, "War Powers Belong to Congress and the President", CNN Opinion, 6-27, http://www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/06/27/zelizer.war.powers/index.html

But the failure of Congress to fully participate in the initial decision to use military
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declare war forces voters to think about the decision sooner rather than later.

This provides vertical restraints necessary to stop intervention and independently triggers social change that challenges militarism

Lobel 89 – Jules Lobel, Associate Professor of Law at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, "Emergency Power and the Decline of Liberalism", Yale Law Journal, May, 98 Yale L.J. 1385, Lexis

These changes would supplement and ultimately transform traditional separation of power restraints. The constitutional
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break down the fears upon which the emergency/normalcy dichotomy is premised.

Particularity thesis – broad claims

Doesn’t undercut basis of Aff claims – can have contingent knowledge without "Big T" Epistemology

PRICE ’98
(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)

One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that
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violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself.

Concrete strategies are key to effectuate change – alts fail

Bryant ’12 
(Levi Bryant is currently a Professor of Philosophy at Collin College. In addition to working as a professor, Bryant has also served as a Lacanian psychoanalyst. He received his Ph.D. from Loyola University in Chicago, Illinois, where he originally studied ’disclosedness’ with the Heidegger scholar Thomas Sheehan. Bryant later changed his dissertation topic to the transcendental empiricism of Gilles Deleuze,  "Critique of the Academic Left", http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/)

Unfortunately, the academic left falls prey to its own form of abstraction.  It’s
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. Instead we prefer to shout and denounce. Good luck with that.

Fiat avoids a curriculum that teaches the most dangerous nihilism.

Hoff ’6
(et al, Dr. Dianne Hoff, professor in the College of Education and Human Development and president of Faculty Senate, University of Maine, Journal of Educational Administration, 44:3 – available via Emerald Management 120 database).

There is no question that helping educational leadership students become self-analytical and reflect
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. This is an arena from which a new social order can emerge.

Obama will comply

Barron 8 – David J. Barron, Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, "The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb — A Constitutional History", Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis

In addition to offering important guidance concerning the congressional role, our historical review also
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the executive branch itself for most of our history of war powers development.

Plan overcomes barriers to enforcement

Lobel 9 – Jules Lobel, Professor of Law at the University of Pittsburgh. "Restore. Protect. Expand. Amend the War Powers Resolution". Center for Constitutional Rights White Paper, http://ccrjustice.org files CCR_White_WarPowers.pdf

The War Powers Resolution should explicitly prohibit executive acts of war without previous Congressional authorization
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a presidential violation of this principle should be explicitly made an impeachable offense.

Even if initial non-compliance occurs, Court enforcement solves

Garcia 12 – Michael John Garcia, Legislative Attorney at the Congressional Research Service, "War Powers Litigation Initiated by Members of Congress Since the Enactment of the War Powers Resolution", Congressional Research Service Report, 2-17, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL30352.pdf

The courts have made clear, however, that while formidable, none of the
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unlikely that the courts will venture into this politically and constitutionally charged thicket.

Only the plan mobilizes the public to check Executive power —- symbolic disapproval like the alt doesn’t resonate

Parry 7 – Robert Parry, Author and Journalist, Broke Many Iran-Contra Stories for Associated Press and Newsweek, "The Logic of Impeachment", 7-21, http://www.consortiumnews.com/2007/072107.html

Given the indefinite and boundless nature of the "war on terror," which could
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, some day down the road, the Democrats will finally get serious.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: Bruce Najor

No modeling

Self interest overrides norms

Etzioni 13, Professor of International Relations @ George Washington University
(Aimtai Etzioni, adviser to the Carter administration, "The Great Drone Debate  ", Military Review, 4/2013, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf**)**

Other critics contend that by the United States ¶ using drones, it leads other
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In such circumstances, the role ¶ of norms is much more limited.

Acquisition too easy

Daniel Byman 2013 (Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, 92 foreign affairs 32, "Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice", hein online)

Controlling the spread of drone technology will prove impossible; that horse left the barn
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(also called Burma) to kill a wanted drug trafficker hiding there.

No causal link

Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor of International Law at American University, 10/9/11, "What Kind of Drones Arms Race Is Coming?," http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/~~23more-51516

New York Times national security correspondent Scott Shane has an opinion piece in today’s Sunday
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states competing to come up with weapons technologies that are … more discriminating.

Even if they model, drone prolif is slow- no investment

Micah Zenko 2013 (Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, council on foreign relations, "Reforming US Drone Strike Policies" pdf)

Based on current trends, it is unlikely that most states will have, ¶
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undertake the significant ¶ investment required for armed drones in the near term.

Either Iraq is a zone of hostility and the aff doesn’t solve Turkish drones or its not and the US can’t use drones to fight terrorism in Iraq

Bombing PKK inevitable- drones are only for surveillance

Owen Matthews is a Contributing Editor to Newsweek and The Daily Beast based in Moscow and Istanbul 9-13-2011 http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/09/13/turkey-s-tricky-drone-diplomacy-with-israel-and-u-s-over-pkk.html

Over the last month the Turkish military has stepped up a war against Kurdish rebels
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pro-Israeli lobbyists in Washington will strongly oppose more aid to Turkey.

Turkey only attempting to acquire unarmed drones- strong international pressures against use for aggression

All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG)  chaired by Tom Watson educated at King Charles I School, Kidderminster, and the University of Hull  Deputy Chair of the Labour Party and the Labour Party’s Campaign Co-ordinator. 4-9-2013 http://appgondrones.wordpress.com/2013/04/09/drone-proliferation-the-case-of-turkey/

It appears that only in the last few weeks has this US-Turkish drone
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Kurds should function as incentives for the Government to consider this use carefully.

No China scenario

Only use drones for surveillance- constrained by sovereignty and international frameworks

Andrew Erickson is an associate professor at the Naval War College and an Associate in Research at Harvard University’s Fairbank Centre. Follow him on Twitter @andrewserickson. Austin and Strange is a researcher at the Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute and a graduate student at Zhejiang University., 5-29-2013 http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html

This impressive arsenal may tempt China to pull the trigger. The fact that a
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caution - something Washington must bear in mind with its own drone programme.

It’s definitely not the US- already out of sync with US use

Edward Wong, NYT, 9-20-2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/21/world/asia/hacking-us-secrets-china-pushes-for-drones.html?pagewanted=all

Mr. Easton said deploying the drone near disputed waters and islands "was very
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said on its Web site that it produces 90 percent of Chinese drones.

No Middle East war

Salem, 11 (Director of the Carnegie Middle East Center. PhD from Harvard (Paul, ’Arab Spring’ Has Yet to Alter Region’s Strategic Balance, carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=43907)

Despite their sweeping repercussions for both domestic and international players, the Arab uprisings have
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shift in the balance of power or the basic pattern of regional relations.

Middle East War inevitable—corruption, violence, deep historical fault lines, fight for power, nobody will stop the violence

Peters, 13 (Ralph – author, 5/19, "The Arab collapse", New York Post, http://www.nypost.com/p/news/ opinion/opedcolumnists/the_arab_collapse_tfjo7W92EreoUHdxdQq1DN)

The Arab Spring has unleashed the Arab Collapse. Everybody still standing in the region
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rule: If you don’t understand what a fight’s about, stay out.

No conflict in the SCS—both sides not too aggressive, experts

Thayer, 13 (Carlyle A. Thayer – Emeritus Professor at the University of New South Wales, May 13, "Why China and the US won’t go to war over the South China Sea", East Asia Forum, http://www.eastasiaforum .org/2013/05/13/why-china-and-the-us-wont-go-to-war-over-the-south-china-sea/)

China’s increasing assertiveness in the South China Sea is challenging US primacy in the Asia
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is not the case … it is a strategy of collaboration and cooperation’.

No escalation – hardliners are moderating and regional coop is rising – our evidence cites high ranking Chinese officials

Buszynski, 12 (Leszek Buszynski Spring, Visiting Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre at the
Australian National University, Washington quarterly spring 2012, "The South China Sea: Oil,¶ Maritime Claims, and¶ U.S.—China Strategic¶ Rivalry")

Aware that events have moved against China since at least the July 2010¶ ASEAN
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by October the protesters were¶ rounded up and the demonstrations terminated.¶ 58

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: Bruce Najor

Backlash inevitable – US will always be blamed for strikes regardless of whether or not they launched – your author

Micah Zenko 2013 (Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, council on foreign relations, "Reforming US Drone Strike Policies" pdf)

The problem with maintaining that drone strikes are covert is that ¶ both the American
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we found that many more civilians are being killed ¶ than officials acknowledge.

Status quo strikes solve

No host state kick out

Daniel Byman 2013 (Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh
School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban
Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, 92 foreign affairs 32, "Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice", hein online)

It is also telling that drones have earned the backing, albeit secret, of
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against the drone program~ in the National Assembly and then ignore it."

Pakistani terrorists

ICG 5/21/13 (international crisis group, "Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan" http://www.crisisgroup.org/~~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/pakistan/247-drones-myths-and-reality-in-pakistan.pdf)

According to an Obama administration official, the U.S. eliminated at least
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militancy in FATA, "drones are the only thing militants fear".13

AQAP

Andrew Terrill 3/13/13 (SI’s Middle East specialist. Prior to his appointment, he served as a Middle East nonproliferation analyst for the International Assessments Division of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). In 1998-99, Dr. Terrill also served as a Visiting Professor at the U.S. Air War College on assignment from LLNL. He is a former faculty member at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, and has taught adjunct at a variety of other colleges and universities. He is a retired U.S. Army Reserve Lieutenant Colonel and Foreign Area Officer (Middle East)., Strategic Studies Institute, United States Army War College, "Op-Ed: Drones Are Making A Difference In Yemen"  http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Drones-Are-Making-A-Difference-In-Yemen/2013/03/13)

At least in the case of Yemen, drones appear to have been stunningly successful
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be kept open to avoid the need for much more frightening choices later.

Somalia

Abdi Aynte 3/19/12 (Somali-American journalist. He works for Al Jazeera., Africa news, "Somalia;
Understanding the Al-Shabaab/Al-Qaeda ’Merger’" lexis)

Thirdly, al-Qaeda was having a debilitating space problem. Deprived of its
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central Somalia, much of which is run by al-Qaeda operatives.

The aff bans the strikes that they say they make more successful- can’t solve terrorist save-havens unless they’re in a zone of active hostility- leaders are outside of active hostilities

John R. Crook, Professorial Lecturer in Law, George Washington University, April 2013
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE OF THE UNITED STATES RELATING TO INTERNATIONAL LAW: USE OF FORCE AND ARMS CONTROL: U.S. Department of Justice "White Paper" Addresses Legal Basis for Use of Lethal Force Against U.S. Citizens

Any operation of the sort discussed here would be conducted in a foreign country against
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express geographic limitation on the use of force it authorizes. . . .

Strict adherence to limits encourages targets to spread - causes regional destabilization

Afsheen John Radsan* and Richard Murphy 2012 (* Professor, William Mitchell College of Law; Assistant General Counsel at the Central Intelligence Agency from 2002 to 2004, Journal of National Security Law 26 Policy,  5 J. Nat’l Security L. 26 Pol’y 439"The Evolution of Law and Policy for CIA Targeted Killing" lexis)

The example of al-Awlaki, a dual American-Yemeni citizen, is
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pushes, and other parts of our constitutional system exist to push back.

No risk of nuclear terrorism – technically impossible

Michael, 12 (Professor Nuclear Counterprolif and Deterrence at Air Force Counterprolif Center, ’12 (George, March, "Strategic Nuclear Terrorism and the Risk of State Decapitation" Defence Studies, Vol 12 Issue 1, p 67-105, T26F Online)

Despite the alarming prospect of nuclear terrorism, the obstacles to obtaining such capabilities are
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there are still many nuclear weapons that could fall into the wrong hands.

No risk of WMD terrorism – don’t have the resources or focus

Mueller and Stewart, 12 (Professor PolSci Ohio State, and Stewart, Professor Infrastructure Performance at U of Newcastle, ’12, John- Senior Research Scientist Mershon Center for International Security Studies, Mark- Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow, Summer, "The Terrorism Delusion: America’s Overwrought Response to September 11" International Security, Vol 37 No 1, ProjectMuse)

Few of the sleepless, it seems, found much solace in the fact that
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far, the talent pool appears, to put mildly, very thin.

No accidental Russian war

Ryabikhin et al., 9 (Dr. Leonid Ryabikhin, expert of the Russian Science Committee for Global Security, General (Ret.) Viktor Koltunov,  Dr. Eugene Miasnikov, June 2009, "De-alerting: Decreasing the Operational Readiness of Strategic Nuclear Forces," http://www.ewi.info/system/files/RyabikhinKoltunovMiasnikov.pdf)

The issue of the possibility of an "accidental" nuclear war itself is hypothetical
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5 the United States have developed proper measures to observe the agreed requirements.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia LW | Judge: Warden

Executive noncompliance most likely – trends, institutional incentives, public sentiment, weak congressional checks

Baron, ’08 (David, Law Prof @ Harvard, Harvard LR, Feb)
Powers once claimed by the …. discretion in the conduct of war. 

Overwhelming empirics prove circumvention and true for obama– congress has zero political incentive to object – no political costs

Cohen, 12 (Michael A. Cohen – fellow at the Century Foundation, 3/28, "Power Grab", Foreign Policy, http://www. foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/28/power_grab?page=0,1)

Running roughshod over …. U.S. intervention in Libya.

use of state secret doctrine means ZERO checks –we don’t need to win OPEN noncompliance

Bazzle, J.D., Georgetown University Law Center, ’12
~Timothy, "SHUTTING THE COURTHOUSE DOORS:¶ INVOKING THE STATE SECRETS PRIVILEGE TO THWART¶ JUDICIAL REVIEW IN THE AGE OF TERROR", Civil Rights Law Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2012, RSR~
The war on terror has led to …. retain¶ their due process rights. 

Executive empirically circumvents other two branches on targeted killing issues

Kristin Roberts 3/22/13 (national journal, News Editor for National Journal. In this role, she leads the team of managing editors and guides NJ’s coverage of the biggest stories. Before joining National Journal in November 2011, Kristin was news editor and deputy bureau chief for Reuters’ Washington bureau. She spent 11 years at Reuters, with positions in New York, Miami, and Washington. She covered Wall Street while in New York and then led Reuters’ coverage of housing and banking policy and regulation from Washington. In 2006, she shifted to Pentagon coverage, reporting on war policy and traveling with Defense Secretaries Donald Rumsfeld and Robert Gates. Kristin holds a master’s degree in security studies from Georgetown University, a master’s degree in journalism from Columbia University, and a bachelor’s degree in international affairs from The George Washington University, "When the Whole World Has Drones" http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321)

America, the world’s leading democracy …. monitoring by federal courts.

Turn outweighs - only constitutional showdown over noncompliance sets precedent and spills over – compliance doesn’t

Posner and Vermeule, 8
Eric A. Posner + and Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, University of Chicago, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, U Penn LR, April, lexis

Our argument reflects a second-order, ….r not reflects a similar calculus.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: OU MM | Judge: Manuel

A – the Offensive Prong

Tying resistance to the ballot is counter-productive – discourages community-building and falsely signals that losing teams didn’t meaningfully contribute.

Bankey ’13
BRENDON BANKEY – A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of   WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES   in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements   for the Degree of   MASTER OF ARTS   Communication   August 2013 – Bankey holds an BA from Trinity and now holds an MA from Wake Forest. This thesis was approved by: Michael J. Hyde, Ph.D., Advisor; Mary M. Dalton, Ph.D., Chair; R. Jarrod Atchison, Ph.D.   THE "FACT OF BLACKNESS" DOES NOT EXIST: AN EVOCATIVE CRITICISM   OF RESISTANCE RHETORIC IN ACADEMIC POLICY DEBATE AND ITS   (MIS)USE OF FRANTZ FANON’S BLACK SKIN, WHITE MASKS – From Chapter Five – http://wakespace.lib.wfu.edu/bitstream/handle/10339/39020/Bankey_wfu_0248M_10473.pdf

The other problem this understanding of privilege creates is the idea that individual debate competitions
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signifyin(g) or genre violation in the 2012 - 2013 season. 

Out-of-round community solutions CAN solve. On-point more effective than "ballot as currency" for social change.

Ritter ’13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf

The preceding discussion demonstrates why arguments about social change— even social change within the
AND
round of anything beyond the ultimate question of who did the better debating.

In theory, we could "do both" – but, in practice, "the Ballot as currency" functions to discourage out-of-round community solutions.

Ritter ’13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf

The fiction of social change through debate abuses the win—loss structure of debate
AND
resolution of social issues within and outside the debate community by prompting backlash.

B – the Defensive Prong

The 2NR may or may not go for this as offensive. Either way, these two cards help us win the round.

First – Tying ballot to resistance movements fails and still excludes.

Bankey ’13
BRENDON BANKEY – A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of   WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES   in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements   for the Degree of   MASTER OF ARTS   Communication   August 2013 – Bankey holds an BA from Trinity and now holds an MA from Wake Forest. This thesis was approved by: Michael J. Hyde, Ph.D., Advisor; Mary M. Dalton, Ph.D., Chair; R. Jarrod Atchison, Ph.D.   THE "FACT OF BLACKNESS" DOES NOT EXIST: AN EVOCATIVE CRITICISM   OF RESISTANCE RHETORIC IN ACADEMIC POLICY DEBATE AND ITS   (MIS)USE OF FRANTZ FANON’S BLACK SKIN, WHITE MASKS – From Chapter Two – footnoting Atchison and Panetta and consistent with Bankey’s defense of an aspect of their position – http://wakespace.lib.wfu.edu/bitstream/handle/10339/39020/Bankey_wfu_0248M_10473.pdf

For Atchison and Panetta , "the ballot" a judge casts at the conclusion
AND
, are granted the authority to determine the outcome of communal change. 21

Second – Our Alt allows the next two hours to inspire or innovate. But, such efforts aren’t more powerful when assigned a win. This doesn’t make the ballot meaningless, but realizes that "wins" can be a dangerous site for positivist resistance. Under that lens, someone with a unique subject-position will inevitably be discouraged.

Bankey ’13
BRENDON BANKEY – A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of   WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES   in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements   for the Degree of   MASTER OF ARTS   Communication   August 2013 – Bankey holds an BA from Trinity and now holds an MA from Wake Forest. This thesis was approved by: Michael J. Hyde, Ph.D., Advisor; Mary M. Dalton, Ph.D., Chair; R. Jarrod Atchison, Ph.D.   THE "FACT OF BLACKNESS" DOES NOT EXIST: AN EVOCATIVE CRITICISM OF RESISTANCE RHETORIC IN ACADEMIC POLICY DEBATE AND ITS   (MIS)USE OF FRANTZ FANON’S BLACK SKIN, WHITE MASKS – From Chapter Five – http://wakespace.lib.wfu.edu/bitstream/handle/10339/39020/Bankey_wfu_0248M_10473.pdf

Furthermore, perhaps it is time that we   give more credit to   the notion that
AND
willingness to occupy a space filled with total strangers and give a   speech.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wake Forest DL | Judge: Austin Woodruff

Appeals to the ballot trade-off with root causes of oppression. They also digress into sub-factions. Try-or-die for our Alt, which embraces the Aff’s resistance, but doesn’t fight that oppression via a tie to the ballot.

Karlberg ’3
(Michael, Assistant Professor of Communication at Western Washington University, PEACE 26 CHANGE, v28, n3, July, p. 339-41)

Granted, social activists do "win" occasional "battles" in these adversarial
AND
"east" and its "west" are locked in adversarial relationships.

Tying-ballots to expression discourages social-growth.

Trollinger ’94
Tona Trollinger – Visiting Lecturer in Law, University of Missouri-Kansas City; "ARTICLE: RECONCEPTUALIZING THE FREE SPEECH CLAUSE: FROM A REFUSE OF DUALISM TO THE REASON OF HOLISM" – George Mason Independent Law Review – 3 Geo. Mason Ind. L. Rev. 137 – Winter, 1994 – lexis; lawrev
An analytical model centered on competition necessarily promotes rivalry and conflict. These consequences are
AND
, ideas, and views that the Free Speech Clause exists to enhance.

Non-adversarial change is more effective than oppositional appeals to the ballot. Only the Alt yields lasting change.

Karlberg ’4
(Michael, Professor of Communication – Western Washington University, Beyond the Culture of Contest, p. 183-184)

Examples such as these suggest, in turn, an answer to the third question
AND
as the old models decline not through war or protest but through attrition.

Out-of-round community solutions CAN solve. On-point more effective than "ballot as currency" for social change.

Ritter ’13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf

The preceding discussion demonstrates why arguments about social change— even social change within the
AND
round of anything beyond the ultimate question of who did the better debating.

In theory, we could "do both" – but, in practice, "the Ballot as currency" functions to discourage out-of-round community solutions.

Ritter ’13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf

The fiction of social change through debate abuses the win—loss structure of debate
AND
resolution of social issues within and outside the debate community by prompting backlash.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia LW | Judge: Warden

Debt ceiling deal will be reached- tough move politically for the GOP but they’ll blink

The Hill, 9-14-2013 http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/322247-confident-democrats-want-separate-showdowns-on-shutdown-and-debt-limit

Democrats, however, want to force …. these guys are for obstructing."

Plan jacks Obamas capital

Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at¶ Georgetown University, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy", March 2, 2007, pg 36-37,¶ http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php

American Presidents are vested ….f U.S. policy, foreign and domestic.

PC Key to avoid prolonged standoff over debt ceiling that tanks economy

McGregor, 13  (Richard, Richard McGregor (born 1958) is a journalist
AND
Editorial Intelligences.~1~~11~ Financial Times, 6/24,
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3a66c240-dc0f-11e2-8853-00144feab7de.html~~#axzz2Z7YPAEJQ

The debt ceiling debate …. majority coalition for immigration.

Debt freeze shatters the U.S. and global economies and causes food price spikes

Min 10 (David, Associate Director for Financial Markets Policy – Center for American Progress, "The Big Freeze", 10-28, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/10/big_freeze.html)

A freeze on the debt ceiling could ….perhaps even a global economic depression.

Prices spikes kill billions and cause global war

Brown 7 (Lester R., Director – Earth Policy Institute, 3-21, http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2007/Update65 .htm)

Urban food protests in ….consumption below the survival level.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia LW | Judge: Warden

Ethical obligation to use drones – morally impermissible to require anyone to enter a potentially life threatening situation (manned vehicles, ground ops) when non-lethal alternatives (drones) exist – drones are cheapest strategy – allows more money for social justice

Bradley Jay Strawser 12/16/2010 ( Assistant Professor of Philosophy in the
AND
num 4 342-368, "Moral Predators: The Duty to Employ
Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles" taylor and francis)

I contend that in certain contexts UAV …. of cost is an important moral issue

we don’t just press buttons to shoot missiles randomly like they suggest - Drones are the least bad form  of biopolitics and calculation – the  US minimizes collateral damage to a rate of less than one percent  - collateral damage estimation methods are extremely effective – prefer studies with strong methodology –

Gregory S. McNeal 11/4/11 (Pepperdine University School of Law, "ARE TARGETED KILLINGS UNLAWFUL? A CASE STUDY IN EMPIRICAL CLAIMS WITHOUT EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE" pdf)

(a) The administrative process of collateral …e approved by the National Command Authority. 24 18

Targeted killing doesn’t make life calculable - drone operators are more intimately tied to battle operations – our evidence cites primary source narratives

Laurie R. Blank Spring 2012 (Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Emory University School of Law, University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, 33 U. Pa. J. Int’l L. 675"AFTER "TOP GUN": HOW DRONE STRIKES IMPACT THE LAW OF WAR" lexis)

In all three areas - distinction, … of distinction, proportionality, and precautions

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Hardy

The executive branch of the United States federal government should not use targeted killing as a first resort outside zones of active hostilities. The executive branch of the United States federal government should announce that this is their policy.

The executive branch of the United States federal government should provide a public accounting of how signature strikes meet the principles of distinction and proportionality, transfer authority to conduct strikes from the Central Intelligence agency to the Department of Defense, provide information to the public, Congress, and UN special rapporteurs— without disclosing classified information—on what procedures exist to prevent harm to civilians, including collateral damage mitigation, investigations into collateral damage, corrective actions based on those investigations, and amends for civilian losses; and never conduct nonbattlefield targeted killings without an accountable human being authorizing the strike

CP solves- functional limits create accountability and don’t link to politics

Michaels 11 (Jon, Professor, UCLA School of Law, "The (Willingly) Fettered Executive: Presidential Spinoffs in National Security Domains and Beyond," Virginia Law Review, http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/97/801.pdf)

These are revealing case studies, weighty in their own right and interesting complements to
AND
itself serves as testament to the durability and primacy of the dominant understanding.

Drone program shift to the DoD solves – public oversight from Armed Services committees

JOHN T. BENNETT 3/24/13 (defense news, "White House Quietly Shifts Armed Drone Program from CIA to DoD" http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130524/DEFREG02/305240010/White-House-Quietly-Shifts-Armed-Drone-Program-from-CIA-DoD)

Speaking to reporters Thursday after the president’s speech, McCain said he supports Obama’s decision
AND
the job of the Central Intelligence Agency. ... It’s the military’s job."

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Louisville BL | Judge: Justin Green

The only study that will be entered into this debate shows distrust of the by blacks is more likely to motivate involvement in the conventional policy process.

Shingles, 81  (Richard, Prof @ Virginia Tech, 
Ph.D., University of Minnesota, associate professor of the Department of Political Science. He a faculty affiliate of the Alliance for Social, Political, Ethical, and Cultural Thought (ASPECT), an adjunct/associate faculty member of: the Center for Interdisciplinary, Africana Studies, Woman and Gender Studies, the Race and Social Policy Center, and the Pamplin Business Diversity Center. Rick is a member of the Multicultural Fellows, which he helped organize in 1998. He serves on the CLAHS Diversity Committee where he chairs the Sponsorship Awards Committee. He has served as an elected member of the Faculty Senate, representing the Political Science and the Black Caucus, the University Council, representing the Commission on Equal Opportunity and Diversity, and the CEOC. He also has served on the Internal Advisor Board of the CLAHS Undergraduate Diversity Certificate, which he helped build, and chaired the CLAHS awards committee for the Summer Graduate Student Diversity Fellowship, which he helped create.  Rick’s research, teaching and service focus on race, ethnicity, class and gender. He teaches two courses for the Graduate Diversity Certificate Program, from a comparative minority group and history perspective. One is on the role of the state in the social construction of race and the maintenance of white privilege, and the other addresses identity, critical consciousness and agency of minorities resisting oppression. His articles have been published in the American Political Science Review, Journal of Politics, Law and Public Policy, Political Behavior, Policy Studies Journal, Political Methodology, Experimental Study of Politics, Journal of Black Studies, and the American Educational Research Journal.The American Political Science Review, Vol. 75, No. 1 (Mar., 1981), pp. 76-91, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1962160 .

Findings for High-Initiative Conventional Policy Behavior. WORKING HYPOTHESIS 1: Among the
AND
for the non-poor (F = 0.217) is not

They should lose on this argument alone and its reason number two to independently vote neg – to suggest without evidence that black students don’t want to debate government policy is the worst form of essentialism. It does violence to themselves, their movement, and those being essentialized. It should on face be rejected

Chilisa ’12
Bagele Chilisa, is a Professor at the University of Botswana where she teaches Research Methods and Evaluation courses to graduate and undergraduate students – From the book: Indigenous Research Methodologies – p.262-264

The last theme is how African and Asian feminists and other non-Western feminists
AND
of methodologies that engage in intersectional analyses of all forms domination and exclusion.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan CP | Judge: Hiland

The United States Federal Government should:

establish a statutory cause of action, including an express waiver of sovereign immunity, allowing civil suits brought against the United States by those unlawfully injured by unmanned aerial vehicle targeted killing operations, their heirs, or their estates in security cleared legal proceedings

Require and provide full authority to the Inspectors General of Defense and Central Intelligence to conduct independent reviews of all targeted killing procedure, investigation of all operations, including recommendation of disciplinary and compensatory actions and public reporting as per the advocacy of Radsan and Murphy

Establish and appoint an "Independent Reviewer" modelled on the review process of the United Kingdom’s Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation, as per the advocacy of Bashir

Ex ante judicial review necessarily institutionalizes expansive targeted killing norms – only ex post review solves– even potential for review solves through deterrence so barriers don’t take out solvency  and doesn’t require congressional approval

Jaffer, 13
Jameel Jaffer, Director of the ACLU’s Center for Democracy, Harvard LR, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/126/april13/forum_1002.php
Since 9/11, the CIA and Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC)
AND
kind of review that many now seem to agree that courts should conduct.

Solves all upsides of aff and avoids turns

Jaffer, 13
Jameel Jaffer, Director of the ACLU’s Center for Democracy, Harvard LR, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/126/april13/forum_1002.php

This kind of review—ex post review in the context of a Bivens action
AND
" is a requirement, ex ante judicial review is infeasible by definition.)

Even if the counterplans judicial role is comparatively minimal – its still SUFFICIENT to solve and avoid turns– regardless of  barriers – plans ex ante review crushes national security and drone operation effectiveness

Radsan and Murphy, 9
Afsheen John Radsan* Professor of Law, William Mitchell College of Law. (Professor Radsan was assistant general counsel at the Central Intelligence Agency from 2002 to 2004, and Richard Murphy, AT26T Professor of Law, Texas Tech University School of Law, Cardozo Law Review November, 2009

This Article stays closer to home, arguing that American due process principles should control
AND
the principles of due process call for this minimal level of judicial intervention.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia LW | Judge: Warden

No future rollback- they apply past precedent- less likely than circumvention with the aff- comparative ev

Curtis A. Bradley* and Trevor W. Morrison, * William Van Alstyne Professor of Law, Duke Law School.  Isidor and Seville Sulzbacher Professor of Law, Columbia Law School. December 2012 126 Harv. L. Rev. 411 "Historical Gloss and the Separation of Powers"

— A separate point is that, especially on matters unlikely to come before the
AND
of authority, we think the general considerations outlined in this section apply.

CP solves- functional limits create accountability and don’t link to politics

Michaels 11 (Jon, Professor, UCLA School of Law, "The (Willingly) Fettered Executive: Presidential Spinoffs in National Security Domains and Beyond," Virginia Law Review, http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/97/801.pdf)

These are revealing case studies, weighty in their own right and interesting complements to
AND
itself serves as testament to the durability and primacy of the dominant understanding.

CP causes Congressional follow-on but avoids politics

Brecher 12 (Aaron, JD Candidate, University of Michigan Law, "Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperations," October, http://www.michiganlawreview.org/assets/pdfs/111/3/Brecher.pdf)

Cyberattacks present a challenge for U.S. policymakers: they are difficult to
AND
nature of cyberoperations before passing detailed statutes that may result in unintended consequences.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: Bruce Najor

Speeches prove the CP solves better

Rebecca Ingber, Associate Research Scholar, Columbia Law School; 2011-2012 Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellow and Hertog National Security Law Fellow, Columbia Law School, "Interpretation Catalysts and Executive Branch Legal Decisionmaking" Summer 2013, 38 Yale J. Int’l L. 359

As a catalyst over which executive officials exercise significant control, speechmaking is explicitly used
AND
one of the most instrumental catalysts available for high-level executive officials.

If doing a few Zenko recommendations are enough then the CP solves

Zenko 13 (Micah Zenko is the Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, "U.S. Drone Strike Policies", i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Drones_CSR65.pdf?)
In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared: "Where force
AND
emerging¶ drone makers on how to strengthen norms against selling weaponscapable systems.

CP causes Congressional follow-on but avoids politics

Brecher 12 (Aaron, JD Candidate, University of Michigan Law, "Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperations," October, http://www.michiganlawreview.org/assets/pdfs/111/3/Brecher.pdf)

Cyberattacks present a challenge for U.S. policymakers: they are difficult to
AND
nature of cyberoperations before passing detailed statutes that may result in unintended consequences.

Signals restraint and causes international modeling

Micah Zenko is the Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), January 2013 http://www.google.com/url?sa=t26rct=j26q=26esrc=s26source=web26cd=226ved=0CDkQFjAB26url=http3A2F2Fi.cfr.org2Fcontent2Fpublications2Fattachments2FDrones_CSR65.pdf26ei=segTUrX8MOO0yAGUo4HgCw26usg=AFQjCNF06mGaJTJQ6D8IQtVMZuQlc95xgA26sig2=FBSuH6QsvYrwGOA6cJAwfg26bvm=bv.50952593,d.aWc

Much like policies governing the use of nuclear weapons, offensive¶ cyber capabilities,
AND
warfare in¶ response to ground-based antiaircraft fire or aerial combat).

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia LW | Judge: Warden

The executive branch of the United States should end its war powers authority to conduct targeted killing.

Executive restraint solves process and implementation- credibly signals the same as the plan and results in long-term checks

Eric A. Posner Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law, The University of Chicago Law School and Adrian Vermeule Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 2007 "The Credible Executive" 74 U. Chi. L. Rev. 865

 We suggest that the executive’s …. to defend the new rules or policies.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: Bruce Najor

Doesn’t assume the context of the CP- president restricting power won’t cause Congressional backlash- none of their ev contextualizes

Executive orders bypass Congressional opposition to the plan —- avoids politics

Ostrow ’87
 (Steve, George Wash LR, March, Lexis)
 ~*659~  In this era of the "Imperial Presidency," 1 executive
AND
order as "presidential legislation" or "government by executive order." 5

No public debate

Moses Aspan Former President of the New Jersey Bar Assocation, Us Immigration Attorney, 6-13-2010 "Executive Orders – The President’s Tool for Quick Comprehensive Immigration Reform"

The process can be quick and it does not need any involvement with Congress or
AND
of the current President are also posted on the White House web page.

Doesn’t trigger any of the partisanship links

Michael Cohen is regular writer and commentator on American politics and U.S. foreign policy. He is the author of Live from the Campaign Trail: The Greatest Presidential Campaign Speeches of the 20th Century and How They Shaped Modern America (Walker Books, 2008), as well as a columnist the Guardian newspaper. He previously wrote a  weekly column forForeign Policy and was a blogger for the New York Daily News. Formerly he was a senior fellow at the New America Foundation and the American Security Project. He also served in the U.S. Department of State as chief speechwriter for U.S. Representative to the United Nations Bill Richardson and Undersecretary of State Stuart Eizenstat. He has worked at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and was chief speechwriter for Senator Chris Dodd (D-CT).  3-28-2012 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/28/power_grab?page=0,0

 What has been Congress’s response to this disregarding of its role in foreign policy
AND
little political incentive for either Democrats or Republicans to say enough is enough. 

Even the process doesn’t link- Congress doesn’t oppose executive action

Posner ’2K (Michael, National Journal, 1-1, Lexis)

Supporters of legislation to define and restrict presidential order-making concede that the issue is barely simmering on the legislative back burner. Lawmakers may not be ready to deal with an issue unlikely to capture any front-page headlines in an election year. But advocates of reform hope that the topic of presidential power-plays works its way onto the agenda of the Republican-controlled Congress, which might like to get a last swipe at Clinton.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Hardy

No operational commitment to limited geographic zones now- restricting that authority undermines CT

Geoffrey Corn 9-30, The Presidential Research Professor of Law at South Texas College of Law, Lieutenant Colonel (Retired), U.S. Army, was formerly the Army’s senior law of war expert advisor, 9/30/13, "Debate (Round 1): The Military Component of Counter-Terror Operations," http://justsecurity.org/2013/09/30/military-component-counter-terror-operations/

This binary operational response framework arguably reveals why the United States has and continues to
AND
the fight’ to the enemy and deny the enemy functional geographic safe haven.
Reverting back to a pure law enforcement response will therefore seriously undermine the efficacy of
AND
achieve against such a threat (consider the Israeli experience as an example).
Maximizing operational and tactical flexibility to strike high value terrorist targets – command, control
AND
, however, would be the result outside the context of armed conflict.
None of this is intended to suggest that the armed conflict characterization makes executing counter
AND
disruptive effect on our counter-terror operations, not on the enemy.

Drone transparency flips basing – cooperation with foreign countries is conditioned on non-acknowledgment

JACK GOLDSMITH 5/1/13 (teaches at Harvard Law School and is a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, new republic, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror" http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism

But the point goes deeper, for secrecy is the essence of the type of
AND
, and the United States is still living with the fallout in Pakistan.

Plan eliminates TK in situations it would be preferable for deterrence- their legal norm is distinct from the status quo "policy constraint"

Geoffrey Corn 13, Professor of Law and Presidential Research Professor, South Texas College of Law, 2013, "Geography of Armed Conflict: Why it is a Mistake to Fish for the Red Herring," International Legal Studies, 89 INT’L L. STUD. 77 (2013)

Ironically, when Professor Gabrielle Blum proposed such a limitation in her article The Dispensable
AND
of the shock effect it will produce on the corporate enemy capability.80

Removing the option to TK as a first resort undermines CT and spills over to operational planning of the military

Geoffrey Corn 10, Professor of Law and Presidential Research Professor, South Texas College of Law, 2010, "Mixing Apples and Hand Grenades: The Logical Limit of Applying Human Rights Norms to Armed Con?ict," International Humanitarian Legal Studies 1 (2010) 52–94

The most profound distinction between regulating government power in armed con?ict versus peacetime exists in
AND
enemy combatant, the effectiveness of combat capability will inevitably be diluted. 118

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wake Forest DL | Judge: Austin Woodruff

They read old Fraser – and this is more important than post-dating on a silly Debt Ceiling uniqueness arg. Fraser ORGINIALLY thought that feminists need to work outside the public sphere –NOW, she thinks that feminism lost its way in K’s of identity and needs to re-engage the public sphere. The Aff is stuck in Fraser’s wave 1 and 2. The implication is that their K of our T arg is backwards and Fraser votes NEG on framework to engage the public sphere. We can win the debate on this card alone – it straight turns the Aff irrespective of Topicality.

Warnke – excerpting Nancy Fraser – ’13
LA Review of Books, reviewing Fraser’s newest book – Georgia Warnke is Professor of political science, University of California, Riverside – Georgia Warnke on Fortunes of Feminism : From Women’s Liberation to Identity Politics to Anti-Capitalism Feminism, the Frankfurt School, and Nancy Fraser August 4th, 2013 – http://lareviewofbooks.org/review/feminism-the-frankfurt-school-and-nancy-fraser/

WHEN MAX HORKHEIMER took over the Institute for Social Research in 1930 and brought together
AND
that follow are representative contributions she has made to each of these acts.

(  ) More ev that Fraser NOW wants to instruct activists to engage the State – this card is jaw-dropping and explains her third wave. She now REJECTS anti-structural feminism. The critical bend of the Aff is COUNTERPRODUTIVE TO HER ARG.

Warnke – excerpting Nancy Fraser – ’13
LA Review of Books, reviewing Fraser’s newest book – Georgia Warnke is Professor of political science, University of California, Riverside – Georgia Warnke on Fortunes of Feminism : From Women’s Liberation to Identity Politics to Anti-Capitalism Feminism, the Frankfurt School, and Nancy Fraser August 4th, 2013 – http://lareviewofbooks.org/review/feminism-the-frankfurt-school-and-nancy-fraser/

What categorial framework does Fraser think can do better? What sort of theoretical perspective
AND
socio-economic issues, and leaves women without any prospects for change.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgia DG | Judge: Hardy

Georgia Enviro Restrictions Neg

T – Authority

1nc

Next off t - authority

Plan restricts presidential authority over HOW we fight – ie the organization of the armed forces and conduct of campaigns – this is distinct war power from authority over WHETHER we fight – ie the entry of armed forces into hostilities – and the distinction is absolutely critical -

Baron, ’08 (David, Law Prof @ Harvard, Harvard LR, Feb)
Specifically, the history shows that the legislative abdication paradigm is not only ill-
AND
separation of powers disputes concerning control of the actual conduct of campaigns. 10 

Voter

Limits and precision – topic already huge – 3 other areas already let aff regulate how we fight but only in particular areas – their interpretation would literally allow restricting ANY battlefield conduct or distinct weapon type under the guise of hostilities – turning it from the warMAKING authority area to the warFIGHTING authority  opens door to all war powers and obliterates the important limit and precision function of the 4 areas – 

Amendments

1nc

Text: Pursuant to Article V of the Constitution, Congress should pass and more than three fourths of the States, excluding California, New York, Texas, and Florida, should ratify a constitutional amendment stating:

National Environmental Policy Act protocols must be applied to the introduction of Armed Forces into Hostilities.

environmental laws and regulations are applicable to all department of defense and military activities without exemptions, apply to overseas military bases, apply during hostilities,

are subject to requirements of judicial review and enforcement without deference to executive claims

are enforceable through citizen standing to bring civil suits, including injunctive relief, monetary damages, and authority to pursue equitable relief under the civil penalty bar of citizen suit provisions

and establishing a justiciable cause of action for all potential violations occurring under the amendment.

The amendment should be limited exclusively to this issue and no state should ratify proposals to attach additional constitutional changes on other issues.  We’ll clarify.

Constitutional amendment solves whole case best and spurs aggressive FUTURE court enforcement

Goldstein, 88
Yonkel Goldstein, JD Stanford Law School, July, lexis

The Failure of Constitutional Controls Over War Powers in the Nuclear Age: The Argument
AND
would function similarly to how they have operated in the due process area.

AT China Addon

China won’t model – even if they do, can’t solve

Yvonne Chan 9 in Hong Kong, BusinessGreen, 9/17/09, China’s rapid growth imperils global climate change goal, says study, http://www.businessgreen.com/business-green/news/2249644/china-rapid-growth-imperils
China’s booming economic growth imperils a global target to limit global warming to two degrees
AND
10 independent institutes, including WWF and the US-based Energy Foundation.

Specifically new SNG plants make the plan hopeless

Brad Plumer 9/26/13 (Washington post, wonkblog, Brad Plumer covers energy and environmental issues, which ends up including just about everything from climate change to agriculture to urban policy and transportation, "China’s plan to clean up air pollution could be a climate disaster" http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/26/chinas-efforts-to-clean-up-air-pollution-could-be-a-climate-disaster/)

In recent years, there’s been a fair bit of optimism on the topic of
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write, "China will inevitably struggle to reduce its future GHG emissions."

Warming Adv

1nc

Executive and congress circumvent public disclosure of environmental information – crushes citizen suites and proves the entire aff gets circumvented – state secrets doctrine, FOIA, exemptions built into enviro restrictions

Hope Babcock 2007 (Virginia Environmental Law Journal,  25 Va. Envtl. L.J. 105, "NATIONAL SECURITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS: A CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER?" lexis)

B. Constraining the Release of Public Information Congress and the Administration have also waged
AND
they could "result in the identification of military operations and capabilities." n185

Environmental citizen suits will not target the military, are profit driven, and hurt the environment more than they help

Jonathan H. Adler Fall 2001 (Law Clerk for The Honorable David B.
AND
12 Duke Envtl. L. 26 Pol’y F. 39, lexis)

Existing citizen-suit provisions also expand the likelihood that enforcement actions will be taken
AND
. If so, liberalized standing rules may not yield net environmental gains.

Plan creates a shift in military doctrine that constrains commanders and forces them to second guess decisions based on potential judicial penalties – incoherence causes battlefield circumvention

RYMN JAMES PARSONS Winter 1998 (Lieutenant Commander, JAGC, U.S. Navy. Staff Judge Advocate to Commander, Submarine Group TWO, Naval Submarine Base, New London, located at Groton, Connecticut. The author recently completed Masters of Law programs in environmental law and international law at The George Washington University Law School where he was a graduate advisory editor for The Environmental Lawyer law journal, Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, 10 Geo. Int’l Envtl. L. Rev. 441, lexis) 

The best place for environmental protections, if they are to have more than transitory
AND
result? Must the least environmentally harmful alternative be tried before any others?

Collapses heg

Larry Maher and Herbert L. Fenster 2010 (Larry Maher: Quartermaster General, Herbert L. Fenster: D.C. Bar No. 153825, Attorneys for Amicus Curiae, The Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States, Nasser al-Aulaqi,¶ vs.¶ Barack H. Obama, et al., CASE NO. 1:10-cv-01469-JDB "BRIEF OF THE VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS OF THE UNITED STATES AS AMICUS CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF DEFENDANTS AND DISMISSAL"  http://ccrjustice.org/files/Amicus_Curiae_Brief_of_VFW.pdf)

The VFW agrees with the Government’s arguments regarding why this suit is barred,¶ including by the political question doctrine. Rather than repeating those arguments, this amicus¶ brief seeks to add perspective to the reasons why suits like the present action would threaten¶ national security by interfering with ongoing military operations. Allowing this case to proceed¶ would contravene the core military principle of "unity of command," and undermine the¶ military’s chain of command, creating uncertainty for subordinate leaders and soldiers. Such¶ litigation also would adversely affect unit cohesion, the glue which binds small units together in¶ the heat of battle, and enables them to survive and accomplish their missions. Further, litigation¶ of cases such as this would undermine battlefield decisionmaking by subjecting tactical,¶ operational and strategic decisions to second-guessing by courts far removed from the battlefield.¶ And, to the extent this case will involve the activities of special operations forces, the VFW¶ urges the Court to tread with particular caution, because of the need to protect the extremely¶ sensitive sources and methods utilized by our nation’s elite forces. ARGUMENT¶ ALLOWING THIS TYPE OF SUIT TO PROCEED WOULD SERIOUSLY IMPAIR¶ NATIONAL SECURITY AND U.S. MILITARY OPERATIONS OVERSEAS¶ "Without doubt, our Constitution recognizes that core strategic matters of warmaking¶ belong in the hands of those who are best positioned and most politically accountable for making¶ them." Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 531 (2004), citing Department of Navy v. Egan, 484¶ U.S. 518, 530 (1988); see also Youngstown Sheet 26 Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579, 587¶ (1952) (acknowledging "broad powers in military commanders engaged in day-to-day fighting in¶ a theater of war"). As veterans of this nation’s wars, the VFW’s members urge this Court to¶ leave such matters in the hands of the President and Congress, because allowing this suit to¶ proceed would undermine core military institutions such as the chain of command and unit¶ cohesion.¶ A. Adjudication Of This Case Would Compromise The Military Principle Of¶ "Unity Of Command," And Undermine The Chain Of Command¶ "Unity of command," and its corollary, "unity of effort," are fundamental principles of¶ warfare which are central to the effectiveness of Western militaries. See Carl von Clausewitz,¶ On War 200-210 (Michael Howard 26 Peter Paret, ed. and trans., Princeton University Press¶ 1976) (1832) (hereinafter "Clausewitz"). There "is no higher and simpler law of strategy" than¶ to apply this principle in order to concentrate a nation’s military power its adversaries’ "center of¶ gravity." Id. at 204. This principle was first embraced by the American military during the 19th¶ Century, and has subsequently shaped the organizational structure of American warfighting¶ through two world wars and countless other conflicts. See James F. Schnabel, History of the¶ Joints Chiefs of Staff, Vol. 1 at 80-87 (1996); Russell F. Weigley, History of the United States¶ Army at 422-423 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984). Unity of command requires the integration of all combat functions into a single organizational element, with command¶ authority vested in a single individual. See U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint Pub. 3-0, Joint¶ Operations at Appx. A, p. A-2 (2010), available at¶ http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp3_0.pdf

The plan necessarily results in conflicts to prevent other nations from harming the environment – if not then they can’t possibly solve globally

RYMN JAMES PARSONS Winter 1998 (Lieutenant Commander, JAGC, U.S. Navy. Staff Judge Advocate to Commander, Submarine Group TWO, Naval Submarine Base, New London, located at Groton, Connecticut. The author recently completed Masters of Law programs in environmental law and international law at The George Washington University Law School where he was a graduate advisory editor for The Environmental Lawyer law journal, Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, 10 Geo. Int’l Envtl. L. Rev. 441, lexis) 

No effective mechanism for the prevention of unjustified environmental damage during armed conflict can be
AND
, they are ex post facto. A more immediate capability is needed.

Large standing issues prevent suits from being heard

Stephen M. Johnson January 2001 (Professor of Law, Walter F. George School of Law, "Private Plaintiffs, Public Rights: Article II and Environmental Citizen Suits" Kansas Law Review, 49 Kan. L. Rev. 383, lexis)

The citizen suit provisions of the federal environmental laws are, therefore, facially constitutional
AND
sue to enforce the undifferentiated public interest in execution of the law. n190

Fees dis-incentivize environmental citizen suits

Will Reisinger et al.*, Trent A. Dougherty and Nolan Moser* Winter
AND
20 Duke Envtl. L. 26 Pol’y F. 1, lexis)

A. Fees 26 Costs: Which Parties May Recover? The first court-
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toy with" plaintiffs and drain the litigation funds of public interest organizations.

Ext Suits Don’t Solve Enviro/Bad

Citizen suits cause over-regulation which drives environmental destruction to avoid litigation – turns the case – prefer our ev – it cites the only studies ever done on environmental civil suits

Jonathan H. Adler Fall 2001 (Law Clerk for The Honorable David B.
AND
12 Duke Envtl. L. 26 Pol’y F. 39, lexis)

2. Perverse Incentives Overenforcement of environmental regulations can also generate perverse incentives that discourage
AND
standing rules. To date, no such analysis has ever been done.

Bioterror Adv

1nc

Their internal links are based on successful suits being raised – all our ev from the page apply

Not statistically probable

Klotz and Sylvester, 9 (Lynn C. Klotz – senior science fellow with the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, Edward J. Sylvester – professor at the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University, "Breeding Bio Insecurity: How U.S. Biodefense Is Exporting Fear, Globalizing Risk, and Making Us All Less Secure", Ebrary, p. 151—154)

To us, biosecurity means safeguarding from infectious disease in all its manifestations. That
AND
, cornering the market on public fear, and capturing the news spotlight.
We must ask ourselves what biological threats pose the greatest danger to our families.
AND
annual diseases like drug-resistant staph infections and garden-variety influenza.
Now the government assesses the relative likelihood and consequences of bioweapons, pandemic flu,
AND
a combined risk assessment makes sense to determine a health hazard’s true impact.
As earlier, we’re using the term "risk" as an indicator of the
AND
per year, an annual death toll greater than that of AIDS. 2
 Let’s add into the mix the possibility of a pandemic flu, now a
AND
do so from a fund of limited resources that we must spend efficiently.
Without a data-based ballpark calculation of the threat and size of a new
AND
scenario will replay. "But this time it will be worse." 4
Michael Osterholm, director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy at the University of Minnesota, agrees. He foresees a toll of some 270 million pandemic flu deaths worldwide, a number he arrived at simply by extrapolating the 1918 death toll of 40 million to the world’s current population. 5
Scary stuff, but now listen to Paul Offit of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. He says of avian flu, "the virus is clearly not so highly contagious among mammals, and I just don’t think it’s going to become so." 6 Moreover, Offit does not expect the next pandemic until sometime around 2025.
The WHO itself takes a conservative position, estimating that a new pandemic would take the lives of from 2 million to 7.4 million people, believing that the 1918 pandemic was unusual and unlikely to be repeated. 7
We will try to make rational risk assessments about pandemic flu and anthrax as best
AND
such probabilities. 9 But what does each one mean in everyday terms?
Our intuitive method involves simply thinking about the number of years that must go by to have a 50– 50 chance of such an attack, given its probability in any one year. Table 8.1 offers some examples.
To set the probability of such an anthrax attack at 0.1 would mean
AND
the 30,000 fatalities that would mark an extremely successful bioweapons attack.

No pandemic or extinction – history proves

Easterbrook, 3 (Gregg, Senior Fellow – New Republic, "We’re All Gonna Die21", Wired Magazine, July, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html?pg=126topic=26topic_set=)

3. Germ warfare21Like chemical agents, biological weapons have never lived up
AND
out humanity before, and it seems unlikely to happen in the future.

Plan is insufficient – there are exemptions built into every single environmental statute

Aaron M. Riggio Fall 2009 (J.D. Candidate, Seattle University School of Law, 2010; B.A., History, University of Washington, 2002. The author is a Lieutenant in the U.S. Navy and is qualified in submarines, having formerly served aboard the USS Ohio, Seattle University Law Review 33 Seattle Univ. L. R. 229 "Whale Watching from 200 Feet Below: A New Approach to Resolving Operational Encroachment Issues" lexis)

II. NATIONAL SECURITY EXEMPTIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS Armed with a host of environmental laws
AND
retains some ability to circumvent the requirements of the Act through the CEQ.

Solvency

Circumvention will be broad, permanent, and crush the environment and effective judicial review

Hope Babcock 2007 (Virginia Environmental Law Journal,  25 Va. Envtl. L.J. 105, "NATIONAL SECURITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS: A CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER?" lexis)

The language of the exemptions and proposed exemptions is extremely broad n235 and vague,
AND
from these problems, will increase public health risks and eventually cause harm.

Only non-compliance sets a precedent – spills over to other agencies and the private sector, decks citizen suits, and makes enforcement impossible

Kristen D. Wheeler Winter 2006 (B.S., University of Kansas; J.D. Candidate May 2006, Washburn University School of Law, "Homeland Security and Environmental Regulation: Balancing Long-Term Environmental Goals with Immediate Security Needs" Washburn Law Journal, 45 Washburn L.J. 437, lexis)

5. Environmental Objections to DOD Exemptions The environmental objections to broad military exemptions are
AND
toxic hot spots on 8,500 military properties across the country." n198

Tournament: Wake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harvard BS | Judge: Dheidt

Case

Aff no change anything

Grossberg ’92
(Lawrence, Professor of Communication – U Illinois, We Gotta Get Out of This Place, p. 390-1)
But this would mean that the Left could not remain outside of the systems of
AND
and oppositional agency. It strives to organize minorities into a new majority.

Lutz ’2K
(Donald, Professor of Political Science – U Houston, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 39-40)
Aristotle notes in the Politics that political theory simultaneously proceeds at three levels – discourse
AND
the theory, not in the moral vision of the non-theorist.  

Bryant ’12 
(Levi Bryant is currently a Professor of Philosophy at Collin College. In addition to working as a professor, Bryant has also served as a Lacanian psychoanalyst. He received his Ph.D. from Loyola University in Chicago, Illinois, where he originally studied ’disclosedness’ with the Heidegger scholar Thomas Sheehan. Bryant later changed his dissertation topic to the transcendental empiricism of Gilles Deleuze,  "Critique of the Academic Left", http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/)

Unfortunately, the academic left falls prey to its own form of abstraction.  It’s
AND
. Instead we prefer to shout and denounce. Good luck with that.

No impact

Domestic checks prevent

Dickinson ’4
(Edward Ross, University of Cincinnati, "Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About ’Modernity’", Central European History, 37(1), p. 18-19)

In an important programmatic statement of 1996 Geoff Eley celebrated the fact that Foucault’s ideas
AND
not develop the dynamic of constant radicalization and escalation that characterized Nazi policies. 

(  ) Liberal Model doesn’t cause violence to be exported.

Chandler ’10
(David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster – Review of International Studies – Vol. 36 (2011), Special Issue: Evaluating Global Orders, pp.137-155. Available at: http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/journal_articles/RIS20-20Uncritical20Critique20of20Lib20Peace.pdf)
In the critiques of the liberal peace, this growing consensus on the problematic nature
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a self-standing actor in so-called ’Westphalian’ terms.44 

(  ) Liberalism won’t make violence inevitable. It also self-corrects – beating their uniqueness trick.

Botwinick ’1
(Professor of Political Science at Temple, Aryeh, Telos. Fall, nl21, p. 63-64)

Agamben acknowledges that the correct way to read the transition from the state of nature
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existence and are fulfilled simultaneously, without either concept ever being exhaustively enacted. 

(  ) Genocide and global violence not inevitable – other systems check.

O’Kane ’97 
("Modernity, the Holocaust, and politics", Economy and Society, February, ebsco)
Chosen policies cannot be relegated to the position of immediate condition (Nazis in power
AND
and common attributes of modernity which stand in the way of modern genocides.

No accidents

No accidental launch

Williscroft, 10 (Six patrols on the John Marshall as a Sonar Technician, and four on the Von Steuben as an officer – a total of twenty-two submerged months. Navigator and Ops Officer on Ortolan 26 Pigeon – Submarine Rescue 26 Saturation Diving ships. Watch and Diving Officer on Oceanographer and Surveyor. "Accidental Nuclear War" http://www.argee.net/Thrawn20Rickle/Thrawn20Rickle2032.htm)

Is there a realistic chance that we could have a nuclear war by accident?
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missile can be accidentally launched...ever...under any circumstances...period21 

Accidental war unlikely

Farley, 13 (Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce – University of Kentucky, April 5, "North Korea and the Fallacy of Accidental Wars", The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/2013/04/05/north-korea-and-the-fallacy-of-accidental-wars/?all=true)

Accidental wars rarely happen. Historians have demonstrated that most wars initially deemed "accidental," (perhaps most notably the First World War), have in actuality resulted from deliberative state policy, even if the circumstances of the war were unplanned.  While war seems discordant, it actually requires a great deal of cooperation and coordination. Fundamentally, two parties have to agree to conduct a war; otherwise, you have either a punitive raid or an armed surrender negotiation.

And, command and control systems prove.

Rehbein, 01 (Robert E. Rehbein, Lt. Col, USAF, Managing Proliferation in South Asia: A Case for assistance to unsafe nuclear arsenals, April 2001)

Several factors make a deployed nuclear arsenal stable and safe from accidental or inadvertent use
AND
away from the nuclear precipice), to enhance the element of blind luck.

Nuclear accidents wouldn’t escalate

Waltz 95 (Kenneth, Prof of Poli Sci @ Berkely, Ph.D in Poli Sci from Columbia U, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A debate, pp. 93-94)

"Love is like war," the chaplain says in Bertolt Brecht’s Mother Courage,
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optimism, bearing in mind that nothing in this world is ever certain.

Fear of accidents prevents them

Waltz 95 (Kenneth, Prof of Poli Sci @ Berkely, Ph.D in Poli Sci from Columbia U, International Affairs, August 1995, http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/wak01/) JPG

Fear of accidents works against their occurring. This is illustrated by the Cuban Missile
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opposite effect. What is not surely controllable is too dangerous to bear.

DA

1nc

They said OCO’s "the apotheosis of squo’s efforts for control". But, US OCO is good. it’s deterring now, but should stay aggressive.

Diamond 13 (Jonathon, writer for the Technology and Public Policy Blog at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, "The Real U.S. Cyber Strategy and Where It’s Headed: Part I," Sigma Iota Rho Journal of International Relations, 4/18, http://www.sirjournal.org/2013/04/18/the-real-u-s-cyber-strategy-and-where-its-headed-part-i/)

As Nobel laureate and preeminent game theorist Thomas Schelling writes in his book Arms and
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United States have a true "cyber deterrence" separate from other levels.

Our epistemology for this claim’s narrow and accurate. O.C.O. deterrence works – prefer empirics and comparative evidence

Goodman, Defense Adviser for Senator Leahy and for the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense and Security, writing for Strategic Studies Quarterly in the Air University, 10 (Will, "Cyber Deterrence Tougher in Theory than in Practice?", Cyber Deterrence Tougher in Theory than in Practice?, 2010)
While cyberspace does pose unique challenges for deterrence strategists, ¶ real-world cases
AND
seems tougher in theory than it will turn out to be in practice. 

Only deterrence is an empirically verifiable solution to war

Moore 4 – Dir. Center for Security Law @ University of Virginia, 7-time Presidential appointee, 26 Honorary Editor of the American Journal of International Law, Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace, John Norton Moore, page 27-31.

As so broadly conceived, there is strong evidence that deterrence, that is,
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totality of external factors, that is, deterrence, that become crucial.

Speed key – general K’s don’t apply to cyber.

Stephen Dycus ’10, Professor, Vermont Law School, 8/11/10, "Congress’s Role in Cyber Warfare," http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf
Cyber weapons bear a striking resemblance to nuclear weapons in some important ways. An
AND
before launching a counterstrike, if that were U.S. policy. 

Even if imperfect – OCO deters - changes attackers’ decision calculus. Solves war avoids harsher-counter measures.

Stevens ’12 (Tim, associate of the Centre for Science and Security Studies, "A Cyberwar of Ideas? Deterrence and Norms in Cyberspace," Contemporary Security Policy Volume 33, Issue 1, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13523260.2012.659597~~23.UiEUkza1GgZ)
It may be that cyber deterrence can be understood and developed as a form of
AND
information and propaganda campaigns as an alternative to denial and punishment measures.41

Key to solve Chinese cyber attacks and prevent escalation of US-Sino War

Blumenthal, director of Asian studies at the American Enterprise Institute, 13 (Dan, "How to Win a Cyberwar with China", http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/02/28/how_to_win_a_cyberwar_with_china?page=0,1, 2/28/13, Jpape)
The Internet is now a battlefield. China is not only militarizing cyberspace — it
AND
a much greater likelihood that China’s dangerous cyberstrategy could spark a wider conflict.

Extinction

Hunkovic, American Military University, 9 (Lee J, "The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict: Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America", http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/ Hunkovic.pdf)
A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate
AND
outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.

Particularity

Particularity Thesis – We can advance accurate and contingent "small-T" truth claims without linking to broader theorization.

Reinalda ’4
(et al; Dr. Bob Reinalda, Prof of Institutional Management Research at
AND
APSA. – Decision Making Within International Organizations – page 27-28)

Middle-range theories The discussion between rationalists and constructivists is not limited to substantive
AND
international relations discipline will improve the study of decision making within international organizations.

Reps – top level

reps might have an internal link that turns case, but not the vital  one.

Rotter 2K 
(History Professor at Colgate, October "Orientalism and US Diplomatic History" Vol 105, No 4)
For diplomatic historians, the link between cause and effect is crucial, and this
AND
Imperialism is not just an attitude. War is not preeminently a discourse. 

And, Reception-theory proves reps don’t "create reality". Audiences are smart and reach their own conclusions.

Kraus ’89
(et al – Sidney Kraus is a professor in the Department of Communication at Cleveland State University and Dennis Giles is also in the Department of Communication at Cleveland State University. Reviewed work(s):
Constructing the Political Spectacle by Murray Edelman Source: Political Psychology, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Sep., 1989), pp. 517-525 Published by: International Society of Political Psychology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3791366)
Edelman assumes (like the early Frankfurt School) that viewers/audi- tors
AND
from the "dominant" readings preferred by the political and media institutions. 

AT Pan

(  ) The Pan K doesn’t liberate and reifies conventional IR – they’ve bought-into the system by identifying us as the "bad ones"

Callahan ’5
William A. Callahan is professor of international politics and China studies at the University of Manchester and codirector of the British Inter-university China Center, Review of International Studies (2005), 31, 701–714
doi:10.1017/S0260210505006716

Indeed, analysts increasingly criticise the political consequences of an Euro-American mode of
AND
critical space for the issues discussed in this Forum’s consideration of China’s rise.    
8 Johnston, ’Is China a Status Quo Power?’, p. 6.
9 David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, revised
edn. (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1998), p. 5.
10 See Johnston, ’Is China a Status Quo Power?’; Emma Broomfield, ’Perceptions of Danger: The
China Threat Theory’, Journal of Contemporary China, 12:35 (2003), pp. 265–84; Chengxin Pan,
’The ’’China Threat’’ in American Self-Imagination: The Discursive Construction of Other as Power Politics’, Alternatives, 29:3 (2004), pp. 305–31.
11 Ling Dequan, ’’’Heping jueqi’’ gangju muzhang’ ~Explaining ’Peaceful rise’~, Liaowang,
5 (2 February 2004), p. 6.

Our argument is not that China is a threat – it’s that we should avoid either simplistic, reifying extreme. The 1AC instead points to context.

Callahan ’5
William A. Callahan is professor of international politics and China studies at the University of Manchester and codirector of the British Inter-university China Center, Review of International Studies (2005), 31, 701–714
doi:10.1017/S0260210505006716

The argument of this essay is not that China is a threat. Rather,
AND
threat and opportunity are intimately related as complementary opposites that entail each other. 

Ground troops fill in

(  ) Preventing Cyber Attack on US key to solve US Military Adventurism– internal link turns every piece of aff offense

Wolff, PhD candidate in the Engineering Systems Division of MIT in cyber security and Internet policy, citing: former CIA and NSA director Michael Hayden, 7/23/13 (Josephine, "Is a cyber attack on US infrastructure inevitable?", http://www.salon.com/2013/07/23/is_a_doomsday_cyber_attack_on_the_us_inevitable_partner/, 7/23/13, Jpape)
It’s been a busy summer for computer security mavens. The U.S.
AND
year, you won’t have to be so imaginative in creating the scenario."

Yes deterrence/link

Only a swift response can deter attacks – shortening the decisionmaking chain is key

Gourley 8 (Bob, systems analyst for Comcast, writer for CTO Vision, a tech resource for public policymakers, "Towards a Cyber Deterrent," http://ctovision.com/references/towards-a-cyber-deterrent/)
Regardless of which school of thought is proven right over time, we must consider
AND
that is addressed the challenge remains one that today’s strategists must deal with.

Tournament: Wake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Houston RL | Judge: Sherry Hall, Dallas, Buntin, Bravero, Stables

Counterplan

1NC

Thus: The United States Federal Government should restrict the authority of the President of the United States to conduct targeted killing in Pakistan by affirming opposition via the panchayat model based on the Indian system.

Solves 100 of their decentralization and conflict resolution good arguments and avoids our Jirga bad arguments

Their uncritical reproduction of Jirga’s is problematic for women

First – women are excluded from the decision making process- resulting in worse resolutions and not a representative dispute mechanism

Second – Jirga decisions reproduce rape culture, Honor Killings and marginalization of women – the reprisal component of the Jirga described in their Ahmed evidence and below explains how punishments target women

Marie D. Castetter,  J.D., Indiana University School of Law - Indianapolis, 2004 (expected); B.S. in Organizational Leadership, Purdue University, 2003, "TAKING LAW INTO THEIR OWN HANDS: UNOFFICIAL AND ILLEGAL SANCTIONS BY THE PAKISTANI TRIBAL COUNCILS" Lexis

Introduction¶ In June 2002, a Pakistani tribal village council sentenced a woman to
AND
and ultimately further the Constitutional standard of protecting life, liberty and property. 

This has serious implications for your community arguments-

First – Gender DA - choosing to pursue reform through a Jirga in a debate community struggling to retain women is worse for your goals. Even if we took you up on your offer it would be 4 dudes explaining how to address issues in debate

Second – Jirga fails – the conflict resolution mechanism allows waring factions to continue fighting – there’s not community pride and nothing about a Jirga bridges that

Cp

A2:  Perm/Jirga Reforms Solve

Reforming Jirga to incorporate human rights standards undermines its cultural credibility and perceived as imperialist imposition of external values – they are fundamentally inconsistent

CAMP, 12
COMMUNITY APPRAISAL AND MOTIVATION PROGRAMME and SAFERWORLD, march 2012, http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/pubdocs/The20Jirga20justice20and20conflict20transformation.pdf

As a result there were both male and female respondents who argued that because of
AND
be in-line with human rights as understood outside of the region.

Attempts to infuse Jirgas with womens rights fail and undermine both

CAMP, 12
COMMUNITY APPRAISAL AND MOTIVATION PROGRAMME and SAFERWORLD, march 2012, http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/pubdocs/The20Jirga20justice20and20conflict20transformation.pdf

Despite this, some of the more educated female respondents suggested that it is incorrect
AND
to local contexts and in support of local voices calling for such changes.

Attempts to broaden participation within the Jirga either fail, spark backlash, and undermine both goals – or go too slow to address our turns – either way they cant be externally imposed

CAMP, 12
COMMUNITY APPRAISAL AND MOTIVATION PROGRAMME and SAFERWORLD, march 2012, http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/pubdocs/The20Jirga20justice20and20conflict20transformation.pdf
There are potential ways of identifying leaders which would be more controversial. For example
AND
, there are strong opinions and sensitivities about how it should be improved.

Link - 1AC Ev Concedes

Their 1ac agrees – tit for tat revenge and retaliation are CORE PRINCIPLES of the Jirga and it uses women as compensation-

Latif and Musarrat 12 (Abid Latif, Masters Phil Scholar in Department of Political Science @ The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Dr. Razia Musarrat, Professor and Chairperson in Department of Political Science @ The Islamia U of Bahawalpur. "Socio-political issues of Fata, a historical And contemporary perspective," 10/7/12. Online. DOI:10.5296/jpag.v2i4.3208)
2. Peculiarities of FATA FATA is administratively divided into seven political agencies, Khyber
AND
principles, as these are imbibed into the heart of every tribal person.

Ahmed too21

Ahmed 13 (Akbar Ahmed. Ibn Khaldun Chair of Islamic Studies @ American U, First Distinguished Chair of Middles East and Islamic Studies @ U.S. Naval Academy, Formal Political Agent at the South Waziristan Agency, Nonresident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institute. The Thistle and the Drone: How America’s War on Terror Became a Global War on Tribal Islam. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institute Press, 2013. Print. Pg. 24-5)
"As already mentioned, the obligation to take revenge is also an integral part
AND
to provide a measured response aimed at correcting an injustice and ensuring stability.

Case

1NC

They lose within their own framework - The 1ac explicitly appoints itself as a Jirga under Pukthunwali code – this violates Jirga selection criteria in 3 important ways –

1) lack of EARNED RESPECT in the area and knowledge of local customs and regulations

2) lack of specific tribal position

3) application of the Jirga to competitive debate and specifically their claim that the 1ac was performing a jirga requires rejection of the aff because they select Jirga members who have personal interest in the decision of the dispute – ie the ballot

CAMP, 12
COMMUNITY APPRAISAL AND MOTIVATION PROGRAMME and SAFERWORLD, march 2012, http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/pubdocs/The20Jirga20justice20and20conflict20transformation.pdf

Apart from women’s participation in Jirga, there were also concerns raised about which members
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the Jirga should have no personal interest in the decision of a dispute. 

This turns the entire 1ac – we’ll submit portions of THEIR 1ac Ahmed evidence as proof

Ahmed 13 (Akbar Ahmed. Ibn Khaldun Chair of Islamic Studies @ American U, First Distinguished Chair of Middles East and Islamic Studies @ U.S. Naval Academy, Formal Political Agent at the South Waziristan Agency, Nonresident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institute. The Thistle and the Drone: How America’s War on Terror Became a Global War on Tribal Islam. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institute Press, 2013. Print. Pg. 350-2)

An examination of the administration of tribal societies over time and across many societies confirms
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torture and tragedy, this is the alternative paradigm that needs to be explored

They inappropriately romanticize the Jirga – cant solve social change and too prone to perceptions of corruption

CAMP, 12
COMMUNITY APPRAISAL AND MOTIVATION PROGRAMME and SAFERWORLD, march 2012, http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/pubdocs/The20Jirga20justice20and20conflict20transformation.pdf

Despite the centrality of jirga in Pakhtun society, it would be inappropriate to romanticise
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the same respect, not least due to perceived corruption in the system. 

Jirgas too easily corrupted – allow protection for most powerful at expense of true justice

CAMP, 12
COMMUNITY APPRAISAL AND MOTIVATION PROGRAMME and SAFERWORLD, march 2012, http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/pubdocs/The20Jirga20justice20and20conflict20transformation.pdf

While there were concerns about general bias in the group discussions, respondents in the
AND
(Jirga) systems allows space for militant groups to provide justice.34

Consequences
Issac, ’2  
(Jeffery, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Dissent, Vol. 49 No. 2, Spring)
Politics, in large part, involves contests over the distribution and use of power
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not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

Pakistan wants US drones and CT – we’ll never leave and they’ll never kick us out

Gannon 7/26/13 (special regional correspondent for Pakistan and Afghanistan, new Zealand herald, ""Criticism alters US drone program in Pakistan" lexis)

The United States has drastically scaled back the number of drone attacks against militants in
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245 billion bailout the country desperately needs from the International Monetary Fund.

Drones are comparatively the best option – reduced reliance causes a shift to ground operations which increases civilian casualties

MARK BOWDEN 8/14/13 (national correspondent for The Atlantic, graduate of Loyola University Maryland, where he also taught from 2001-2010. A reporter and columnist for The Philadelphia Inquirer for more than 30 years, Bowden is now an adjunct professor at The University of Delaware, the atlantic, "The Killing Machines" http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/09/the-killing-machines-how-to-think-about-drones/309434/3/)

No civilian death is acceptable, of course. Each one is tragic. But
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are led, as Obama was, to the logic of the drone.

Reliance on ground operations forces the US into war – turns the case causes more backlash

MARK BOWDEN 8/14/13 (national correspondent for The Atlantic, graduate of Loyola University Maryland, where he also taught from 2001-2010. A reporter and columnist for The Philadelphia Inquirer for more than 30 years, Bowden is now an adjunct professor at The University of Delaware, the atlantic, "The Killing Machines" http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/09/the-killing-machines-how-to-think-about-drones/309434/3/)

Once the pursuit of al-Qaeda is defined as "law enforcement," ground
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order to protect life") but also might be the more moral choice.

If US ground forces don’t intervene then the Pakistani military will

PTVN 2/6/13 (PTV News, Pakistani television news, interview between anchor Faisal Rehman and retired Pakistani Air Vice Marshal, Shezhad Chaudhry, BBC monitoring south Asia, "Analyst says US statement on legality of drone strikes hurt Pakistani sentiment" lexis) 

~Anchor Moona Habib~ Do you think that the drone strikes, which started
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a given area of combat only or in a given area of conflict.

Strikes in Pakistan effectively counter terror/insurgent groups and reduce overall levels of violence in the region – prefer our ev, data

Patrick B. Johnston* and Anoop K. Sarbahi July 2013 (*Rand corp, UCLA"The Impact of U.S. Drone Strikes on
Terrorism in Pakistan and Afghanistan" http://patrickjohnston.info/materials/drones.pdf)

The present study provides such an assessment by using a data-driven approach to
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Pakistan appear to be credible and should not be dismissed out of hand.

The US minimizes collateral damage to a rate of less than one percent  - collateral damage estimation methods are extremely effective – prefer studies with strong methodology

Gregory S. McNeal 11/4/11 (Pepperdine University School of Law, "ARE TARGETED KILLINGS UNLAWFUL? A CASE STUDY IN EMPIRICAL CLAIMS WITHOUT EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE" pdf)

(a) The administrative process of collateral damage estimation and mitigation In my own
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, the strike must be approved by the National Command Authority. 24 18

Multiple international polls show anti-americanism across the Middle East is locked in for multiple reasons other than drone strikes – data shows no relationship between strikes and backlash and even if they’re right our fill in DA makes the link inevitable

AMITAI ETZIONI 4/30/13 (Senior Advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard Business School, University of California at Berkeley, and is the first University Professor at George Washington University, where he is the Director of the Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies. He served as the President of the American Sociological Association, and he founded the Communitarian Network, united press international, "Drones: Say it with figures" http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Analysis/Outside-View/2013/04/30/Outside-View-Drones-Say-it-with-figures/UPI-25571367294880

Attacking drones, the most effective counter-terrorism tool the United States has found
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United States were using cruise missiles? Or bombers? Or Special Forces?

Executive will interpret enforcement of ANY restriction on targeted killing authority as constitutionally void

McKelvey, 11 (Benjamin, JD Candidate, Senior Editorial Board – Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, "Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power," Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, November, 44 VAND. J. TRANSNAT’L L. 1353, http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/2012/06/due-process-rights-and-the-targeted-killing-of-suspected-terrorists-the-unconstitutional-scope-of-executive-killing-power/)

Congressional action of any kind, however, faces a very serious hurdle: as
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of targeted killing would thus permanently extinguish the concerns over targeted killing.243

Broad interpretation of plans international self defense law standards are inevitable -  ensure zero meaningful constraint, international controversy and global norm for preventative, active defense and anticipatory drone strikes

Anderson, American University law professor, 2009
~Kenneth, 5-11-09, "Targeted Killing in U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy and Law"  http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2009/5/1120counterterrorism20anderson/0511_counterterrorism_anderson.pdf,

Targeted Killing as Self-Defense? As I have already let on, the
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international law to constrain U.S. flexibility in exactly this regard.

Institutional Rational Choice Model is best - comparative interests and executive assertion of constitutional review mean power of purse and judicial review don’t check non-compliance

McGinnis, 93
John McGinnis, Assistant Professor, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, 1993, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=421326context=lcp

The president’s assertion of constitutional review in this area is exemplified by OLC’s opinion supporting
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understood up the initiative in policing constitutional boundaries between the executive and judiciary.

Romantacize

Not from Taliban
Don’t end globalization

They inappropriately romanticize the Jirga – cant solve social change and too prone to perceptions of corruption

CAMP, 12
COMMUNITY APPRAISAL AND MOTIVATION PROGRAMME and SAFERWORLD, march 2012, http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/pubdocs/The20Jirga20justice20and20conflict20transformation.pdf

Despite the centrality of jirga in Pakhtun society, it would be inappropriate to romanticise
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the same respect, not least due to perceived corruption in the system. 

Jirgas too easily corrupted – allow protection for most powerful at expense of true justice

CAMP, 12
COMMUNITY APPRAISAL AND MOTIVATION PROGRAMME and SAFERWORLD, march 2012, http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/pubdocs/The20Jirga20justice20and20conflict20transformation.pdf

While there were concerns about general bias in the group discussions, respondents in the
AND
(Jirga) systems allows space for militant groups to provide justice.34

Conseq

Consequences
Issac, ’2  
(Jeffery, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Dissent, Vol. 49 No. 2, Spring)

Expertism K’s can go too far. We should consider many perspectives, but not sweepingly denounce people who know a lot about science. 

Bronner ’4
(Stephen, prof of political science at Rutgers, PhD from Berkeley "Reclaiming the Enlightenment," Columbia University Press, p. 77-78)
But praise for the amateur also has its limits. To ignore the need for
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knowledge, even though, obviously, he cannot cultivate all of them." 

The alternative to expertise is naïve faith- Palin proves this disastrous

Harris ’8
(Sam, - Ph.D. in neuroscience from UCLA, CEO of Project Reason "When Atheists Attack," http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/09/19/when-atheists-attack.html)

The prospects of a Palin administration are far more frightening, in fact, than
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again and again, while more thoughtful people decide the fate of civilization. 

Ground Shift

Two shifts – conventional shift and Pakistna shift – ill start with Pakistan
Gannon – they want it, secret agreement
PTV – says pak army intervene

Ending drone strikes forces the Pakistani army to intervene – causes regional instability

JOSHUA FOUST 9/26/12 (fellow at the American Security Project and the author of Afghanistan Journal: Selections from Registan.net. He is also a member of the Young Atlanticist Working Group, the atlantic, "Targeted Killing, Pro and Con: What to Make of U.S. Drone Strikes in Pakistan" http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/09/targeted-killing-pro-and-con-what-to-make-of-us-drone-strikes-in-pakistan/262862/)

Left unstated in the report, though, is a bigger question: is there
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in general. Without a better alternative, drones are here to stay.

Now conventional shift
Bowden – would have to use ground force
Bowden – says wed end targeted killing and would go to war which proves even if TK is more than drones it doesn’t include full on war

Military transitioning away from big footprint tactics now because of drone fill in but there’s still time to reverse the trend – funding makes the tradeoff direct, long term and causes land power to be ineffective

SYDNEY J. FREEDBERG JR. 8/28/13 (covers homeland-security policy, interagency coordination, and military reform for National Journal, deputy editor of breaking defense, breaking defense, "Why The Army Matters: Human Factors And Killing" http://breakingdefense.com/2013/08/28/people-skills-killing-skills-the-armys-new-case-for-relevance/)
FORT BELVOIR: The intellectual ice is beginning to break. You could see it at the Fort Belvoir Officers’ Club on Tuesday afternoon, where the Army’s Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) hosted a three-day, tri-service conference on "Strategic Landpower."

The US Army is wrestling with how to stay relevant once large-scale counterinsurgency
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several years financing the lure of strike, the ground capability would wither."

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia LW | Judge: Warden

Drone warfare doesn’t spillup to military decision makers – rejecting drones forces a shift to conventional troops which increases civilian and military casualities

Amitai Etzioni March/April 2013 (professor of international relations at George
Washington University, Military Review, "Great Drone Debate" http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf)

Mary Dudziak of the University of Southern …casualties and zones of warfare.

Reliance on ground operations forces the US into multiple wars – turns the case causes more backlash

MARK BOWDEN 8/14/13 (national correspondent for The Atlantic, graduate of Loyola University Maryland, where he also taught from 2001-2010. A reporter and columnist for The Philadelphia Inquirer for more than 30 years, Bowden is now an adjunct professor at The University of Delaware, the atlantic, "The Killing Machines" http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/09/the-killing-machines-how-to-think-about-drones/309434/3/)

Once the pursuit of al-Qaeda is …. the more moral choice.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia LW | Judge: Warden

Military transitioning away from big footprint tactics now because of drone fill in but there’s still time to reverse the trend – funding makes the tradeoff direct, long term and causes land power to be ineffective

SYDNEY J. FREEDBERG JR. 8/28/13 (covers homeland-security policy, interagency coordination, and military reform for National Journal, deputy editor of breaking defense, breaking defense, "Why The Army Matters: Human Factors And Killing" http://breakingdefense.com/2013/08/28/people-skills-killing-skills-the-armys-new-case-for-relevance/)
FORT BELVOIR: The intellectual ice is beginning to break. You could see it at the Fort Belvoir Officers’ Club on Tuesday afternoon, where the Army’s Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) hosted a three-day, tri-service conference on "Strategic Landpower."

The US Army is wrestling with …. ground capability would wither."

Invasion and ground combat frequency and intensity have declined as remote combat has increased – the aff reverses this trend

Daniel Goure 1/13/12 (Vice president of the Lexington Institute. In 2001, he was a member of the Defense Department’s Transition Team. Prior to that, he served as director of the Office of Strategic Competitiveness for the Secretary of Defense and was a senior analyst with the Center for Naval Analyses, Science Applications International Corporation, SRS Technologies, R26D Associates and System Planning Corporation. Dr. Goure has been a consultant for the Departments of State, Defense, and Energy. He has taught or lectured at the Johns Hopkins University, the Foreign Service Institute, the National War C
ollege, the Naval War College, the Air War College, and the Inter-American Defense College. Since 2001, Dr. Goure has been an adjunct professor in graduate programs at the Center for Peace and Security Studies at Georgetown University, and an adjunct professor at National Defense University since 2002. Dr. Goure a Ph.D. in international relations and Russian studies from the Johns Hopkins University and a B.A. in government and history from Pomona College.cato unbound, "Drones and the Changing Nature of Warfare: Hold the Presses21", http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/13/daniel-goure/drones-changing-nature-warfare-hold-presses)

Despite the proliferation of drones, …. drones don’t kill terrorists, governments do.

No drones forces conventional troop deployment – causes massive foreign backlash which turns the case

AMITAI ETZIONI 4/30/13 (Senior Advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard Business School, University of California at Berkeley, and is the first University Professor at George Washington University, where he is the Director of the Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies. He served as the President of the American Sociological Association, and he founded the Communitarian Network, united press international, "Drones: Say it with figures" http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Analysis/Outside-View/2013/04/30/Outside-View-Drones-Say-it-with-figures/UPI-25571367294880)

Another frequent claim of drone …. to the presence of foreign troops.

The plan either forces US or Pakistani boots on the ground

PTVN 2/6/13 (PTV News, Pakistani television news, interview between anchor Faisal Rehman and retired Pakistani Air Vice Marshal, Shezhad Chaudhry, BBC monitoring south Asia, "Analyst says US statement on legality of drone strikes hurt Pakistani sentiment" lexis) 

~Anchor Moona Habib~ Do you think that … combat only or in a given area of conflict.

Ending drone strikes forces the Pakistani army to intervene – causes regional instability

JOSHUA FOUST 9/26/12 (fellow at the American Security Project and the author of Afghanistan Journal: Selections from Registan.net. He is also a member of the Young Atlanticist Working Group, the atlantic, "Targeted Killing, Pro and Con: What to Make of U.S. Drone Strikes in Pakistan" http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/09/targeted-killing-pro-and-con-what-to-make-of-us-drone-strikes-in-pakistan/262862/)

Left unstated in the report, though, is a bigger …. drones are here to stay.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge:
Pursuant to Article V of the Constitution, Congress should pass and more than three fourths of the States, excluding California, New York, Texas, and Florida, should ratify a constitutional amendment which
mandates that individuals indefinitely detained under the War Powers authority of the President of the United States must be tried by an existing Article III court or be released
Bans chemical soldier research, development and use
Bans bioweapons research 

and establishing a justiciable cause of action for all potential violations occurring under the amendment.   The amendment should be limited exclusively to this issue and no state should ratify proposals to attach additional constitutional changes on other issues.  We’ll clarify

War powers amendments solve the entire aff, deference, court and congressional follow on, enforcment, clarity, separation of powers, and doesn’t link to the 2ac’s offense

Andre Miksha  2003 (Valparaiso University Law Review vol 37 number 2, "Declaring War on the War Powers Resolution" lexis)

I. INTRODUCTION The population of the United States is approximately 280 million. n2
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can hope to secure the rights of the people with safety and respect.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: 

Deference to Pentagon, CIA and NSA inevitable and alt causes – targeted killings, Cold War mindset, and CIA experimentation

Hornberger 13
~Jacob G, founder and president of The Future of Freedom Foundation, "More judicial deference on National-Security State Murder," FFF, 8/5, http://fff.org/2013/08/05/more-judicial-deference-on-national-security-state-murder/~~

Continuing the long tradition of deference to the national-security state by the U
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all just a way of life under this Cold War-era monstrosity. 

Court’s active ENOUGH and no spillover – Be extremely skeptical of their impacts – war is not lawless and courts have an active role – even if there isn’t a perfect balance of deference and engagement, its sufficient

Chertoff 11
~Michael, Judge, Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (2003-2005); Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division, U.S. Department of Justice (2001-2003), "The Decline of Judicial Deference on National Security," Rutgers Law Review, 63.4, http://www.rutgerslawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/archive/vol63/Issue4/Chertoff_Speech_PDF.pdf~~

I recognize there are matters about which people will disagree, and of course,
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2 But, life has changed, and I think that is important. 

No impact – observer effect – Deference is irrelevant because mere presence of courts checks executive action and makes perception of them strong

Deeks 13
~Ashley, Associate Professor of Law (Virginia), Peer reviewed at 2012 National Security Law Faculty Workshop and the 2013 Potomac National Security Roundtable, Fordham Law Review, University of Virginia School of Law Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series 2013-41, October, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667~~

One of the core tenets of national security doctrine is that courts play a deeply
AND
courts periodically (and perhaps unpredictably) decline to defer to the executive. 

AT: Biolabs Impact

Military biolabs are safe – best security

 Sydney Lupkin ABCNews.com Health Reporter  1-10-2013 http://www.bu.edu/neidl/2013/01/10/neighborhood-biolabs-how-safe-are-they-boston-biolab-gets-federal-ok-on-safety/

The federal government has determined that a lab is safe for the surrounding environment,
AND
on since the 1980s, when a researcher got smallpox, he said.

No impact to US bioweapons—defenses, no precedent, agents will fail

Epstein, 10 (Gerald R. – Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic Research and International Studies and assistant director for national security at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, October, "Are Microorganisms Macrothreats?", BioScience 60.9, p. 759-760, JSTOR)

It is impossible for national security planners to know the real threat of bioterrorism,
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wrong, however, their recommendations would leave the country at greater risk.

Access is inevitable – Indian labs

Sharma 10
~Ashok, India-based correspondent, "Leak: US Fears Theft of Bioweapons from India Labs," AP, 12/17, http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/12/17/wikileaks-fears-bioweapons-india-labs-954387995/~~

U.S. officials fear lax security at Indian laboratories could make the facilities
AND
health and agricultural infrastructures, and a booming and sophisticated biotech industry coexist."

AT: Rule of Law Impact

The aff can’t solve rule of law and there’s no impact

Thomas Carothers is vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 06 ("Promoting the Rule of Law Abroad: In Search of Knowledge," Chapter 1, http://carnegieendowment.org/2006/01/01/promoting-rule-of-law-abroad-in-search-of-knowledge/35vq)

The effects of this burgeoning rule-of-law aid are generally positive,¶
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abrupt, remedying the situation will be a¶ long-term enterprise.

Nepal

Impacts non-unique – threw out the constitution two years ago

ICG, 12  (International Crisis Group, 8/27, http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/publication-type/media-releases/2012/asia/nepal-nepals-constitution-the-political-impasse.aspx**)**

Nepal’s Constitution: The Political Impasse Nepal’s major political parties must urgently agree on a
AND
process. Difficult as it might be, this project cannot be abandoned".

Plan causes worse crisis

Poudel 1 (Keshab, Ritualistic Respect, The National NewsMagazine, 21(19))

At a time when the country is facing manifold challenges in the field of social
AND
of the constitution. "There is no need to go for amendment."

India china war

No war – 4 warrants

Ramachandran, 12 (Shastri, independent political and foreign affairs commentator, Senior Editor 26 Writer with the Global Times, "India-China: Border Conflict Shrinks into Past as Healthy Competition Grows," 6/28, http://www.indepthnews.info/index.php/global-issues/1021-india-china-border-conflict-shrinks-into-past-as-healthy-competition-grows)

There are doubtless contradictions in a double-sided race where India and China have
AND
other. Both countries are out for bigger game on the world stage.

Africa War Frontline

African war doesn’t escalate

Barrett 5 (Robert, Ph.D. Student in the Centre for Military and Strategic Studies – University of Calgary, "Understanding the Challenges of African Democratization through Conflict Analysis", 6-1, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=726162)

Westerners eager to promote democracy must be wary of African politicians who promise democratic reform
AND
– especially those conflicts in which the intervening nation has very little interest.

African war inevitable

Thakur 6 (Ramesh, Senior Vice Rector – UN University (Tokyo), "At Least No New Wars Began", Japan Times, 2-15, Lexis)

In Africa, the Ethiopia-Eritrea peace frayed dangerously with neither side showing willingness
AND
opposition (and insurgent) CNDD-FDD in communal and legislative elections.

Multiple alt causes

Juma, 2 (Monica Juma, former Associate at the Africa Program of the International Peace Academy, September 2002, The Infrastructure of Peace in Africa, accessed via cioanet.org, p. 1.)

Since the end of the Cold War, Africa has been  embroiled in a plethora
AND
are shaped by the  interplay of features peculiar to each sub-region.

Biodiversity Frontline

No impact to biodiversity—resilient, data, empirics

Kareiva et al., 12 (Peter – Chief Scientist and Vice President of the Nature Conservancy,  Michelle Marvier, Robert Lalasz, "Conservation in the Anthropocene Beyond Solitude and Fragility", The Breakthrough, http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/journal/past-issues/issue-2/conservation-in-the-anthropocene/)

2.
As conservation became a global enterprise in the 1970s and 1980s, the movement’s justification for saving nature shifted from spiritual and aesthetic values to focus on biodiversity. Nature was described as primeval, fragile, and at risk of collapse from too much human use and abuse. And indeed, there are consequences when humans convert landscapes for mining, logging, intensive agriculture, and urban development and when key species or ecosystems are lost.
But ecologists and conservationists have grossly overstated the fragility of nature, frequently arguing that
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as a threat to the delicate inner-workings of our planetary ecosystem.
The fragility trope dates back, at least, to Rachel Carson, who wrote
AND
poor, ecosystem degradation was simultaneously putting systems in jeopardy of collapse.24
The trouble for conservation is that the data simply do not support the idea of
AND
sea cow to the dodo, with no catastrophic or even measurable effects.
These stories of resilience are not isolated examples — a thorough review of the scientific literature identified 240 studies of ecosystems following major disturbances such as deforestation, mining, oil spills, and other types ?of pollution. The abundance of plant and animal species as well as other measures of ecosystem function recovered, at least partially, in 173 (72 percent) of these studies.25
While global forest cover is continuing to decline, it is rising in the Northern
AND
been found in surprising numbers in oil palm plantations and degraded lands.28
Nature is so resilient that it can recover rapidly from even the most powerful human
AND
Mexico was degraded and consumed by bacteria at a remarkably fast rate.31
Today, coyotes roam downtown Chicago, and peregrine falcons astonish San Franciscans as they
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?to an audience somehow addicted to stories of collapse and environmental apocalypse.
Even that classic symbol of fragility — the polar bear, seemingly stranded on a
AND
of new environments only to be at risk when the environment changes again.
The wilderness ideal presupposes that there are parts of the world untouched by humankind, but today it is impossible to find a place on Earth that is unmarked by human activity. The truth is humans have been impacting their natural environment for centuries. The wilderness so beloved by conservationists — places "untrammeled by man"34 — never existed, at least not in the last thousand years, and arguably even longer.

Biodiversity is resilient and inevitable

Sagoff 8 (Mark, Senior Research Scholar @ Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy @ School of Public Policy @ U. Maryland, Environmental Values, "On the Economic Value of Ecosystem Services", 17:2, 239-257, EBSCO)

What about the economic value of biodiversity? Biodiversity represents nature’s greatest largess or excess
AND
pretextual, and disingenuous economic ones.78 As David Ehrenfeld has written,
We do not know how many ~plant~ species are needed to keep the
AND
- for all 600,000-plus species of beetles?7*
The disappearance in the wild even of agriculturally useful species appears to have no effect
AND
into virtually any other - which allows for the unlimited creation of biodiversity.
A neighbor of mine has collected about 4,000 different species of insects on
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kind of moth flies off, you can easily attract hundreds of others.

Iraq

No civil war—blunting AQI successes, cooler heads prevailing, militants not organized, variety of resources, no motivation to return to civil war

Ollivant, 13 (Douglas A. Ollivant – Ph.D. and Senior Vice President and Managing Partner of Mantid International and former NSC Director for Iraq and Senior National Security Fellow at the New America Foundation, 7/16, "Not an Iraqi civil war", Foreign Policy, http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013 /07/16/not_an_iraqi_civil_war)

In addition, it appears that the prime minister is beginning to shake up the
AND
government. These capabilities represent perhaps the best hope to blunt AQI successes.
In short, cooler heads appear to be prevailing. Iraq is nowhere near the
AND
last civil war have not — at least yet — rearmed or remobilized.
Iraq continues to be a weak state and immature, transitional democracy and the effect of the AQI offensive on its nascent capabilities is not insignificant. Many things could still go wrong — and some almost certainly will. But the smart bet continues to be on Iraq holding together — both because it has the resources to avoid civil war, and because it has no desire to revisit the terror that would involve.

Instability inevitable, JI can’t solve—sectarian and ethnic violence, bombings, army and protestor clashes, government losing control, civilian militia reactivation, breakdown of military forces, frustration over government, new rallying call for terrorist groups, active insurgency, over-centralization of power

Knights, 13 (Michael – Lafer Fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 5/15, "Yes, Iraq Is Unraveling", Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/15/yes_iraq_is_unraveling)

As American troops were pulling out of Iraq in 2010, the U.S
AND
grind to a halt and then slowly, frighteningly roll back toward us?
Now we know — and to be honest, the answer is hardly a surprise
AND
town centers and urban neighborhoods in Kirkuk, Nineveh, and Diyala provinces.
Negative indicators abound: Armed civilian militias are reactivating, tit-for-tat bombings are targeting Sunni and Shiite mosques, and some Iraqi military forces are breaking down into ethnic-sectarian components or suffering from chronic absenteeism. Numerous segments of Iraq’s body politic — Kurdish, Sunni Arab, and Shia — are exasperated over the government’s inability to address political or economic inequities, and are talking seriously about partition.
On April 23, the federal military miscalculated when its raid on a protest site
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that evokes Sunni Arab fears of the Shia-led government in Baghdad.
The resurgence of violence since 2010 is shown very clearly in the metrics used to
AND
-U.S. targeting with Iraqi-on-Iraqi violence.
So what happens next? Some veteran observers, like former U.S.
AND
approach that doesn’t differentiate between diehard militants and the mass of peaceable civilians.
The Iraqi government has tried to deflect blame for its own failing on the Syrian
AND
to the collective punishment of Sunnis for the crimes of the Baathist regime.
But the real driver of violence in Iraq is arguably Baghdad’s over-centralization of
AND
was not ready for a political system with absolute winners and absolute losers.
But starting in 2008, Maliki re-centralized power, leaning on an increasingly
AND
that were put in place to guarantee a new autocracy did not emerge.
The root of Iraq’s violence is thus not ancient hatreds between Sunni and Shia or
AND
those damaged by Saddam’s regime, but stops short of collectively punishing Sunnis.
The United States laid the foundations for these democratic traditions, and can still be
AND
his relations with the Kurds, the Sunni Arabs, and the Turks.
Violence in Iraq is likely to continue to worsen as long as the recentralization of
AND
community and Iraq’s factions to return to a looser, freer national construct.
If Washington chooses to back Iraq’s decentralizers, it will not be alone. For their own diverse reasons, almost every actor working in Iraq today — the opposition, the Turks, even the Iranians — would welcome a less divisive government in Baghdad. In other words, the effort stands a chance of success.
The experiment of building a new strongman in Baghdad has not yielded a more stable Iraq. Loosening the ties that bind Iraq together is a risk, but holding too tightly is the greater danger.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: 

Deference

Deeks

No impact – observer effect – Deference is irrelevant because mere presence of courts checks executive action and makes perception of them strong

Deeks 13
~Ashley, Associate Professor of Law (Virginia), Peer reviewed at 2012 National Security Law Faculty Workshop and the 2013 Potomac National Security Roundtable, Fordham Law Review, University of Virginia School of Law Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series 2013-41, October, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667~~

One of the core tenets of national security doctrine is that courts play a deeply
AND
courts periodically (and perhaps unpredictably) decline to defer to the executive. 

Ext. Deference Inevitable

Deference inevitable- that’s Hornberger

First – it’s structural – mindset of the military and Court generally

Second – TKs and CIA make deference resilient

Third – none of the 1AC evidence is reverse causal that they reverse the pattern of deference (Scheppele and Masur)

Fourth – Mazur agrees – solution is difficult and deference is inevitable

Mazur 10 (Diane, Professor of Law, University of Florida Levin College of Law, "A More Perfect Military: How the Constitution Can Make Our Military Stronger" Oxford University Press, Print)

One of the ways the doctrine of judicial deference has left a scar on civil
AND
judicial deference—so we can all feel better about making military decisions.

No spillover for deference precedents

Ferejohn and Kramer, ’2
John A. Ferejohn, Professor of Political Science and Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford University; and Larry D. Kramer, Professor of Law and Politics, New York University School of Law, New York University Law Review, October, 2002, lexis

It is also a very confusing doctrine. Commentators have puzzled about how this aspect
AND
where the Court feels it has little to offer and something to lose.

- plan can’t change 4 other areas of national security

Deeks 13
~Ashley, Associate Professor of Law (Virginia), Peer reviewed at 2012 National Security Law Faculty Workshop and the 2013 Potomac National Security Roundtable, Fordham Law Review, University of Virginia School of Law Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series 2013-41, October, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667~~

One of the core tenets of national security doctrine is that courts play a deeply
AND
executive decisionmaking, rather than on the substance of those decisions themselves.3

AT: Nuclear Testing Add-On

No internal link – Kellmen is about PAST nuclear testing – doesn’t say that deference is currently applied to allow testing, that testing will resume or that the deference precedent established by the plan would reverse this

No testing - supercomputers

HPC Wire, 6-23-2006 http://www.hpcwire.com/features/17885389.html?page=4

HPCwire: Can you help us understand the big picture for NNSA’s ASC program?  
AND
to consider renewed testing, which is something we don’t want to do.

-US CTBT signature

Anguel Anastassov, PhD, currently is a Quality Assurance Manager with the Offi ce of Internal Oversight of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), The Hague, The Netherlands. He has been actively involved in the negotiations on the CTBT and the activities of the CTBTO Preparatory Commission for many years, 2008 "CAN THE COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR-TEST-BAN TREATY BE IMPLEMENTED BEFORE ENTRY INTO FORCE?"

In the view of John D. Holum, former Under Secretary of State for
AND
nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion ~emphasis added~.’5

Testing has no environmental effect

Keeny 98 – Senator Thad Cochran and Spurgeon Keeny, president of the Arms Control Association, March 18 1998, http://www.clw.org/pub/clw/coalition/0318qanda.htm

COCHRAN: Thank you very much Senator Stevens. Let me ask a question,
AND
to the health and safety of American people from underground testing properly conducted. 

China/India War Frontline

No Sino-Indian war —-

A) Nuclear and conventional deterrence

Shihai 02 (Sun, Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, CASS, China-Indian Relations in the 21st Century, 9-7)

Secondly, both countries have nuclear capabilities and massive sophisticated conventional weapons. This does
AND
by using force or other irresponsible means would obviously damage their international images.

B) Economic ties

UPI 05 (2-9, Lexis)

The economic dimension of the China-U.S and India-China bilateral
AND
-interest of both these countries to refrain from inimical moves against China.

C) Mutual long-term interests

Shihai 02 (Sun, Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, CASS, China-Indian Relations in the 21st Century, 9-7)

Firstly, The development of the Sino-Indian relations basically decided by their national
AND
. In the foreseeable future the possibility of direct conflict does not exist.

relations ease tensions, bilateralism, incidents don’t spillover, Indian officials are committed to the relationship, China doesn’t worry about India’s pro-American stance, mechanisms for dispute resolution in place, favorable conditions for peace, high level visits

Gupta, 13 (Sourabh Gupta – Senior Research Associate at Samuels International Associates, Inc., 5/19, "China–India ties: lessons from a Himalayan standoff", East Asia Forum, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013 /05/19/china-india-ties-lessons-from-a-himalayan-standoff/)

It is remarkable the sort of anxiety that a handful of lightly armed People’s Liberation Army (PLA) soldiers and their dog can educe on a disputed frontier.
On 15 April three dozen or so such soldiers, many miles removed from reinforcement
AND
for President Xi to establish his hard-line credentials, among others.
Just as opinion was being softened to contemplate a prolonged occupation along supposedly the most
AND
intended. Activation of the prime ministers-level hotline was not required.
By comparison, China’s months-long control of the disputed Scarborough Shoal in the
AND
an element of political quiet and trust in their respective relationships with Beijing.
The origins of the stand-off in the Ladakh Himalayas are in the recent
AND
sensitivities, the PLA presence and the Indian construction activity were thereafter withdrawn.
Provocative probes and presence-marking operations that were implicitly directed at undermining China’s control
AND
— despite the asymmetry in power — was surely a helpful factor too.
Both China and India have sought to minimise the incident as an isolated case. Beijing’s known irritation for some time though over the Indian forward observation post in eastern Ladakh suggests that the timing of the stand-off — coming in the advent of Premier Li Keqiang’s inaugural visit to India — was anything but accidental.
Rather it was intended to politically test and establish the Singh government’s commitment at its
AND
perspective and wholly committed to fashioning a productive equation with rising Chinese power.
As Beijing’s earlier misgivings of a pro-American tilt in India’s strategic orientation have
AND
bears remembering, was a key trigger for the cyclical downturn in ties.
In January 2012, a Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China
AND
on the alignment of the LAC, is also expected to be finalised.

AT: African ROL

The U.S. isn’t the cause of excess African deference

Prempeh, 6 
(Kwasi, Law Prof @ Seton Hall, Tulane LR, March)

There is no question that English juristic ideas and methods have exerted a strong influence
AND
to the problem of constitutionalism in Africa is necessarily limited and primarily technocratic.

American model won’t induce good governance in Africa

 -democratization is a result of internal struggle not international instruction
 -lack of domestic resources and political traditions
Freidman 99 
(Steven, "Agreeing to Differ: African Democracy, Its Obstacles and Prospects", Social Research, Fall, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2267/is_3_66/ai_58118481)

The role of external powers in the current wave of surface democratization is open to
AND
political traditions with which to sustain it was an inevitable recipe for illusion.

Their nuclear escalation claim is empirically denied by dozens of African conflicts

Docking, 7 (Tim Docking, African Affairs Specialist with the United States Institute of Peace, 2007, Taking Sides Clashing Views on African Issues, p. 372)

Nowhere was the scope and intensity of violence during the 1990s as great as in
AND
in the Ivory Coast have brought new hardship and bloodshed to the continent. 

No escalation

Alexander 95 (Bevin, Professor and Director of the Inter-University Institution for Terrorism Studies, The Future of Warfare)

The United States also will be reluctant to enter into conflicts in Africa, unless
AND
Sudan, and elsewhere.  It intervened in Somalia primarily to halt starvation.

?

Africa War – Ext – Alt Cause

Economic conditions are the root cause of African conflict—the aff doesn’t solve

Collier and Hoeffler, 2 (Paul Collier, Professor of Economics and Director, Centre for the Study of African Economies at St Antony’s College and Anke Hoeffler, research officer at the Centre for the Study of African Economies,  February 2002,  Journal of Conflict Resolution, p. 25)

In this study, we have applied an econometric model of civil war to analyze
AND
Kaplan  (2000), but rather is the contingent effect of economic circumstances.

Biod

Biodiversity is resilient and inevitable

Sagoff 8 (Mark, Senior Research Scholar @ Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy @ School of Public Policy @ U. Maryland, Environmental Values, "On the Economic Value of Ecosystem Services", 17:2, 239-257, EBSCO)

What about the economic value of biodiversity? Biodiversity represents nature’s greatest largess or excess
AND
pretextual, and disingenuous economic ones.78 As David Ehrenfeld has written,
We do not know how many ~plant~ species are needed to keep the
AND
- for all 600,000-plus species of beetles?7*
The disappearance in the wild even of agriculturally useful species appears to have no effect
AND
into virtually any other - which allows for the unlimited creation of biodiversity.
A neighbor of mine has collected about 4,000 different species of insects on
AND
kind of moth flies off, you can easily attract hundreds of others.

Empirics disprove biodiversity loss impacts - their authors are hysterics

Campbell, 11 (Hank Campbell is the creator of Science 2.0, a community of research professors, post-docs, science book authors and Nobel laureates collaborating over scientific projects. "I Wouldn’t Worry About The Latest Mass Extinction Scare," Science 2.0, March 8, http://www.science20.com/science_20/i_wouldnt_worry _about_latest_mass_extinction_scare-76989)

You’ve seen it everywhere by now - Earth’s sixth mass extinction: Is it almost
AND
¶ It’s a double negative, bad logic and questionable science, though. 

Iraq

Instability inevitable—sectarian and ethnic violence, bombings, army and protestor clashes, government losing control, civilian militia reactivation, breakdown of military forces, frustration over government, new rallying call for terrorist groups, active insurgency, over-centralization of power

Knights, 13 (Michael – Lafer Fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 5/15, "Yes, Iraq Is Unraveling", Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/15/yes_iraq_is_unraveling)

As American troops were pulling out of Iraq in 2010, the U.S
AND
grind to a halt and then slowly, frighteningly roll back toward us?
Now we know — and to be honest, the answer is hardly a surprise
AND
town centers and urban neighborhoods in Kirkuk, Nineveh, and Diyala provinces.
Negative indicators abound: Armed civilian militias are reactivating, tit-for-tat bombings are targeting Sunni and Shiite mosques, and some Iraqi military forces are breaking down into ethnic-sectarian components or suffering from chronic absenteeism. Numerous segments of Iraq’s body politic — Kurdish, Sunni Arab, and Shia — are exasperated over the government’s inability to address political or economic inequities, and are talking seriously about partition.
On April 23, the federal military miscalculated when its raid on a protest site
AND
that evokes Sunni Arab fears of the Shia-led government in Baghdad.
The resurgence of violence since 2010 is shown very clearly in the metrics used to
AND
-U.S. targeting with Iraqi-on-Iraqi violence.
So what happens next? Some veteran observers, like former U.S.
AND
approach that doesn’t differentiate between diehard militants and the mass of peaceable civilians.
The Iraqi government has tried to deflect blame for its own failing on the Syrian
AND
to the collective punishment of Sunnis for the crimes of the Baathist regime.
But the real driver of violence in Iraq is arguably Baghdad’s over-centralization of
AND
was not ready for a political system with absolute winners and absolute losers.
But starting in 2008, Maliki re-centralized power, leaning on an increasingly
AND
that were put in place to guarantee a new autocracy did not emerge.
The root of Iraq’s violence is thus not ancient hatreds between Sunni and Shia or
AND
those damaged by Saddam’s regime, but stops short of collectively punishing Sunnis.
The United States laid the foundations for these democratic traditions, and can still be
AND
his relations with the Kurds, the Sunni Arabs, and the Turks.
Violence in Iraq is likely to continue to worsen as long as the recentralization of
AND
community and Iraq’s factions to return to a looser, freer national construct.
If Washington chooses to back Iraq’s decentralizers, it will not be alone. For their own diverse reasons, almost every actor working in Iraq today — the opposition, the Turks, even the Iranians — would welcome a less divisive government in Baghdad. In other words, the effort stands a chance of success.
The experiment of building a new strongman in Baghdad has not yielded a more stable Iraq. Loosening the ties that bind Iraq together is a risk, but holding too tightly is the greater danger.

Alt causes to instability—growing violence, religious centers targets of violence, collapsing political system, no U.S. military protection or war fatigue, more violent protests, Syria spillover

Mardini, 13 (Ramzy Mardini – Research Analyst at the Institute for the Study of War and Adjunct Fellow at the Iraq Institute for Strategic Studies, 5/20, "Metternich in Baghdad", Foreign Policy, http://www.foreign policy.com/articles/2013/05/20/metternich_in_baghdad_iraq_syria_civil_war?page=full)

The new Iraq is no longer just an observer or victim of the whims of regional gamesmanship; it is now a player in that game. But as the recent surge in sectarian violence has demonstrated, domestic concerns are never far from the surface — and they bear directly on the country’s foreign-policy calculus.
In April, deadly clashes between government forces and demonstrators in the Sunni city of
AND
two, adjacent civil wars along sectarian lines is becoming a growing reality.
Today, Iraq’s fragile and nascent political system is overheating, with internal and external
AND
the weapons we need, and we are getting support from other provinces."
With a sectarian storm brewing in his own country — as well as one across
AND
mostly Sunni Syrian insurgency would mean for the balance of power inside Iraq.
No civil war—blunting AQI successes, cooler

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: 

Tons of alt causes – torture, surveillance and Iraq

Deborah L. Rhode is the Ernest W. McFarland Professor of Law and the director of the Stanford Center on Ethics. , 11-6-2006 http://news.stanford.edu/news/2006/november8/civil-110806.html

Stephen Stedman, director of the Ford Dorsey Program in International Policy Studies and of
AND
Middle East orphanage that, unknown to her, channeled money to terrorists.

Err neg – message of the plan will be insufficient to overcome these issues

Fettweis 2008 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University "Credibility and the War on Terror" Winter 2008 Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 122, No. 4

Both logic and a preponderance of the evidence suggest that the current U.S
AND
for both the extent of its acceptance and the depth of its flaws.

Judicial review of detention kills military effectiveness – 6 reasons – disrupts operations, huge resource tradeoff, distracts commanders, undermines prestige, emboldens adversaries, undermines secrecy

Chensey 9 (Robert M. is a Professor at University of Texas School of Law, NATIONAL SECURITY FACT DEFERENCE, VIRGINIA LAW REVIEW, 17 September 2009, http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/95/1361.pdf, pg. 1426-1428)
Advocates of deference at times also emphasize the collateral ¶ consequences that non-deferential
AND
¶ substitutes for evidence that must be withheld on secrecy ¶ grounds.222

AT: Heg Impact

No impact to US credibility – doesn’t deter conflict and no impact to withdrawal

Fettweis 2008 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University "Credibility and the War on Terror" Winter 2008 Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 122, No. 4

If the history of the U.S. experience with the credibility imperative is
AND
is at stake, such statements are predictable products of the credibility imperative.

US cred high and resilient

Jon Alterman 11, director and senior fellow of the Middle East Program at CSIS, Former member of the Policy Planning Staff at the U.S. Department of State and as a special assistant to the assistant secretary of state for Near Eastern affairs, June 2011, "Capacity and Resolve: Foreign Assessments of U.S. Power," http://csis.org/files/publication/110613_Cohen_CapacityResolve_Web.pdf 

The most insightful observation came from an Emirati minister who dismissed as "noise"
AND
in Ghana. The issues are of different levels of magnitude and importance.

Data disproves hegemony impacts

Fettweis, 11 (Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO)

It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship
AND
global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.

AT: Terrorism Impact

US credibility can’t solve – conspiracy theories drive terrorists

Fettweis 2008 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University "Credibility and the War on Terror" Winter 2008 Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 122, No. 4

Might resolute, credible superpowers be able to prevent jihadists from recruiting new generations of
AND
the outcome of the war on terror, for better or for worse.

No impact to terrorism

Mueller and Stewart, 13 (John Mueller – political scientist at Ohio State and senior fellow at the Cato Institute, Mark G. Stewart – civil engineer at the University of Newcastle in Australia and a visiting fellow at Cato, April 22, "Hapless, Disorganized, and Irrational", CATO Institute, http://www.cato.org/publications/ commentary/hapless-disorganized-irrational)

By far the most striking difference between the Boston Marathon killings and these earlier cases
AND
.S. soil, most of them bombings, killing 72 people.
In many other respects, however, the Boston Marathon bombing is quite similar to the other 52 cases. For example, the Boston perpetrators were clearly not suicidal, which is the standard in American cases. In only six of the earlier plots were the perpetrators clearly willing to die in their terrorist effort.
And except for their ability to fabricate and detonate bombs, the Boston terrorists do
AND
individuals picked up on terrorism charges in the United States since those attacks.
In describing the "adversary," the case studies far more commonly use words like incompetent, ineffective, unintelligent, idiotic, ignorant, inadequate, unorganized, misguided, muddled, amateurish, dopey, unrealistic, moronic, irrational, foolish, and gullible. Many of the cases suggest that there is little exaggeration in the 2010 film, Four Lions, the impressive dark comedy about a band of hapless home-grown British terrorists.
Amazingly, the Boston perpetrators apparently thought they could somehow get away with their deed
AND
inability to explain how killing a few random people would advance their cause.)
The Boston perpetrators seem never to have ventured much more than a few miles from
AND
which the police applied standard killer-on-the-loose methodology.
And while the scope of the tragedy in Boston should not be minimized, it should also be noted that, if the terrorists’ aim was to kill a large number of people, their bombs failed miserably. As recent cases in Colorado and Connecticut sadly demonstrate, far more fatalities have been inflicted by gunmen.
Concern about "lone wolf" attacks has grown in recent years, and a
AND
count, remains about one in 3 million or 4 million per year.)
It is still unclear what motivated the Boston bombers. We are hearing a lot about "radicalization," a concept that is not only vague but also questionably suggests, as Arun Kundnani has pointed out, that violence is inherent or implied in Muslims who become deeply religious.
Evidence from the 52 cases strongly indicates that assuming an ideological motivation for terrorism is
AND
upon them in the Middle East by the U.S. government.
Rather remarkably, none of the 52 cases after 9/11 has inspired much
AND
venue and the manhunt — is yet to be seen, of course.

No risk of nuclear terror

Mueller 10 (John, professor of political science at Ohio State, Calming Our Nuclear Jitters, Issues in Science and Technology, Winter, http://www.issues.org/26.2/mueller.html)

Politicians of all stripes preach to an anxious, appreciative, and very numerous choir
AND
above: one in a million or one in three billion per attempt.

AT: Russia Impact

Mendelson proves alt causes – drones, torture and rendition – the plan is necessary but not sufficient

Sarah E. Mendelson, Director, Human Rights and Security Initiative, Center for Strategic and International Studies, "U.S.-Russian Relations and the Democracy and Rule of Law Deficit," CENTURY FOUNDATION REPORT, 2009, p. 3-4.

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, every U.S.
AND
hypocrisy and weakness of democracy and human rights norms within the international system.

Russian state action can’t solve rule of law – Russian civil society too weak

Kathryn Hedley is a professor of law and political science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, 09 ~"Rule of Law: Russian-Style," Current History, October, https://media.law.wisc.edu/m/zgyzz/~~

Even so, a more robust rule of law in Russia¶ will require fundamental
AND
augur well for the development of a more¶ robust rule of law.

No Russian collapse

David P Goldman, Senior Fellow at the London Center for Policy Research and Associate Fellow at the Middle East Forum, 13 ~"Reports of Russia’s death are exaggerated," October 15, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/CEN-01-151013.html~~

Since the fall of communism in 1991, Washington consistently underestimated Russia. American policy
AND
America’s strength is bleeding away from a series of self-inflicted wounds.

No nuclear strike

Graham 7 (Thomas Graham, senior advisor on Russia in the US National Security Council staff 2002-2007, 2007, "Russia in Global Affairs" The Dialectics of Strength and Weakness http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/20/1129.html)

An astute historian of Russia, Martin Malia, wrote several years ago that "
AND
while laying the basis for more constructive long-term relations with Russia.

Accidental war unlikely

Farley, 13 (Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce – University of Kentucky, April 5, "North Korea and the Fallacy of Accidental Wars", The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/2013/04/05/north-korea-and-the-fallacy-of-accidental-wars/?all=true)

Accidental wars rarely happen. Historians have demonstrated that most wars initially deemed "accidental," (perhaps most notably the First World War), have in actuality resulted from deliberative state policy, even if the circumstances of the war were unplanned.  While war seems discordant, it actually requires a great deal of cooperation and coordination. Fundamentally, two parties have to agree to conduct a war; otherwise, you have either a punitive raid or an armed surrender negotiation.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: 

Blowback

Ext. Alt Causes

Tons of alt causes to credibility-

-Addressing torture is neccessary

David Tolbert, President, ICTJ , International Center for Transitional Justice is an international non-profit organization specializing in the field of transitional justice 4-29-2013 http://www.ictj.org/news/united-states-must-ensure-accountability-E2809Cwar-terrorE2809D-abuses

The Constitution Project’s bipartisan Task Force on Detainee Treatment has found that the United States
AND
human rights ring hollow in the silence of US inaction on these abuses.

-NSA and Syria must be addressed

Lee Rogers, Blacklisted News, 10-28-2013 http://www.blacklistednews.com/The_NSA27s_Criminality_Has_Completely_Destroyed_America27s_Credibility_On_The_World_Stage/29916/0/14/14/Y/M.html

The NSA’s Criminality Has Completely Destroyed America’s Credibility On The World Stage The National Security
AND
that this will not happen with the criminal regime that’s currently in power. 

-Drones undermine credibility and hegemony

Streeter ’13 (Devin C, Director of Activities, Public Relations, and Recruitment at Liberty University Strategic Intelligence Society, "US Drone Policy: Tactical Success and Strategic Failure," http://www.academia.edu/3523639/U.S._Drone_Policy_Tactical_Success_and_Strategic_Failure, April 19, 2013)

The first category of nations, while not targeted by drone strikes, is intimidated
AND
Europe are to be fixed, a change in drone protocol is needed.

Ext. No Cred Impact

Credibility is inevitable – not key to cooperation.

Wohlforth 9—Daniel Webster Professor of Government,  Dartmouth.  BA in IR, MA in IR and MPhil and PhD in  pol sci, Yale (William and Stephen Brooks, Reshaping the World Order, March / April 2009, Foreign Affairs Vol. 88, Iss. 2; pg. 49, 15 pgs)
 FOR ANALYSTS such as Zbigniew Brzezinski and Henry Kissinger, the key reason for
AND
UnitedStates today has the necessary legitimacy to shepherd reform of the international system. 

Ext. EU Not Mad – Detention

No US-Europe tension over detention. Not close to enough to hamper coop.

Archick ’13
Kristin Archick; Specialist in European Affairs for the Congressional Research Service – "U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism" – CRS Reports – September 4, 2013 – http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22030.pdf

U.S.-EU frictions over terrorist detainee policies have subsided to some degree
AND
Some EU members accepted small numbers of released detainees, but others declined. 

Ext. Allied Coopt Up

Allied terror coop is high now, despite frictions

Kristin Archick, European affairs specialist @ CRS, 9-4-2013, "U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism," Congressional Research Service, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22030.pdf

As part of the EU’s efforts to combat terrorism since September 11, 2001,
AND
security and protection to citizens of all nations while also upholding individual rights." 

EU cooperation on terrorism intel high and inevitable – in their self interest

Kristin Archick, European affairs specialist @ CRS, 9-4-2013, "U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism," Congressional Research Service, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22030.pdf

As part of its drive to bolster its counterterrorism capabilities, the EU has also
AND
the EU have been working together to curb terrorist financing and to strengthen transport

No impact terror

No risk of nuclear terrorism – technically impossible

Michael, 12 (Professor Nuclear Counterprolif and Deterrence at Air Force Counterprolif Center, ’12 (George, March, "Strategic Nuclear Terrorism and the Risk of State Decapitation" Defence Studies, Vol 12 Issue 1, p 67-105, TandF Online)

Despite the alarming prospect of nuclear terrorism, the obstacles to obtaining such capabilities are
AND
there are still many nuclear weapons that could fall into the wrong hands.

No risk of WMD terrorism – don’t have the resources or focus

Mueller and Stewart, 12 (Professor PolSci Ohio State, and Stewart, Professor Infrastructure Performance at U of Newcastle, ’12, John- Senior Research Scientist Mershon Center for International Security Studies, Mark- Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow, Summer, "The Terrorism Delusion: America’s Overwrought Response to September 11" International Security, Vol 37 No 1, ProjectMuse)

Few of the sleepless, it seems, found much solace in the fact that
AND
far, the talent pool appears, to put mildly, very thin.

No risk of nuclear terror

Mueller 10 (John, professor of political science at Ohio State, Calming Our Nuclear Jitters, Issues in Science and Technology, Winter, http://www.issues.org/26.2/mueller.html)

Politicians of all stripes preach to an anxious, appreciative, and very numerous choir
AND
above: one in a million or one in three billion per attempt.

Theoretical possibilities are irrelevant – there are too many difficult steps which make it functionally impossible

Chapman 12 (Stephen, editorial writer for Chicago Tribune, "CHAPMAN: Nuclear terrorism unlikely," May 22, http://www.oaoa.com/articles/chapman-87719-nuclear-terrorism.html)

A layperson may figure it’s only a matter of time before the unimaginable comes to
AND
, it appears, the worst eventuality is one that will never happen.

Russia defense

No nuclear strike

Graham 7 (Thomas Graham, senior advisor on Russia in the US National Security Council staff 2002-2007, 2007, "Russia in Global Affairs" The Dialectics of Strength and Weakness http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/20/1129.html)

An astute historian of Russia, Martin Malia, wrote several years ago that "
AND
while laying the basis for more constructive long-term relations with Russia.

Accidental war unlikely

Farley, 13 (Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce – University of Kentucky, April 5, "North Korea and the Fallacy of Accidental Wars", The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/2013/04/05/north-korea-and-the-fallacy-of-accidental-wars/?all=true)

Accidental wars rarely happen. Historians have demonstrated that most wars initially deemed "accidental," (perhaps most notably the First World War), have in actuality resulted from deliberative state policy, even if the circumstances of the war were unplanned.  While war seems discordant, it actually requires a great deal of cooperation and coordination. Fundamentally, two parties have to agree to conduct a war; otherwise, you have either a punitive raid or an armed surrender negotiation.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: 

Supreme Court will rule against NLRB now but perception of less PC causes them to dimiss jurisdiction– resulting in functional NLRB victory

Hirsch, 13
Jeffrey Hirsch, a professor at the University of North Carolina School of Law, Scotus Blog, 7/17,
http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/07/symposium-will-the-supreme-court-duck-the-recess-appointments-battle/

Although I am not optimistic that the Supreme Court will aid the NLRB and its
AND
recess appointments and ensure that agencies have the appointees needed to maintain operations. 

Supreme Court Perceives War powers decisions as uniquely controversial drain of PC—- no supporters immediate effect and fear of dramatic consequences  amplifies opposition

McGinnis 93 – John O. McGinnis, Assistant Professor at the Cardozo School of Law and Former Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice, "Constitutional Review by the Executive in Foreign Affairs and War Powers: A Consequence of Rational Choice in the Separation of Powers", Law and Contemporary Problems, 56(4), p. 306-308

The Court has the least interest of all in exercising rights of governance in the
AND
from the executive to the Congress without disturbing as much substantive precedent.71

Justices perceive finite PC  - fear of executive backlash triggers strategic behavior–  wont risk angering president on multiple issues at once means they’ll take the jurisdictional out- implicit threat is enough even if follow through is unlikely

Ferejohn and Kramer, ’2
John A. Ferejohn, Professor of Political Science and Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford University; 26 Larry D. Kramer, Professor of Law and Politics, New York University School of Law, New York University Law Review, October, 2002, lexis

The pressure nevertheless can become quite intense, its mere threat a cause for anxiety
AND
publicly muses about resurrecting Lincoln’s position on the limits of judicial authority. n70

Key to stop NLRB enforcement – specifically including quickie election rule

Morgan Lewis, 13  (Morgan Lewis Labor and Employment Practice, 5/17, http://www.morganlewis.com/pubs/LEPG_LF_BeckerNLRBRecessAppointmentUnconstitutional_17may13)
On May 16, in National Labor Relations Board v. New Vista Nursing and
AND
valid Board is confirmed by the Senate)—is of highly questionable validity.

Crushes economy – small businesses, costs, job creation, massive excess unionization

Issa, 12
Darrell Issa, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, 12/13/12, http://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/NLRB-Report-FINAL-12.13.12.pdf

The "Quickie Election" Rule Illustrates a Disregard for Quorum Requirements In a major
AND
and present employers rather than looking out for the best interest of American workers

nuclear wars and turns whole case

O Hanlon et al, 12
O’Hanlon 12 Kenneth G. Lieberthal, Director of the John L. Thornton China Center and Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy and Global Economy and Development at the Brookings Institution, former Professor at the University of Michigan ~"The Real National Security Threat: America’s Debt," Los Angeles Times, July 10th, http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon~~

Alas, globalization and automation trends of the last generation have increasingly called the American
AND
is really possible if that fundamentalprerequisite to effective foreign policy is not reestablished.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: 

Israeli-Palestine Deal won’t pass without increased Israeli release of detainees – ID policy change gets it done

Tuchfeld 14
~{Mati, bachelor’s degree in political science and communications (Bar Ilan University), Israeli-based political correspondent, "Abbas to Gal-On: Will Extend Talks if More Prisoners Released," Hayom, 3/4, http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=15903~~}

Meretz Chairwoman Zehava Gal-On met with Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas in Ramallah
AND
on the number of refugees it will absorb every year," Abbas said.

Israel models the plan to create a more liberal detention framework

Bali 5
~{Asli, Assistant Professor of Law (UCLA), former Irving S. Ribicoff Fellow in Law and coordinator of the Middle East Legal Forum (Yale), JD (Yale), "Scapegoating the Vulnerable: Preventive Detention of Immigrants in America’s "War on Terror," UMASS, http://people.umass.edu/~~leg397v/Readings/Scapegoating20the20vulnerable.pdf~~}

For the readers of this journal, the greatest contribution of an analysis of administrative
AND
an alarming convergence in the violation of basic rights by both governments.99

That shift’s key to the deal – overcomes alt causes and builds trust

Doyle 12
~{Chris, Director of the Council for Arab-British Understanding, first class honors degree in Arabic and Islamic Studies (Exeter), Coordinator of the Joint Committee for Palestine, member of the Royal Institute for International Affairs, "Palestinian Detainees: No Security in Injustice," Sept, http://caabu.org/sites/default/files/resources/0802_CAABU_Palestinian20detainees_singles20SMALL.pdf~~}

In autumn 2011, after five years of negotiations. Hamas and Israel concluded a
AND
for Palestinians and would be an essential part of any sustainable peace process.

Deal includes creation of a Palestinian state – that collapses Israeli Strategic Depth and causes an escalatory chemical, biological, and nuclear war – conflict’s likely, miscalc magnifies it, and conventional deterrence is insufficient

Beres 13
~{Louis Rene, professor of Political Science (Purdue), M.A. and Ph.D. (Princeton), Lecturer at National Security College/the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies/The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, "The Future of Israel’s Nuclear Deterrence," US News and World Report, 11/11, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2013/11/11/iran-israel-and-the-nuclear-threat-in-the-middle-east~~}

There is more. Israel, still hoping to strike its own deal on "
AND
is needed to prevent such coinciding and mutually-reinforcing and existential perils.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: 

US gets modeled – in the context of Israel

Krotoszynski 9 – Krotoszynski, Director of Faculty Research, and Professor of Law, University of Alabama School of Law, 2009 (Ronald, Arkansas Law Review, 61 Ark. L. Rev. 603)

In the early years of the republic, our ability to go it alone was
AND
look to developments in the United States as a source of inspiration." n12

A2: 4^th Wave Release Sufficient

Fourth wave prisoner release won’t happen – Plan’s key to catalyze it by pushing talks forward

AFP 14
~{"Ministers Cast Doubt on Looming Prisoner Release," Times of Israel, 3/13, http://www.timesofisrael.com/ministers-cast-doubt-on-looming-prisoner-release/~~}

Ministers said Thursday that Israel would have difficulty approving a scheduled release of Palestinian prisoners
AND
tone and attitude, there’s no point in releasing them," he said.

They’re trying to renege the promise – that will collapse the deal

Bagno 14
~{Yuval, journalist specializing in Israeli national politics, "Ya’alon: Israel Never Agreed to Free Israeli Arabs in Prisoner Release," The Jerusalem Post, 3/15, http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Yaalon-Israel-never-agreed-to-free-Israeli-Arabs-in-prisoner-release-345452~~}

In an interview with Channel 2 which aired Saturday, Defense Minister Ya’alon did not
AND
this ~release~ in the government if it comes to a vote."

Three links – only one requires us to win plan gets modeled

-plan gets modeled
-plan restores US ability to persuade and leverage allies to also abandon detention
-plan increases US sway and credibility in negotiating a peace process
Atwood 9 – J. Brian Atwood, Dean of Professional Studies and Academic Affairs at the Foreign Service Institute, Former Under Secretary for Management and Administrator of USAID, et al., Amicus Brief in Ali Saleh Kahlah Al-Marri v. Spagone, et al., 1-28, http://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/Justice/20090128.Almarri.v.Sapgone.Amicus.Brief-Former.U.S.Diplomats.pdf

One hallmark of a dictatorship is the government’s assertion of a right to arrest and
AND
Chechnya, has also heralded the war on terror as its primary justification.

Release of Palestinian prisoners and shift to more liberal detention framework greases the wheels to a broader deal. It serves as a confidence building measure that establishes sufficient trust to overcome all of their alt causes – that’s Tuchfeld and Doyle

Prisoner release has a massive effect – swamps other questions

Benari 13
~{Elad, syndicated Israeli foreign affairs author, "Abbas: No Peace until All Prisoners Are Released," Arutz Sheva, 12/31, http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/175741~~23.UxkFIfldVyU~~}

As the terrorists were being released, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry expressed his "appreciation" of Israel’s agreeing to release terrorists who murdered Israelis. "The Israeli government’s commitment to release Palestinian prisoners helped enable the start... and the continuation of the final status negotiations, and we believe this is a positive step forward in the overall process," said State Department  deputy spokeswoman Marie Harf.

All of their examples are final status questions – that means if we win the link that detainee release is a huge CBM, all of their examples are irrelevant

Refugees are a non-issue – Abbas will make big concessions

Reuters 14
~{"We Don’t Want to ’Flood’ Israel with Palestinian Refugees: Abbas," 2/16, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/16/us-palestinians-israel-idUSBREA1F0OE20140216~~}

Addressing a sticking point in U.S.-brokered peace talks, President Mahmoud
AND
refugees be permitted to "return" only to a future Palestinian state.

BDS and UN multilateralism are working now – will decrease future settlements

Vick 14
~{Karl, Jerusalem Bureau Chief for TIME, covering Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories, "Palestinians Say Boycott-Israel Movement Is a Path to Peace," 3/5, http://time.com/13344/palestinians-bds-israel-peace-talks/~~}

"The U.N. is one place where you can show respect for
AND
. This is a responsible, positive approach. Instead we’re getting bashed."

Settlements decreasing now and they are not enough to derail a deal

CAMERA 14
~{Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America, Media watchdog group focused on Middle East reporting, ran by Andrea Levin who was a faculty member of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government and editor of the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, "Where’s the Coverage? "Settlements" Not an Obstacle to Peace," Snapshots, 3/5, http://blog.camera.org/archives/2014/03/wheres_the_coverage_settlement_1.html~~}

In reality, as a simple glance at the annual data published by Israel’s Central
AND
the Palestinian side. So what? What is the problem with that?

Peace backfires. It only fuels a new wave of identity-based conflicts

Sayigh ’01 (Yezid Sayigh, consulting senior fellow for the Middle East at the IISS, Winter 2001, "Palestine’s Prospects," Survival, p. 14-15)

Peace is valuable, but it is inevitably accompanied by shifts In existing structures which
AND
economic resources in a context of ethno-national and religious-national polarization

Solving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict won’t solve other conflicts throughout the middle east

Indyk ’06 (Martin Indyk, Director of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy and Senior Fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, 11-22-06, "The New Struggle For Power: Assessing American Foreign Policy in the Middle East",  Interview with Martin Indyk)

One of the reasons why the Bush administration has had real problems in the region
AND
of the objectives of those we are up against in the Middle East.

Peace will be temporary and only increase the chances of war

Kohn ’99 (Lawrence Kohn, Education Director of Temple Beth El, Midstream, July/August 1999, p. 3)

On Israel’s other peace process front, the Palestinian Authority. Prime Minister Barak has
AND
regarding arming Palestinian forces and destroying terrorist infrastructure in territories under its control.

We only need to win Israel is stable now because all our escalation evidence assumes Israeli collapse – it is and stabilizes the region as a whole

Levick 13
~{Adam, researcher for NGO Monitor, syndicated Middle East politics correspondent writing from Israel, "Stability in the Middle East: Egypt’s New Reality and Israeli Democracy," Gerard Direct, 7/4, http://gerarddirect.com/2013/07/04/9959/~~}

The Middle East has never been a very stable place. Armies have marched across
AND
with other African countries for many years to help them develop their agriculture.

The peace process causes Lebanese civil war

Homayoun et al. ’96 (Dr Assad Homayoun, former senior Iranian diplomat, Senior Fellow, International Strategic Studies Association, President, Azadegan Foundation, Prof. Ralph Ostrich, Northern Virginia Community College and Mehrdad Irani; Associate Editor of "Focus on Iran" Defense 26 Foreign Affairs’ Strategic Policy March, 1996)

In the event that the peace initiatives succeed and HizbAllah is forced out of southern
AND
Should this be realised, Arafat’s Palestinian Government would certainly be in jeopardy.

Lebanese instability escalates to broader Middle East war

Cetron 7 (Marvin J. and Owen Davies, president of Forecasting International Ltd. and former senior editor at Omni magazine, 9-1 "Worst-case scenario: the Middle East: current trends indicate that a Middle Eastern war might last for decades" The Futurist, http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-32674184_ITM)

There is more to come. After all, this is the most volatile region
AND
of control. Everyone in the Middle East fights everyone else for decades.

Palestinian state causes massive safe-haven for terror and sparks Middle East War

Beres 13
~{Louis Rene, professor of Political Science (Purdue), M.A. and Ph.D. (Princeton), Lecturer at National Security College/the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies/The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, "A Linkage Still Unrecognized: Palestinian Statehood and Jihadist Terror," Library of Social Science, 10/4, http://www.libraryofsocialscience.com/ideologies/docs/Beres-Palestinian.pdf~~}

If implemented. President Barack Obama’s plan for a ’Two-State Solution" in
AND
should be directed toward a sober historical understanding of violence and the sacred.

Palestinian state undermines Israeli strategic depth – causes nuclear war.

Beres ’03 (Louis Rene Beres, Professor of Political Science at Purdue University, 3-27-03, "After Iraq: a Palestinian State and Regional Nuclear War," http://www.freeman.org/m_online/apr03/beres.htm)

Until now, fears of a nuclear war in the Middle East have generally focussed
AND
Middle East already excludes Israel. Cartographically, Israel has already been destroyed.

A Palestinian state crushes Israel’s defenses

Flame ’03 (Flame, Facts and Logic About the Middle East, June, 2003, http://www.freeman.org/m_online/jun03/flame.htm)

The failure of the Oslo Accord and the bloody and seemingly never-ending intifada
AND
be no "Palestinian" state, no "two-state solution."

Two state solution leaves Israel defenseless against Palestinian mobilization—they would be overrun with conventional forces

Karsh ’96 (Efraim Karsh. Editor of Israel Affairs, Prof at Kings College, Between War and Peace: Dilemmas of Israeli security, Ed: Efraim Karsh, p. 7-8)

But terrorism is not the only potential threat emanating from a newly-established Palestinian
AND
nor her regular force structure are capable of competing effectively with this challenge. 

Loss of strategic depth incites Arab aggression - perception of inevitable victory inspires them to preemptively strike

Beres ’97 (Louis Rene Beres, Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue University, American University Journal of International Law 26 Policy, 1997, 12 Am. U.J. Int’l L. 26 Pol’y 267)

Regarding the Oslo Accords and Israel’s growing vulnerability to war, Israeli security is now
AND
-centered perception of military inevitability that would reiterate the policies of war.

Loss of strategic depth erodes perceptions of Israel’s deterrent, ensuring attack

Beres ’96 (Louis Rene Beres, Professor, Department of Political Science at Purdue, August, 1996,
http://www.freeman.org/m_online/aug96/berest.htm)

With your announced decision to accept Oslo as fully binding, Israel’s security is increasingly
AND
could accept a greater willingness to launch preemptive strikes against enemy hard targets.

A Palestinian state causes preemption doctrine

Beres ’97 (Louis Rene Beres, Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue University, Winter 1997, Dickinson Journal of International Law, p.301-2)

An ironic connection exists between the so-called Middle East Peace Process nl and
AND
, was being taken more seriously by the Arabs and/or Iran.

Global nuclear war

Obayemi, 6 — East Bay Law School professor
~Olumide, admitted to the Bars of Federal Republic of Nigeria and the State of California, Golden Gate University School of Law, "Article: Legal Standards Governing Pre-Emptive Strikes and Forcible Measures of Anticipatory Self-Defense Under the U.N. Charter and General International Law," 12 Ann. Surv. Int’l 26 Comp. L. 19, Lexis~

The United States must abide by the rigorous standards set out above that are meant
AND
. This is the essence of the preamble to the United Nations Charter.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: 

Water Wars

No water wars—empirics

Dinar et al., 12 (Shlomi Dinar is an associate professor in the Department of Politics and International Relations and associate director of the School of International and Public Affairs at Florida International University, 10/18, "IN THE NEWS: No Wars for Water: Why Climate Change Has Not Led to Conflict", Foreign Affairs, http://globalchange.mit.edu/news-events/news/news_id/210~~23.UXnGirWsiSo)

Of course, the policy community has long prophesied impending "water wars." In
AND
allow Lebanon to withdraw a predetermined amount of water for its domestic needs.
In short, predictions of a Water World War are overwrought. However, tensions over water usage can still exacerbate other existing regional conflicts. Climate change is expected to intensify droughts, floods, and other extreme weather conditions that jeopardize freshwater quantity and quality and therefore act as a threat-multiplier, making shaky regions shakier

Iran Prolif

No impact—credible U.S. and Israel deterrence, leadership is rational, won’t give weapons to terrorists

Carpenter, 12 (Ted Galen – senior fellow at the Cato Institute, April 12, "The Pernicious Myth That Iran Can’t Be Deterred", CATO Institute, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/pernicious-myth-iran-cant-be-deterred)

Rumblings about possible war with Iran have grown louder in Washington and other Western capitals in the past few months. Speculation has centered on the likelihood that Israel will launch preemptive air strikes against Iran’s nuclear installations, but there is also considerable talk that the United States might join in such strikes or even take on the primary mission to make certain that the key sites are destroyed.
Most advocates of military action against Iran contend that the system of international economic sanctions
AND
he will never allow the emergence of a nuclear Iran on his watch.
The reason that a growing number of politicians and pundits embrace the war option,
AND
Israel has between 150 and 300 nuclear weapons — an extremely credible deterrent.
None of that matters, hawks contend, because the Iranian leadership is not rational
AND
, "mutually assured destruction is not a deterrent. It’s an inducement."
There are several problems with that thesis. First, Ahmadinejad is hardly the most
AND
devoting too much time and energy to the issue of the 12th Imam.
Second, the return of the Mahdi in the midst of an apocalypse is scarcely
AND
devout Christian leader who believed Revelations would be tempted to bring about Armageddon.
The reality is that leaders in any political system usually prefer to enjoy the riches
AND
attack that would end their rule and obliterate Iran as a functioning society.
It is appropriate to demand that hawks produce evidence — not just allegations — that deterrence is inapplicable because Iranian leaders are suicidal. But one will search in vain for such evidence in the thirty-three years that the clerical regime has held power.
There is, in fact, an abundance of counter-evidence. Meir Dagan
AND
peace. That’s hardly the behavior of an irrational, suicidal political system.
Indeed, there is strong evidence that Iranian leaders understand that there are red lines
AND
deterrence neutralized any temptation Tehran might have had to engage in reckless conduct.
A more rational fear than the notion that Iran would commit suicide by launching a
AND
a little less overwrought than the other theories about the "Iranian threat."

A2: Hamas Holy War Impact

They don’t solve Hamas
Dropped terrorism impact defense which is the terminal impact 

A2: ME democ

Stble now – democ may stabilize but no issue now

?

A2: Israeli Strikes Impact

No Israeli strikes

Goldberg, 12 (Jeffrey, national correspondent for The Atlantic and a recipient of the National Magazine Award for Reporting, "In Iran Standoff, Netanyahu Could Be Bluffing: Jeffrey Goldberg," http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-12/in-iran-standoff-netanyahu-may-be-bluffing-commentary-by-jeffrey-goldberg.html)

An Attractive Theory The theory has its attractions. For one, Israel hasn’t yet
AND
I don’t bluff." Whether Netanyahu bluffs is perhaps the more important question.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: 

Circumvention likely – judicial constraints

-Slow
-Narrow decisions
-Implementation
-Deference
Wheeler 9
~Darren A, Associate Professor of Political Science (Ball State), "Checking Presidential Detention Power in the War on Terror: What Should We Expect from the Judiciary?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, 39.4, December, http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598~~

This article argues that there are four specific reasons why those expecting the Supreme Court
AND
2004; Goldsmith 2007; Kassop 2007; Savage 2007; Wheeler 2008).

-Executive will claim habeas doesn’t apply extraterritorially and just rendition

Ghosh 12, JD at Stanford Law, Boumediene Applied Badly: The Extraterritorial Constitution after Al Maqaleh v. Gates, http://www.stanfordlawreview.org/sites/default/files/Ghosh-64-Stan-L-Rev-507.pdf

Although Boumediene contemplated placing greater weight on the practical arguments against habeas review in active
AND
C. Circuit’s poor framing of the key issues unfortunately reversed that ruling.

Our offense for circumvention – spurs worse alternatives that flip the aff and make judicial review impossible

Vladeck 12
~Stephen I., Professor of Law at the Washington College of Law at American University, "Detention Policies: What Role for Judicial Review?" ABA Journal, October, http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/detention_policies_what_role_for_judicial_review/~~

Writing for a divided panel of the U.S. District Court for the
AND
the need for (or availability of) judicial review in future cases.

Interbranch cooperation and clear SOP on detention authority now

Chesney 12
~Robert, J.D. (Harvard), Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the University of Texas School of Law, a Distinguished Scholar of the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, and a Non-Resident Senior Fellow of the Brookings Institution, "Beyond the Battlefield, Beyond Al Qaeda: The Destabilizing Legal Architecture of Counterterrorism," Michigan Law Review, Forthcoming; U of Texas Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 227, 8/29, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2138623~~

Part I below fleshes out my baseline claim that the status quo legal architecture reached
AND
Military Force, providing a fresh statutory foundation at least for detention operations.  

Plan trashes that and causes branch conflict – Striking down indefinite detention violates Congressional war powers

Rivkin 12
~David B, Visiting Fellow at the Center for the National Interest, Co-Chairman of the Center for Law and Counterterrorism at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, "Brief of Amici Curiae Senators John McCain, Lindsey Graham, and Kelly Ayotte in Support of Appellants," Baker Hostetler LLP, 11/13, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Hedges-Amicus-Brief-FINAL-2.pdf~~

That the decision below implicates so many justiciability doctrines reveals the central error of this
AND
.S. at 519. That claim, too, is barred.

Lack of SOP causes nuclear war – gender paraphrased

Ray Forrester Professor, Hastings College of the Law, University of California August 1989 The George Washington Law Review 57 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 1636 "Presidential Wars in the Nuclear Age: An Unresolved Problem." 

Abramson, Wherever President Goes, the Nuclear War ’Football’ is Beside Him, Los
AND
, indeed, humanity in general, probably would be unable to survive.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: 

"Increase" means a net increase

Rogers 5 (Judge – New York, et al., Petitioners v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Respondent, NSR Manufacturers Roundtable, et al., Intervenors, 2005 U.S. App. LEXIS 12378, ; 60 ERC (BNA) 1791, 6/24, Lexis)

~48~  Statutory Interpretation. HN16While the CAA defines a "modification" as
AND
car five or ten years ago when the engine was in perfect condition.

"Restrictions" are direct limitations —- assess the legal form, not the effect

Viterbo 12 (Annamaria, Assistant Professor in International Law – University of Torino, PhD in International Economic Law – Bocconi University and Jean Monnet Fellow – European University Institute, International Economic Law and Monetary Measures: Limitations to States’ Sovereignty and Dispute, p. 166)

In order to distinguish an exchange restriction from a trade measure, the Fund chose not to give relevance to the purposes or the effects of the measure and to adopt, instead, a technical criterion that focuses on the method followed to design said measure.
An interpretation that considered the economic effects and purposes of the measures (taking into
AND
balance of payments reasons would have fallen within the competence of the Fund.
After lengthy discussions, in 1960 the IMF Executive Board adopted Decision No. 1034-(60/27).46 This Decision clarified that the distinctive feature of a restriction on payments and transfers for current international transactions is "whether it involves a direct governmental limitation on the availability or use of exchange as such*.47 This is a limitation imposed directly on the use of currency in itself, for all purposes.

Release doesn’t net increase restrictions – Presidential authority to release already eliminated by the Congress

Warren Richey, Staff writer CSM, 1-7-2011 http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2011/0107/Obama-blasts-Congress-s-limits-on-Guantanamo-transfers

President Obama strongly objected on Friday to provisions of the 2011 Defense Authorization Act that
AND
and able to prevent the detainee’s future involvement in acts against the US.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: Forslund, Mosley-Jensen, Hardy

Norms

1NC – General

No modeling

No causal link

Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor of International Law at American University, 10/9/11, "What Kind of Drones Arms Race Is Coming?," http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/~~23more-51516-http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/
New York Times national security correspondent Scott Shane has an opinion piece in today’s Sunday
AND
states competing to come up with weapons technologies that are … more discriminating.

Self interest overrides norms

Etzioni 13, Professor of International Relations @ George Washington University
(Aimtai Etzioni, adviser to the Carter administration, "The Great Drone Debate  ", Military Review, 4/2013, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf-http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf**)**

Other critics contend that by the United States ¶ using drones, it leads other
AND
In such circumstances, the role ¶ of norms is much more limited.

Acquisition too easy

Daniel Byman 2013 (Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, 92 foreign affairs 32, "Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice", hein online)

Controlling the spread of drone technology will prove impossible; that horse left the barn
AND
(also called Burma) to kill a wanted drug trafficker hiding there.

Drone prolif slow, no investment – no impact because the tech will be terrible

Micah Zenko 2013 (Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, council on foreign relations, "Reforming US Drone Strike Policies" pdf)

Based on current trends, it is unlikely that most states will have, ¶
AND
undertake the significant ¶ investment required for armed drones in the near term.

No drone wars

Joseph Singh 12, researcher at the Center for a New American Security, 8/13/12, "Betting Against a Drone Arms Race," http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/~~23ixzz2eSvaZnfQ-http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/

In short, the doomsday drone scenario Ignatieff and Sharkey predict results from an excessive
AND
of 21st Century warfare remains fundamentally unaltered despite their arrival in large numbers.

1NC – China Scneario

No China scenario

Only use drones for surveillance- constrained by sovereignty and international frameworks

Andrew Erickson is an associate professor at the Naval War College and an Associate in Research at Harvard University’s Fairbank Centre. Follow him on Twitter @andrewserickson. Austin and Strange is a researcher at the Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute and a graduate student at Zhejiang University., 5-29-2013 http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html-http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html

This impressive arsenal may tempt China to pull the trigger. The fact that a
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caution - something Washington must bear in mind with its own drone programme.

It’s definitely not the US- already out of sync with US use

Chinese drones inevitable- don’t base their drone use on US norms

Edward Wong, NYT, 9-20-2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/21/world/asia/hacking-us-secrets-china-pushes-for-drones.html?pagewanted=all-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/21/world/asia/hacking-us-secrets-china-pushes-for-drones.html?pagewanted=all

 Mr. Easton said deploying the drone near disputed waters and islands "was
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said on its Web site that it produces 90 percent of Chinese drones.

No impact to Chinese drones—-their ev is irrational media hype

Trefor Moss 13, journalist for The Diplomat covering Asian politics, defense and security, formerly Asia-Pacific Editor at Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/2/13, "Here Come…China’s Drones," The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/2013/03/02/here-comes-chinas-drones/?print=yes-http://thediplomat.com/2013/03/02/here-comes-chinas-drones/?print=yes

Unmanned systems have become the legal and ethical problem child of the global defense industry
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modernizing in all areas of military technology – unmanned systems being no exception.

Both Seas Defense

Zero risk of Asian war or miscalc – assumes sea conflicts

Bisley 14(Nick, executive director of LaTrobe Asia at LaTrobe University, It’s not 1914 all over again: Asia is preparing to avoid war, March 10, http://theconversation.com/its-not-1914-all-over-again-asia-is-preparing-to-avoid-war-22875)
One hundred years ago, Europe stumbled into an unexpected and utterly devastating war.
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in difficult times, but Asia is not about to sleepwalk into conflict.

No model

No modeling – correlation vs causation – they can’t prove that US policy sets any precedent – drone tech and use was inev- self interest outweighs, countries won’t give up strategic tech which means the plan’s restraint doesn’t solve and acquisition is too easy – that’s Anderson, etzioni, byman 

causes any other country to give up their plans for drones

Max Boot 11, the Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, 10/9/11, "We Cannot Afford to Stop Drone Strikes," Commentary Magazine, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/-http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/

The New York Times engages in some scare-mongering today about a drone ams
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the vain hope it will encourage disarmament on the part of dictatorial states.

It’s impossible to solve- conflicting interests

Alejandro Sueldo 12, J.D. candidate and Dean’s Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law and a PhD candidate at the Department of War Studies at King’s College London of the University of London, 4/11/12, "The coming drone arms race," http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=70B6B991-ECA7-4E5F-BE80-FD8F8A1B5E90-http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=70B6B991-ECA7-4E5F-BE80-FD8F8A1B5E90
Of particular concern are the legal and policy challenges posed if other states imitate the U.S. targeted killing program. For Washington is setting a precedent whereby states can send drones, often over sovereign borders, to kill foreigners or their own citizens, who are deemed threats.
Other states may also follow Washington’s example and develop their own criteria to define imminent threats and use drones to counter them.
Washington will find it increasingly difficult to protest other nations’ targeted killing programs — particularly when the United States has helped define this lethal practice. U.S. opposition will prove especially difficult when other states justify targeted killings as a matter of domestic affairs.
Should enough states follow the U.S. example, the practice of preemptively targeting and killing suspected threats may develop into customary international law.
Such a norm, however, which requires consistent state practice arising out of a sense of legal obligation, now looks unlikely. While targeted killing policies are arguably executed by states citing a legal obligation to protect themselves from imminent threats, widespread state practice is still uncommon.
But international law does not forbid drones. And given the lack of an international regime to control drones, state and non-state actors are free to determine their future use.
This lack of international consensus about how to control drones stems from a serious contradiction in incentives. Though drones pose grave challenges, they also offer states lethal and non-lethal capabilities that are of great appeal. Because the potential for drone technology is virtually limitless, states are now unwilling to control how drones evolve.

China won’t abandon drone use based on US action- historically grounded outside US practice

Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor of International Law at American University, 10/9/11, "What Kind of Drones Arms Race Is Coming?," http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/~~23more-51516-http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/

It is indeed likely that the future will see more instances of uses of force
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this for a long time and thinks it is legally and morally right.

Ext. No Drone Wars

Drones don’t make wars more likely – deterrence, treaties, security commitments, and alliances all still exist and guide state behavior – a decade of drone use disproves their impact – that’s singh

Drone war risk exaggerated- no factual basis and undermines informed dialogue

Ashley Boyle Adjunct Fellow at American Security Project, 7-13-2012 http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-us-and-its-uavs-addressing-legality-and-overblown-scenarios/-http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-us-and-its-uavs-addressing-legality-and-overblown-scenarios/

One of the touchstones in the current US drones dialogue is the the legality of
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directed toward constructive efforts than at strangulating any hope for an informed dialogue.

Brooks

Concedes plan is insufficient to solve key rule of law questions

Rosa Brooks, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow, New America Foundation, 4/23/13, The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf

Mr. Chairman, I would like to turn now to the legal framework applicable
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them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: Forslund, Mosley-Jensen, Hardy

terror

1NC

They don’t have the internal link cards here to tie the room together- their Kris card is about a law enforcement strategy about terrorism not Congressional restrictions and no evidence that drones are the reason countries are restricting fly-over status

Backlash inevitable – US will always be blamed for strikes regardless of whether or not they launched – your author

Micah Zenko 2013 (Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, council on foreign relations, "Reforming US Drone Strike Policies" pdf)

The problem with maintaining that drone strikes are covert is that ¶ both the American
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we found that many more civilians are being killed ¶ than officials acknowledge.

Status quo strikes solve

No host state kick out

Daniel Byman 2013 (Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh
School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban
Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, 92 foreign affairs 32, "Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice", hein online)

It is also telling that drones have earned the backing, albeit secret, of
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against the drone program~ in the National Assembly and then ignore it."

Pakistani terrorists

ICG 5/21/13 (international crisis group, "Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan" http://www.crisisgroup.org/~~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/pakistan/247-drones-myths-and-reality-in-pakistan.pdf)

According to an Obama administration official, the U.S. eliminated at least
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militancy in FATA, "drones are the only thing militants fear".13

AQAP

Andrew Terrill 3/13/13 (SI’s Middle East specialist. Prior to his appointment, he served as a Middle East nonproliferation analyst for the International Assessments Division of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). In 1998-99, Dr. Terrill also served as a Visiting Professor at the U.S. Air War College on assignment from LLNL. He is a former faculty member at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, and has taught adjunct at a variety of other colleges and universities. He is a retired U.S. Army Reserve Lieutenant Colonel and Foreign Area Officer (Middle East)., Strategic Studies Institute, United States Army War College, "Op-Ed: Drones Are Making A Difference In Yemen"  http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Drones-Are-Making-A-Difference-In-Yemen/2013/03/13-http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Drones-Are-Making-A-Difference-In-Yemen/2013/03/13)

At least in the case of Yemen, drones appear to have been stunningly successful
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be kept open to avoid the need for much more frightening choices later.

Somalia

Abdi Aynte 3/19/12 (Somali-American journalist. He works for Al Jazeera., Africa news, "Somalia;
Understanding the Al-Shabaab/Al-Qaeda ’Merger’" lexis)

Thirdly, al-Qaeda was having a debilitating space problem. Deprived of its
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central Somalia, much of which is run by al-Qaeda operatives.

Allies willing to break relations over it- no monolithic EU response and tacitly accept US actions in private despite public comments

Judy Dempsey¶ Nonresident Senior Associate¶ Carnegie Europe¶ Editor in chief¶ Strategic Europe  7-11-2012 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/world/europe/12iht-letter12.html?_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/world/europe/12iht-letter12.html?_r=0

When Thomas de Maizière, the German defense minister, told a gathering of army
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directly concern them. Government officials point to this to explain their silence. 

No operational commitment to limited geographic zones now- restricting that authority undermines CT

Geoffrey Corn 9-30, The Presidential Research Professor of Law at South Texas College of Law, Lieutenant Colonel (Retired), U.S. Army, was formerly the Army’s senior law of war expert advisor, 9/30/13, "Debate (Round 1): The Military Component of Counter-Terror Operations," http://justsecurity.org/2013/09/30/military-component-counter-terror-operations/-http://justsecurity.org/2013/09/30/military-component-counter-terror-operations/

This binary operational response framework arguably reveals why the United States has and continues to
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the fight’ to the enemy and deny the enemy functional geographic safe haven.
Reverting back to a pure law enforcement response will therefore seriously undermine the efficacy of
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achieve against such a threat (consider the Israeli experience as an example).
Maximizing operational and tactical flexibility to strike high value terrorist targets – command, control
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, however, would be the result outside the context of armed conflict.
None of this is intended to suggest that the armed conflict characterization makes executing counter
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disruptive effect on our counter-terror operations, not on the enemy.

Alt cause to intel sharing-

spying scandal

Claire Davenport, Huffington Post, 7-4-2013 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/04/eu-parliament-spying_n_3546291.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/04/eu-parliament-spying_n_3546291.html

The European Parliament called on Thursday for the scrapping of two agreements granting the United
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the only one that initially called for the suspension of the trade talks.

Other drone procedures

Dworkin 13
~Anthony, senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, "Actually, drones worry Europe more than spying," CNN, 7/17, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2013/07/17/actually-drones-worry-europe-more-than-spying/-http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2013/07/17/actually-drones-worry-europe-more-than-spying/~~

For a start, it should cut back the number of drone strikes and be
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of weapon, before the regular use of drones spreads across the globe.

Detention and rendition

Kristin Archick¶ Specialist in European Affairs, 9-4-2013 "U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism" www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22030.pdf?

U.S. and European officials alike maintain that the imperative to provide freedom
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detainees, but maintained that certain prisoners were too dangerous to be released.

AT: Nuclear Terrorism Impact

No risk of nuclear terrorism – technically impossible
Michael, 12 (Professor Nuclear Counterprolif and Deterrence at Air Force Counterprolif Center, ’12 (George, March, "Strategic Nuclear Terrorism and the Risk of State Decapitation" Defence Studies, Vol 12 Issue 1, p 67-105, T26F Online)

Despite the alarming prospect of nuclear terrorism, the obstacles to obtaining such capabilities are
AND
there are still many nuclear weapons that could fall into the wrong hands.
No risk of WMD terrorism – don’t have the resources or focus
Mueller and Stewart, 12 (Professor PolSci Ohio State, and Stewart, Professor Infrastructure Performance at U of Newcastle, ’12, John- Senior Research Scientist Mershon Center for International Security Studies, Mark- Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow, Summer, "The Terrorism Delusion: America’s Overwrought Response to September 11" International Security, Vol 37 No 1, ProjectMuse)

Few of the sleepless, it seems, found much solace in the fact that
AND
far, the talent pool appears, to put mildly, very thin.

Russia Accidental War/Launch

No war

Ryabikhin et al., 9 (Dr. Leonid Ryabikhin, expert of the Russian Science Committee for Global Security, General (Ret.) Viktor Koltunov,  Dr. Eugene Miasnikov, June 2009, "De-alerting: Decreasing the Operational Readiness of Strategic Nuclear Forces," http://www.ewi.info/system/files/RyabikhinKoltunovMiasnikov.pdf-http://www.ewi.info/system/files/RyabikhinKoltunovMiasnikov.pdf)

The issue of the possibility of an "accidental" nuclear war itself is hypothetical
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5 the United States have developed proper measures to observe the agreed requirements. 

60 years and hundreds of incidents prove we’re right – accidental war is extremely unlikely

Quinlan 9 (Sir Michael, Consulting Senior Fellow – International Institute for Strategic Studies and Former Permanent Under-Secretary of State – UK Ministry of Defense, Thinking About Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Problems, Prospects, p. 63-69)

Even if initial nuclear use did not quickly end the fighting, the supposition of
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cosmic holocaust might be mistakenly precipitated in this way belongs to science fiction. 

No impact – accidents will land in the ocean

Slocombe 9 (Walter, Former Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, "De-Alerting: Diagnoses, Prescriptions, and Side-Effects", 6-21, http://www.ewi.info/system/files/Slocombe.pdf)

Moreover, in recent years, both the US and Russia, as well as
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De-targeting, therefore, provides a significant protection against technical error.

Ext. EU Not Mad

Leaders don’t care about drones and wont sever relations

Dworkin 13
~Anthony, senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, "Drones and Targeted Killing: Defining a European Position," ECFR, 7/3, http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR84_DRONES_BRIEF.pdf-http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR84_DRONES_BRIEF.pdf~~

• • 
    The US use of drones for targeted killing away from any battlefield has become the
    AND
    a greater scope for a productive dialogue with the Obama administration on drones.

EU supports US drone use- want an end to insurgency, have armed forces in Afghanistan and want to acquire their own drones- intel sharing will continue

Chris Cole is the founder of Drone Wars UK and Contributor at the Guardian UK 3-23-2012 http://dronewars.net/2012/03/23/europes-silence-on-us-drone-targeted-killings-2/-http://dronewars.net/2012/03/23/europes-silence-on-us-drone-targeted-killings-2/

When the United States and the European Union committed to cooperating more closely in the
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be defined as prudent, but it could also result in a backlash.

1NC Allies + ZoAC

The drone program won’t collapse over allied criticism on zones of conflict issues

Benjamin Wittes 13, Senior Fellow in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, 2/27/13, "In Defense of the Administration on Targeted Killing of Americans," http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/in-defense-of-the-administration-on-targeted-killing-of-americans/

First, some critics doubt the fundamental premise that the United States is engaged in
AND
which the executive branch is entitled to rely in formulating its legal views.

no nukes

they can’t get a bomb or detonate – no black market, money transfers trigger red flags, can’t bypass safeguards on the bombs, getting and transferring radioactive material is impossible, no tech expertise,
No risk of WMD terrorism – don’t have the resources or focus
Mueller and Stewart, 12 (Professor PolSci Ohio State, and Stewart, Professor Infrastructure Performance at U of Newcastle, ’12, John- Senior Research Scientist Mershon Center for International Security Studies, Mark- Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow, Summer, "The Terrorism Delusion: America’s Overwrought Response to September 11" International Security, Vol 37 No 1, ProjectMuse)

Few of the sleepless, it seems, found much solace in the fact that
AND
far, the talent pool appears, to put mildly, very thin.

Bioterrorism Frontline

No impact to bioterrorism impossible—adequate defenses, no precedent, bioterrorists will fail

Epstein, 10 (Gerald R. – Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic Research and International Studies and assistant director for national security at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, October, "Are Microorganisms Macrothreats?", BioScience 60.9, p. 759-760, JSTOR)

It is impossible for national security planners to know the real threat of bioterrorism,
AND
-be bioterrorists to fail, be discovered, or accidentally kill themselves.
But in an era when relevant technologies are becoming more powerful, prevalent, and
AND
, how sure can we be that no such group will ever succeed?
On this question hinges Breeding Bio Insecurity. Lynn C. Klotz, a senior
AND
wrong, however, their recommendations would leave the country at greater risk.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: Forslund, Mosley-Jensen, Hardy

Solvency

Geographic Zones - Definitional Circumvention 1NC

Executive will use broad interpretations of Article 2 imminent attack in order to circumvent – doesn’t require open noncompliance

Kenny, 13  (Jack, New American, 6/4, http://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/constitution/item/15616-congress-looks-to-revise-expand-president-s-war-powers-http://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/constitution/item/15616-congress-looks-to-revise-expand-president-s-war-powers

President Obama has pledged he will not sign any law to expand the president’s war
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Did the president say something about a "boundless global war on terror"?

CX proves its unclear where zones of active hostilities expands to – if Pakistan strikes are ok because of Afghanistna what happens when executive says an attack will take place in Afghanistan but is being planned in Somalia or Yemen

"Active" conflict zone distinction lacks any definitional certainty – allows circumvention and UNDERMINES CREDIBILITY OF TARGETED KILLINGS LEGAL REGIME

Johnson, 13
~Jeh Charles, former Pentagon general counsel,  "Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A "Drone Court": Some Pros and Cons", 3/18, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/~~

Other considerations:Many like to draw distinctions between on and off a so-
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caution against the development of different legal regimes and standards on this basis.

BEGGING for circumvention – real time battlefield assessments and no stable legal basis means Assessment of "imminence" for purposes of self defense changes BY THE MINUTE

Johnson, 13
~Jeh Charles, former Pentagon general counsel,  "Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A "Drone Court": Some Pros and Cons", 3/18, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/~~

Next, if the court’s jurisdiction is limited to U.S. citizens,
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believe we will also discourage the type of continual reevaluation I’m referring to.

Geographic Zones – Legal Indeterminancy 1NC

spatial and temporal distinctions between zones of active conflict have broken down – multiple legal regimes make compliance radically indeterminate – this goes far beyond differing interpretation of law

Brooks, 13
Rosa Brooks, Georgetown University Law Center, "Duck-Rabbits and Drones: Legal Indeterminacy in
the War on Terror", 2013, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=229726context=facpub-http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=229726context=facpub

In the days and weeks immediately following the 9/11 attacks, "the
AND
, 153 U. Pa. L. Rev. 675 (2004). 

Ov

Plan gets circumvented – multiple links – we only need to win one to take out the aff – circumvention is a yes no questions, if we win a chance it might occur you should vote neg on presumption

1. article 2 – Obama will use it to justify strikes based on imminent self defense – allows him to hit anywhere which jacks their zones distinction – it’s also non-open non-compliance which their ev doesn’t assume

Takes out aff – their author – also concedes that we do TK outsides zones of active hostilities

Dworkin 12
Anthony Dworkin is a Senior Policy Fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, European Council on Foreign Relations, June 19, 2012, "Obama’s Drone Attacks: How the EU Should Respond", http://ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_obamas_drone_attacks_how_the_eu_should_respond

Obama’s Concession to European Views
In a speech on the subject last autumn, Obama’s chief counter-terrorism advisor
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) to govern the use of targeted killing of non-state fighters.

2. active hostilities or conflict – zero legal distinction between hot and cold battlefields – allows Obama to play word games and redefine conflicts to fit whatever strikes he wants

3. legal indeterminacy - spatial and temporal distinctions between zones of active conflict have broken down – multiple legal regimes make compliance radically indeterminate – this goes far beyond differing interpretation of law

Brooks, 13
Rosa Brooks, Georgetown University Law Center, "Duck-Rabbits and Drones: Legal Indeterminacy in
the War on Terror", 2013, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=229726context=facpub-http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=229726context=facpub

In the days and weeks immediately following the 9/11 attacks, "the
AND
, 153 U. Pa. L. Rev. 675 (2004). 

ZoAC Link – Definitions

Aff use of "zone of active hostilities" guarantees circumvention-

Zone of active conflict guarantees non-compliance- no universal definition and it’s operationally impossible

David Wood has been a journalist since 1970, a staff correspondent successively for Time Magazine, the Los Angeles Times, Newhouse News Service, The Baltimore Sun and Politics Daily 2-14-2013 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/14/drone-attacks-legal-debate_n_2687980.html?utm_hp_ref=david-wood-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/14/drone-attacks-legal-debate_n_2687980.html?utm_hp_ref=david-wood

Yemen was different. The White House was not sending tens of thousands of troops
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engaged in hostilities, any target was fair game, no matter where.

-Impossible to define the precise geographic scope and what constitutes active hostilities

Jennifer C. Daskal, Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law, Georgetown University Law Center, April, 2013 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165

Consistent with treaty and case law, overt and sustained fighting are key factors in
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~  reflect the actual fighting than would preexisting state or administrative boundaries. n138

-No universal definition

Jennifer C. Daskal, Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law, Georgetown University Law Center, April, 2013 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165

Given the basis for distinguishing between zones of active hostilities and elsewhere, this Part
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of law as well as the normative and practical reasons for this distinction.

Ext - Broad interpretations self defense

 no real limit===

US already uses self defense justification for every current strike outside active zones– failure to expressly limit expansive interpretations of imminence guarantee circumvention and zero credible legal limit

Blank, 12
Laurie R. Blank, director of the International Humanitarian Law Clinic at Emory University School of Law, William Mitchell Law Rev, 2012, https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/2156-new-targeted-strikes-the-consequences-of-blurring-https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/2156-new-targeted-strikes-the-consequences-of-blurring

Targeted killing can be defined as "the use of lethal force attributable to a
AND
raises significant concerns about both current implementation and future development of the law,

Broad interpretation of plans international self defense law standards are inevitable -  ensure zero meaningful constraint, international controversy and global norm for preventative, active defense and anticipatory drone strikes

Anderson, American University law professor, 2009
~Kenneth, 5-11-09, "Targeted Killing in U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy and Law"  http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2009/5/1120counterterrorism20anderson/0511_counterterrorism_anderson.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2009/5/11 counterterrorism anderson/0511_counterterrorism_anderson.pdf,

Targeted Killing as Self-Defense? As I have already let on, the
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international law to constrain U.S. flexibility in exactly this regard.

US can and will interpret any strike as entirely consistent with affs standards of self defense law

Blank, 12
Laurie R. Blank, director of the International Humanitarian Law Clinic at Emory University School of Law, William Mitchell Law Rev, 2012, https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/2156-new-targeted-strikes-the-consequences-of-blurring-https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/2156-new-targeted-strikes-the-consequences-of-blurring

In November 2002, a U.S. drone strike killed Abu Ali al
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1662 targeting within these two legal regimes: armed conflict and self-defense

At squo

 Obama posture===
their squo = obama’s posture arguments don’t make any sense because if that were the case A. there’d be no EU backlash B. they’d be able to tell us where zones of active hostilities are and C. we wouldn’t be doing strikes in Somalia, yemen, and pakistan bc we’re not at war with those countries which proves all of our legal indeterminacy args – i

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: Forslund, Mosley-Jensen, Hardy

The executive branch of the United States should not use targeted killing as a first resort outside zones of active hostilities and publicly announce that this the legal policy of the United States federal government.

CP solves- functional limits create accountability and don’t link to politics

Michaels 11 (Jon, Professor, UCLA School of Law, "The (Willingly) Fettered Executive: Presidential Spinoffs in National Security Domains and Beyond," Virginia Law Review, http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/97/801.pdf-http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/97/801.pdf)

These are revealing case studies, weighty in their own right and interesting complements to
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itself serves as testament to the durability and primacy of the dominant understanding.

presidential speech announcing policy as formal opinion juris legal obligation captures every 2ac solvency deficit

Anderson and Wittes, 13
Kenneth Anderson and Benjamin Wittes, "Speaking the Law: The Obama Administration’s Addresses on National Security Law,"  http://www.hoover.org/taskforces/national-security/speaking-the-law/-http://www.hoover.org/taskforces/national-security/speaking-the-law/

The pressure to say something substantial on the war’s legal framework began early—and
AND
, or with the blessing of, more than one branch of government.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: Forslund, Mosley-Jensen, Hardy

The European Union should propose to the United States Federal Government a higher-level transatlantic forum for coordinating policies on terrorism modeled on the U.S.-E.U. strategic dialogue on Asia established in 2005.  The European Union should inform the United States Federal Government of its intention to take a lead donor role on gathering intelligence to combat terrorism.  The European Union should continue and expand intelligence gathering and sharing with the United States.  The European Union should offer to include on the forum agenda a joint diplomatic statement of high level transatlantic support for the European initiative.

Solves allied coop on terrorism

Youngs, ’4 Richard Youngs is senior researcher at the Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE) in Madrid, and lecturer at the University of Warwick in the UK. He previously worked for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and coordinated an EU funded research project on democracy in the Middle East, within which he established a network of experts from the Middle East and compiled a series of policy recommendations for the European Commission. Youngs has also acted as consultant to the FCO, DFID and a number of European research institute, the Foreign Policy Center, http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/352.pdf-http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/352.pdf

Europeans risk becoming so fixated with disassociating the EU from the US that they are
AND
the scenes to encourage a gradual strengthening and broadening of ongoing EU programmes.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: Forslund, Mosley-Jensen, Hardy

1NC

Legal geographic restrictions undermine operational predictability and certainty

LAURIE R. BLANK, Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Emory University School of Law, 2013 "Learning to Live with (a Little) Uncertainty: The Operational Aspects and Consequences of the Geography of Conflict Debate" 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. Online 347

Second, implementation in the context of a new law of war framework as proposed
AND
, the conduct of the enemy, and a range of other factors.

Perception of operational effectiveness key to deter Russia in the arctic

Dowd, 11, Senior Fellow of the Fraser Institute
(The Big Chill: Energy Needs Fueling Tensions in the Arctic," https://www.fraserinstitute.org/research-news/news/display.aspx?id=2147483979-https://www.fraserinstitute.org/research-news/news/display.aspx?id=2147483979)

One reason a military presence will be necessary is the possibility of accidents caused by
AND
When the message is unclear, Russia will take what it can get. 

Arctic conflict goes nuclear

Wallace 10, Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia
(Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons A Task Long Overdue", http://www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf-http://www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf)

The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition.
AND
geo-political/economic significance of the Arctic because of climate change." 

2NC

Da

Ov

Turns the case – blank says the shift from squo’s threat based decision making to geographic criteria for using force creates opernational uncertainty because our commanders use threat based approach and aren’t equipped for the plans restriction – crushes training and chain of command which causes miscalc, ambiguity, and circumvention

LAURIE R. BLANK, Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Emory University School of Law, 2013 "Learning to Live with (a Little) Uncertainty: The Operational Aspects and Consequences of the Geography of Conflict Debate" 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. Online 347

Third, the enforcement and accountability stage of conflict introduces similar challenges as a result
AND
as irrelevant or, still worse, as doing more harm than good.

Turns case Wallace says artic war draws in US Russia and nato

Operational effectiveness is the vital internal link to successful use of intel gathering

Andrew Elwell, The University of Nottingham BA in History, Senior Editor at a news and data provider, offering proprietary analysis, intelligence, market research and data on the global security and defence industry. 11-28-2011 http://rpdefense.over-blog.com/article-the-fog-of-war-airstrikes-on-pakistan-border-underscore-isr-requirements-90341427.html-http://rpdefense.over-blog.com/article-the-fog-of-war-airstrikes-on-pakistan-border-underscore-isr-requirements-90341427.html

The fog of war always clouds the distinction between military intent and operational precision.
AND
inevitably intensify as situational awareness becomes an increasingly important factor in warfighting capabilities. 

AT: No Link – General

Blank is an ON POINT response to Daskal’s proposal which is your entire solvency advocate- err neg on nuanced link questions

Laurie R. Blank¶ 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. Online 347 (2013)¶ Responding to Jennifer C. Daskal¶ The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside the "Hot" Conflict Zone¶ 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165 (2013) 

The issue of the geography of "the battlefield"—that is, where an
AND
the operational realm and their potential second- and third-order effects.

A2:  Not Unique – plan codifies squo – Op Clarity Specific

Formal codification of legal obligation is key to trigger our links

Corn and Jenks, 11
Geoffrey Corn, Associate Professor of Law, South Texas College of Law. Formerly Special
Assistant for Law of War Matters and Chief of the Law of War Branch, Office of
The Judge Advocate General, United States Army; Chief of International Law,
U.S. Army Europe; Professor of International and National Security Law, U.S.
Army Judge Advocate General’s School, Chris Jenks, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army Judge Advocate General’s Corps. Presently  serving as the Chief of the International Law Branch, Office of The Judge Advocate General, Washington, D.C., 11/30/11, https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/144-cornjenks33upajintll3132011pdf-https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/144-cornjenks33upajintll3132011pdf

Conflating of law and policy
There may be - and indeed often are - policy and operational rationale for imposing
AND
of a civilian, and further encourages non-compliance with the LOAC.

A2:  Not Unique - Plan Codifies Squo - General

Plan is a substantial limitation deviating from Obama current practice and policy

Corn, 11
Geoffrey Corn, Professor of Law, South Texas College of Law, Houston, Texas. Previously Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army, and Special Assistant to the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General for Law of War Matters, "Self-Defense Targeting: Blurring the Line between the Jus ad Bellum and the Jus in Bello" 10/22/11, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1947838-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1947838

B. Self-defense Targeting: A Third Rail? It did not take
AND
need to address the conflict classification dilemma: self-defense targeting.62

Plan not codification of squo - that’s still true in practice

Anthony Dworkin 13, senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, "Drones And Targeted Killing: Defining A European Position", July, http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR84_DRONES_BRIEF.pdf-http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR84_DRONES_BRIEF.pdf

Two further points are worth noting. First, the administration has acknowledged that in
AND
the plans and capabilities of al-Qaeda and its associated forces".27
However, the details that have emerged about US targeting practices in the past few
AND
set an expansive precedent that is damaging to the international rule of law.
Obama’s new policy on drones
It is against this background that Obama’s recent counterterrorism speech and the policy directive he
AND
appeared to say that it might continue for 10 to 20 years.30
Second, the day before his speech, Obama set out regulations for drone strikes
AND
"near certainty that non-combatants will not be injured or killed".
In some respects, these standards remain unclear: the president did not specify how
AND
strikes will continue in the Pakistani tribal areas for the time being.33
However, the impact of the new policy will depend very much on how the
AND
that the level of attacks is hardly diminishing under the new guidelines.35

AT: Not Unique – Functionally Restricted Now

The plan and the status quo are meaningfully distinct for our terrorism turns- conflating legal and policy restrictions is wrong- legal restrictions uniquely undermine flexibility and operational success

Geoffrey Corn 10-1, The Presidential Research Professor of Law at South Texas College of Law, Lieutenant Colonel (Retired), U.S. Army, was formerly the Army’s senior law of war expert advisor, 10/1/13, "Debate (Round 2): A Reply to Rona and Jinks," http://justsecurity.org/2013/10/01/debate-round-ii-reply-corn/-http://justsecurity.org/2013/10/01/debate-round-ii-reply-corn/

Professor Jinks assertion of a complementary role for IHL and IHR suggests certain human rights
AND
, and no place is this more compelling than in the targeting process.

Link – General

Legal geographic limitations undermine operational effectiveness and predictability- not feasible in practice

LAURIE R. BLANK, Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Emory University School of Law, 2013 "Learning to Live with (a Little) Uncertainty: The Operational Aspects and Consequences of the Geography of Conflict Debate" 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. Online 347

The recent release of the United States Department of Justice White Paper, detailing the
AND
in LOAC, which does not provide specific geographic parameters for armed conflict.

Link – Training

New legal frameworks applied narrowly to targeted killing undermine effective training and enforcement

LAURIE R. BLANK, Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Emory University School of Law, 2013 "Learning to Live with (a Little) Uncertainty: The Operational Aspects and Consequences of the Geography of Conflict Debate" 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. Online 347

As Daskal aptly describes, the primary contours of the debate over the scope of
AND
operating? Here the consequences for clarity and predictability are quite simply enormous.

AT Cooperation

No cooperation it’s all rhetoric

Rob Huebert 2013 (Centre for Military and Strategic Studies, University of Calgary, "Cooperation or Conflict in the New Arctic? Too Simple of a Dichotomy21" NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security 2013, pp 195-203http:link.springer.com/chapter/10.10072F978-94-007-4713-5_19)

Despite the rhetoric of cooperation, Arctic states are making decisions to use considerable resources
AND
with additional statements vowing to protect their unilateral Arctic interests ~ 10 ~ .

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: Forslund, Mosley-Jensen, Hardy

Obama is holding off Congressional action for now but Congress is read to increase sanctions quickly

The Hill, 3-18-2014 http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/middle-east-north-africa/201074-83-senators-outline-preferred-requirements-for-http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/middle-east-north-africa/201074-83-senators-outline-preferred-requirements-for

In a letter sent to President Obama, 83 senators — well above the two
AND
died down, with lawmakers abiding by the White House’s request for time.
Restrictions doom Obama – losers lose is true – looks like political overreach and a bargaining failure- perception matters
Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at¶ Georgetown University, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy", March 2, 2007, pg 36-37,¶ http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php-http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php

American Presidents are vested with certain structural powers, such as those powers granted by
AND
affects the character of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic.
It’s a war powers fight that Obama wins – but failure greenlights Israel strikes
Merry, 1/1/14 - Robert W. Merry, political editor of the National Interest, is the author of books on American history and foreign policy (Robert, "Obama may buck the Israel lobby on Iran" Washington Times, factiva)

Presidential press secretary Jay Carney uttered 10 words the other day that represent a major
AND
seen as being not quite what it has been cracked up to be.
Sanctions bill causes Israeli strikes
Perr, 12/24/13 - B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton’s call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore’s and John Kerry’s presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, "Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran" Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran~~23-http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran

As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.
An Israeli strike fails, but triggers World War 3, collapses heg and the global economy
Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, "Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression" Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/~~23sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf-http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

2NC Impact OV

Sanctions destroy Iran negotiations kills US cred and alliances – leads to US-Iran war and prolif

Nader, The Hill, ’13
(Alirez " Pause on additional Iran sanctions crucial to negotiations" 11-5-13 http://thehill.com/opinion/op-ed/189371-pause-on-additional-iran-sanctions-crucial-to-negotiations-http://thehill.com/opinion/op-ed/189371-pause-on-additional-iran-sanctions-crucial-to-negotiations accessed: 11-15-13 mlb)

Iran has demonstrated a different tone and approach to nuclear negotiations since the June 14
AND
entail creating pressure but using it correctly, and for the right goals. 

Turns terror

Brookes, National security affairs senior fellow, 07
(Peter, 4-2-07, "Iran Emboldened: Tehran Seeks to Dominate Middle East Politics", DOA: 10-10-13, http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2007/04/iran-emboldened-tehran-seeks-to-dominate-middle-east-politics-http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2007/04/iran-emboldened-tehran-seeks-to-dominate-middle-east-politics, llc)

According to the U.S. State Department,
AND
 willingness to employ WMD. 

Strikes end US-EU relations

Tisdall, 2007 (Simon, writer for The Guardian 2-7 "Merkel goes in search of a new German miracle" lexis)

"The common glue of the cold war has gone. The fight against terrorism
AND
consensus on how to deal with security threats. It would be disastrous."

War powers legislation inevitably controversial- undermines the signal of the plan

Alan Greenblatt NPR.org  writer 6-16-2011 http://www.npr.org/2011/06/16/137222043/why-the-war-powers-act-doesnt-work-http://www.npr.org/2011/06/16/137222043/why-the-war-powers-act-doesnt-work

Party Vs. Principle¶ Both Hamilton and Adams say the War Powers Act is
AND
the courts that a president is in violation of the War Powers Act.

Yes Strikes
Turns case – sets a precedent to delegate authority – draws us into war
Richman, 12/29/13 (Sheldon, Counterpunch, "AIPAC’s Stranglehold Congress Must Not Cede Its War Power to Israel", http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/12/27/congress-must-not-cede-its-war-power-to-israel/-http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/12/27/congress-must-not-cede-its-war-power-to-israel/)

The American people should know that pending right now in Congress is a bipartisan bill
AND
bending over backward to demonstrate that its nuclear program has no military aims.
Deal failure independently causes global conflict
PressTV 11/13 "Global nuclear conflict between US, Russia, China likely if Iran talks fail," http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/-http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/

A global conflict between the US,
AND
"nuclear weapons," he warned. 

Sanctions collapse the deal, cause Israeli strikes
Keller, 12/11/13 - Former New York Times Executive Editor and currently an Op-Ed columnist (Bill, "Iran’s Hardliners, and Ours" New York Times, http://keller.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/irans-hardliners-and-ours/?_r=0)

America’s hawks, in turn, would suffer
AND
right about what really motivates Washington.
Both the US and Israel will strike if talks collapse
Kearn, 1/19/14 - Assistant Professor, St. John’s University (David, Huffington Post, "The Folly of New Iran Sanctions," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-w-kearn/the-folly-of-new-iran-san_b_4619522.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-w-kearn/the-folly-of-new-iran-san_b_4619522.html)

Nonetheless, this debate has effectively been made moot by official U.S.
AND
another destructive, costly war in a region already torn apart by conflict.
The current sanctions bill in the Senate is not about providing President Obama and Secretary
AND
, with a failure of negotiations, military conflict is much more likely.
No defense—Israeli anxiety is extreme and even defensive measures escalate
Ehud Eiran 13 is an Assistant Professor at the University of Haifa and an Affiliate of the Middle East Negotiation Initiative at the Program on Negotiation, Harvard Law School. Eiran is also a former Assistant to the Foreign Policy Advisor to Israel’s Prime Minister. The Sum of all Fears: Israel’s Perception of a Nuclear-Armed Iran, http://live.belfercenter.org/files/thesumofallfears.pdf-http://live.belfercenter.org/files/thesumofallfears.pdf, The Washington Quarterly • 36:3 pp. 7789

First, Israel not only has a particular view of the threat posed by the
AND
perceptions of Iran will remain essential to U.S. policy toward Tehran
Israeli motive exists, Menedez lowers the threshold and green lights attack
Lennard 13 (Natasha, assistant news editor , "Senate resolution would greenlight Israeli attack," Salon, 3-1, http://www.salon.com/2013/03/01/senate_resolution_would_greenlight_israeli_attack_on_iran/-http://www.salon.com/2013/03/01/senate_resolution_would_greenlight_israeli_attack_on_iran/)

Senate resolution would greenlight Israeli attack¶ On Thursday, Ali Gharib at the Daily
AND
at the heart of Obama’s flaplast autumn with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
The bill shatters international enforcement and greenlights an Israeli strike
Klass, 12/31/13 – retired USAF Colonel; Lt. General (USA Ret.) Robert Gard, the chairman of the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, contributed to this piece (Richard, Huffington Post, "The Road to Wars" http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-klass/the-road-to-wars_b_4524280.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-klass/the-road-to-wars_b_4524280.html)

Senator Robert Menendez (D-NJ), chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
AND
be enough to doom a diplomatic settlement and unleash the dogs of war.
New sanctions wreck the deal and cause Israeli strikes
McGeough, 1/5/14 – chief foreign correspondent for the Sydney Morning Herald (Paul, "US, Iranian hardliners work to give war a chance" Sydney Morning Herald, http://www.smh.com.au/comment/us-iranian-hardliners-work-to-give-war-a-chance-20140104-30amw.html-http://www.smh.com.au/comment/us-iranian-hardliners-work-to-give-war-a-chance-20140104-30amw.html)

They’re the congressional hardliners, a bit like the fundamentalists in Iran, who would
AND
by the infidels to unify a fractious public behind an authoritarian regime.’’
Sanctions collapse the deal, cause Israeli strikes
Keller, 12/11/13 - Former New York Times Executive Editor and currently an Op-Ed columnist (Bill, "Iran’s Hardliners, and Ours" New York Times, http://keller.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/irans-hardliners-and-ours/?_r=0)

America’s hawks, in turn, would
AND
right about what really motivates Washington.

uq

Diplomacy working now – perception of Obama strength is key to prevent sanctions that scuttle the talks

Glass 3/25(Jacob, Truman-Albright Fellow, Huffington Post, As Iran Nuclear Negotiations Begin, Threat of Increased Sanctions Looms Large, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-glass/as-iran-nuclear-negotiati_b_5024604.html)
Last week Iran and the so-called P5+1 countries — Russia,
AND
could signal the beginning of a new era in Iranian-Western relations.

Newest letter is a sanctions threat

Press TV, 3-19-2014 http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/03/19/355236/us-senators-threaten-iran-with-sanctions/-http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/03/19/355236/us-senators-threaten-iran-with-sanctions/

A majority of American senators
AND
 sanctions would represent a "march toward war." 

GOP will try to attach it to other bills to force a vote

Al Monitor, 3-11-2014 http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/congress-russia-ukrain.html~~23-http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/congress-russia-ukrain.html

A number of hawkish members argue that Republicans should latch on to every legislative vehicle
AND
the issue has become more partisan ahead of the 2014 midterms, however.

Their PC ev doesn’t assume a major decrease on a foreign policy issue

Krasuhaar, 13 (Josh, National Journal, "The Iran Deal Puts Pro-Israel Democrats in a Bind" http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the-iran-deal-puts-pro-israel-democrats-in-a-bind-20131121-http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the-iran-deal-puts-pro-israel-democrats-in-a-bind-20131121)

All of this puts Democrats, who routinely win overwhelming support from Jewish Americans on
AND
be surprised to see Democrats become less hesitant about going their own way.

Spills over – external controversy was what created Dem support for sanctions in the first place

Rohde, 1/15/14 -  columnist for Reuters, two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize and a former reporter for The New York Times.(David, "Newest victim of congressional wrecking ball: Iran policy" Reuters, http://blogs.reuters.com/david-rohde/2014/01/15/newest-victim-of-the-congressional-wrecking-ball-iran-policy/)

In this way, Obama is the victim
AND
"They thought ’these guys are totally incompetent.’"

Loss of cred is the only override scenario

The Economist, 1/14/14 ("Mr Obama’s Iran problem" http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21594295-congress-not-helping-president-deal-islamic-republic-mr-obamas-iran-problem-http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21594295-congress-not-helping-president-deal-islamic-republic-mr-obamas-iran-problem)

Now Iran is again causing angst in Washington. Barack Obama faces acute, bipartisan
AND
talks endlessly and wields only sticks small enough to be delivered by drone.

Obama’s efforts are key to stopping the bill

Reuters 3-4-2014 http://news.yahoo.com/u-senator-still-believes-iran-sanctions-bill-163117789.html-http://news.yahoo.com/u-senator-still-believes-iran-sanctions-bill-163117789.html

U.S. Senator Robert Menendez said on Tuesday he still sees his legislation
AND
that only intense, punishing economic pressure influences Iranian leaders," he said.

Link
Our link isnt that Obama fights but that he looks like a loser when authority is taken from him – losers lose – no new answers

actions speak louder than words- your entire aff proves Obama prefers broad executive power

Ryan C. Hendrickson Dr. Eastern Illinois University, "War Powers in the Obama Administration" 8-1-2010

Although it is early in the Obama administration, these first military actions indicate¶ that despite Obama’s and Biden’s records in the Senate of supporting meaningful¶ congressional checks on the commander in chief, that old patterns are difficult to¶ break; the commander in chief is leading, with limited engagement from Congress.¶ Obama’s and Biden’s past actions in the Senate do not appear to be good indicators¶ of their current practices in the White House. Their previous views on congressional¶ war powers are not, at least from these first military decisions, the guiding constitutional¶ principles that shape their relationship with the Congress. Much as for previous¶ presidents, assertiveness as commander in chief is an institutional pattern in¶ the conduct of the executive branch.

Obama publicly defends executive control of drone strikes

Lesley Clark and Jonathan S. Landay | McClatchy Washington Bureau 5-23-2013 http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/05/23/192081/obama-promises-anew-to-transfer.html~~23.Uh9bfD9Cqd4-http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/05/23/192081/obama-promises-anew-to-transfer.html

President Barack Obama on Thursday defended his administration’s use of drone strikes to kill terrorists
AND
can be targeted in drone strikes and other lethal operations off traditional battlefields.

This is so last year- Brennan nom proves Obama’s commitment to executive powers over drones

Evelyn Krache Morris is an international security program fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. , 1-16-2013 http://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2013/01/16/obama-must-write-rule-book-for-drones/h0viVJgeRuDhcKBYrzopEK/story.html

 President Obama’s nomination of John Brennan to lead the CIA signals that drone strikes will continue to be an important part of the CIA’s mission. Brennan began advising President Obama on the use of unmanned aerial vehicles after being named his counterterrorism adviser in 2009. Brennan’s nomination raises anew the controversies surrounding the targeted killings and the deliberate lack of institutional oversight of these methods.¶ Last fall, the Obama administration was reportedly hard at work codifying its rules for assassination by drone. Organizations like the American Civil Liberties Union had been pressing for such an effort, and it appeared that the administration was at last receptive to their arguments. However, the rules that administration officials were so busily drafting were meant for Mitt Romney, in case he won the election. Rather than leave the decision-making in the hands of a new president, Obama officials had suddenly become aware of the dangers of letting a single, in this case Republican, person make life-or-death decisions.¶ After Obama’s reelection, the administration’s sense of urgency lessened considerably. Now, with Brennan’s nomination, this urgency may have dissipated entirely. Certainly his elevation suggests that the decision-making process behind drone strikes will remain opaque. The man called "the high priest of targeted killing" will keep his exalted position.

Restrictions on Obama’s use of drones would be a loss- likely to veto and destroy himself politically

Alex Newman, Correspondent at The New American magazine since 2007, University of Florida
B.S., Journalism 3-28-2013 http://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/constitution/item/14936-gop-lawmakers-seek-to-restrain-obama-on-killing-americans-http://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/constitution/item/14936-gop-lawmakers-seek-to-restrain-obama-on-killing-americans

Responding to a tsunami of outrage across the political spectrum over the Obama administration’s lawless
AND
All Americans." Whether more lawmakers will follow suit remains to be seen.

It’s a loss for Obama and causes controversy

Peter Weber is a senior editor at TheWeek.com, and has handled the editorial night shift since the website launched in 2008. A graduate of Northwestern University, Peter has worked at Facts on File and The New York Times Magazine 2-6-2013 http://theweek.com/article/index/239716/will-congress-curb-obamas-drone-strikes-http://theweek.com/article/index/239716/will-congress-curb-obamas-drone-strikes

"It has to be in the agenda of this Congress to reconsider the scope of action of drones and use of deadly force by the United States around the world because the original authorization of use of force, I think, is being strained to its limits," Sen. Chris Coons (D-Del.) tells the AP. "We are sort of running on the steam that we acquired right after our country was attacked in the most horrific act of terror in U.S. history," agrees Rep. Keith Ellison (D-Minn.). "We have learned much since 9/11, and now it’s time to take a more sober look at where we should be with use of force."¶ One problem for lawmakers, says The New York Times in an editorial, is that when it comes to drone strikes, the Obama team "utterly rejects the idea that Congress or the courts have any right to review such a decision in advance, or even after the fact." Along with citing the law authorizing broad use of force against al Qaeda, the white paper also "argues that judges and Congress don’t have the right to rule on or interfere with decisions made in the heat of combat." And most troublingly, Obama won’t give Congress the classified document detailing the legal justification used to kill American al Qaeda operative Anwar al-Awlaki.¶ Going forward, he should submit decisions like this one to review by Congress and the courts. If necessary, Congress could create a special court to handle this sort of sensitive discussion, like the one it created to review wiretapping. This dispute goes to the fundamental nature of our democracy, to the relationship among the branches of government and to their responsibility to the public. ~New York Times~¶ It’s interesting to watch conservatives show (or at least feign) outrage over a policy that "would have been met with right-wing hosannas under Bush/Cheney," says Steve M. at No More Mister Nice Blog. But even with the grumbling from the Left and Right, "I don’t think any of this is going to stop the drone strikes." ¶ I can’t really see righties and lefties banding together to do something upliftingly democratic and bipartisan like forcing a reconsideration of the policy via combined public pressure (when was the last time something like that happened in America?) — there are too many people in office, from both parties, who like what’s being done by the administration. ~No More Mister Nice Blog~

Causes Obama backlash- it’s a slap on the wrist

Jack Goldsmith teaches at Harvard Law School and is a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, 5-1-2013 http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism-http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism

Many in Congress want to increase the transparency of the processes and legal standards for placing a suspect (especially an American) on a targeting list, to tighten those legal standards (perhaps by recourse to a "drone court"), and to establish a more open accounting of the consequences (including civilian casualties) from the strikes. "This is now out in the public arena, and now it has to be addressed," Senator Dianne Feinstein, a Democrat, recently said.¶ Others in Congress worry about the obsolescence of the legal foundation for the way of the knife: the congressional authorization, in 2001, of force against Al Qaeda. "I don’t believe many, if any, of us believed when we voted for ~the authorization~ that we were voting for the longest war in the history of the United States and putting a stamp of approval on a war policy against terrorism that, 10 years plus later, we’re still using," said Senator Richard Durbin, also a Democrat, in a Wall Street Journal interview. "What are the checks and balances of the system?" he asked. Senator John McCain, who led bipartisan efforts against what he saw as Bush-era legal excesses, is now focusing similar attention on Obama. "I believe that we need to revisit this whole issue of the use of drones, who uses them, whether the CIA should become their own air force, what the oversight is, ~and~ what the legal and political foundations ~are~ for this kind of conflict," he said last month.¶ These are unhappy developments for the president who in his first inaugural address pledged with supercilious confidence that, unlike his predecessor, he would not expend the "rule of law" for "expedience’s sake." Obama reportedly bristles at the legal and political questions about his secret war, and the lack of presidential trust that they imply. "This is not Dick Cheney we’re talking about here," he recently pleaded to Democratic senators who complained about his administration’s excessive secrecy on drones, according to Politico. And yet the president has ended up in this position because he committed the same sins that led Cheney and the administration in which he served to a similar place.¶ The first sin is an extraordinary institutional secrecy that Obama has long promised to reduce but has failed to. In part this results from any White House’s inevitable tendency to seek maximum protection for its institutional privileges and prerogatives. The administration’s disappointing resistance to sharing secret legal opinions about the secret war with even a small subset of Congress falls into this category. 

AT: Thumper – General (with Iran)

No Dems thumpers—Obama’s taken everything else off the table

WP, 2-22-2014 http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-seeks-to-defuse-tensions-among-democrats/2014/02/22/92e472fc-9b1b-11e3-ad71-e03637a299c0_story.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-seeks-to-defuse-tensions-among-democrats/2014/02/22/92e472fc-9b1b-11e3-ad71-e03637a299c0_story.html

President Obama is stepping up his efforts to coalesce and energize the Democratic base for the 2014 elections, backing off on issues where his positions might alienate the left, and more aggressively singling out Republicans as being responsible for the country’s problems. Voter turnout in midterm elections tends to be much lighter than it is in years when the country is picking a president, which means that it is crucial to maximize the enthusiasm of the party stalwarts who are most likely to show up at the polls. That helps explain why, in several sensitive policy areas, Obama recently has moved to defuse tensions with his fellow Democrats. Liberals are celebrating the president’s decision not to include a proposal to trim Social Security benefits in his 2015 budget, abandoning his previous stance in favor of making that part of a larger "grand bargain" to bring down the national debt. And while the White House insists that it will continue to press Congress for more authority to negotiate trade deals — something that puts the administration at odds with the Democratic base, and with its own party’s congressional leaders — Vice President Biden this month signaled to House Democrats that it has no expectation that will actually happen. Nor is the administration showing much appetite for bringing about a resolution to the question of allowing construction of the Keystone XL pipeline, an issue that pits environmentalists against unions, both of which the Democrats will be counting on in November. A Nebraska judge’s decision on Wednesday rejecting the pipeline route in that state has raised the possibility that a decision may be delayed until after the election.

Obama’s staying out of it

AP, 3-15-2014 http://news.yahoo.com/obama-seeks-stay-neutral-cia-senate-spat-074133649—politics.html-http://news.yahoo.com/obama-seeks-stay-neutral-cia-senate-spat-074133649~-~-politics.html

For President Barack Obama, a public spat between his trusted ally at the CIA and a loyal Democratic senator has put into sharp focus his complicated role in managing the post-Sept. 11 anti-terror programs he inherited from George W. Bush. The president wants to stay neutral in the feud that erupted last week between Sen. Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., and CIA Director John Brennan, who served as Obama’s top counterterrorism adviser before being tapped to lead the spy agency. Feinstein accused the CIA of illegally searching computers the Senate Intelligence Committee used to study documents related to the harsh interrogation techniques the agency employed after the 2001 terror attacks. In brief comments on the dispute, Obama said taking sides was "not something that is an appropriate role for me and the White House to wade into at this point." Staying out of the fray may prove difficult for Obama, given that he’s already entwined with the issue at the core of the dispute: What kind of public reckoning should there be for those who carried out waterboarding and other harsh interrogation methods? Even as Obama was publicly declaring his neutrality in the dispute between Feinstein and Brennan, he dispatched his chief of staff, Denis McDonough, and top lawyer Kathryn Ruemmler to Capitol Hill to meet with the California senator.

Kicked the can down the road

Epstein, Politico, 3-12-14 Jennifer, "Barack Obama weighs in on Senate-CIA flap" http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=046E32A3-4448-43A0-A91E-7719DA45A19F, accessed 3-13-14, TAP

President Barack Obama defended his administration on Wednesday as the Senate Intelligence Committee and the
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the past, and that can help guide us as we move forward."

McCain shields.

Bolton, The Hill, 3-11-14
Alexander, "CIA fallout reaches Obama" http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/200524-obama-will-have-to-deal-with-the-fallout, accessed 3-14-14, TAP

McCain, Obama’s adversary in the 2008 presidential election, could give the president some political cover to intervene. He said there should be "repercussions" if Feinstein’s allegations are proved correct. "It is very disturbing and we need a thorough and complete investigation, and I’m trying to figure out who would be doing it because there’s allegations of bias on both sides," he said. McCain, a longtime critic of enhanced interrogation tactics such as waterboarding, said, "We may need some kind of independent investigation." Graham, McCain’s ally, said if the spying allegations are true, "heads should roll at the CIA." Reid, however, said it’s too early to talk about setting up a special committee to investigate Feinstein’s claims. "We’re about 14 steps away from that," he said.

PC Theory True – General

Consensus of studies

Anthony J. Madonna¶ Assistant Professor¶ University of Georgia, et al Richard L. Vining Jr.¶ Assistant Professor¶ University of Georgia and James E. Monogan III¶ Assistant Professor¶ University of Georgia 10-25-2012 "Confirmation Wars and Collateral Damage:¶ Assessing the Impact of Supreme Court¶ Nominations on Presidential Success in the¶ U.S. Senate"

The selection of Supreme Court justices is just one of several key powers afforded to
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(Edwards and Wood 1999; Light 1999; Neustadt 1955, 1960).

PC theory true for Obama- empirics

Color Lines, 10-14-2011 http://colorlines.com/archives/2011/10/is_president_obamas_jobs_drumbeat_working.html-http://colorlines.com/archives/2011/10/is_president_obamas_jobs_drumbeat_working.html

But what Obama’s new insistence on a jobs agenda proves is this: the presidency
AND
something when he says we might be at a turning point in Washington.
Strikes trigger biological warfare and draw in Russia and China
Dennis Ray Morgan 9, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin Campus - South Korea, Futures, Volume 41, Issue 10, December 2009, Pages 683-693

This scenario has gained even more plausibility since a January 2007 Sunday Times report ~
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retaliates with nuclear attacks on Russia and possibly on China as well.11

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: Forslund, Mosley-Jensen, Hardy

Restriction 1NC

Restrictions are prohibitions on action —- not oversight, transparency or reporting requirements

Jean Schiedler-Brown 12, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown 26 Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include the reporting and monitoring or supervising terms and conditions that are included in the 2001 Stipulation.
Black’s Law Dictionary, ’fifth edition,(1979) defines "restriction" as;
A limitation often imposed in a deed or lease respecting the use to which the
AND
or by interposing obstacle, to repress or suppress, to curb.
In contrast, the terms "supervise" and "supervisor" are defined as
AND
merely routine or clerical nature, but required the use of independent judgment.
Comparing the above definitions, it is clear that the definition of "restriction" is very different from the definition of "supervision"-very few of the same words are used to explain or define the different terms. In his 2001 stipulation, Mr. Kincheloe essentially agreed to some supervision conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.

Zone of active hostilities

 not a restriction- just limits, not categorically prohibited====
Jennifer C. Daskal, Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law, Georgetown University Law Center, April, 2013 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165

 Law-of-war detention and lethal targeting outside a zone of active
AND
-of-war detention that take place outside zones of active hostilities.

Vote neg—-

Only prohibitions on authority guarantee neg ground—-their interpretation lets affs no link the best neg offense like deference

Precision—-only our interpretation defines "restrictions on authority"—-that’s key to adequate preparation and policy analysis

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: OU LM | Judge: Dheidt

Ethics/CP vs OU LM

1nc

Text:

Jack and I feel the war powers authority of the President of the United States should continue to permit so-called targeted killing of individuals under distinct conditions. Such killing will not be authorized unless it meets Walzer’s criteria (below). This must include participation in indiscriminate acts. Such killing can retain tactical military robotics with conventional weapons, but cannot retain or construct nuclear equipped ones. Standards will not be relaxed.

Our fiat solves tech-creep args. Aff Chester ev admits non-nuclear drones are good:

Chester ’9
(FROM THEIR 1AC Chester card – Mitch, attorney and civic activist, "Failsafe Revisited… Psychology and Robotic Delivery of the Bomb", 12.26.09, http://sharedemergency.wordpress.com/2009/12/26/failsafe-revisited-psychology-and-robotic-delivery-of-the-bomb/, ~CL~)

It’s not too soon to ask if aircraft drones equipped with small nuclear weapons are
AND
to control it, but well after it was too late to contain.

We house the Util Debate and our internal net benefit here:

Thread ~23 1 – Our util’s too nuanced. It meets Camus and has side-constraints:

Walzer ’6
Michael Walzer is a professor emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey, he is co-editor of Dissent. "Terrorism and Just War"— Philosophia 34, (2006) – via EBSCO database, OmniFile Full Text Select (H.W. Wilson).

Once the decision is made, and terrorists are doing their work, how should
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population whose members were taken, collectively, to be supporters of terrorism.

Thread ~23 2 – Middle-ground ethics. It’s GOOD to retaliate in some instances. Prefer recent ev about intersection between Camus and Terror.

SANTURRI ’2
Edmund N. Santurri is Professor of Religion and Philosophy at St. Olaf College. The Journal for Peace and Justice Studies, Volume 12, Number 2, "Philosophical Ambiguities in Ostensibly Unambiguous Times: The Moral Evaluation of Terrorism" – wp.stolaf.edu/philosophy/files/2013/06/santurriarticle.pdf?

Let me signal my own moral intuition on terrorism up front. Terrorism, which
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one of the ius in bello rules governing conduct in a just war.

Thread ~23 4 – Reluctance means we don’t bleed to extreme-Util.

Nicholls ’4
Dr. Rod Nicholls, Dept of Philosophy and Religion – University College of Cape Breton, Canada. Rod has a PhD from Queen’s University, where he wrote his thesis on Nietzsche.  Rod has published articles on Schopenhauer, on the philosophy of technology, on aesthetics, and on pedagogical issues arising from the use of computers in the classroom. "Ghosts, God and the Problem of Dirty Hands" – Ars Disputandi
http://www.arsdisputandi.org/index.html?http://www.arsdisputandi.org/publish/articles/000139/index.html

~7~ The conclusion to be drawn from Walzer’s argument is paradoxical. The
AND
we will see, draws heavily on Camus’s play, The Just Assassins.

Such reluctance built-into cplan’s criteria

Walzer ’13
Michael Walzer is a professor emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey, he is co-editor of Dissent. "Targeted Killing and Drone Warfare" – Dissent – January 11, 2013 –  http://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/targeted-killing-and-drone-warfare

The targeted killing of insurgents and terrorists in wartime is subject to the same constraints
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field, the risks must be accepted before the killing can be justified.

Reluctance also built-into squo criteria. Aff authors biased.

McNeal ’ 12 
(Gregory S. McNeal, J.D., Associate Professor of Law @ Pepperdine University School of Law, J.D., Case Western Reserve University M.P.A., American University B.A., Lehigh University – Professor McNeal is an expert in national security law and policy, criminal law and procedure, and international law. He previously served as assistant director of the Institute for Global Security – "ARE TARGETED KILLINGS UNLAWFUL? A CASE STUDY IN EMPIRICAL CLAIMS WITHOUT EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE" – originally released 11/4/11, but part of the2012  published book TARGETED KILLINGS LAW AND MORALITY IN AN ASYMMETRICAL WORLD, Claire Finkelstein, Jens David Ohlin and Andrew Altman, eds., Oxford University Press, 2012 SSRN link is http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1954795)

This chapter has highlighted the lack of empirical foundation for many of the most common
AND
a necessary corrective to some of the most strident claims raised by critics.

Thread ~23 4 – Camus’ rigidity is unethical. Prefer constrained consequentialism.

Purdue ’11
Internally referencing David Sherman is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Montana at Missoula and author of the book Camus – Zachary James Purdue teaches philosophy courses at Kent State University. At the time of this writing, he was teaching and completing his MA at Kent State University. "ALBERT CAMUS AND THE PHENOMENON OF SOLIDARITY": A thesis submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts – August 2011 – http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Vy3JNJxkh9UJ:https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap:0:0:APPLICATION_PROCESS3DDOWNLOAD_ETD_SUB_DOC_ACCNUM:::F1501_ID:kent1305753098,inline+26cd=1426hl=en26ct=clnk26gl=us

On the other hand, Sherman thinks Camus is distrustful of a purely ahistorical ethics
AND
of ethics based on "time, place, person, and consequence."

And, We’re not extreme Util – but if we were, it’s still more ethical – that’s the Issac card on T.

"Affirm" net benefit. Saying it hurts case – coalitions hurt by violently pre-figuring the ethic for others.

Connolly ’98
William E., Endowed Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University, "Rethinking The Ethos of Pluralization", Philosophy 26 Social Criticism, January, p. 97-98

I endorse what White says about the responsibility to listen to the utterances of others
AND
’affirm’ the ’rich ambiguity of existence’ in a way that nourishes receptive generosity.

2NC Ethics Wall

Extend Util. Reward 1NC time on this. We have creative distinctions:

Thread ~23 1 – side-constraints check bad util:

Walzer says:

no bystanders;

consider vicinity;

intell will limit retaliation to terrorists that have engaged in indiscriminate acts.

This meets Camus.

More ev that Camus’ not categorical – he allows killing exceptions that "we meet".

Purdue ’11
Internally referencing David Sherman is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Montana at Missoula and author of the book Camus – Zachary James Purdue teaches philosophy courses at Kent State University. At the time of this writing, he was teaching and completing his MA at Kent State University. "ALBERT CAMUS AND THE PHENOMENON OF SOLIDARITY": A thesis submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts – August 2011 – http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Vy3JNJxkh9UJ:https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap:0:0:APPLICATION_PROCESS3DDOWNLOAD_ETD_SUB_DOC_ACCNUM:::F1501_ID:kent1305753098,inline+26cd=1426hl=en26ct=clnk26gl=us

Sherman then gives an account of two different types of virtue ethics that split over
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others, and in those situations refraining from killing would be morally vicious.

Thread ~23 2 – SANTURRI’s Middle-ground ethics.

It’s the lone card that connects dots between dated-Camus and recent War on Terror.

And, only mid-ground ethics that permits retaliation solves Camus’ notion of nihilism.

Meisels ’6
Dr. Tamar Meisels of the Harold Hartog School of Government and Policy at Tel-Aviv University – "THE TROUBLE WITH TERROR: THE APOLOGETICS OF TERRORISM — A REFUTATION" – http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~~uctytho/MeiselsTheTroubleWithTerror.html

Beyond guerrilla warfare, Walzer identifies political assassination as a second distinct variant of revolutionary
AND
be defended at the expense of relinquishing the most basic of liberal commitments. 

We win WITHIN THEIR FRAMEWORK. They have general Camus ev about State-killing – we have specific proof he’s okay with Targeted Killing.

Thread ~23 3 – Our Reluctance Twist

Because Cplan shows a standard of reluctance about killing, it won’t cause the extreme examples in their "util bad" ev.

They’ve also dropped that the squo meets this reluctance standard – meaning we can kick the cplan and not link to their K of util. More ev:

McNeal ’ 12 
(Gregory S. McNeal, J.D., Associate Professor of Law @ Pepperdine University School of Law, J.D., Case Western Reserve University M.P.A., American University B.A., Lehigh University – Professor McNeal is an expert in national security law and policy, criminal law and procedure, and international law. He previously served as assistant director of the Institute for Global Security – "ARE TARGETED KILLINGS UNLAWFUL? A CASE STUDY IN EMPIRICAL CLAIMS WITHOUT EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE" – originally released 11/4/11, but part of the2012  published book TARGETED KILLINGS LAW AND MORALITY IN AN ASYMMETRICAL WORLD, Claire Finkelstein, Jens David Ohlin and Andrew Altman, eds., Oxford University Press, 2012 SSRN link is http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1954795)

(a) The administrative process of collateral damage estimation and mitigation In my own
AND
, the strike must be approved by the National Command Authority. 24 18

Prefer Neg’s method – only we have external pro-dicts:

Kenneth Anderson 5/24/13 (professor of international law at American University and a member of the Task Force on National Security and Law at the Hoover Institutionprofessor of international law at American University and a member of the Task Force on National Security and Law at the Hoover Institution, real clear politics via commentary magazine and the hoover institution, "the case for drones" http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/05/24/the_case_for_drones_118548-2.html)

In any case, the mentality of drone pilots in targeted-killing ops is
AND
the weapon in real time. The drone pilot is just a pilot.

Thread ~234 – Camus is wrong and has been misread:

Our Purdue ev shows Camus’ too rigid. Here’s more ev that Camus doesn’t support strict deontology:

Purdue ’11
Internally referencing David Sherman is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Montana at Missoula and author of the book Camus – Zachary James Purdue teaches philosophy courses at Kent State University. At the time of this writing, he was teaching and completing his MA at Kent State University. "ALBERT CAMUS AND THE PHENOMENON OF SOLIDARITY": A thesis submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts – August 2011 – http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Vy3JNJxkh9UJ:https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap:0:0:APPLICATION_PROCESS3DDOWNLOAD_ETD_SUB_DOC_ACCNUM:::F1501_ID:kent1305753098,inline+26cd=1426hl=en26ct=clnk26gl=us

Sherman wants to understand Camus by comparing his thought to contemporary moral theories. In
AND
by eliminating deontology from the list of potential candidates for a Camusian ethic.

Even if we lost the twist that Neg util stays "narrow", we’ve still won that broad consequentialism is more ethical. That’s Isaacs. Here’s proof that it’s the only way to navigate competing evils:

Woller ’97 
(Gary, Economics Professor at BYU, Policy Currents, June, http://apsapolicysection.org/vol7_2/72.pdf , p. 11)
At the same time, deontologically based ethical systems have severe practical limitations as a
AND
perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.

Camus doesn’t establish ethics and no warrants support Aff’s spin:

Purdue ’11
Internally referencing David Sherman is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Montana at Missoula and author of the book Camus – Zachary James Purdue teaches philosophy courses at Kent State University. At the time of this writing, he was teaching and completing his MA at Kent State University. "ALBERT CAMUS AND THE PHENOMENON OF SOLIDARITY": A thesis submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts – August 2011 – http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Vy3JNJxkh9UJ:https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap:0:0:APPLICATION_PROCESS3DDOWNLOAD_ETD_SUB_DOC_ACCNUM:::F1501_ID:kent1305753098,inline+26cd=1426hl=en26ct=clnk26gl=us

I am inclined to believe that Camus would have been opposed to such things.
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sort of systematization we typically think is necessary for generating such an ethic.

(  ) "Just Assassins" proves Camus’s okay with some murder. We meet his standard. If not, we’re a narrow and logical extension.

Walzer ’73
Michael Walzer is a professor emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey, he is co-editor of Dissent. Political Action: The Problem of Dirty Hands Author(s): Michael Walzer Source: Philosophy 26 Public Affairs, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Winter, 1973), pp. 160-180Published by: Wiley-BlackwellStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2265139 .
Once again I will take a latter-day and a lapsed representative of the
AND
, and then we must find some way of paying the price ourselves.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: OU LM | Judge: Dheidt
A – If the Aff’s passive voice approach resonates, they still can’t wish away tradeoffs disads. One alternative is outsourcing.   

Goldsmith ‘9
Jack Goldsmith 09, a professor at Harvard Law School  and former US assistant attorney general.  5/31/09, “The Shell Game on Detainees and Interrogation,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/29/AR2009052902989.html

The revelation last weekend that the United States is increasingly using foreign intelligence services to capture, interrogate and detain terrorist suspects points up an uncomfortable truth about the war against Islamist terrorists. Demands to raise legal standards for terrorist suspects in one arena often lead to compensating tactics in another arena that leave suspects (and, sometimes, innocent civilians) worse off. The U.S. rendition program -- which involves capturing suspected terrorists and whisking them to another country, outside judicial process -- began in the 1990s. The government was under pressure to take terrorists off the streets and learn what they knew. But it could not bring them to the United States because U.S. law made it too hard to effectively interrogate and incapacitate them here. So instead it shipped them to Egypt and other places to achieve the same end. A similar phenomenon has occurred with the U.S. detention of terrorist suspects at Guantanamo Bay. The Gitmo facility was established after the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks because the Bush administration believed it needed to apply a different detention and interrogation regime than would be allowed at home. Over the past eight years, courts have exported U.S. legal standards to the island, and now President Obama has promised to close the detention facility. But closing Guantanamo or bringing American justice there does not end the problem of terrorist detention. It simply causes the government to address the problem in different ways. A little-noticed consequence of elevating standards at Guantanamo is that the government has sent very few terrorist suspects there in recent years. Instead, it holds more terrorists -- without charge or trial, without habeas rights, and with less public scrutiny -- at Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan. Or it renders them to countries where interrogation and incarceration standards are often even lower. The cat-and-mouse game does not end there. As detentions at Bagram and traditional renditions have come under increasing legal and political scrutiny, the Bush and Obama administrations have relied more on other tactics. They have secured foreign intelligence services to do all the work -- capture, incarceration and interrogation -- for all but the highest-level detainees. And they have increasingly employed targeted killings, a tactic that eliminates the need to interrogate or incarcerate terrorists but at the cost of killing or maiming suspected terrorists and innocent civilians alike without notice or due process. There are at least two problems with this general approach to incapacitating terrorists. First, it is not ideal for security. Sometimes it would be more useful for the United States to capture and interrogate a terrorist (if possible) than to kill him with a Predator drone. Often the United States could get better information if it, rather than another country, detained and interrogated a terrorist suspect. Detentions at Guantanamo are more secure than detentions in Bagram or in third countries. The second problem is that terrorist suspects often end up in less favorable places. Detainees in Bagram have fewer rights than prisoners at Guantanamo, and many in Middle East and South Asian prisons have fewer yet. Likewise, most detainees would rather be in one of these detention facilities than be killed by a Predator drone. We congratulate ourselves when we raise legal standards for detainees, but in many respects all we are really doing is driving the terrorist incapacitation problem out of sight, to a place where terrorist suspects are treated worse. It is tempting to say that we should end this pattern and raise standards everywhere. Perhaps we should extend habeas corpus globally, eliminate targeted killing and cease cooperating with intelligence services from countries that have poor human rights records. This sentiment, however, is unrealistic. The imperative to stop the terrorists is not going away. The government will find and exploit legal loopholes to ensure it can keep up our defenses. This approach to detention policy reflects a sharp disjunction between the public's view of the terrorist threat and the government's. After nearly eight years without a follow-up attack, the public (or at least an influential sliver) is growing doubtful about the threat of terrorism and skeptical about using the lower-than-normal standards of wartime justice. The government, however, sees the terrorist threat every day and is under enormous pressure to keep the country safe. When one of its approaches to terrorist incapacitation becomes too costly legally or politically, it shifts to others that raise fewer legal and political problems. This doesn't increase our safety or help the terrorists. But it does make us feel better about ourselves. 

B – Means Aff won’t solve… and Outsourced strikes outweigh.

Byman ‘13
Daniel Byman is a professor in the Security Studies Program of Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service and the research director of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution. Essay – “Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington's Weapon of Choice” – Brookings – July/August 2013 – http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman

Finally, using drones is also far less bloody than asking allies to hunt down terrorists on the United States’ behalf. The Pakistani and Yemeni militaries, for example, are known to regularly torture and execute detainees, and they often indiscriminately bomb civilian areas or use scorched-earth tactics against militant groups.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: OU LM | Judge: Dheidt

T

Interpretation and violations

"Resolved" means Aff must have fiated-plan defending instrumental implementation

Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, ’98¶ © 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc. ~www.dictionary.com, accessed 4/2/01~

Resolve \Re*solve"\ (r?*z?lv"), v.
AND
to resolve a riddle. ``Resolve my doubt.’’ —Shak. 

"Substantial" means material, fiated action

AHD 11 (American Heritage Dictionary, "substantial", http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/substantial)

sub•stan•tial (sb-stnshl) KEY ¶ ADJECTIVE:¶ Of, relating to, or having substance; material.¶ True or real; not imaginary.¶ Solidly built; strong.¶ Ample; sustaining: a substantial breakfast.¶ Considerable in importance, value, degree, amount, or extent: won by a substantial margin.¶ Possessing wealth or property; well-to-do.

"Federal Government" means the government of the United States of America

Ballentine’s 95 (Legal Dictionary and Thesaurus, p. 245)

the government of the United States of America

Reasons to Prefer and Voter

Net Benefit ~23 1 is the Limits Disad:

The alt to the Negotiated topic isn’t just OU’s Aff. Their interps allows all Affs to un-negotiate stasis. That’s infinite. It incentivizes "truism" Affs ON TOP OF the negotiated topic. That workload hurts clash – making both teams learn less. We studied for the assigned reading and they’re a pop quiz on something else. That EITHER creates a crushing workload that hurts the quality of life. OR, Neg’s grow underinvested and hyper-generic – which bad for everyone’s education.

Net benefit ~23 2 – Worse Activism. Aff turns us into the modern Amnesty International.

Grossberg ’92
(Lawrence, Professor of Communication – U Illinois, We Gotta Get Out of This Place, p. 390-1)
But this would mean that the Left could not remain outside of the systems of
AND
and oppositional agency. It strives to organize minorities into a new majority.

We’ll address their ’twist" here:

They’ll say "yes, topic – but not USFG or implementation". That’s bad:

One – Contrived and sets de-limiting precedent by cherry-picking some of the topic.

Contrived interps are self-serving, and hurt logic and rejoinder. As a model, we’d learn more through debates grounded in topic stasis and literature.

Two – T-style PIC.

Even if general USFG K’s hold, it’s a worse for learning the specifics of Targeted Killing ethics.

Ignatieff ’4
(Michael, Professor of Human Rights – Harvard, Lesser Evils, p. 20-1)

As for moral perfectionism, this would be the doctrine that a liberal state should
AND
, and thus respect for one right might lead us to betray another.

Three – We’re NOT solely a fairness arg, we maximize ethics education.

Issac, ’2  
(Jeffery, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Dissent, Vol. 49 No. 2, Spring)

Politics, in large part, involves contests over the distribution and use of power
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

T is not f/w

A – Framing point – the two are distinct:

"Framework" is a goal for the community. "Topics" guide subject-matter.

Under ALL frameworks, a topic persists – it’s just that it’s either a negotiated or un-negotiated one.

B – Important threads.

First – Framework doesn’t outweigh T because this Topic can accommodate your Aff –   your author proves:

Singer 9
(Their author, their 1AC article – Peter W., Director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence at Brookings, Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy, "Robots at War: The New Battlefield", Winter 2009, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2009/01/robots-at-war-singer)

Colonel R. D. Hooker Jr. is an Iraq veteran and the commander
AND
sports fens watch-ing war rather than citizens sharing in its importance.

Our fallback – "Reject Active voice, not Team"

If we lose "USFG bad", other T burdens still remain. The Aff simply mis-wrote their passive voice, non-USFG, plan-text:

First – Aff forgot to endorse an increase.

Encarta 6 – Encarta Online Dictionary. 2006.  ("Increase" http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861620741)

in•crease ~ in kr?ss ~
transitive and intransitive verb  (past and past participle in•creased, present participle in•creas•ing, 3rd person present singular in•creas•es)Definition: make or become larger or greater: to become, or make something become, larger in number, quantity, or degree
noun  (plural in•creas•es)

READ THEIR TEXT – they could characterize SQUO RESTRICTIONS as sufficient. That jacks our ability to defend the few disads that they will let us run.

Second – they forgot Judicial or statutory. We’ll define both:

Hill 13 – Gerald Hill, Juris Doctor from Hastings College of the Law of the University of California, Executive Director of the California Governor’s Housing Commission, AB from Stanford University and Kathleen Hill, M.A. in Political Psychology from California State University, Sonoma, Fellow in Public Affairs at the Coro Foundation, The People’s Law Dictionary, http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=2010

statute n. a Federal or state written law enacted by the Congress or state legislature, respectively. Local statutes or laws are usually called "ordinances." Regulations, rulings, opinions, executive orders and proclamations are not statutes.

"Judicial" draws distinction compared to other actors:

Webster’s 1 – Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Law, "Judicial", http://research.lawyers.com/glossary/judicial.html

Judicial
Definition - adj
~Latin judicialis, from judicium judgment, from judic- judex judge, from jus right, law + dicere to determine, say~
1 a : of or relating to a judgment, the function of judging, the administration of justice, or the judiciary b : of, relating to, or being the branch of government that is charged with trying all cases that involve the government and with the administration of justice within its jurisdiction compare administrative executive legislative 2 : created, ordered, or enforced by a court a ~ foreclosure compare conventional legal Pronunciation jü-’di-sh26l

At a minimum, this makes them extra-topical. Their non-State protest should still have to critique the failings of current statutory and/or judicial restrictions. If not, they bleed into administrative issues and are extra-topical.

T and Extra-T are voters – de-justifies the topic and links to stasis and limits args.

Our terminal impact is Framework shouldn’t outweigh T in this instance for the particularized reasons already-cited.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Hardy

Operational clarity

1nc

Legal geographic restrictions undermine operational predictability and certainty

LAURIE R. BLANK, Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Emory University School of Law, 2013 "Learning to Live with (a Little) Uncertainty: The Operational Aspects and Consequences of the Geography of Conflict Debate" 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. Online 347

Second, implementation in the context of a new law of war framework as proposed
AND
, the conduct of the enemy, and a range of other factors.

Perception of operational effectiveness key to deter Russia in the arctic

Dowd, 11, Senior Fellow of the Fraser Institute
(The Big Chill: Energy Needs Fueling Tensions in the Arctic," https://www.fraserinstitute.org/research-news/news/display.aspx?id=2147483979)

One reason a military presence will be necessary is the possibility of accidents caused by
AND
When the message is unclear, Russia will take what it can get. 

Arctic conflict goes nuclear

Wallace 10, Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia
(Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons A Task Long Overdue", http://www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf)

The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition.
AND
geo-political/economic significance of the Arctic because of climate change." 

Overview

Da outweighs and turns the case – any restriction based on geographic boundaries and hot and cold battlefield distinctions undermines operational predictability and clarity – signals to allies and adversaries that the US can’t intervene in certain areas like the arctic – causes Russian aggression – draws in nato causes quick nuke war

Us Russia war outweighs everything

Bostrom 2 (Nick, PhD Philosophy – Oxford University, "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios", Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March, http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html)

The unique challenge of existential risks Risks in this sixth category are a recent phenomenon
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.

Operational clarity turns the whole aff- won’t be enforced by commanders

LAURIE R. BLANK, Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Emory University School of Law, 2013 "Learning to Live with (a Little) Uncertainty: The Operational Aspects and Consequences of the Geography of Conflict Debate" 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. Online 347

Third, the enforcement and accountability stage of conflict introduces similar challenges as a result
AND
as irrelevant or, still worse, as doing more harm than good.

Operational effectiveness is the vital internal link to successful use of intel gathering

Andrew Elwell, The University of Nottingham BA in History, Senior Editor at a news and data provider, offering proprietary analysis, intelligence, market research and data on the global security and defence industry. 11-28-2011 http://rpdefense.over-blog.com/article-the-fog-of-war-airstrikes-on-pakistan-border-underscore-isr-requirements-90341427.html

The fog of war always clouds the distinction between military intent and operational precision.
AND
inevitably intensify as situational awareness becomes an increasingly important factor in warfighting capabilities. 

Perception of operational effectiveness key to deterrence

Donnelly 3 (Thomas, resident fellow at AEI, The Underpinnings of the Bush Doctrine, February 1, http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/the-underpinnings-of-the-bush-doctrine/) 

The preservation of today’s Pax Americana rests upon both actual military strength and the perception
AND
in part on a logic of preemption that underlies the logic of primacy.

AT: Not Unique – Functionally Restricted Now

The plan and the status quo are meaningfully distinct for our terrorism turns- conflating legal and policy restrictions is wrong- legal restrictions uniquely undermine flexibility and operational success

Geoffrey Corn 10-1, The Presidential Research Professor of Law at South Texas College of Law, Lieutenant Colonel (Retired), U.S. Army, was formerly the Army’s senior law of war expert advisor, 10/1/13, "Debate (Round 2): A Reply to Rona and Jinks," http://justsecurity.org/2013/10/01/debate-round-ii-reply-corn/

Professor Jinks assertion of a complementary role for IHL and IHR suggests certain human rights
AND
, and no place is this more compelling than in the targeting process.

Daskal’s recommendations ARE about operational restriction on the status quo- Obama has a more broad interpretation and relies on strategic ambiguity

Matt Ehling is a St. Paul-based television producer, documentary filmmaker, and writer. His organization Public Record Media is currently suing the Justice Department to get access to legal memos about UAV drones and lethal force issues., 6-7-2012 http://www.minnpost.com/community-voices/2012/06/jennifer-daskal-obama-and-institutionalizing-war-terrorism

Beyond detention, the Obama administration has also sought to enhance the use of targeted
AND
Obama administration has adopted an open-ended view of its own authorities.

Not limited now- official statements

Glenn Greenwald is a columnist on civil liberties and US national security issues for the Guardian. A former constitutional lawyer, he was until 2012 a contributing writer at Salon. 2-22-2013 http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/feb/22/obama-brennan-paul-assassinations-filibuster

Brennan’s answer was that, in essence, there are no geographic limits to this
AND
US journalists who are preparing to write about leaks of national security secrets).

AT Pearlstein

Their ev is about a flex DA not our operational clarity DA – even if you think it functions as some defense it certainly doesn’t take out our perception links which are distinct and operational clarity decks effective flexibility

1. New legal frameworks applied narrowly to targeted killing undermine effective training and enforcement

LAURIE R. BLANK, Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Emory University School of Law, 2013 "Learning to Live with (a Little) Uncertainty: The Operational Aspects and Consequences of the Geography of Conflict Debate" 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. Online 347

As Daskal aptly describes, the primary contours of the debate over the scope of
AND
operating? Here the consequences for clarity and predictability are quite simply enormous.

2. Operational doctrine requires flexibility- geographic limitations decimate flex

Johnson, 13
~Jeh Charles, former Pentagon general counsel,  "Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A "Drone Court": Some Pros and Cons", 3/18, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/~~

Next, if the court’s jurisdiction is limited to U.S. citizens,
AND
believe we will also discourage the type of continual reevaluation I’m referring to.

Link – General

Legal geographic limitations undermine operational effectiveness and predictability- not feasible in practice

LAURIE R. BLANK, Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Emory University School of Law, 2013 "Learning to Live with (a Little) Uncertainty: The Operational Aspects and Consequences of the Geography of Conflict Debate" 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. Online 347

The recent release of the United States Department of Justice White Paper, detailing the
AND
in LOAC, which does not provide specific geographic parameters for armed conflict.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Minn CE | Judge: Hall, Cohn, Bagwell

1nc

Next off is the Israel DA

Israeli-Palestine Deal won’t pass without increased Israeli release of detainees – ID policy change gets it done

Tuchfeld 14
~{Mati, bachelor’s degree in political science and communications (Bar Ilan University), Israeli-based political correspondent, "Abbas to Gal-On: Will Extend Talks if More Prisoners Released," Hayom, 3/4, http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=15903~~}

Meretz Chairwoman Zehava Gal-On met with Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas in Ramallah
AND
on the number of refugees it will absorb every year," Abbas said.

Israel models the plan to create a more liberal detention framework

Bali 5
~{Asli, Assistant Professor of Law (UCLA), former Irving S. Ribicoff Fellow in Law and coordinator of the Middle East Legal Forum (Yale), JD (Yale), "Scapegoating the Vulnerable: Preventive Detention of Immigrants in America’s "War on Terror," UMASS, http://people.umass.edu/~~leg397v/Readings/Scapegoating20the20vulnerable.pdf~~}

For the readers of this journal, the greatest contribution of an analysis of administrative
AND
an alarming convergence in the violation of basic rights by both governments.99

That shift’s key to the deal – overcomes alt causes and builds trust

Doyle 12
~{Chris, Director of the Council for Arab-British Understanding, first class honors degree in Arabic and Islamic Studies (Exeter), Coordinator of the Joint Committee for Palestine, member of the Royal Institute for International Affairs, "Palestinian Detainees: No Security in Injustice," Sept, http://caabu.org/sites/default/files/resources/0802_CAABU_Palestinian20detainees_singles20SMALL.pdf~~}

In autumn 2011, after five years of negotiations. Hamas and Israel concluded a
AND
for Palestinians and would be an essential part of any sustainable peace process.

Deal includes creation of a Palestinian state – that collapses Israeli Strategic Depth and causes an escalatory chemical, biological, and nuclear war – conflict’s likely, miscalc magnifies it, and conventional deterrence is insufficient

Beres 13
~{Louis Rene, professor of Political Science (Purdue), M.A. and Ph.D. (Princeton), Lecturer at National Security College/the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies/The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, "The Future of Israel’s Nuclear Deterrence," US News and World Report, 11/11, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2013/11/11/iran-israel-and-the-nuclear-threat-in-the-middle-east~~}

There is more. Israel, still hoping to strike its own deal on "
AND
is needed to prevent such coinciding and mutually-reinforcing and existential perils.

A2: 4^th Wave Release Sufficient

Fourth wave prisoner release won’t happen – Plan’s key to catalyze it by pushing talks forward

AFP 14
~{"Ministers Cast Doubt on Looming Prisoner Release," Times of Israel, 3/13, http://www.timesofisrael.com/ministers-cast-doubt-on-looming-prisoner-release/~~}

Ministers said Thursday that Israel would have difficulty approving a scheduled release of Palestinian prisoners
AND
tone and attitude, there’s no point in releasing them," he said.

They’re trying to renege the promise – that will collapse the deal

Bagno 14
~{Yuval, journalist specializing in Israeli national politics, "Ya’alon: Israel Never Agreed to Free Israeli Arabs in Prisoner Release," The Jerusalem Post, 3/15, http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Yaalon-Israel-never-agreed-to-free-Israeli-Arabs-in-prisoner-release-345452~~}

In an interview with Channel 2 which aired Saturday, Defense Minister Ya’alon did not
AND
this ~release~ in the government if it comes to a vote."

Three links – only one requires us to win plan gets modeled

-plan gets modeled
-plan restores US ability to persuade and leverage allies to also abandon detention
-plan increases US sway and credibility in negotiating a peace process
Atwood 9 – J. Brian Atwood, Dean of Professional Studies and Academic Affairs at the Foreign Service Institute, Former Under Secretary for Management and Administrator of USAID, et al., Amicus Brief in Ali Saleh Kahlah Al-Marri v. Spagone, et al., 1-28, http://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/Justice/20090128.Almarri.v.Sapgone.Amicus.Brief-Former.U.S.Diplomats.pdf

One hallmark of a dictatorship is the government’s assertion of a right to arrest and
AND
Chechnya, has also heralded the war on terror as its primary justification.

Release of Palestinian prisoners and shift to more liberal detention framework greases the wheels to a broader deal. It serves as a confidence building measure that establishes sufficient trust to overcome all of their alt causes – that’s Tuchfeld and Doyle

Prisoner release has a massive effect – swamps other questions

Benari 13
~{Elad, syndicated Israeli foreign affairs author, "Abbas: No Peace until All Prisoners Are Released," Arutz Sheva, 12/31, http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/175741~~23.UxkFIfldVyU~~}

As the terrorists were being released, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry expressed his "appreciation" of Israel’s agreeing to release terrorists who murdered Israelis. "The Israeli government’s commitment to release Palestinian prisoners helped enable the start... and the continuation of the final status negotiations, and we believe this is a positive step forward in the overall process," said State Department  deputy spokeswoman Marie Harf.

All of their examples are final status questions – that means if we win the link that detainee release is a huge CBM, all of their examples are irrelevant

Our Impact biz

Peace backfires. It only fuels a new wave of identity-based conflicts

Sayigh ’01 (Yezid Sayigh, consulting senior fellow for the Middle East at the IISS, Winter 2001, "Palestine’s Prospects," Survival, p. 14-15)

Peace is valuable, but it is inevitably accompanied by shifts In existing structures which
AND
economic resources in a context of ethno-national and religious-national polarization

Solving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict won’t solve other conflicts throughout the middle east

Indyk ’06 (Martin Indyk, Director of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy and Senior Fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, 11-22-06, "The New Struggle For Power: Assessing American Foreign Policy in the Middle East",  Interview with Martin Indyk)

One of the reasons why the Bush administration has had real problems in the region
AND
of the objectives of those we are up against in the Middle East.

Peace will be temporary and only increase the chances of war

Kohn ’99 (Lawrence Kohn, Education Director of Temple Beth El, Midstream, July/August 1999, p. 3)

On Israel’s other peace process front, the Palestinian Authority. Prime Minister Barak has
AND
regarding arming Palestinian forces and destroying terrorist infrastructure in territories under its control.

We only need to win Israel is stable now because all our escalation evidence assumes Israeli collapse – it is and stabilizes the region as a whole

Levick 13
~{Adam, researcher for NGO Monitor, syndicated Middle East politics correspondent writing from Israel, "Stability in the Middle East: Egypt’s New Reality and Israeli Democracy," Gerard Direct, 7/4, http://gerarddirect.com/2013/07/04/9959/~~}

The Middle East has never been a very stable place. Armies have marched across
AND
example of which is seen in the photo above). Israel has been partnering

Palestinian state causes massive safe-haven for terror and sparks Middle East War

Beres 13
~{Louis Rene, professor of Political Science (Purdue), M.A. and Ph.D. (Princeton), Lecturer at National Security College/the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies/The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, "A Linkage Still Unrecognized: Palestinian Statehood and Jihadist Terror," Library of Social Science, 10/4, http://www.libraryofsocialscience.com/ideologies/docs/Beres-Palestinian.pdf~~}

If implemented. President Barack Obama’s plan for a ’Two-State Solution" in
AND
should be directed toward a sober historical understanding of violence and the sacred.

Palestinian state undermines Israeli strategic depth – causes nuclear war.

Beres ’03 (Louis Rene Beres, Professor of Political Science at Purdue University, 3-27-03, "After Iraq: a Palestinian State and Regional Nuclear War," http://www.freeman.org/m_online/apr03/beres.htm)

Until now, fears of a nuclear war in the Middle East have generally focussed
AND
Middle East already excludes Israel. Cartographically, Israel has already been destroyed.

A2: UQ Overwhelms – Settlements

Settlements decreasing now and they are not enough to derail a deal

CAMERA 14
~{Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America, Media watchdog group focused on Middle East reporting, ran by Andrea Levin who was a faculty member of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government and editor of the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, "Where’s the Coverage? "Settlements" Not an Obstacle to Peace," Snapshots, 3/5, http://blog.camera.org/archives/2014/03/wheres_the_coverage_settlement_1.html~~}

In reality, as a simple glance at the annual data published by Israel’s Central
AND
the Palestinian side. So what? What is the problem with that?

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Louisville BL | Judge: Justin Green

Independent reason to vote neg number 3 - This is offensive – their wholesale rejection leads to pessimism and passivity

Jones ’99
Richard Wyn Jones is at Cardiff University, where he is currently a Professor of Politics. Professor Wyn Jones is the former Director of the Institute of Welsh Politics and professor in critical security studies at Aberystwyth University. Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory – 1999. ISBN 1-55587-335-9 (hc. :alk. paper) ON-LINE ED.: Columbia International Affairs Online, Transcribed, proofread, and marked-up in HTML, September 1999.

An even more troubling feature of Adorno and Horkheimer’s analysis is the downplaying of individual
AND
around them in a progressive direction. Adorno and Horkheimer’s pessimism is unwarranted.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wake Forest DL | Judge: Austin Woodruff

First – It’s not categorically racist or sexist. Examples prove that claim’s too sweeping:

Seligman ’11
Brad Seligman – Lead Counsel, Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc – The nationwide class action gender
discrimination case against Wal-Mart Stores and founder of the Impact Fund, which provides financial and technical
assistance and representation for complex public interest litigation – Clearinghouse REVIEW Journal of Poverty Law and Policy – January–February 2011 – http://www.impactfund.org/downloads/Resources/UsingLawForChange-Seligman.pdf

Litigation as a tool for social change has a long and proud tradition in the
AND
. And I remind readers to take pride in and enjoy their work.

Feminism in the policy process is effective and can challenge male domination – political involvement is key
Paskeviciute and Regan, 3 (Patrick M. Regan – professor of Political Science at Binghamton University, Aida Paskeviciute – assistant professor of political science at Bilkent University, May, "Women’s Access to Politics and Peaceful States*", Journal of Peace Research 40.3, http://jpr.sagepub.com/content/40/3/287.full.pdf)

Introduction A largely unexplored subject in the study of peace research is the unique role
AND
or preferences among the elite rather than the diffusion of in?uence within society.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: OU MM | Judge: Manuel

"Framework" is a goal for the community. "Topics" guide subject-matter.

Under ALL frameworks, a topic of discussion will persist – either through the negotiated Topic or an un-negotiated 1AC.

B – Under-examined questions.

We’re often-accused of homogenizing. We strived not to. But, every Topic and Neg gets homogenized unless these questions are addressed with nuance.

First – Did this Neg exclude styles ?... No, but it should support the Topic. Claiming "that’s not enough" opens us to the charismatic Far-Right.

Anderson ’6
Amanda; Andrew W. Mellon Professor of Humanities and English at Brown University, Spring 2006, "Reply to My Critic(s)," Criticism, Vol. 48, No. 2, p. 281-290
MY RECENT BOOK, The Way We Argue Now, has in a sense two
AND
communicated and also can be used to justify political positions and legislative agendas.

Second – are these T impacts stale ?... No – standard framework impact calc doesn’t assume our Truism and Harris args.

Third – Does framework outweigh because this Topic can’t accommodate ?...

No. We outline a negative-state action drone Aff. This ev also proves theorization shouldn’t limit to immediate social location. International experiences are a "starting-point boomerang" that shape oppressive domestic practices.

Graham ’10
STEPHEN GRAHAM is Professor of Cities and Society at Newcastle University and previously taught at Durham and MIT, among other universities. Cities Under Siege: the New Military Urbanism – p. xiii-xvii

Such fantasies of high -tech omnipotence are much more than science fiction. As
AND
security operations, is the second key feature of the new military urbanism.

Four – Does an Aff ballot solve their framework’s broader goals ?...That’s a complex question relating to social change models. Presumption should be "no".

Ritter ’13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf

Many students who participate in comp etitive interscholastic debate in high school and college 20
AND
the exclusion of out - of - round, non - competitive discussions. 

C – The USFG and Framework

First – It’s not categorically racist. Examples prove that claim’s too sweeping:

Seligman ’11
Brad Seligman – Lead Counsel, Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc – The nationwide class action gender
discrimination case against Wal-Mart Stores and founder of the Impact Fund, which provides financial and technical
assistance and representation for complex public interest litigation – Clearinghouse REVIEW Journal of Poverty Law and Policy – January–February 2011 – http://www.impactfund.org/downloads/Resources/UsingLawForChange-Seligman.pdf

Litigation as a tool for social change has a long and proud tradition in the
AND
. And I remind readers to take pride in and enjoy their work.

Second – "Reject Active voice, not Team"

If we lose "USFG bad", don’t reject the Neg or every-other T burden. A passive-voice, non-USFG, wording emerges instead.

With USFG gone, The Aff’s agent could be a movement or themselves. But, protests should still direct at items proscribed by the POTUS as part of authorities under War Powers:

"War power" and "authority" mean specific things in this context:

Linn 2K
Alexander C. Linn, Lawyer, "International Security and the War Powers Resolution", William 26 Mary Bill of Rights Journal, 8(3), http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=139126context=wmborj

"War Power" is defined as "~t~he constitutional authority of Congress to declare war and maintain armed forces (U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cls. 11-14), and of the President to conduct war as commander-in-chief (U.S. Const. art. II, § 2, cl. 1)." BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1578-79 (7th ed. 1999).

Their not topical if the POTUS didn’t authorize the events of the 1AC:

West’s 8 – West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, Edition 2, "President of the United States", http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/President+of+the+United+States

The head of the Executive Branch, one of the three branches of the federal government.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: OU MM | Judge: Manuel

Interpretation and violations

"Resolved" means Aff must have fiated-plan defending instrumental implementation

Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, ’98¶ © 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc. ~www.dictionary.com, accessed 4/2/01~

Resolve \Re*solve"\ (r?*z?lv"), v.
AND
to resolve a riddle. ``Resolve my doubt.’’ —Shak. 

"Substantial" means material, fiated action

AHD 11 (American Heritage Dictionary, "substantial", http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/substantial)

sub•stan•tial (sb-stnshl) KEY ¶ ADJECTIVE:¶ Of, relating to, or having substance; material.¶ True or real; not imaginary.¶ Solidly built; strong.¶ Ample; sustaining: a substantial breakfast.¶ Considerable in importance, value, degree, amount, or extent: won by a substantial margin.¶ Possessing wealth or property; well-to-do.

"Federal Government" means the government of the United States of America

Ballentine’s 95 (Legal Dictionary and Thesaurus, p. 245)

the government of the United States of America

"Statutory" restrictions are binding law enacted by Congress

Hill 13 – Gerald Hill, Juris Doctor from Hastings College of the Law of the University of California, Executive Director of the California Governor’s Housing Commission, AB from Stanford University and Kathleen Hill, M.A. in Political Psychology from California State University, Sonoma, Fellow in Public Affairs at the Coro Foundation, The People’s Law Dictionary, http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=2010

statute
n. a Federal or state written law enacted by the Congress or state legislature, respectively. Local statutes or laws are usually called "ordinances." Regulations, rulings, opinions, executive orders and proclamations are not statutes.

"Judicial" is courts —- distinct from other actors

Webster’s 1 – Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Law, "Judicial", http://research.lawyers.com/glossary/judicial.html

Judicial
Definition - adj
~Latin judicialis, from judicium judgment, from judic- judex judge, from jus right, law + dicere to determine, say~
1 a  : of or relating to a judgment, the function of judging, the administration of justice, or the judiciary
b  : of, relating to, or being the branch of government that is charged with trying all cases that involve the government and with the administration of justice within its jurisdiction
compare administrative executive legislative
2  : created, ordered, or enforced by a court a ~ foreclosure
compare conventional legal
Pronunciation jü-’di-sh26l

Targeted killing" refers to suspects of terrorism

Žilinskas 8 – Justinas Žilinskas, Professor of International Law at Mykolas Romeris University, "Targeted Killing Under International Humanitarian Law", Google PDF

For the purpose of the article, targeted killing is defined as ’the premeditated killing of a specific target (person(s)) suspected of terrorism, with explicit or implicit governmental approval.’ The advantage of using the term ’targeted killing’ is that it is free from preconceived issues of legality, in contrast to such notions as ’extrajudicial execution’ or ’assassination’. The starting point is that when committed in the course of an armed conflict a legal analysis of targeted killing shall be based on all applicable rules of international humanitarian law. In that respect the principle of distinction between civilians and combatants remains of the utmost importance, in particular the notion of a civilian taking direct part in hostilities. Furthermore there is no necessity to introduce or to elaborate any new specific rules regarding targeted killing. On the one hand, targeted killing during armed conflict is covered by already existing rules of international humanitarian law. On the other hand, easing down the regime by inventing new rules for targeted killing might not serve the role of law. This would merely exacerbate the discussion on what targeted killing is and what it is not. Disagreement among legal scholars and practitioners, as well as the famous decision of the Israeli Supreme Court in 2006 shows that no general answers can be given and every case of targeted killing should be assessed according to all particular circumstances in each different situation

Crushes neg ground – makes the topic bidirectional and unpredictable – causes research overstretch forces hyper generics destroys clash

Reasons to Prefer and Voter

Net Benefit ~23 1 to our interp is Limits Disad:

"Limits" operates in several worldviews. It’s key to real world educational outcomes and a healthy process for quality of life. This ev also shows we HAVE re-joinded and not ignored our opponents.

Harris ’13
(Dr. Scott Harris – Director of Debate @ Univ of Kansas – Final Round Ballot – April 5^th – http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic=4762.msg10246~~23msg10246)

The negative argument is based on the claim that all debates must be oriented around
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are a real impact because I feel their impact in my everyday existence. 

Net Benefit ~23 2 is Un-negotiated Stasis and a trend towards Truisms

The alt to the Negotiated topic is not this solely the Aff at hand. They’re interp links to a lot of Affs with un-negotiated stasis. Un-negotiated stasis creates strategic incentives for strategic "truism" style Affs. That’s our Harris ev.

Truism-debates bad. Hurts education and real-world problem-solving. Ineffectively infuses us into the public sphere by teaching settled threads.

Taylor ’5
(et al; Matt – Director of Debate at CSU-Long Beach –"From Jurisdiction to Narration: Standards for Topicality in Parliamentary Debate" – March –http:www.parlidebate.org/pdf/vol9no3.pdf)

It is the last round of a very long day of judging and I am
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push canned cases away from the genre of declamation and back toward argumentation. 

The second impact to UN-negotiated-stasis is knowledge. BOTH TEAMS learn-less about the Aff’s subject-matter.

O’Donnell 4 – PhD, director of debate at Mary Washington (Tim, WFU Debaters Research Guide, "Blue helmet blues", ed. Bauschard 26 Lacy, http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/DRGArtiarticlesIndex.htm)

The answer, I believe, resides deep in the rhetorical tradition in the often
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stand to lose a great deal when we refuse a genuine starting point. 

Negotiated Stasis is pre-req to knowledge

Zappen ’4  
(James, Prof. Language and Literature – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "The Rebirth of Dialogue: Bakhtin, Socrates, and the Rhetorical Tradition", p. 35-36)
Finally, Bakhtin describes the Socratic dialogue as a carnivalesque debate between opposing points of
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in Soocrates’ successive refutations and humiliations of Gorgias, Polus, and Callicles.

Tournament: uscfullerton | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Net benefit ~23 1 is Heuristic Anti-Logic:

Factually, our author defines "anti-logic" as switch-side heuristic debate.

INOUE ’5
ASAO B. INOUE – at the time of this writing, Asao held an
AND
edu/xmlui/.../2376/.../a_inoue_012205.pdf?

Protagoras had one of the earliest most coherent sophistic philosophies of nomos over physis,
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would be dangerous to the Greek state and the power relationships it nurtured.

Switch-side "anti-logic" best teaches BOTH TEAMS how to counter-racism in immediate AND long-term contexts. Our offense is NOT solely procedural.

INOUE ’5
ASAO B. INOUE – at the time of this writing, Asao held an
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edu/xmlui/.../2376/.../a_inoue_012205.pdf?

Sophistic antilogic and a slightly altered version of dialectic, as heuristics, can be
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views, ideas, decisions, positions, and visions of the world.

This solves because it teaches not only what’s VIRTUOUS, but also what PERSUADES EXTERNAL AUDIENCES. Audiences include – but aren’t limited to – the State. That best dismantles racist power.

INOUE ’5
ASAO B. INOUE – at the time of this writing, Asao held an
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edu/xmlui/.../2376/.../a_inoue_012205.pdf?

Gutherie’s definition of nomos helps us also see the nomos-physis debate as one
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would be dangerous to the Greek state and the power relationships it nurtured.

"State" pessimism ignores that our heuristic teaches us about the State so as to dismantle its abusive practices.

English ’7
(Eric, Graduate Student in Communication – U Pittsburgh, Et al., "Debate as a Weapon of Mass Destruction", Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2, June)

It is our position, however, that rather than acting as a cultural technology
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heirs to brand the activity as a ’’weapon of mass destruction.’’

Net benefit ~23 2 – Limits and War Powers Education.

The K of "T" has a universal – not narrow – impact on limits. We do appreciate that Eli’s post unveils a stasis point – but, at the same time, the nexus debate on the energy topic does shift to Cowardly Lion Reps. We can research that. But prepping for this Aff, Eli’s Aff, and every other non-topical Aff that’s part of their universal interpretation, means everyone learns less about this topic.

The tradeoff matters because in-depth war powers education is more important than the energy topic.

Young – quoting Stewart – ’13
Justice Potter Stewart was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. During his tenure, he made, among other areas, major contributions to criminal justice reform and Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. Kelly Michael Young, Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Forensics, Wayne State University – "Why Should We Debate About Restriction of Presidential War Powers" – Sept 4^th –  http://public.cedadebate.org/node/13

About six months ago, my assistant debate coaches and I decided that it would be a good idea to craft a justification paper to persuade the NDT-CEDA college policy debate community to debate the proper limits of presidential war powers and the consequences of such restrictions. At that time, there was almost daily coverage and commentary about the legality and consequence of War on Terror policies such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drone signature strikes in Pakistan and Yemen, indefinite detention, and the 2011 Libya intervention. We thought the topic would make for a good season of debate because it was rather timely and there was a clear controversy that pitted libertarian and progressive advocates and pro-Congress constitutional scholars against mostly conservative pundits and pro-Executive constitutional scholars. On April 22, we submitted a proposal to the NDT-CEDA debate community contending that we should have a year-long debate about restricting presidential war powers in areas such as UAV signature strikes, Offensive Cyber Operations (OCOs), Indefinite Detention, and introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities (http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=4800.0;attach=1667). The controversy was selected by the community. When we wrote the paper, we argued that the topic would make for good debate because it was timely "but not too timely." Little could we have anticipated a number of events that occurred since April 22 that would make us somewhat regret this statement. First, on May 23, President Obama gave an important speech at the National Defense University in Washington, D.C. that publicly outlined a number of new guidelines for UAV strikes and repeated his call on Congress to begin closure of the Guantanamo Bay detention center (http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-05-23/politics/39467399_1_war-and-peace-cold-war-civil-war). While none of these procedures or calls fundamentally changed the Obama administration’s rationale or legal defense for these policies (http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/2013/0524/Has-Obama-tightened-US...), the speech certainly raised the profile of the debate over executive war powers considerably. Second, on June 14, The Guardian newspaper released information obtained from whistleblower Richard Snowden, a U.S. programmer for the National Security Agency (NSA), which revealed the existence of secret NSA programs that collected telephone metadata and internet surveillance programs such as PRISM (http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data). Third, on August 31, Obama announced that he would seek congressional approval for a military strike against Syria (http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/01/world/middleeast/syria.html). Although the President made clear in his announcement that he believed he had the constitutional authority to strike without approval, for some commentators (http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/319827-obama-breaks-from-precedent-on-syria/), Obama’s announcement represented a complete reversal in presidential war making precedent, especially in light of the 2011 Libyan intervention. As the commentary and reaction to this announcement and the other recent events of the past four months continue to play out, we believe that these events will produce a robust and dynamic context for a year-long collegiate debate about presidential war powers and congressional oversight. While we are amazed that so much has happened in such a short time, we believe that the core of the controversy – should Congress or the Courts impose additional restrictions on presidential war powers—remains fundamentally the same. Beyond its obviously timeliness, we believed debating about presidential war powers was important because of the stakes involved in the controversy. Since the Korean War, scholars and pundits have grown increasingly alarmed by the growing scope and techniques of presidential war making. In 1973, in the wake of Vietnam, Congress passed the joint War Powers Resolution (WPR) to increase Congress’s role in foreign policy and war making by requiring executive consultation with Congress prior to the use of military force, reporting within 48 hours after the start of hostiles, and requiring the close of military operations after 60 days unless Congress has authorized the use of force. Although the WPR was a significant legislative feat, 30 years since its passage, presidents have frequently ignores the WPR requirements and the changing nature of conflict does not fit neatly into these regulations. After the terrorist attacks on 9-11, many experts worry that executive war powers have expanded far beyond healthy limits. Consequently, there is a fear that continued expansion of these powers will undermine the constitutional system of checks and balances that maintain the democratic foundation of this country and risk constant and unlimited military actions, particularly in what Stephen Griffin refers to as a "long war" period like the War on Terror (http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674058286). In comparison, pro-presidential powers advocates contend that new restrictions undermine flexibility and timely decision-making necessary to effectively counter contemporary national security risks. Thus, a debate about presidential wars powers is important to investigate a number of issues that have serious consequences on the status of democratic checks and national security of the United States. Lastly, debating presidential war powers is important because we the people have an important role in affecting the use of presidential war powers. As many legal scholars contend, regardless of the status of legal structures to check the presidency, an important political restrain on presidential war powers is the presence of a well-informed and educated public. As Justice Potter Stewart explains, "the only effective restraint upon executive policy and power…may lie in an enlightened citizenry – in an informed and critical public opinion which alone can protect the values of a democratic government" (http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0403_0713_ZC3.html). As a result, this is not simply an academic debate about institutions and powers that that do not affect us. As the numerous recent foreign policy scandals make clear, anyone who uses a cell-phone or the internet is potential affected by unchecked presidential war powers. Even if we agree that these powers are justified, it is important that today’s college students understand and appreciate the scope and consequences of presidential war powers, as these students’ opinions will stand as an important potential check on the presidency. 

War powers Education is important for reasons that are external to race. But, war powers also teaches us about the boomerang. Domestic oppression is first rehearsed abroad. Proves there is a topic version of the Aff.

Graham ’10
STEPHEN GRAHAM is Professor of Cities and Society at Newcastle University and previously taught at Durham and MIT, among other universities. Cities Under Siege: the New Military Urbanism – p. xiii-xvii

Such fantasies of high -tech omnipotence are much more than science fiction. As
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security operations, is the second key feature of the new military urbanism.

Many T debates buckle to impacts, but let’s lock down the links here:

"Federal Government" means the government of the USA

Ballentine’s 95 (Legal Dictionary and Thesaurus, p. 245)

the government of the United States of America

"Resolved" means a fiated-plan

Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, ’98¶ © 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc. ~www.dictionary.com, accessed 4/2/01~

Resolve \Re*solve"\ (r?*z?lv"), v.
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to resolve a riddle. ``Resolve my doubt.’’ —Shak. 

"Substantial" means material, fiated action

AHD 11 (American Heritage Dictionary, "substantial", http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/substantial)

sub•stan•tial (sb-stnshl) KEY ¶ ADJECTIVE:¶ Of, relating to, or having substance; material.¶ True or real; not imaginary.¶ Solidly built; strong.¶ Ample; sustaining: a substantial breakfast.¶ Considerable in importance, value, degree, amount, or extent: won by a substantial margin.¶ Possessing wealth or property; well-to-do.

The upside of shifting the topic’s stasis point needs to be considered in the universal – and not this particular Aff. On balance, the lack of a topic means Aff’s shift to the least rejoindable threads. That ineffectively infuses us into the public sphere.

Taylor ’5
(et al; Matt – Director of Debate at CSU-Long Beach –"From Jurisdiction to Narration: Standards for Topicality in Parliamentary Debate" – March –http:www.parlidebate.org/pdf/vol9no3.pdf)

It is the last round of a very long day of judging and I am
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push canned cases away from the genre of declamation and back toward argumentation.

Tournament: Texas | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Towson JR | Judge: gus, sherry hall, fisher

1nc

1

The black ghost of these slave provinces are going to haunt the United States federal government until they place statutory restrictions on presidential war powers in one of the following ways: targeted killing, indefinite detention, offensive cyber operations, or entering United States Armed Forces into hostilities

The cp competes –

They advocate judicial restrictions – that’s the court

Webster’s 1 – Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Law, "Judicial", http://research.lawyers.com/glossary/judicial.html

Judicial
Definition - adj
~Latin judicialis, from judicium judgment, from judic- judex judge, from jus right, law + dicere to determine, say~
1 a  : of or relating to a judgment, the function of judging, the administration of justice, or the judiciary
b  : of, relating to, or being the branch of government that is charged with trying all cases that involve the government and with the administration of justice within its jurisdiction
compare administrative executive legislative
2  : created, ordered, or enforced by a court a ~ foreclosure
compare conventional legal
Pronunciation jü-’di-sh26l

"Statutory" is enacted by Congress

Hill 13 – Gerald Hill, Juris Doctor from Hastings College of the Law of the University of California, Executive Director of the California Governor’s Housing Commission, AB from Stanford University and Kathleen Hill, M.A. in Political Psychology from California State University, Sonoma, Fellow in Public Affairs at the Coro Foundation, The People’s Law Dictionary, http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=2010

statute
n. a Federal or state written law enacted by the Congress or state legislature, respectively. Local statutes or laws are usually called "ordinances." Regulations, rulings, opinions, executive orders and proclamations are not statutes.

judicial intervention in war powers issues crushes judicial legitimacy and independence

Yoo 2 – John C. Yoo, Professor of Law, University of California at Berkeley School of Law, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, United States Department of Justice, "War and the Constitutional Text", University of Chicago Law Review, Fall, 69 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1639, Lexis

Second, Professor Ramsey, like other pro-Congress scholars, must admit that
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Circuit’s recent holding that the constitutionality of the Kosovo war was nonjusticiable. n130

Weak court trashes environment

Stein 5—Former Judge of the New South Wales Court of Appeal and the New South Wales Land and Environment Court ~Justice Paul Stein (International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Specialist Group on the Judiciary), "Why judges are essential to the rule of law and environmental protection," Judges and the Rule of Law: Creating the Links: Environment, Human Rights and Poverty, IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper No. 60, Edited by Thomas Greiber, 2006~

The Johannesburg Principles state:
"We emphasize that the fragile state of the global environment requires the judiciary,
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ensuring that the inherent rights and interests of succeeding generations are not compromised."
There can be no argument that environmental law, and sustainable development law in particular
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happening internationally but also it is occurring in many national legislatures and courts.
Fundamental environmental laws relating to water, air, our soils and energy are critical
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. Importantly we must not allow sustainable development to be duchessed and bastardized.
A role for judges?
It is in striking the balance between development and the environment that the courts have
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is, we must not shirk our duty.  Pg. 53-54

Causes mass die off

Barry 13—Political ecologist with expert proficiencies in old forest protection, climate change, and environmental sustainability policy  ~Dr. Glen Barry (Ph.D. in "Land Resources" and Masters of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development" from the University of Wisconsin-Madison), "ECOLOGY SCIENCE: Terrestrial Ecosystem Loss and Biosphere Collapse," Forests.org, February 4, 2013, pg. http://forests.org/blog/2013/02/ecology-science-terrestrial-ec.asp

Blunt, Biocentric Discussion on Avoiding Global Ecosystem Collapse and Achieving Global Ecological Sustainability
Science needs to do a better job of considering worst-case scenarios regarding continental
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to meet landscape and bioregional sustainable development goals while maintaining an operable biosphere.
It is proposed that a critical element in determining the threshold where terrestrial ecosystem loss
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of both human agroecological, and reduced impact and appropriately scaled industrial activities.
Given the stakes, it is proper for political ecologists and other Earth scientists to
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ecological emergencies that may threaten our very survival as a species and planet.
Those knowledgeable about planetary boundaries—and abrupt climate change and terrestrial ecosystem loss in particular—must be more bold and insistent in conveying the range and possible severity of threats of global ecosystem collapse, while proposing sufficient solutions. It is not possible to do controlled experiments on the Earth system; all we have is observation based upon science and trained intuition to diagnose the state of Earth’s biosphere and suggest sufficient ecological science–based remedies.
If Gaia is alive, she can die. Given the strength of life-
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alive, can it ever recover, and how long can it last?
The risks of global ecosystem collapse and the need for strong response to achieve global
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be. But we must follow and seek truth wherever it leads us.
Planetary boundaries have been quite anthropocentric, focusing upon human safety and giving relatively little attention to other species and the biosphere’s needs other than serving humans. Planetary boundaries need to be set that, while including human needs, go beyond them to meet the needs of ecosystems and all their constituent species and their aggregation into a living biosphere. Planetary boundary thinking needs to be more biocentric.
I concur with Williams (2000) that what is needed is an Earth System
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survive as a species, logic and reason must prevail (Williams 2000).
Those who deny limits to growth are unaware of biological realities (Vitousek 1986).
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and protection in severely fragmented natural habitat areas such as the Western Ghats.
The human family faces an unprecedented global ecological emergency as reckless growth destroys the ecosystems
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pulling the biosphere down with us, setting back or eliminating complex life.
The 66 / 44 / 22 threshold of terrestrial ecosystems in total
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future. The end of their industrial destruction is a global ecological imperative.
Much-needed dialogue is beginning to focus on how humanity may face systematic social
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in proposing solutions that lie outside the current political paradigms and sovereign powers.
Even the Blue Planet Laureates’ remarkable analysis (Brundtland et al. 2012), which
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action, we dismiss any means outside the dominant growth-based oligarchies.
In the author’s opinion, it is shockingly irresponsible for Earth System scientists to speak
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voices to consider the full range of possible responses now more than ever.
One possible solution to the critical issues of terrestrial ecosystem loss and abrupt climate change
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as fast as possible, to avoid surpassing nearly all the planetary boundaries.
In summation, we are witnessing the collective dismantling of the biosphere and its constituent
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across scales when enough life is lost beyond thresholds, living systems die.

2

Unique-Link – US retains humanitarian justifications for "MARO" now. That sends a global signal. Plan reverses this – greenlighting atrocity. This card rules.

Petty ’13
Keith – The Judge Advocate General’s Legal Center and School; LL.M. with distinction 2008, Georgetown University Law Center; J.D., 2002, Case Western Reserve University, School of Law; B.A., 1999, Indiana University. The author was previously assigned as a legal advisor to battlefield commanders in Iraq, focusing on targeting, detention, and rule of law issues, The Michigan Journal of International Law – Summer, 2013 – lexis; lawrev
The only way to overcome these impediments to action - willful blindness, definitional quagmires
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opportunity to finally make good on the unfulfilled promise of "never again."

Note: MARO is a specific term of art in US Code. It is an acronym standing for "Mass Atrocity Response Operations"

MARO context unique – Intervention will succeed:

Petty ’13
Keith – The Judge Advocate General’s Legal Center and School; LL.M. with distinction 2008, Georgetown University Law Center; J.D., 2002, Case Western Reserve University, School of Law; B.A., 1999, Indiana University. The author was previously assigned as a legal advisor to battlefield commanders in Iraq, focusing on targeting, detention, and rule of law issues, The Michigan Journal of International Law – Summer, 2013 – lexis; lawrev
Developing MARO doctrine will not cause an undue burden on DoD resources. While mission
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that arise quickly, like what occurred in the Syrian situation described below.

Liberal intervention BEYOND genocide is a myth invented by academics – there’s no western imperialist conspiracy for war

Chandler 26 Weiss ’13
(David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster – Thomas G. Weiss is a scholar of international relations, with special expertise in the politics of the United Nations. He is Director of the Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies, Presidential Professor of Political Science at The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), and Research Professor at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London – "Interview with David Chandler and Thomas Weiss" – Institute of International Relations, Pontifical Catholic University (PUC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – December 2013 – http://www.iri.puc-rio.br/en.php/new/show/93)

Chandler: Humanitarianism was a key argument in the 1990s. It was an important
AND
internationalization of the affairs of states on the receiving end of these interventions.

Many factors cause our impact. Mass-Atrocity leadership’s the toolkit item that lessens risk of each.

Albright 26 Cohen ’8
Madeleine K. Albright is former U.S. secretary of state. William S. Cohen is former U.S. secretary of defense. They are co-chairs of the Genocide Prevention Task Force. CNN Special Commentary: Leadership Key to Preventing Genocide – December 10, 2008 – available at: http://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/about/initiatives/genocide-prevention-task-force/genocide-prevention-task-force-in-the-press/cnn-special-commentary-leadership-key-to-preventing-genocide
Last year, we agreed to co-chair the Genocide Prevention Task Force,
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will not only after a crisis strikes, but also before one emerges.

Note: This ev cites the 25-member Genocide Prevention Task Force. When evidence cites the "Report" it will be referencing the GPTF’s "Report".

Atrocity Crimes kill many people. And, their "endless war" impact is wrong.

Petty ’13
Keith – The Judge Advocate General’s Legal Center and School; LL.M. with distinction 2008, Georgetown University Law Center; J.D., 2002, Case Western Reserve University, School of Law; B.A., 1999, Indiana University. The author was previously assigned as a legal advisor to battlefield commanders in Iraq, focusing on targeting, detention, and rule of law issues, The Michigan Journal of International Law – Summer, 2013 – lexis; lawrev
There are obvious concerns about this Article’s proposal to violate the general prohibition on the
AND
than armed conflict n466 and must be stopped, with force if necessary.

Note: MARO is a specific term of art in US Code. It is an acronym standing for "Mass Atrocity Response Operations"

3

Aff’s operating outside Resolutional-prescribed action aren’t as preferable as those that do:

Net benefits ~23 1 and 2 – Educating about Implementation and State-Appeals is GOOD.

Grossberg ’92
(Lawrence, Professor of Communication – U Illinois, We Gotta Get Out of This Place, p. 390-1)
But this would mean that the Left could not remain outside of the systems of
AND
and oppositional agency. It strives to organize minorities into a new majority.

Our T-style PIC.

Even if general USFG K’s hold, it’s a worse for learning the specifics of War Powers. The Harm area’s not the educational part – Remedy-education is.

Ignatieff ’4
(Michael, Professor of Human Rights – Harvard, Lesser Evils, p. 20-1)

As for moral perfectionism, this would be the doctrine that a liberal state should
AND
, and thus respect for one right might lead us to betray another.

We’re NOT solely a fairness arg, we maximize ethics education – you should also maximize education for all

Issac, ’2  
(Jeffery, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Dissent, Vol. 49 No. 2, Spring)

Politics, in large part, involves contests over the distribution and use of power
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

Net Benefit ~23 3 is Limits:

They’ll say "we’re close to the topic" – that’s contrived and sets de-limiting precedent by cherry-picking some of the topic. The K of "T" has a universal – not narrow – impact on limits. Their interpretation isn’t just using the black ghost of the slave to haunt the usfg,  It’s the planless Derrida Aff, the Filipino identity Aff, The vegetarian Aff and countless more.

That workload hurts clash – making both teams learn less. We studied for the assigned reading and they’re a pop quiz on something else. That EITHER creates a crushing workload that hurts the quality of life. OR, Neg’s grow underinvested and hyper-generic – which bad for everyone’s education.

Many T debates buckle to impacts, but let’s lock down the links here:

1. "Resolved" before a colon reflects a legislative forum

Army Officer School 4 (5-12, "~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces the following: a.  A list, but only after "
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resolved:"Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

2. "United States Federal Government should" means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means

Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

Haunting via black ghosts of slave provinces does not meet – the plan may result in restrictions but it is not an on face restriction – that mixes burdens and allows for infinite unpredictable mechanisms to restrict war powers – independent reason to vote neg

4

T is not framework 

A – Framing point – the two are distinct:

"Framework" is a goal for the community. "Topics" guide subject-matter.

Under ALL frameworks, a topic persists – it’s just that it’s either a negotiated or un-negotiated one.

B – Important threads.

First – Does voting Aff solve their framework’s broader goals ?...Presumption should be "no".

Ritter ’13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf

Many students who participate in comp etitive interscholastic debate in high school and college 20
AND
the exclusion of out - of - round, non - competitive discussions. 

Two – there is a topical version of the Aff – they could judicially restrict war powers and cite the haunting of the black ghost as a the reason for doing so

Additionally

"War power" and "authority" mean specific things in this context:

Linn 2K
Alexander C. Linn, Lawyer, "International Security and the War Powers Resolution", William 26 Mary Bill of Rights Journal, 8(3), http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=139126context=wmborj

"War Power" is defined as "~t~he constitutional authority of Congress to declare war and maintain armed forces (U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cls. 11-14), and of the President to conduct war as commander-in-chief (U.S. Const. art. II, § 2, cl. 1)." BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1578-79 (7th ed. 1999).

They’re not topical if the POTUS didn’t authorize the events of the 1AC:

West’s 8 – West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, Edition 2, "President of the United States", http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/President+of+the+United+States

The head of the Executive Branch, one of the three branches of the federal government.

"Targeted killing" is distinct from assassination and execution

Dreyfuss 12 – Mike Dreyfuss, JD Candidate at Vanderbilt University Law School, "My Fellow Americans, We Are Going to Kill You: The Legality of Targeting and Killing U.S. Citizens Abroad", Vanderbilt Law Review, January, 65 Vand. L. Rev. 249, Lexis

II. Targeted Killing Is a Distinct Type of State Action Requiring Distinct Rules
A. Extrajudicial Killing
Targeted killing does not have an agreed-upon definition under international law. n13
AND
including self-defense cases in which the state addresses due process concerns.
An extrajudicial killing is a "deliberated killing not authorized by a previous judgment pronounced
AND
war, and Human Rights Law ("HRL"), which applies more generally.
B. Killings in Territories of Armed Conflict
Military strikes are most common in the context of armed conflict, so the discussion begins there. Within a territory engaged in armed conflict, targeted killing is a more clear-cut proposition. The familiar legal framework of IHL applies in armed conflicts whether of an international character or not of an international character. n20 With some exceptions, n21 the Geneva Conventions apply only in international armed conflicts.
Military commanders have greater latitude in zones of armed conflict than they have in peaceful areas. n22 Within zones of armed conflict, commanders can select lawful targets for attack. The OLC memo found that Al-Aulaqi’s distance from the battlefield did not preclude a U.S. attack targeting him. n23 In the context of a global war, n24 commanders have always possessed authority to act that extends beyond the front lines. n25 Targeted killing is no different.
C. Targeted Killing vs. Assassination
Targeted killing and assassination are similar but distinct operations that commentators often conflate. n26
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legal if it is distinct from assassination under Executive Order 12,333.
Although Executive Order 12,333 is just the latest in a series beginning with
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. Targeted killing is based strictly on security concerns; assassination is political.
Another area of contention is whether the term "assassination" applies to killings committed
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permissible to use a surprise attack to kill a person in war. n39
Notwithstanding any of the above, the President can revoke or modify Executive Order 12
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order to carve out an exception for whatever activities he wished to conduct.
D. Targeting Killing vs. Execution
The first image to come to mind when picturing the U.S government killing a U.S. citizen is that of an execution. Targeted killing and execution are distinct from one another, but legal scholars often compare and conflate the two. n43 It is therefore worthwhile at the outset to distinguish targeted killing from execution.
Execution is a judicial, postconviction sentence reserved for a narrow subset of the most serious offenders within a narrow subset of all possible crimes. State law, as opposed to international law, governs execution. n44 Execution provides years of appellate process and judicial review. If targeted killing is execution, all feasible judicial review is woefully inadequate. To survive as a practice, therefore, targeted killing must be distinguished from execution.
Execution differs from targeted killing in terms of the person the government targets. States
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the protections inherent to a judicial process, while targeted killings are extrajudicial.

T and Extra-T are voters – de-justifies the topic and links to stasis and limits args.

Our terminal impact is Framework shouldn’t outweigh T in this instance for the reasons already-cited.

5

Restricting targeted killing causes a shift to large scale ground operations which increases civilian casualties

MARK BOWDEN 8/14/13 (national correspondent for The Atlantic, graduate of Loyola University Maryland, where he also taught from 2001-2010. A reporter and columnist for The Philadelphia Inquirer for more than 30 years, Bowden is now an adjunct professor at The University of Delaware, the atlantic, "The Killing Machines" http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/09/the-killing-machines-how-to-think-about-drones/309434/3/)

No civilian death is acceptable, of course. Each one is tragic. But
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are led, as Obama was, to the logic of the drone.

Reliance on ground operations forces the US into multiple wars – causes mass causalities

MARK BOWDEN 8/14/13 (national correspondent for The Atlantic, graduate of Loyola University Maryland, where he also taught from 2001-2010. A reporter and columnist for The Philadelphia Inquirer for more than 30 years, Bowden is now an adjunct professor at The University of Delaware, the atlantic, "The Killing Machines" http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/09/the-killing-machines-how-to-think-about-drones/309434/3/)

Once the pursuit of al-Qaeda is defined as "law enforcement," ground
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order to protect life") but also might be the more moral choice.

Case

wolin

They have card zero that the haunting the usfg results in any change to usfg war powers – their burden to prove they solve, not our burden to disprove their assertions

Aff’s try-or-die args are backwards. Conventional Politics work and going further-left into identity criticism in worse than the squo

Wolin ’4 
(Richard, professor of history at the City University of New York The Seduction of Unreason, p. xiv-xv)
The postmodern left risks depriving democracy of valuable normative resources at an hour of extreme
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and institutions. To surrender entirely these potentials means abandoning progressive politics altogether.

circumvention

Courts stay out and everyone knows it

Posner and Vermeule, 8
Eric A. Posner + 26 Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, University of Chicago, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, U Penn LR, April, lexis
So far we have focused on Congress and the executive, for the sake of
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find reasons to avoid deciding the merits, this ambiguity has nearly disappeared.

Executive ignores courts – empirics, strength of interests

McGinnis, 93
John McGinnis, Assistant Professor, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, 1993, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=421326context=lcp

The War Powers Resolution"’ appeared to represent a far more systematic challenge to
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conflict... to protect the lives of American troops in the field").’

Only NC increases prez powers

Baron, ’08 (David, Law Prof @ Harvard, Harvard LR, Feb)

We have emphasized throughout these Articles that the "lowest ebb" issue is more
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for a change that risks such a fundamental revision of our national identity.

Chandler

Micro politics fails – doesn’t spill up, causes inaction, cedes politics

Chandler ’7
(David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster –
"The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere" – Inaugural Lecture – May – available at: http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/short_articles/Inaugural20lecture.pdf)
However, politics is no less important to many of us today. Politics still
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about how theory might be used to understand and engage with the world.  

They may build awareness – that’s symbolic politics that does not create change and brackets of self-reflexivity

Chandler ’7 (David, Centre for the Study of Democracy, Westminster, Area, Vol. 39, No. 1, p. 118-119)
This disjunction between the human/ethical/global causes of post-territorial political
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organize opposition, the ephemeral and incoherent character of protest is immediately apparent.

Scholarship is not equivalent to political engagement – believing so shatters meaningful engagment

Welsh ’12
Dr. Scott Welsh, Department of Communication Appalachian State – Coming to Terms with the Antagonism between Rhetorical Reflection and Political Agency – Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol. 45, No. 1, 2012 – obtained via Project Muse
What does it mean to say rhetoric scholarship should be relevant to democratic practice?
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work, neither of which is well suited to scholar-citizen engagement.

2nc

Congress cp

Court link

Non compliance

Nzelibe, 6 (Jide Nzelibe – Assistant Professor of Law, Northwestern University Law School, B.A. 1993, St. John’s College; M.P.A. 1995, Princeton; J.D. 1998, Yale, March 2006, " Positive Theory of the War-Powers Constitution" 91 Iowa L. Rev. 993)

Furthermore, the risk of non-compliance with judicial decisions also implicates the institutional
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more active judicial role in disputes over the allocation of war powers. n301

criticism that independently collapses court power

Johnson, 3
TIMOTHY R. JOHNSON, University of Minnesota, "THE SUPREME COURT,
THE SOLICITOR GENERAL, AND THE SEPARATION OF POWERS" AMERICAN POLITICS RESEARCH, Vol. 31 No. 4, July 2003 426-451, http://www.polisci.umn.edu/~~tjohnson/MyPapers/APR2003.pdf

EXECUTIVE SANCTIONS AND THE COURT Generally, Supreme Court justices account for how the executive
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a confrontation" (Epstein 26 Walker, 1998, p. 43).

Tk

Pak Army Module

The plan either forces US or Pakistani boots on the ground

PTVN 2/6/13 (PTV News, Pakistani television news, interview between anchor Faisal Rehman and retired Pakistani Air Vice Marshal, Shezhad Chaudhry, BBC monitoring south Asia, "Analyst says US statement on legality of drone strikes hurt Pakistani sentiment" lexis) 

~Anchor Moona Habib~ Do you think that the drone strikes, which started
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a given area of combat only or in a given area of conflict.

Ending drone strikes forces the Pakistani army to intervene – causes regional instability

JOSHUA FOUST 9/26/12 (fellow at the American Security Project and the author of Afghanistan Journal: Selections from Registan.net. He is also a member of the Young Atlanticist Working Group, the atlantic, "Targeted Killing, Pro and Con: What to Make of U.S. Drone Strikes in Pakistan" http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/09/targeted-killing-pro-and-con-what-to-make-of-us-drone-strikes-in-pakistan/262862/)

Left unstated in the report, though, is a bigger question: is there
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in general. Without a better alternative, drones are here to stay.

Case

Anderson

The impact is reification of all their args

Andersen 3 – Margaret L. Andersen, Professor of Sociology and Women’s Studies and Vice Provost for Academic Affairs at the University of Delaware, 2003, "Whitewashing Race: A Critical Perspective on Whiteness," in White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism, ed Doane 26 Bonilla-Silva, p. 30-32
Conceptually, one of the major problems in the whiteness literature is the reification of
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come to mean just about everything, it ends up meaning hardly anything.

Circumvention

Executive ignores courts – empirics, strength of interests

McGinnis, 93
John McGinnis, Assistant Professor, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, 1993, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=421326context=lcp

The War Powers Resolution"’ appeared to represent a far more systematic challenge to
AND
conflict... to protect the lives of American troops in the field").’

Circumvention Outweighs – Precedent/Spill Over

Turn outweighs - only constitutional showdown over noncompliance sets precedent and spills over – compliance doesn’t

Posner and Vermeule, 8
Eric A. Posner + 26 Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, University of Chicago, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, U Penn LR, April, lexis

Our argument reflects a second-order, temporal version of this tradeoff. Constitutional
AND
the decision to have a clarifying showdown or not reflects a similar calculus.

jacks court credibility

Ferejohn and Kramer, ’2
John A. Ferejohn, Professor of Political Science and Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford University; 26 Larry D. Kramer, Professor of Law and Politics, New York University School of Law, New York University Law Review, October, 2002, lexis

There are other, less benign tools with which to pressure the judiciary. Congress
AND
publicly muses about resurrecting Lincoln’s position on the limits of judicial authority. n70

Micro

Anti-Politics dooms their project, threatens the planet, and cedes politics to the Right.

Boggs ’97 (CARL BOGGS – Professor and Ph.D. Political Science, National University, Los Angeles — Theory and Society 26: 741-780)
The false sense of empowerment that comes with such mesmerizing impulses is accompanied by a
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universal, collec- tive interests that had vanished from civil society.75   

The alt doesn’t result in effective "new politics" and they don’t control the internal link to the Aff – they solely cede politics to the Right

Todd Gitlin formerly served as professor of sociology and director of the mass communications program at the University of California, Berkeley, and then a professor of culture, journalism and sociology at New York University. He is now a professor of journalism and sociology and chair of the Ph.D. program in Communications at Columbia University. He was a long-time political activist( from the Left). From the Book: The Intellectuals and the Flag – 2005 – available via CIAO Books – date accessed 7/17/10 – http://www.ciaonet.org.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/book/git01/git01_04.pdf
Yet the audacious adepts of "theory" constitute themselves the equivalent of a vanguard
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weight, and so the preoccupation and the style go on and on. 

Omi

Reformism works and won’t entrench oppression. The State can solve and their pessimism’s too extreme.

Omi’13
(et al; Michael Omi is an American sociologist. Professor Omi is best known for developing the theory of racial formation along with Howard Winant. Omi serves on the faculty at the University of California, Berkeley. Howard winant co-authored this piece. Resistance is futile?: a response to Feagin and Elias, Ethnic and Racial Studies Volume 36, Issue 6, p. 961-973, 2013 Special Issue: Symposium - Rethinking Racial Formation Theory)

In Feagin and Elias’s account, white racist rule in the USA appears unalterable and
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and anti-democratic social movements that are evident in US politics today.

1nr

Genocide Leadership DA

Less US genocide leadership green-lights atrocities – that’s Petty. Hundreds of thousands of deaths ensue:

David ’13
et al; Larry – Vice Chair of Global Solutions. GlobalSolutions.org is a groundbreaking national online movement for Americans who want the United States to take a responsible and cooperative role in the world. Larry is a Fellow of the World Federalist Institute and a Trustee of the WFA Endowment Fund. "About Genocide Prevention" – NOTE ABOUT THE DATE. This card comes from the lead-segment on the explanation page of the "Genocide Prevention" section of The Global Solutions website. The last update to that section came on 12-20-13… This page was accessed on 12-29-13   http://globalsolutions.org/prevent-war/genocide-prevention
In the 21st century, the risk of mass atrocities threatens hundreds of thousands of
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strengthen its ability to prevent and respond to mass atrocities and genocide worldwide.

If the util impacts are close, we’ll advance a narrow "quality of life" arg.

May ’10
Larry May is the W. Alton Jones Professor of Philosophy and a Professor of Law at Vanderbilt – A Normative Account of Genocide. Sometimes the Book is simply referenced as Genocide – p. 235

Third, focusing on loss of group identity forces us out of seeing the harm
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of civilian life and infra-structure of some wars to stop genocides.

(  ) Genocide concerns outweigh the case – should retain narrow humanitarian intervention.

May ’10
Larry May is the W. Alton Jones Professor of Philosophy and a Professor of Law at Vanderbilt – A Normative Account of Genocide. Sometimes the Book is simply referenced as Genocide – p. 240-41

In this chapter I have discussed one of the seemingly least controversial topics related to
AND
of genocide, in part, as a way to deter future genocides.

Link

Plan sends signal US wont do those interventions

And, this card will beat aff shaningans. Their Framing independently links. So do perms because support in the face of atrocity shouldn’t appear equivocal.

*Petty ’13
Keith – The Judge Advocate General’s Legal Center and School; LL.M. with distinction 2008, Georgetown University Law Center; J.D., 2002, Case Western Reserve University, School of Law; B.A., 1999, Indiana University. The author was previously assigned as a legal advisor to battlefield commanders in Iraq, focusing on targeting, detention, and rule of law issues, The Michigan Journal of International Law – Summer, 2013 – lexis; lawrev *Continues to footnote ~23 8*
Among the greatest threats to global security is the slaughter of civilians. This is
AND
states that intervention should not only be justified, but lawful as well.

Plan stops U.S. implementation of R2P —- Presidents support it, but Congressional control blocks

Hanania 12 – Richard Hanania, JD Candidate at the University of Chicago Law School and Writer at The Atlantic, "Humanitarian Intervention and the War Powers Debate", The Journal Jurisprudence, (2012) J. JURIS 47, http://www.jurisprudence.com.au/juris13/Hanania.pdf

What we see is a public that is generally indifferent to foreign affairs, but
AND
have more difficulty agreeing on a proper course of action in the former.
Just as the model predicts that the president is more likely to take action to
AND
,"347 humanitarian interventions would become much less common, if not nonexistent.
Partisans of the R2P may seek to harness the presidential desire for glory, discussed
AND
necessary than ever to have Congress decide when the nation commits to war.

Congress will block every humanitarian intervention

Hanania 12 – Richard Hanania, JD Candidate at the University of Chicago Law School and Writer at The Atlantic, "Humanitarian Intervention and the War Powers Debate", The Journal Jurisprudence, (2012) J. JURIS 47, http://www.jurisprudence.com.au/juris13/Hanania.pdf

What the interventionists must realize, however, is that without the ability of the
AND
to shift the blame for not acting in the face of tragedy.406
Of course, some have argued that the Kosovo intervention was a failure,407
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system works as it is supposed to when this preference is not enacted.
The Article takes no position on whether the original understanding of the war powers should
AND
own initiative, unless we believe that that number is close to zero.

Presidents intervene, Congress won’t

Hanania 12 – Richard Hanania, JD Candidate at the University of Chicago Law School and Writer at The Atlantic, "Humanitarian Intervention and the War Powers Debate", The Journal Jurisprudence, (2012) J. JURIS 47, http://www.jurisprudence.com.au/juris13/Hanania.pdf

A. Theoretical Model
Recent history has shown that presidents have been more willing to engage in humanitarian intervention
AND
act for which constituents are more likely to give a congressman credit.308
Fourth, we may believe that leaders genuinely care about foreigners killed by their own
AND
are thought of as tactical and within the proper domain of executive power.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake MQ | Judge: Weiner, Smelko, Gibson

t

Restrictions are prohibitions on action —- not oversight, transparency or reporting requirements

Jean Schiedler-Brown 12, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown 26 Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include the reporting and monitoring or supervising terms and conditions that are included in the 2001 Stipulation.
Black’s Law Dictionary, ’fifth edition,(1979) defines "restriction" as;
A limitation often imposed in a deed or lease respecting the use to which the
AND
or by interposing obstacle, to repress or suppress, to curb.
In contrast, the terms "supervise" and "supervisor" are defined as
AND
merely routine or clerical nature, but required the use of independent judgment.
Comparing the above definitions, it is clear that the definition of "restriction" is very different from the definition of "supervision"-very few of the same words are used to explain or define the different terms. In his 2001 stipulation, Mr. Kincheloe essentially agreed to some supervision conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.

Restrictions on authority are distinct from conditions

William Conner 78, former federal judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York United States District Court, S. D. New York, CORPORACION VENEZOLANA de FOMENTO v. VINTERO SALES, http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781560452FSupp1108_11379
Plaintiff next contends that Merban was charged with notice of the restrictions on the authority
AND
were not authorized to act except upon the fulfillment of the specified conditions.

Vote neg—-

Only prohibitions on authority guarantee neg ground—-their interpretation lets affs no link the best neg offense like deference

Precision—-only our interpretation defines "restrictions on authority"—-that’s key to adequate preparation and policy analysis

iran

Obama is holding off Congressional action for now but Congress is read to increase sanctions quickly

The Hill, 3-18-2014 http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/middle-east-north-africa/201074-83-senators-outline-preferred-requirements-for

In a letter sent to President Obama, 83 senators — well above the two
AND
died down, with lawmakers abiding by the White House’s request for time.

Restrictions doom Obama – losers lose is true – looks like political overreach and a bargaining failure- perception matters

Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at¶ Georgetown University, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy", March 2, 2007, pg 36-37,¶ http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php

American Presidents are vested with certain structural powers, such as those powers granted by
AND
affects the character of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic.

Sanctions bill causes Israeli strikes

Perr, 12/24/13 - B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton’s call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore’s and John Kerry’s presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, "Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran" Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran~~23

As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.

Impact in the 1ac

Riders

1nc

Tax extenders won’t pass
Schroeder 3-27 – Robert Schroeder, Washington Bureau Reporter at Market Watch, "Renewing Tax Breaks Will Have To Wait For November, Analysts Say", MarketWatch, 2014, http://blogs.marketwatch.com/capitolreport/2014/03/27/renewing-tax-breaks-will-have-to-wait-for-november-analysts-say/

Congressional wheels are in motion to revive an array of expired tax breaks, but a deal likely won’t get done until after the November mid-term elections, analysts say.
Next week, new Senate Finance Committee Chairman Ron Wyden is planning to unveil a proposal to temporarily extend breaks, including those for research and development and a state sales-tax deduction. Congress let a package of 55 breaks expire at the end of 2013, and Wyden has said renewing them is at the top of his list.
While industries are eager to see breaks extended, it’s not looking like a quick process.
Henrietta Treyz of Height Securities writes in a note Thursday that House Ways and Means Committee Chairman Dave Camp will move forward with a "completely different approach to the extenders bill" that will delay passage of any bill through Congress until after the Nov. 4 mid-terms.  Michigan Republican Camp is seeking a broad tax-code overhaul that would permanently provide for an extension of certain tax credits, she writes.
Treyz writes it’s her firm’s understanding that Wyden and Sen. Orrin Hatch, the top Republican on the finance panel, agreed in principle on an initial draft of a bill that would extend the various breaks for two years.
Chris Krueger of Guggenheim Securities said in a note earlier this week that the differing proposals "will likely amount to the tax equivalent of shadow boxing between the House and Senate, with little actual motion until after the elections". He adds: "Once the election is over, we continue to believe that all the provisions will be given a retroactive extension."
Meanwhile, Democratic aides reportedly say Wyden plans to ask the committee to vote separately on some of the more controversial provisions, including one promoting development at NASCAR racetracks. But Democratic aides told the Washington Post they expect the entire list of extenders to emerge intact from the committee and add 2450 billion to this year’s budget deficit.
Others, meanwhile, are more optimistic about timing. "The House Republicans are
AND
election, but which provisions to extend still need to be decided on.

Fiat makes the plan a "must pass" measure—-that causes unrelated riders to be attached
Copeland, 8 (Curtis W. Copeland, Specialist in American National Government, Government and Finance Division, CRS Report for Congress, "Congressional Influence on Rulemaking and Regulation Through Appropriations Restrictions" August 5)

Although the substantive reasons leading to the adoption of these regulatory restrictions are numerous (
AND
in the "toolbox" of congressional oversight and control of executive agencies.

Tax extenders will be a rider
Alexander 3-26 – Ryan Alexander, Political Reporter for US News 26 World Report, "Enough With the Tax Extenders", US News 26 World Report, 2014, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/economic-intelligence/2014/03/25/congress-must-stop-the-tax-extender-madness

Almost everyone in Washington agrees that the time has come to overhaul the tax code. Since the last major reform in 1986, the tax code has become a thicket of special interest breaks and illogical carve-outs that reflect political power rather than sound public policy. And while there is certainly not agreement on exactly how to reform the tax code, we’ve seen the conversation about reform move forward.
Last year, then-Senate Finance Committee Chair Max Baucus, D-Mont
AND
go before enacting tax reform, but at least we’ve seen a start.
So it was dismaying to hear that both the Senate and the House would be taking up tax extender legislation in the coming weeks. Tax extenders are those perennial "temporary" tax cuts that get passed year after year, usually by hitching a ride to a must-pass piece of legislation. If history teaches us anything, tax extenders will be passed with little or no debate on each individual provision included in the package.

That sustains the wind industry
Goldberg 3-21 – Keith Goldberg, Senior Reporter, Energy and Environment at Law360 , 3-21-2014 http://www.law360.com/environmental/articles/520749/lawmakers-push-wyden-boehner-to-save-green-tax-credits

 A bipartisan group of 144 U.S. lawmakers, many from wind
AND
isn’t competitive enough with other types of energy yet to flourish without it.

Turbines disrupt military training and radar—-crushes NORTHCOM
Robyn 10 – Dorthy Robyn, Guest Scholar at the Brookings Institution, Professor of Public Policy at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, and Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Installations and Environment, U.S. Department of Defense, "House Armed Services Subcommittee on The Readiness Hearing", Congressional Documents and Publications, 6-29, Lexis

The Technical Problem
Wind turbines can interfere with the effectiveness of radar and other electromagnetic systems that are
AND
it difficult or impossible for the radar operator to see an actual target.
For DoD, the problem arises in two different contexts. The first involves the
AND
than their analog counterparts and can be upgraded more easily through improved software.
Second, wind turbines can affect DoD’s test and training missions. When DoD tests
AND
radars used to train pilots are degraded by wind turbine clutter and shadowing.
Although scientists have a reasonably good understanding of the technical problem, more research is
AND
fidelity and are inherently subjective; at best, they are blunt instruments.
Concerns with the Siting Review Process
DoD relies primarily on the FAA’s Obstacle Evaluation/Airport Airspace Analysis (OE/
AND
backing, it can create serious financial and execution challenges for the developer.
To help avoid this problem, DoD has posted a red-yellow-green
AND
base and mistakenly interpreted that to be an Air Force-wide position.
Even when DoD learns of a project only after it has been filed with the FAA, we work with the developer to alleviate conflicts. To date, these efforts have been largely successful. Absent the kind of changes discussed below, however, the number of projects raising DoD concerns will likely increase, as developers take advantage of time-limited grants and tax subsidies and as the number of turbines in specific areas reaches a threshold impact.
In addition to the timing problem, the Department may have another concern with the
AND
ensure that the OE/AAA process adequately covers all of our missions.
Finally, it is worth noting that the siting review process is most conducive to
AND
, DoD gets what amounts to an early notification of the proposed project.
By comparison, early identification and resolution of conflicts is more difficult when the project
AND
did not learn of the project until the developer filed with the FAA.)
Fixing the Problem
The problems described above are serious but solvable. Along with other federal agencies, the Defense Department needs to move out on several parallel tracks. Let me first describe what is needed, conceptually. Then I will summarize some of the concrete steps that DoD and other federal agencies are taking.
First and most immediately, the federal government needs to improve the process for reviewing
AND
nor does the wind energy community want us to take on that role.
Second, the key federal agencies, including DoD, need to realign their research
AND
to estimate the impact of proposed structures as well as mitigation technology itself.
Third, federal agencies should look at the current plan for upgrading the older surveillance radar. At least two question merit analysis. One, is the current schedule for upgrading the radar sufficiently aggressive (e.g., the Service Life Extension Program, or SLEP, for the Fossil, Oregon, long-range radar is scheduled for 2014)? Two, will the technology slated for insertion as part of the SLEP do an adequate job of mitigating wind turbine interference?
DoD and other federal agencies are taking a number of concrete steps along these lines
AND
both short-term and longer-term changes to the review structure.
Second, within the Department, I am working with the Deputy Under Secretary of
AND
approve easy cases quickly and apply increasingly sophisticated tools to the harder ones.
We are currently defining the organizational and management requirements to implement this clearinghouse. A
AND
in the broader context of our nation’s goal to expand renewable energy resources.
Third, we plan to hold a multi-session "dialogue" with outside
AND
review process. Our planned dialogue will formalize and expand this collaborative process.
With respect to research and development, we are pursuing multiple initiatives as well.
AND
the impact of a proposed wind farm on a specific type of radar.
Second, DHS will soon award a contract to develop an iterative, three-dimensional model to characterize the impact of wind turbines on long-range radars. The model’s specifications were developed by a wide range of stakeholders, including DoD, the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, the FAA and AWEA.
Finally, the Department is taking steps to make the turbine-radar issue a research priority. For example, NORAD/NORTHCOM has included its surveillance mission on its Integrated Priority List, which provides guidance for how the Services should allocate their RandD resources. This is a necessary step in getting the Air Force Research Laboratory and other DoD RandD offices to see the turbine-radar issue as mission-relevant.
Conclusion
To maintain military readiness and homeland defense, the Department must protect its irreplaceable test
AND
. We look forward to working with the Congress to implement these changes.

Global nuclear and bio war
Mason 5 – Dwight N. Mason, Senior Associate at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, "What Canadian Military and Security Forces in the Future World? A Maritime Perspective", Paper Presented at a Conference hosted by the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, 6-12, http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/321/1/Managing20North20American20Defense20at20Home.pdf?1

NORAD is a highly successful and effective organization. It is also the preeminent example of United States-Canadian defense cooperation. But NORAD’s dominance also has meant that the greatest focus of our common efforts to protect North America has been in the domains of air and space.
This aerospace focus is entirely reasonable. NORAD was established in response to a new
AND
integrated and bi-national system that permitted immediate action by both countries.
Lessons of 9/11: Need to Expand Focus Beyond Aerospace to all Domains
Among the lessons of September 11 were not only a reminder that North America is
AND
Community: "Our security and prosperity are mutually dependent and complementary."14
As well, September 11 taught us that new threats could present themselves very quickly
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, a scientist formerly in the Canadian Department of National Defence pointed out:
…reducing the vulnerability of our likely targets, handling casualties, contamination, and contagious diseases, and repairing damage, call for a wide variety of skills and equipment. …The responsibilities must be primarily national, although arrangements should be made for rapid aid in either direction across the US/Canadian border.15
Possible maritime threats include the use of sea-launched cruise missiles or unmanned aerial
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3,000 ships off North America’s east and west coasts.18 5
There is a lot to be done in the area of maritime security. In Canada, for example, the Chief of the Maritime Staff told the Standing Senate Committee on National Security and Defence:
...we are putting together these maritime security operation centres on the East Coast and
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years after then we will have a fully operational, seamless organization."19
The initial United States response to this post September 11 situation was to create the U.S. Northern Command (NORTHCOM) and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). In both cases, the idea was to rationalize a large number of separate programs and responsibilities, some of which focus primarily and some tangentially on the security of the United States.
The commander of NORTHCOM has a Presidential mandate to direct, plan and conduct defense (including land, sea and air forces) and support to civil authorities within the United States. He is a ’unified’ commander. The United States had not had a unified command for such purposes before. The commander of NORTHCOM also assumed the continental defense planning responsibilities formerly exercised by the U.S. Joint Forces Command.
It was clear that there had to be a close relationship between NORAD and NORTHCOM
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NORTHCOM is a unified United States command and its commander also commands NORAD.
Canada also reexamined its security and defense practices, and, in December 2003,
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a crisis – being it a natural disaster or a terrorist attack."21
In short, Canada is adopting a unified command structure similar to that of the United States and which will extend to regional commands. This is an important development, and it has the potential to increase and strengthen the effectiveness and readiness of the Canadian Forces if the funds for this plan are actually provided.
A New North American Defense System?
Thus, it appears that Canada and the United States have evolved new and parallel unified systems for dealing with the new military and security threats to North America. This parallel approach has the potential to facilitate and broaden United States-Canadian cooperation. The need to renew or renegotiate the NORAD Agreement offers a convenient moment for doing so.
The goal of these negotiations ought to be a seamless and coherent all domain United States-Canadian continental defense strategy as identified by the Bi-National Planning Group. This approach is needed because such an arrangement can best maximize United States–Canadian defense cooperation and, for the US, strengthen its security at home. The Bi-National Planning Group observed in its Interim Report that:
~t~here is an opportunity to make bold and meaningful strides towards streamlining
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a coherent military strategy that will seal our common seams and gaps.22

Ptc key to wind

Doesn’t assume PTC extension – that makes wind sustainable in the short term – that’s Goldberg

Green 8/1/12 Nathanael Green director of renewable Energy Policy for New York City "Keep the U.S. wind industry strong by supporting the PTC tomorrow" http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/ngreene/keep_the_us_wind_industry_stro.html

Over the past decade years, the United States has led the world in wind
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17,000 new wind-energy jobs in the next four years. 

Doesn’t assume our specific impacts – tax breaks cause offshore wind to come online

OWW, 12  (Offshore Wind Works, Clean Energy States Alliance, 9/13, http://offshorewindworks.tumblr.com/post/31471987996/new-momentum-brings-atlantic-offshore-wind-to-turning**)**

New momentum brings Atlantic offshore wind to "turning point" The title of the
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these areas by the end of the year." That’s just a few.

Without the PTC wind collapses

Green 8/1/12 Nathanael Green director of renewable Energy Policy for New York City "Keep the U.S. wind industry strong by supporting the PTC tomorrow" http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/ngreene/keep_the_us_wind_industry_stro.html

Over the past decade years, the United States has led the world in wind
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17,000 new wind-energy jobs in the next four years. 

Consensus

Bolinger et al. November 2007 Ryan Wiser staff scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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. 77 Vol. 20 No. 9 ISSN: 1040-6190 LexisNexis