Tournament: Weber | Round: 4 | Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: Dunn
Sharing Narratives DA—you speak for women you call “Filipino” without understanding the colonial history your terms carry that hampers liberation efforts trying to break from imperialism 

si Ligaya ‘12
Ako si Ligaya – what follows is how this author self-identifies: I am Ligaya; Owner of the Pinoy-Culture blog. animist. polytheist. hilot. child of the earth. daughter of Kaptan and Magwayen. This author has a background that others would call “Filipino”. “Why I hate and can’t stand the term “Filipino” or “Philippines”” – From the blog Pinoy-Culture –  June 13, 2012 – http://pinoy-culture.tumblr.com/post/25042139983/why-i-hate-and-cant-stand-the-term-filipino-or

Why I hate and can’t stand the term “Filipino” or “Philippines”.
AND
, which is the root word for "kababayan" and "bayanihan".

Womens movement DA - These discursive questions of national liberation are intimately tied to women’s liberation movements in the Philippines. The Aff’s retrenchment against macropolitical change will hamper movements that are working against sexual violence in the Philippines. This serves as an alt and an independent inherency arg.

Lacsamana ‘11
Anne E. Lacsamana joined the Hamilton University faculty in 2005. She teaches in the Women’s Studies Department. She received her Ph.D. in American Culture Studies from Bowling Green State University “Empire On Trial: The Subic Rape Case and the Struggle For Philippine Women’s Liberation” WORKS AND DAYS 57/58: Vol. 29, 2011

Cynthia Enloe explains that during the 1970s, after a string of unsolved murders allegedly
AND
both the suppression of Philippine sovereignty and the violation of Filipino women’s dignity.

Using other people’s lived experience as part of your performance is problematic- causes cooption of the lived experience and reifies colonialism
Brady 2000
(Wendy Brady, Director of the Aboriginal Research and Resource Centre @ University of New South Wales, INDIGENOUS INSURGENCY AGAINST THE SPEAKING FOR OTHERS. Subaltern, Multicultural and Indiginous Histories http://www.transforming.cultures.uts.edu.au/pdfs/insurgency_brady.pdf)

I think that goes back to the writing of history on behalf of others.
AND
but are confined by¶ structural determinations that aim to ensure inequitable outcomes.
Comparative Movements DA—We’ll contrast their anti-State Aff with successful regional feminist alts like GABRIELA, BUKLOD and WEDPRO. The Aff results in MORE militarism by distancing their tie to their State.  

Lacsamana ‘11
Anne E. Lacsamana joined the Hamilton University faculty in 2005. She teaches in the Women’s Studies Department. She received her Ph.D. in American Culture Studies from Bowling Green State University “Empire On Trial: The Subic Rape Case and the Struggle For Philippine Women’s Liberation” WORKS AND DAYS 57/58: Vol. 29, 2011

Prior to granting formal “independence” on July 4, 1946, the United
AND
arguably paving the way for the historic conviction of Daniel Smith in 2005.

The Spanish-colonial discursive norms re-inscribed by the Aff are the heart of the oppressive gender and religious practices cited in the 1AC.

Lacsamana ‘11
Anne E. Lacsamana joined the Hamilton University faculty in 2005. She teaches in the Women’s Studies Department. She received her Ph.D. in American Culture Studies from Bowling Green State University “Empire On Trial: The Subic Rape Case and the Struggle For Philippine Women’s Liberation” WORKS AND DAYS 57/58: Vol. 29, 2011

One of the most enduring legacies of 350 years of Spanish colonial rule was the
AND
see why Nicole and the Subic rape case stirred so many differing emotions.

The 1AC totalizing the culture of certain women, through overly simplistic misrepresentations. Like the veil and female circumcision, the west constantly places universal ethics onto entire populations-producing more subjagation.
Kapur, 2002
Ranta Kapur, Visiting Professor of Law, New York University School of Law; Director of the Centre for Feminist Legal Research, New Delhi, India Harvard Human Rights Journal / Vol. 15, Spring 2002 , ESM

In this Section, I discuss the ways in which cultural essentialism is reproduced through
AND
to death, and this act apparently has some kind of cultural sanction.
And, this alone warrants voting Neg. Sans a plan, all Aff rhetoric is on the same playing field. We can defend the rest of their advocacy and negate only particular statements or authors.

(  ) Policy Framework before Reps – coalitions, anti-politics, and zero impact

Churchill ‘96
Ward Churchill, Professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Colorado, 1996 (“Semantic Masturbation on the Left: A Barrier to Unity and Action,” From A Native Son: Selected Essays in Indigenism, 1985-1995, Published by South End Press, ISBN 0896085538, p. 460)
There can be little doubt that matters of linguistic appropriateness and precision are of serious
AND
, not about what they’ve said, but about how they’ve said it.
MARKED—heres the rest of the card

 Decisions on whether to enter into alliances, or even to work with other
AND
nonsense, and on with the real work of effecting positive social change.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: George Washington | Judge: Winfrey
Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory and/or judicial restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States sufficient to prevent the imprisonment of detainees in indefinite imprisonment facilities. All detainees should be transferred to the White House at 1600 Pennsylvania Ave Northwest, Washington. All instances of “enhanced interrogation” must take place in the White House’s rose garden.
 “Detention” hides the horrors of indefinite imprisonment – turn the aff and justifies infringements on liberty
Hentoff 12
Nat, senior fellow at the Cato Institute, “The Main Issue in the 2012 Election,” Cato, 4/18, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/main-issue-2012-election

But Obama’s disregard …. they were living in.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Dartmouth CK | Judge: David Heidt
No capabilities
Walt, 12 (Stephen M., Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University, “Top ten media failures in the Iran war debate,” http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/03/11/top_ten_media_failures_in_the_iran_war_debate)

#7: Exaggerating Israel's capabilities. In a very real sense, this whole
AND
Israel might strike on its own-may be based on a mirage.
Iran won’t retaliate – even if they do Israel wins
Haddick, 12 (Robert Haddick 2/10/12 (Robert Haddick is managing editor of Small Wars Journal, “The Ticking Clock” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/10/the_ticking_clock?page=0,1)

A strike on Iran's nuclear complex would be at the outer boundary of the Israeli
AND
bad time for Hezbollah to invite an Israeli ground assault into southern Lebanon.
It’s just a bluff
Goldberg, 12 (Jeffrey, national correspondent for The Atlantic and a recipient of the National Magazine Award for Reporting, “In Iran Standoff, Netanyahu Could Be Bluffing: Jeffrey Goldberg,” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-12/in-iran-standoff-netanyahu-may-be-bluffing-commentary-by-jeffrey-goldberg.html)

An Attractive Theory The theory has its attractions. For one, Israel hasn’t yet
AND
I don’t bluff.” Whether Netanyahu bluffs is perhaps the more important question.

No Israeli strikes-
-Consensus
Anshel Pfeffer writes for Ha'aretz, covering military, international and Jewish affairs. Previously, he was (2004) deputy managing editor of The Jerusalem Haaretz, 8-23-2012 http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/the-axis/if-israel-won-t-attack-iran-how-will-netanyahu-save-face-with-obama.premium-1.460366

 The hurtling rollercoaster of the will-Israel-won’t-Israel-bomb
AND
not about to break out just yet, another question must be addressed.
-Recent statements by Peres and former military advisors
Shai Feldman is the Judith and Sidney Swartz Director of the Crown Center for Middle East Studies at Brandeis University and is a Senior Fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. 8-20-2012 http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/08/20/the_israeli_debate_on_attacking_iran_is_over

 For all practical purposes this weekend ended the Israeli debate on attacking Iran.
AND
nuclear installations. The debate has been settled. At least for now.
-No domestic coalition that supports strikes
Shahir Shahidsaless is a Canadian-Iranian freelance political analyst. He has a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering, and has devoted the past 10 years predominantly to researching and writing about the Middle East and international affairs for Farsi-speaking magazines, papers and news websites both inside and outside the country 8-18-2012 http://www.iranian.com/main/2012/aug/will-israel-attack-iran

Lastly, but most importantly, the Israeli leadership faces serious problems, domestically.
AND
not addressed, Israel will not be in a position to attack Iran.   
-Posturing is just a ploy to strengthen sanctions
The Globe and Mail, 8-10-2012 http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/israel-wants-to-attack-iran-before-us-vote-israeli-report/article4473446/

“Were it up to Benjamin Netanyahu and Ehud Barak, an Israeli military strike
AND
latter saying military force would be a last-ditch option against Iran.
-No plans for attack, lack of public support
JPost, 8-14-2012 http://www.jpost.com/IranianThreat/News/Article.aspx?id=281241

The United States does not believe Israel has made a decision on whether to attack
AND
Iran on alone, more are opposed. Around a quarter are undecided.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: George Washington | Judge: Winfrey
Debt ceiling deal will be reached- GOP will blink in the wake of the shutdown- debt ceiling has much larger impacts
Victoria Craig, Fox Business News,  10-1-2013 http://www.foxbusiness.com/government/2013/10/01/politics-forces-partial-shutdown-what-next-for-debt-limit/

Michael Block, chief …and-forth negotiations.
Restrictions doom Obama- losers lose thesis is true- looks like political overreach and a bargaining failure- perception matters
Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at¶ Georgetown University, “Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy”, March 2, 2007, pg 36-37,¶ http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php

American Presidents are ….. policy, foreign and domestic.
PC Key to avoid prolonged standoff over debt ceiling that tanks economy
McGregor, 13  (Richard, Richard McGregor (born 1958) is a journalist, writer and author. He was the chief political correspondent, Japan correspondent and China correspondent for The Australian. He also worked for the International Herald Tribune, the BBC and the Far Eastern Economic Review. He has worked as a journalist in Taiwan, Sydney, Canberra and Melbourne.1 He is the former bureau chief for the Financial Times. He has written The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers.2 The book was published by Allen Lane from Penguin Press in the UK and HarperCollins in the US in June 2010.3  McGregor has won the 2010 Society of Publishers in Asia (SOPA) Editorial Excellence Award 1 for reporting on the Xinjiang Riots10 and the SOPA Award in 2008 for Editorial Intelligences.111 Financial Times, 6/24,
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3a66c240-dc0f-11e2-8853-00144feab7de.html#axzz2Z7YPAEJQ

The debt ceiling …. coalition for immigration.
Debt freeze shatters the U.S. and global economies and causes food price spikes
Min 10 (David, Associate Director for Financial Markets Policy – Center for American Progress, “The Big Freeze”, 10-28, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/10/big_freeze.html)

A freeze on the ….global economic depression.
Prices spikes kill billions and cause global war
Brown 7 (Lester R., Director – Earth Policy Institute, 3-21, http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2007/Update65 .htm)

Urban food protests ….the survival level.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: George Mason | Judge:
Counteradvocacy-~--don’t “affirm” war powers or the authority of the president, interrogate it-~--the choice of affirmation prefigures ethical orientation, closes off the possibility of revision and contingency that is central to effective micropolitics, and suppresses difference
Connolly 98 – William E., Endowed Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University, “Rethinking The Ethos of Pluralization”, Philosophy and Social Criticism, January, p. 97-98

I endorse what White says about the responsibility to listen to the utterances of others
AND
’affirm’ the ’rich ambiguity of existence’ in a way that nourishes receptive generosity.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: George Mason | Judge:
Counteradvocacy-~--don’t “affirm” war powers or the authority of the president, interrogate it-~--the choice of affirmation prefigures ethical orientation, closes off the possibility of revision and contingency that is central to effective micropolitics, and suppresses difference
Connolly 98 – William E., Endowed Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University, “Rethinking The Ethos of Pluralization”, Philosophy and Social Criticism, January, p. 97-98

I endorse what White says about the responsibility to listen to the utterances of others
AND
’affirm’ the ’rich ambiguity of existence’ in a way that nourishes receptive generosity.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: NYU DeDe | Judge: Heather Hall
Orientalism K is epistemologically-dated, racist, and ensures bad politics.  Functional-censoring internally link turns their whole arg.

Jones ‘8
Jonathan Jones is an English journalist and critic who has been writing for The Guardian since 1999.– Guardian – May 22nd – http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2008/may/22/orientalismisnotracism
A woman wraps a giant snake … - of fear and loathing.

Public says no
Green 7 – Matthew Green, Professor of Politics at The Catholic University of America, “Challenging the President’s War Powers: the Role of Speakers of the House”, 9-10, Google Word Doc)

The final, and perhaps most important, consideration is what the general views of the American public are towards proper presidential authority.  As long as voters believe that presidents are constitutionally entitled to the powers they claim to have, congressional leaders may believe it is simply not worthwhile, or perhaps even politically risky, to directly challenge such claims – even if presidents use those powers unwisely.  The polling data shown in Table 1 above suggests an increased skepticism towards presidents who assert unilateral power to send troops into battle.  But it is perhaps telling that, in the recent book Thirty-three Questions about American History You’re Not Supposed to Ask, one of the widely-held “myths” that author Thomas Woods seeks to dispel is that the Constitution gives presidents the power to deploy troops as he sees fit, without advance approval by Congress (Woods 2007).  The public may be particularly deferential to presidents in times of war or, more generally, international tensions or fears of invasion or attack (such as during the Cold War or today’s “War on Terror”).  Any attempt by leaders in Congress to expand congressional war powers – such as by reforming, revising, or even repealing the War Powers Resolution – may get nowhere if the American public does not stand behind it.  Until then, we may continue to see congressional leaders, including the Speaker, view presidential war powers through a partisan lens, and only resist such powers when they are exercised by an opposite-party president without the support of the American public.
 (  ) Reps not first – coalitions, anti-politics, and zero impact

Churchill ‘96
Ward Churchill, Professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Colorado, 1996 (“Semantic Masturbation on the Left: A Barrier to Unity and Action,” From A Native Son: Selected Essays in Indigenism, 1985-1995, Published by South End Press, ISBN 0896085538, p. 460)
There can be little doubt that … of effecting positive social change. 

rejecting Oriental reps is worse than the crime

Macfie ‘10
(Alexander Lyon Macfie is British Reader in Middle Eastern studies. He is a published  author who has written widely about the modern history of the near and Middle East including the End of the Ottoman Empire, the Eastern Question, Orientalism, and other related subjects “Orientalism: a reader” NYU Press – via google books)
Despite a predominantly … deliberately distorted, that others make of us." 

Doesn’t solve – too slow and no mechanism exists
Kapsch 98 – Kapsch and Steinberger, Prof od Political Science at Reed College, 1998 “Willamette Law Review” lexis

While the initiative is ….description of the decision makers.
Congress can’t give mixed signals – it needs to make oversight a priority
Rosenberg 9
(Morton, fellow at the Constitution Project, served as a consultant to the general counsel of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) and its private counsel in preparing briefs and presenting oral arguments before the Supreme Court in the 2009 case Free Enterprise Fund v. PCAOB, former specialist in American public law with the American Law Division of the Congressional Research Service, recipient of the 2004-2005 Mary C. Lawton Award for Outstanding Public Service by the American Bar Association’s Section of Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice, “When Congress Comes Calling: A Primer on the Principles, Practices, and Pragmatics of Legislative Inquiry,” http://www.constitutionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/175.pdf)

As this handbook goes to press…t powers available to Congress.
 (  ) Security impact wrong – too sweeping and proves alt fails.

Ling ‘97
(et al – LL.H.M. Ling is Associate Professor on the Graduate Program in International Affairs at The New School. She graduated from Wellesley College, and from Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a Ph.D.;  along with Anna M. Agathangelou and , Director of the Global Change Institute in Nicosia and Former Assistant Professor of Women’s Studies and Politics at Oberlin; Studies in Political Economy, v54, Fall, p. 7-8)
Given these concerns … do anything about it."49

( ) Violence caused by proximate cause – not securitized rep. Frames our perm. 

Kaufman ‘9
Stuart Kaufman, (Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware) “Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case,” 2009 Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434
Even when hostile … a security dilemma.

(  ) Even if some IR claims are wrong, narrow security claims are likely accurate.

PRICE ‘98
(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)
One of the central … does critical theory itself.

(  ) Alt and epistemic claims get stuck – never get around to solving

Wendt, ‘98
(professor of international security – Ohio State University, Alexander, “On Constitution and Causation in International Relations,” British International Studies Association)
As a community, we in the academic … is often one-sided, intolerant caricatures of science. 

Even if they target, it’s not violent
Their author Joseph, 10 – (5/2/10, Paul, Sociology Department Tufts University Medford, MA, “Changing the Battle Space? How Human Terrain Teams Define “Success” in Iraq and Afghanistan,” http://www.inter-disciplinary. net/wp-content/uploads/2010/ 04/Joseph-paper1.pdf)

 Part of that problem is caused … in the program would say, “No”. 

Consequences matter - The tunnel vision of moral absolutism generates evil and political irrelevance
Isaac 2002      (Jeffrey, Professor of political science at Indiana University, DISSENT, Spring, v49, n2, ProQuest)
Politics, in large pant, involves contest … it undermines political effectiveness. 

Existence outweighs other impacts. It is necessary for the “I” that can behave ethically or create meaning.

Gelven ’94 (Michael, Prof. Phil. – Northern Illinois U., “War and Existence: A Philosophical Inquiry”, p. 136-137)
The personal pronouns, … It is beyond human appeal or persuasion.

Existence is a prerequisite to value

Wapner ‘3  (Paul, Associate Prof. and Dir. Global Env’t. Policy Prog. – American U., Dissent, “Leftist criticism of “nature””, Winter, 50:1, Proquest)
All attempts to listen to nature are social …fundamental moral commitment.

Prioritize extinction above all other calculations. Future generations cannot consent to consent to nonexistence.

Jonas ’85  (Hans, Former Alvin Johnson Prof. Phil. – New School for Social Research and Former Eric Voegelin Visiting Prof. – U. Munich, “The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of an Ethis for the Technological Age”, p. 36-38)
4. Mankind Has No Right to …we shall now turn.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Louisville LR | Judge: Malsin

Our model best solves American exceptionalism—zero solvency for the case

English ‘7
(Eric, Graduate Student in Communication – U Pittsburgh, Et al., “Debate as a Weapon of Mass Destruction”, Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2, June)
It is our position, however, that rather than acting as a cultural technology
AND
heirs to brand the activity as a ‘‘weapon of mass destruction.’’

(  ) Imperial K wrong – US power not that bad and Alt is hopeless.

Ashworth ‘10
Stephen Ashworth is a long-standing Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society. He works in academic publishing in the Voltaire Foundation, part of Oxford University – Towards the Sociology of the Universe, part 1 – “A Review of Dickens and Ormrod, Cosmic Society – 18 December 2010 – http://www.astronist.demon.co.uk/space-age/essays/Sociology1.html
Any validity their criticisms of present-day society may possess is completely lost as
AND
100). The Joint Chiefs of Staff must be quaking in their boots.  

(  ) Imperialism not root cause of war – causality runs other direction. Efforts to end imperialism  must start by dealing with war

Goldstein ‘1
Joshua S. Goldstein, Professor of International Relations at American University, War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa, 2001, pp.411-412

I began this book hoping to contribute in some way to a deeper understanding of
AND
on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.

The U.S. mischaracterized as an empire—reciprocal economic partnerships and democratic agreements are the norm.

Ikenberry, 04. Professor of Geopolitics. G. John Ikenberry. “Illusions of Empire: Defining the New American Order” Foreign Affairs, March/April 2004. 

Is the United States an empire? If so, Ferguson's liberal empire is a
AND
of international institutions that have limited and legitimated U.S. power.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cal SW | Judge: Peter Susko

Appeals to the ballot trade-off with root causes of oppression. They also digress into sub-factions. Try-or-die for our Alt, which embraces the Aff’s resistance, but doesn’t fight that oppression via a tie to the ballot.

Karlberg ‘3
(Michael, Assistant Professor of Communication at Western Washington University, PEACE and CHANGE, v28, n3, July, p. 339-41)

Granted, social activists do "win" occasional “battles” in these adversarial
AND
"east" and its "west" are locked in adversarial relationships.

Tying-ballots to expression discourages social-growth.

Trollinger ‘94
Tona Trollinger – Visiting Lecturer in Law, University of Missouri-Kansas City; “ARTICLE: RECONCEPTUALIZING THE FREE SPEECH CLAUSE: FROM A REFUSE OF DUALISM TO THE REASON OF HOLISM” – George Mason Independent Law Review – 3 Geo. Mason Ind. L. Rev. 137 – Winter, 1994 – lexis; lawrev
An analytical model centered on competition necessarily promotes rivalry and conflict. These consequences are
AND
, ideas, and views that the Free Speech Clause exists to enhance.

Non-adversarial change is more effective than oppositional appeals to the ballot. Only the Alt yields lasting change.

Karlberg ‘4
(Michael, Professor of Communication – Western Washington University, Beyond the Culture of Contest, p. 183-184)

Examples such as these suggest, in turn, an answer to the third question
AND
as the old models decline not through war or protest but through attrition.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Kallmyer

The United States Supreme Court will require creation of a permanent bipartisan council of state within the executive branch, overseen by a joint committee of Congress as per the advocacy of Miller. The United States Supreme Court will require two members of the council of state be given observer status on the National Security Council. The United States Supreme Court will prohibit nuclear first use without prior approval by the council of state.  The United States Supreme Court should clarify that this is a narrow ruling and does not effect jurisprudence or precedent on any issue other than nuclear first use.  The United States Executive will not authorize first use of nuclear weapons without prior approval by the Council.

Counterplan solves first use and facilitates comprehensive solution to the entire aff

Miller, 86 (Congress, the Constitution, and First Use of Nuclear Weapons, Arthur, The Review of Politics, Vol. 48, No. 3 (Summer), pp. 424-455

Averell Harriman, an executive officer for several presidents, in 1972 warned of the
AND
of purpose" that Kissinger found so lacking in governmental decision-making. 

Counterplan sends signal delegitimizing nuclear use and solves international perception of first use fears – avoids politics and strengthens congressional power

Miller, ’86 (Congress, the Constitution, and First Use of Nuclear Weapons, Arthur, The Review of Politics, Vol. 48, No. 3 (Summer), pp. 424-455
A council would have other benefits. First, it would not diminish the authority
AND
go far toward fulfilling the constitutional requirement of collective decision-making.149 

Comparative solvency– our strategy is specifically designed to overcome aff shortcomings – we create a true adversary that checks presidential first use

Miller, ’86 (Congress, the Constitution, and First Use of Nuclear Weapons, Arthur, The Review of Politics, Vol. 48, No. 3 (Summer), pp. 424-455
It is, accordingly, clear beyond doubt that Congress can retrieve its formal constitutional
AND
be called a Council of State-and its relationships with the president.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emory CS | Judge: Donlan

The affirmative’s and#34;unprecedentedand#34; and and#34;newand#34; cyber and#34;warand#34; claims are still rooted in old school Cold War deterrence. This trashes civil liberties and actualizes their claims of conflict – Vote negative to abandon their historical metaphors and analogies

Lawson 12
~Sean, Assistant Professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Utah, syndicated commentator on cyber policy and national defense, and#34;Putting the ’War’ in Cyberwar: Metaphor, Analogy, and Cybersecurity Discourse in the United States,and#34; First Monday, Volume 17, Number 7, 7/2, http://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3848/3270-http://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3848/3270~~

Following a number of high–profile incidents of cyber attack, including those targeting
AND
cyber security challenges, including the as yet unrealized possibility of cyber war.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: NYU DeDe | Judge: Heather Hall
Debt ceiling deal will be reached- tough move politically for the GOP but they’ll blink
The Hill, 9-14-2013 http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/322247-confident-democrats-want-separate-showdowns-on-shutdown-and-debt-limit

Democrats, however, … because the public sort of is finally smelling that these guys are for obstructing.”
Congressional restrictions doom Obama- losers lose thesis is true- looks like political overreach and a bargaining failure- perception matters
Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at¶ Georgetown University, “Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy”, March 2, 2007, pg 36-37,¶ http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php

American Presidents are … sources of power that affects the character of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic.
PC Key to avoid prolonged standoff over debt ceiling that tanks economy
McGregor, 13  (Richard, Richard McGregor (born 1958) is a journalist, writer and author. He was the chief political correspondent, Japan correspondent and China correspondent for The Australian. He also worked for the International Herald Tribune, the BBC and the Far Eastern Economic Review. He has worked as a journalist in Taiwan, Sydney, Canberra and Melbourne.1 He is the former bureau chief for the Financial Times. He has written The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers.2 The book was published by Allen Lane from Penguin Press in the UK and HarperCollins in the US in June 2010.3  McGregor has won the 2010 Society of Publishers in Asia (SOPA) Editorial Excellence Award 1 for reporting on the Xinjiang Riots10 and the SOPA Award in 2008 for Editorial Intelligences.111 Financial Times, 6/24,
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3a66c240-dc0f-11e2-8853-00144feab7de.html#axzz2Z7YPAEJQ

The debt ceiling debate …majority coalition for immigration.
Debt freeze shatters the U.S. and global economies and causes food price spikes
Min 10 (David, Associate Director for Financial Markets Policy – Center for American Progress, “The Big Freeze”, 10-28, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/10/big_freeze.html)

A freeze on the debt …perhaps even a global economic depression.
Prices spikes kill billions and cause global war
Brown 7 (Lester R., Director – Earth Policy Institute, 3-21, http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2007/Update65 .htm)

Urban food protests in … the survival level.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas | Judge: Kevin Kallmyer
Detention preferred to drones now – high presidential authority key
Vladeck 12
Stephen I., Professor of Law at the Washington College of Law at American University, “Detention Policies: What Role for Judicial Review?” ABA Journal, October, http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/detention_policies_what_role_for_judicial_review/

The short chapter that follows aims to take Judge Brown’s suggestion seriously. As I
AND
Judge Brown to identify “take no prisoners” as Boumediene’s true legacy.
Increased restrictions on detention spur drone use – gets adopted internationally and flips all your advantages
-ILaw
-Constitutionality
-Terror
-Rule of law
-Stability
Roberts 13
Dan, Washington Bureau Chief of the Guardian, “Bush Lawyer: Drone Strikes Are Worse than Indefinite Detention,” Business Insider, 5/2, http://www.businessinsider.com/bush-administration-lawyer-drone-strikes-being-used-as-alternative-to-guantnamo-2013-5#ixzz2cSBL5zvK

John Bellinger, who was responsible for drafting the legal framework for targeted drone killings
AND
the rule of law or are indifferent to civilian casualties," she added.
Drone prolif results in global attacks on nuclear facilities casuing meltdowns – four warrants they’ll be used
McKillop 13
Andrew, Foreign Affairs correspondent, “The Coming Global Drone War,” 3/3, http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article39288.html *Evidence is gender-modified*

To date no public data or test results on simulated installations are available for the
AND
The problem is that everybody else will also be forced to do so.
Causes extinction
Wasserman 2 (Harvey, Senior Editor – Free Press, Earth Island Journal, Spring, www.earthisland.org/eijournal/new_articles.cfm?articleID=457andjournalID=63)

The intense radioactive heat within today's operating reactors is the hottest anywhere on the planet
AND
core of our life and of all future generations must be shut down.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: NYU DeDe | Judge: Heather Hall
The executive branch of the United States should limit the use of the Human Terrain System Program to introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities and conduct targeted killing operations and announce that there will be a referendum to limit the use of the Human Terrain System Program to introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities and conduct targeted killing operations 

CP solves- functional limits create accountability and don’t link to politics
Michaels 11 (Jon, Professor, UCLA School of Law, “The (Willingly) Fettered Executive: Presidential Spinoffs in National Security Domains and Beyond,” Virginia Law Review, http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/97/801.pdf)

These are revealing …of the dominant understanding.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Dartmouth CK | Judge: David Heidt
No Middle East WDM use – country calculations changing
Malin, 12 (Executive Director on Project on Managing the Atom at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, 5-28-’12 (Martin, “Unconventional wisdom” Bulletin for Atomic Scientists, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/op-eds/unconventional-wisdom)

As negotiations with Iran over the future of its nuclear program inch toward a possible
AND
will be long and frustrating. But the conventional wisdom will be overturned.
Brookes evidence says 14 countries have already started to proliferation to respond to Iran—makes the impact inevitable
President cant change- takes out aff
Caryl, 13 (Christian – senior fellow at the Legatum Institute in London, June 19, “Why Iran Can't Reform”, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/06/19/why_iran_cant_reform?page=full)

Well, the upside is that Hasan Rowhani won on Friday's election because Iranian voters
AND
for Rowhani, but that doesn't mean they're any likelier to get it.
No impact—credible U.S. and Israel deterrence, leadership is rational, won’t give weapons to terrorists
Carpenter, 12 (Ted Galen – senior fellow at the Cato Institute, April 12, “The Pernicious Myth That Iran Can’t Be Deterred”, CATO Institute, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/pernicious-myth-iran-cant-be-deterred)

Rumblings about possible war with Iran have grown louder in Washington and other Western capitals
AND
a little less overwrought than the other theories about the “Iranian threat.”
They won’t prolif—long timeframe, no evidence they’re making moves, we would detect it, forceful international response, no covert uranium enrichment plants, no decision from leaders to develop weapons
Kahl, 12 (Colin H. Kahl – Associate Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service and Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, March/April, “Not Time to Attack Iran: Why War Should Be a Last Resort”, Foreign Affairs, ProQuest)

bad timing¶ Kroenig argues that there is an urgent need to attack Iran's nuclear
AND
Washington has a very good chance" of detecting them if they do.
Prefer our ev—their authors continuously inflate threats
Innocent, 11 (Foreign policy analyst – Cato, member – IISS, 12/7/’11, Malou, http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ignore-the-hawks-on-iran-too/)

More credible voices suggest otherwise. The nonprofit Arms Control Association (ACA) observed
AND
end when it ends” are today worthy of being ignored on Iran.

Their uniqueness arguments PROVE Rowhani is rational so he won’t proliferate no matter what
No Iran prolif – security estimates overblown*
Hymans, 13 (Professor IR USC, 2/18, Jacques, “Iran Is Still Botching the Bomb” Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139013/jacques-e-c-hymans/iran-is-still-botching-the-bomb)

At the end of January, Israeli intelligence officials quietly indicated that they have downgraded
AND
to avoid peddling unrealistic, worse-than-worst-case scenarios.

Prolif will take at least 10 years – consensus among experts
Cirincione 06 (Joseph, Senior Fellow and Director for Nuclear Policy at CAP “Cirincione: Time For Clear Public Understanding of Iranian Threat” http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cf m?fa=viewandid=18219)

This is the key point. This is where I believe this whole debate should
AND
construct a bomb until "sometime in the middle of the next decade."

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Dartmouth CK | Judge: David Heidt
Negotiations now and Obama is trusted
Reuters 9/20?
“Analysis: Obama may extend his hand to Iran's Rouhani at U.N.” By Arshad Mohammed and Matt Spetalnick, WASHINGTON | Thu Sep 19, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/20/us-iran-usa-analysis-idUSBRE98J02620130920

Iran's rhetoric has softened markedly since Rouhani took office in August. Recent gestures include
AND
bet on a handshake, while saying there were currently no such plans.
No impact
Bronner 12 (Ethan, NYT Staff Reporter, 1/26/12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/27/world/middleeast/israelis-see-irans-threats-of-retaliation-as-bluff.html?_r=1andhp)

JERUSALEM — Israeli intelligence estimates, backed by academic studies, have cast doubt on
AND
Qaddafi or Saddam Hussein if they had a nuclear capability? No way.”
Iran will be restrained and mitigation measures solve (blue)
Kroenig 12 (Matthew, Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow – Council on Foreign Relations and Former Special Adviser – Office of the U.S. Secretary of Defense for Iran, “Time to Attack Iran: Why a Strike Is the Least Bad Option”, Foreign Affairs, January / February, Lexis)

SETTING THE RIGHT REDLINES¶ The fact that the United States can likely set back
AND
States could avoid an international crisis and limit the scope of the conflict.
Iran can’t retaliate and there’s no impact
Burt 7 – Jeff Burt, November 28, 2007, Newsmax, “Expert: U.S. Attack on Iran Would Have Terrible Consequences,” http://www.newsmax.com/headlines/U.S_Iran_attack/2007/11/28/52858.html

Still, if struck, there is little Iran could do to retaliate. Its
AND

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas | Judge: Kevin Kallmyer
No impact to credibility – end of the Cold War changed alliance motivations
Walt, 12 (Professor Government Harvard, 9-11-’12 (Stephen, “Why are U.S. leaders so obsessed with credibility?” Foreign Policy, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/09/11/the_credibility_fetish)

What's the biggest mistake the United States has made since the end of the Cold
AND
American diplomacy has achieved relatively little since the end of the Cold War.
Obama cred shot- Middle East, middle defense and North Korea
Bolton, 9 (John R., Senior Fellow – American Enterprise Institute and Former U.S. Ambassador – United Nations, “The Danger of Obama’s Dithering”, Los Angeles Times, 10-18,
http://articles.latimes.com/2009/oct/18/opinion/oe-bolton18)

Obama is no Harry Truman. At best, he is reprising Jimmy Carter.
AND
for the international community? Nothing but more enriched uranium and more centrifuges."
No impact to bioterrorism—adequate defenses, no precedent, bioterrorists will fail
Epstein, 10 (Gerald R. – Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic Research and International Studies and assistant director for national security at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, October, “Are Microorganisms Macrothreats?”, BioScience 60.9, p. 759-760, JSTOR)

It is impossible for national security planners to know the real threat of bioterrorism,
AND
wrong, however, their recommendations would leave the country at greater risk.
The worst case scenario happened – no extinction
Dove, 12 (Alan Dove, PhD in Microbiology, science journalist and former Adjunct Professor at New York University, “Who’s Afraid of the Big, Bad Bioterrorist?” Jan 24 2012, http://alandove.com/content/ 2012/01/whos-afraid-of-the-big-bad-bioterrorist/)

The second problem is much more serious. Eliminating the toxins, we’re left with
AND
biodefense industry is a far greater threat to us than any actual bioterrorists.
Not statistically probable
Klotz and Sylvester, 9 (Lynn C. Klotz – senior science fellow with the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, Edward J. Sylvester – professor at the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University, “Breeding Bio Insecurity: How U.S. Biodefense Is Exporting Fear, Globalizing Risk, and Making Us All Less Secure”, Ebrary, p. 151—154)

To us, biosecurity means safeguarding from infectious disease in all its manifestations. That
AND
the 30,000 fatalities that would mark an extremely successful bioweapons attack.
Terrorists won’t attack the US—few deaths, no terrorists, no motivation, effective prevention
Schanzer, 13 (David H., Associate Professor of the Practice at the Duke Sanford School of Public Policy and Director of the Triangle Center on Terrorism and Homeland Security, 4/17, “Mostly Quiet on the Western Front”, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/17/why_is_domestic_ terrorism_so_rare?page=0,0)

While the horrific bombing at the Boston Marathon has brought concerns about terrorism back to
AND
society and our government should respond to the attack on the Boston Marathon.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas | Judge: Kevin Kallmyer
No chance that Pakistan will collapse
Bandow 09 (Senior Fellow @ Cato, former special assistant to Reagan (11/31/09, Doug, “Recognizing the Limits of American Power in Afghanistan,” Huffington Post,http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php ?pub_id=10924)

From Pakistan's perspective, limiting the war on almost any terms would be better than
AND
state in the vain hope of salvaging Afghanistan would be a terrible mistake."
China solves
APP, 10 (Associated Press of Pakistan, “Pak-China friendship factor of peace, stability for region: PM”, 6/9/10, Lexis)

Prime Minister Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani said Pakistan values its relations with China based on
AND
to overcome energy shortage. He hoped that this cooperation will further expand.
No Pakistani collapse
AP 10 (Pakistan's stability, leadership under spotlight after floods and double dealing accusations, 6 August 2010, http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/08/06/pakistans-stability-leadership-spotlight-floods-double-dealing-accusations/)

Not for the first time, Pakistan appears to be teetering on the edge with
AND
, home to only about 20 million of the country's 175 million people.
No Pakistani loose nukes
Haider, 11 (Ejaz, leading Columnist associated with The Indian Express, “The (shallow) Atlantic!” 11/11, http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/11/10/comment/columns/the-shallow-atlantic/?printType=article)

The US also doesn’t know the exact location of Pakistan’s silos and storage facilities but
AND
as he wrote, “In these exercise, everyone plays to type”.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cal SW | Judge: Peter Susko

The affirmative asks us to change the USFG as a metaphor—this ignores the ongoing violence against women. The only metaphor we should engage in are a rejection. Women are indefinitely detained by patriarchy – civil society prioritizes masculine politics that leave women in captivity. We find ourselves targeted by an institution far too comfortable with its abuse of power. The 1AC ignores this structures impact on women which functionally leaves it intact which means violence and exclusion of the woman is replicated in the world of the aff.  This violence is not hidden or perpetrated away from the scope of politics, the public sphere actively assumes a neutral political subject, making the female body invisible

Bari 2005 - Farzana Bari is a widely-respected human rights activist and university professor at the Quaid-e-Azam University. Dr. Bari's impressive career includes being the Director, Manager, Women's Rights Activist and Head of the Gender Studies Department at QAU (Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad). Women’s Political Participation: Issues and Challenges,.United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW) Expert Group Meeting Enhancing Participation of Women in Development through an Enabling Environment for Achieving Gender Equality and the Advancement of Women. Bangkok, Thailand, 8-11 November 2005-10-29 http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/enabling-environment2005/docs/EGM-WPD-EE-2005-EP.122020draft20F.pdf
Women constitute slightly more than half of the world population. Their contribution to the
AND
to be changed in order to create genuine political space for women within.

Only Reclaiming the notion of lesbianism beyond mere sexual classification breaks from the norms imposed by Male Hegemony and exposes the dehumanizing understanding of woman as an object to be a tool used by man. To reclaim lesbianism is to reject the demands of the male cultural system and to create and celebrate the bonds of the female world.

Radicalesbians 1970 Radicalesbians, “The Woman Identified Woman” http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/womid/
What is a lesbian? A lesbian is the rage of all women condensed to
AND
women from forming any primary attachments, groups, or associations among ourselves.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas | Judge: Kevin Kallmyer
Supreme Court will rule against NLRB now but perception of less PC causes them to dimiss jurisdiction– resulting in functional NLRB victory
Hirsch, 13
Jeffrey Hirsch, a professor at the University of North Carolina School of Law, Scotus Blog, 7/17,
http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/07/symposium-will-the-supreme-court-duck-the-recess-appointments-battle/

Although I am not optimistic that the Supreme Court will aid the NLRB and its
AND
recess appointments and ensure that agencies have the appointees needed to maintain operations. 

Appointment and war powers are extremely highly salient presidential powers – supreme court will act strategically and invoke nonjusticiability rather than decide against the –answers every 2ac arg—long card get ready
Moe, 99
Terry M. Moe Stanford University, William G. Howell Stanford University, 99, http://home.uchicago.edu/~whowell/papers/ThePresidential.pdf

In this article, we will continue this line of inquiry and encourage its evolution
AND
on their own (Fisher, 1997; Cronin and Gcnovese. 1998).

Key to stop NLRB enforcement – specifically including quickie election rule
Morgan Lewis, 13  (Morgan Lewis Labor and Employment Practice, 5/17, http://www.morganlewis.com/pubs/LEPG_LF_BeckerNLRBRecessAppointmentUnconstitutional_17may13)
On May 16, in National Labor Relations Board v. New Vista Nursing and
AND
valid Board is confirmed by the Senate)—is of highly questionable validity.

Crushes economy – small businesses, costs, job creation, massive excess unionization
Issa, 12
Darrell Issa, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, 12/13/12, http://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/NLRB-Report-FINAL-12.13.12.pdf

The “Quickie Election” Rule Illustrates a Disregard for Quorum Requirements In a major
AND
and present employers rather than looking out for the best interest of American workers

Nuke war
Auslin 9 (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman – Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187)

What do these trends mean in the short and medium term? The Great Depression
AND
may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang.

Tournament: Weber RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: UNT MQ | Judge: Omar Guevara
The President of the United States should not have the authority to initiate armed forces into hostilities to prevent proliferation except in the instance of North Korea.
Korea is the most volatile hotspot in the world and risk of North Korean miscalc is high – US deterrence across the DMZ is key
MARTHA RADDATZ and LUIS MARTINEZ – 4/2/13, U.S. General Says North Korea Situation Is 'Volatile' and 'Dangerous', http://abcnews.go.com/International/us-general-north-korea-situation-volatile-dangerous/story?id=18863864andsinglePage=true
Gen. James Thurman, the top U.S. commander in South Korea
AND
during the farming season "so that they can have a good harvest."
Changes in US defense commitments below the nuclear threshold collapse extended deterrence in Korea
Linton Brooks and Mira Rapp-Hooper - Oct 2013, Extended Deterrence, Assurance, and Reassurance in the Pacific during the Second Nuclear Age, Brooks = badass, former nuclear sub commander, and nonresident senior adviser at CSIS, http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=706#.Uoi1Mfl1ySo

The need to simultaneously deter China and North Korea, assure multiple allies, and
AND
fact of life and by working to implement modest confidence-building measures.
Extinction
Hayes and Hamel-Green, 10 – *Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainable Development, AND  Executive Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development act Victoria University (1/5/10, Executive Dean at Victoria, “The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia,” http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf)

The international community is increasingly aware that cooperative diplomacy is the most productive way to
AND
threat but a global one that warrants priority consideration from the international community.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Dartmouth CK | Judge: David Heidt
U.S. can de-escalate conflict with Iran now
Kroenig 12 (Matthew, Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow – Council on Foreign Relations and Former Special Adviser – Office of the U.S. Secretary of Defense for Iran, “Time to Attack Iran: Why a Strike Is the Least Bad Option”, Foreign Affairs, January / February, Lexis)

With the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq winding down and the United States facing economic
AND
the United States from confronting a far more dangerous situation in the future.

Balance of powers checked now—plan disrupts the balance which prevents quick and effective responses to terrorism, rogue states, and prolif and ensures president circumvention
Yoo, 12 (John – J.D. from Yale Law School and former Deputy Assistant U.S. Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel and visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and professor of law at the University of California – Berkeley, Department of Justice, 2/1, “War Powers Belong to the President”, ABAJournal, http://www. abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president)

This time, President Obama has the Constitution about right. His exercise of war
AND
time to introduce sweeping, untested changes in the way we make war.
No Iranian lashout
Boroujerdi 7 (Mehrzad, Associate Professor of Political Science and Director of the Middle Eastern Studies Program, “Iranian Nuclear Miasma”, Syracuse Law Review, 57 Syracuse L. Rev. 619, Lexis)

The potential for groupthink miscalculations is also thwarted by the existence of multiple consensus-
AND
prospect of Iran engaging in a boldly offensive or miscalculated action less realistic.
Revenue decline is inevitable and means no impact
Gasiorowski 7 (Mark Gasiorowski, Summer 2007. Professor of political science and director of the International Studies Program at Louisiana State University. “The New Aggressiveness in Iran’s Foreign Policy,” Middle East Policy 14.2, Proquest)

Economic conditions also continue to constrain Iran's foreign policy. Despite moderate economic growth during
AND
moderate foreign policies that will help raise living standards and revitalize the economy.
No ambitious enough to start proxy wars
Smeland, 4 (Sean P., Visiting Fellow – Geneva Centre for Security Policy, “Countering Iranian Nukes: A European Strategy, Nonproliferation Review, Spring,
http://www.gcsp.ch/e/publications/Security_Challenges/WMD/Academic_Papers/Smeland.pdf)

If the Western allies are to succeed in changing the direction of Iran’s nuclear policy
AND
or the United States (possibly through its presence in Iraq or Afghanistan).

No impact to war with Iran—Iranian terrorism is all hype and they can’t shut down oil
Luttwak, 7 (Edward, senior adviser at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Prospect, May http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=9302)

Then there is the new light cavalry of Iranian terrorism that is invoked to frighten
AND
stands ready to destroy any airstrip or jetty from which attacks are launched.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: NYU DeDe | Judge: Heather Hall
“Statutory” restrictions are binding law enacted by Congress
Hill 13 – Gerald Hill, Juris Doctor from Hastings College of the Law of the University of California, Executive Director of the California Governor's Housing Commission, AB from Stanford University and Kathleen Hill, M.A. in Political Psychology from California State University, Sonoma, Fellow in Public Affairs at the Coro Foundation, The People's Law Dictionary, http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=2010

statute
n. a Federal … proclamations are not statutes.
Plan’s a referendum not law --- voting issue:
Limits --- there are nearly infinite possible restrictions --- they allow any type: individual, state, agency, etc. --- ruins core ground based on the mechanism --- explodes Neg research burdens
Precision
Cederwall 11 – Paul D. Cederwall, Certified Public Accountant at Pacific Northwest Consultants, “Difference Between Statutory, Regulatory, and Contract Requirements”, Pacific Northwest Consultants, 12-28, http://pacificnwc.blogspot.com/2011/12/difference-between-statutory-regulatory.html

We often throw … but is no less enforceable under the contract.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: George Mason | Judge:
Two – Does an Aff ballot solve their framework’s broader goals ?...That’s a complex question relating to social change models. Presumption should be “no”. 

Ritter ‘13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH and DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf

Many students who participate in comp etitive interscholastic debate in high school and college 20
AND
the exclusion of out - of - round, non - competitive discussions.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: George Mason | Judge:
Two – Does an Aff ballot solve their framework’s broader goals ?...That’s a complex question relating to social change models. Presumption should be “no”. 

Ritter ‘13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH and DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf

Many students who participate in comp etitive interscholastic debate in high school and college 20
AND
the exclusion of out - of - round, non - competitive discussions.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Louisville LR | Judge: Malsin

Interpretation and violations

“Resolved” means Aff must have fiated-plan defending instrumental implementation

Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, ‘98¶ © 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc. www.dictionary.com, accessed 4/2/01

Resolve \Re*solve"\ (r?*z?lv"), v.
AND
to resolve a riddle. ``Resolve my doubt.'' --Shak. 

“Substantial” means material, fiated action

AHD 11 (American Heritage Dictionary, “substantial”, http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/substantial)

sub•stan•tial (sb-stnshl) KEY ¶ ADJECTIVE:¶ Of, relating to, or having substance; material.¶ True or AND
or property; well-to-do.

“Federal Government” means the government of the United States of America

Ballentine's 95 (Legal Dictionary and Thesaurus, p. 245)

the government of the United States of America

Two – links to limits disad – they get to cherry-pick some of the topic

Heidt ‘5
(David, at that time he was a Debate Coach @ Emory University – now at UMich – “Re: eDebate Re: Zomp and James”, 4-8, http://www.mail-archive.com/edebate@ndtceda.com/msg32084.html)

Its not a framer's intent argument. Its a context argument. The interpretations of
AND
an outrageous interpretation of certain words, but that doesn't make them topical.

Even if general USFG K’s hold, it’s a worse for learning the specifics of torture and ethics.

Ignatieff ‘4
(Michael, Professor of Human Rights – Harvard, Lesser Evils, p. 20-1)

As for moral perfectionism, this would be the doctrine that a liberal state should
AND
, and thus respect for one right might lead us to betray another.

Four – We’re NOT solely a fairness arg, we maximize ethics education.

Issac, ‘2  
(Jeffery, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Dissent, Vol. 49 No. 2, Spring)

Politics, in large part, involves contests over the distribution and use of power
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

Five– Worse Activism. Aff turns us into the modern Amnesty International.

Grossberg ‘92
(Lawrence, Professor of Communication – U Illinois, We Gotta Get Out of This Place, p. 390-1)
But this would mean that the Left could not remain outside of the systems of
AND
and oppositional agency. It strives to organize minorities into a new majority.

Does voting Aff solve their framework’s broader goals ?...Presumption should be “no”.

Ritter ‘13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH and DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf

Many students who participate in comp etitive interscholastic debate in high school and college 20
AND
the exclusion of out - of - round, non - competitive discussions.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas | Judge: Kevin Kallmyer
“Statutory” restrictions are binding law enacted by Congress
Hill 13 – Gerald Hill, Juris Doctor from Hastings College of the Law of the University of California, Executive Director of the California Governor's Housing Commission, AB from Stanford University and Kathleen Hill, M.A. in Political Psychology from California State University, Sonoma, Fellow in Public Affairs at the Coro Foundation, The People's Law Dictionary, http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=2010

statute
AND
 are not statutes.
“Judicial” is courts --- distinct from other actors
Webster’s 1 – Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Law, “Judicial”, http://research.lawyers.com/glossary/judicial.html

Judicial Definition - adj
AND
Pronunciation jü-'di-shandl
ground based on the mechanism --- explodes Neg research burdens
Precision
Cederwall 11 – Paul D. Cederwall, Certified Public Accountant at Pacific Northwest Consultants, “Difference Between Statutory, Regulatory, and Contract Requirements”, Pacific Northwest Consultants, 12-28, http://pacificnwc.blogspot.com/2011/12/difference-between-statutory-regulatory.html

We often throw around terms like "statutory requirements", "regulatory requirements", and
AND
basis in statute or regulation but is no less enforceable under the contract.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Louisville LR | Judge: Malsin

High-skilled visa reform will pass

Jennifer Rubin writes the Right Turn blog for The Post, Rubin came to The Post after three years with Commentary magazine. Her work has appeared in a number of print and online publications, including The Weekly Standard, where she has been a frequent contributor 11-14-2013 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2013/11/14/immigration-reform-outlook/

There were some theatrics on Wednesday from liberal immigration reform advocates, claiming the speaker
AND
continues to limp along just has it has for the last few months.

PC key to immigration reform- pressure works

Bob Ray Sanders is a columnist for the Fort Worth Star-Telegram 10-22-2013 http://www.bnd.com/2013/10/22/2862687/bob-ray-sanders-theres-no-better.html

 Now that the Republican hijacking of the federal government has been brought to an
AND
to file for office and gear up their campaigns for the 2014 contests.

Restrictions doom Obama – losers lose is true – looks like political overreach and a bargaining failure- perception matters

Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at¶ Georgetown University, “Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy”, March 2, 2007, pg 36-37,¶ http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php

American Presidents are vested with certain structural powers, such as those powers granted by
AND
affects the character of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic.

Visa limits send a signal that crushes international cooperation essential to space science – certainty is key

Abbey and Lane 5 (George, Senior Fellow in Space Policy – Baker Institute and Neal, Professor of Physics – Rice University,  “United States Space Policy: Challenges and Opportunities”, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications /wp_aaas_spacePolicy.pdf)

Though these foreign-born individuals are an integral part of the continued success of
AND
report, it is clear that present export control policies should be changed. 

Effective space science solves sxtinction

Killeen 5 (Timothy L., Director – National Center for Atmospheric Research, “NASA Earth Science”, CQ Congressional Testimony, 4-28, Lexis)

The first example is probably well known to you. The ozone "holes"
AND
scale climate change; and the reactions of ecosystems to simultaneous multiple stresses.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas | Judge: Kevin Kallmyer
Text: Pursuant to Article V of the Constitution, Congress should pass and more than three fourths of the States, excluding California, New York, Texas, and Florida, should ratify a constitutional war powers amendment as per the advocacy of Goldstein with  a clause _.  The amendment should be limited exclusively to this issue and no state should ratify proposals to attach additional constitutional changes.  

Constitutional amendment solves whole case best and spurs aggressive FUTURE court enforcement
Goldstein, 88
Yonkel Goldstein, JD Stanford Law School, July, lexis

The Failure of Constitutional Controls Over War Powers in the Nuclear Age: The Argument
AND
would function similarly to how they have operated in the due process area.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: NYU DeDe | Judge: Heather Hall
formal restriction net increases noncompliant behavior and unilateral executive actions and preclusive claims – congressional acquiescence and assertiveness BOTH trigger– especially when not reflected in historical norms
Spiro, 93
Peter J. Spiro, Associate Professor of Law, Hofstra University, New York University Law Review, December, 1993, lexis

Moreover, there is … without legislative approval.

custom IS law for war powers – either solves in squo or noncompliance is guaranteed
Spiro, 93
Peter J. Spiro, Associate Professor of Law, Hofstra University, New York University Law Review, December, 1993, lexis

This is the measure of constitutional …will not be advanced by these efforts.

That ensures law divorced from historical norms and practice  - sparks noncompliance, undermines ALL war power norms and constitutional order
Spiro, 93
Peter J. Spiro, Associate Professor of Law, Hofstra University, New York University Law Review, December, 1993, lexis

Part I of this Review steps briefly …important to our constitutional order.
D-Rule
Levinson 00 (Daryl, Professor of law – University of Virginia, UC Law Review, Spring, Lexis)

Extending a majority rule … rights were never violated.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: George Mason | Judge:
Here’s ev specific to Baudrillaird that says his nihilism is so extreme that it’s action-denying and should presumptively be deemed wrong .. We’re sure “it’s not their Baudrilliard” – but that begs the question of what is being affirmed. 

Gilman-Opalsky ‘10
Richard Gilman-Opalsky. Ph.D .. is Professor of Political Philosophy in the Department
of Political Science at the University of Illinois at Springfield – Theory in Action v. 3 no. 2 (April 2010) p. 9-37
Simulacra are, by definition, indistinguishable from real events. Nevertheless, the actual
AND
thinking a faked death was real than that a real death was faked.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: NYU DeDe | Judge: Heather Hall
Magnitude --- food price spikes cause global instability and directly kills billions --- that’s Brown. Even without escalation, half the planet dies
Brown 5 (Lester, President of Earth Policy Institute, MPA – Harvard, Former Advisor to the Secretary of Agriculture, Outgrowing The Earth, http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/Out/)

 “Many Americans see …the overriding concern.”
And --- food conflicts go global --- triggers World War 3
Calvin 98 (William, Theoretical Neurophysiologist – U Washington, Atlantic Monthly, January, Vol 281, No. 1, p. 47-64)

The population-crash … from the North Atlantic.
Economic downturn causes expansion of executive power and intervention
Peter M. Holm¶ Department of Political Science¶ University of Wisconsin, Madison¶ and Timothy Werner¶ Department of Political Science¶ University of Wisconsin, Madison, 2007 “Political Capital and Presidential War Powers: Sources of Congressional Assertiveness on the Use of Force”

These studies have … domestic fortunes begin to wane.

 (  ) Particularity Good. Sweeping K doesn’t prove specific rejoinder – makes decisions and scholarship worse.

Smith ‘6
Dr. Benedict Smith – Research Fellow in the Department of Philosophy and a member of staff at the University of Durham – Acta Analytica – Volume 21, Number 2 – available via Springer Link Database

In a related way, Dancy seeks to … a given circumstance.

And, root cause args wrong – their claim’s offense for us.

Swanson ‘5
Jacinda Swanson is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Western. Michigan University – Theory, Culture and Society August 2005 vol. 22 no. 4 87-118 – DOI: 10.1177/0263276405054992 –The online version of this article can be found – http://tcs.sagepub.com/content/22/4/87
It is thus misleading …political practices.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: NYU DeDe | Judge: Heather Hall
Managerial no real impact
(  ) And, if reps cause short-term remedies – those remedies can make a meaningful and non-violent difference as it relates to distribution.

Robb ‘12
Author of the book – Circle of Reason: An Intersection between Faith, Religion, Reason, and Politics – Notes from the Equator – February 12, 2012 – http://warfieldsinafrica.blogspot.com/2012/02/you-know-commercials-on-tv-ones-that.html
I think it is true that … to us and share with the crowd.

(  ) Hunger depictions good – Global food surplus exists. If nothing else, depictions cause meaningful short-term redistribution. 

Ó Gráda ‘9
Cormac Ó Gráda is an Irish economist, a professor of economics at University College Dublin, and a prolific author of books and academic papers. He has a published book on Famine Demographics. He is also a co-editor for the European Review of Economic History, a learned journal. Famine: A Short History - page 277-79
By FAO definitions, the world … that cannot be ignored.

(  ) Reps not first – don’t create reality. 

Gross ‘94
(et al, Paul R. Gross, who is a University Professor of Life Sciences (Emeritus) at the University of Virginia. He has taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York University, Brown University, and the University of Rochester – Excerpts from: Gross, P.R. and Levitt, N. (1994). Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science. A note from L. Kurt Englehart – who abridged this book – he is a Philosopher and is also from the Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center Sonoma State University University of San Francisco. In the process of abridging this work, we have made every effort to truly communicate the spirit of the authors' original message. Any changes appear in brackets. Available at: http://kengelhart.home.igc.org/supersti.htm)

We examine postmodernism with a … species of con game. (79)

Even if true in other spots, Reps don’t create reality in IR – if they did, there’d be more nuclear states.

Woods ‘7
Matthew Woods earned his doctorate at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA where his work on the relationship between language and nuclear proliferation was awarded the Hubert H. Humphrey Dissertation Fellowship in Arms Control and Disarmament by the US Department of State. He has published scholarly articles in, among others, Contemporary Security Policy, Review of International Studies and Review of International Affairs. Between 2002 and 2005 he was a visiting researcher at the Thomas J. Watson, Jr. Institute for International Studies, where this article was originally drafted. He is currently an independent scholar. Journal of Language and Politics 6:1 (2007), 91-128. Obtained via EBSCO Database
Its fixation on survival, power, … rather than just delusion. 

 (  ) Militarism K wrong – US power not that bad and Alt is hopeless.

Ashworth ‘10
Stephen Ashworth is a long-standing Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society. He works in academic publishing in the Voltaire Foundation, part of Oxford University – Towards the Sociology of the Universe, part 1 – “A Review of Dickens and Ormrod, Cosmic Society – 18 December 2010 – http://www.astronist.demon.co.uk/space-age/essays/Sociology1.html
Any validity their … in their boots.  

In a compromise framework, reps might have an internal link that turns case, but not the vital  one.

Rotter 2K
(History Professor at Colgate, October “Orientalism and US Diplomatic History” Vol 105, No 4)
F

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Mary Washington MP | Judge: Nick Brown
There’s a big difference between agreeing that limits are good in theory and WANTING to have your own power restricted- public support for Congressional limits was in response to Romney doing well in the election
Scott Shane, employed by The New York Times, reporting principally about the United States intelligence community.¶ Prior to joining The Times, from 1983 to 2004 Shane was a reporter for The Baltimore Sun where 11-24-2012 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/25/world/white-house-presses-for-drone-rule-book.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/25/world/white-house-presses-for-drone-rule-book.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0

 The attempt to write a formal rule book for targeted killing began last summer
AND
-carried from office to office rather than sent by e-mail.
Obama publicly defends executive control of drone strikes
Lesley Clark and Jonathan S. Landay | McClatchy Washington Bureau 5-23-2013 http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/05/23/192081/obama-promises-anew-to-transfer.html~~23.Uh9bfD9Cqd4-http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/05/23/192081/obama-promises-anew-to-transfer.html

President Barack Obama on Thursday defended his administration’s use of drone strikes to kill terrorists
AND
can be targeted in drone strikes and other lethal operations off traditional battlefields.
Deep, bipartisan support for Obama’s status quo targeted killing policy
Adam Serwer is a former reporter at Mother Jones. Prior to working at Mother Jones, he was a staff writer at the American Prospect. Adam has written for the Washington Post, the Root, the Village Voice, and the New York Daily News. 3-14-2012 http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/03/bipartisan-approval-targeted-killing-http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/03/bipartisan-approval-targeted-killing

When it comes to targeted killing of American citizens, both major political parties have
AND
to the secret legal memo justifying targeted killing that Holder’s speech was based on

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Mary Washington MP | Judge: Nick Brown
Err neg – none of the stopgap ideas solve and don’t’ know for certain when the ceiling will be reached- failure causes irreversible economic collapse
Reuters, 9-17-2013 http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/17/us-usa-debt-idUSBRE98G0KD20130917-http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/17/us-usa-debt-idUSBRE98G0KD20130917

Treasury Secretary Jack Lew on Tuesday warned Congress against waiting until the last minute to
AND
no congressional leaders appeared to think default was a reasonable course of action.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Louisville LR | Judge: Malsin

US/Muslim relations are key to effective space exploration

FN 10 (Fox News, “NASA Chief: Next Frontier Better Relations With Muslim World”, 7-5, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/07/05/nasa-chief-frontier-better-relations-muslims/)

NASA Administrator Charles Bolden said in a recent interview that his "foremost" mission
AND
that the moon, Mars and asteroids are still planned destinations for NASA.

(  ) Space solves their K – only a different physical location makes possible a different worldview.

White ‘87
Frank White, author of six books about space exploration, founder of the Overview Effect Institute, frequently speaks at conferences about space exploration, holds a B.A. from Harvard College and an M.Phil. from Oxford University, 1987 (“The Overview Project,” The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution, Published by Houghton Mifflin Company, ISBN 0395430844, p. 3-4)
This line of thought led to a simple but important realization: mental processes and
AND
philosophical point of view as a result of having a different physical perspective.

Paradigm shift solves Racism, consumerism, Nationalism orthodox religions or science

Exopsyhchology ‘8
exopsychology 2008 “Human Readiness for Extraterrestrial Relationships” http://www.exopsychology.net/?page_id=561
The evolution of consciousness is increasingly a matter of conscious evolution, an evolution that
AND
way,  through the intermediary of ordinary people. Let the data speak. 

Paradigm shift transcends terrestrial violence

O’Neil ‘87
Gerard K. O’Neill, President of the Space Studies Institute, Professor Emeritus of Physics at Princeton University where he was one of the world’s most distinguished authors and scientists in the field of space colonization, holds a Ph.D. in Physics from Cornell University, 1987 (Foreword to The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution written by Frank White, Published by Houghton Mifflin Company, ISBN 0395430844, p. xiv-xv)
It is the hope of those who work toward the breakout from planet Earth that
AND
beautiful and precious planet, circling a minor star near the galaxy’s edge.

Obama’s particular template beats sweeping Space K’s – universal theories CAN’T explain his stance.

D'Souza ‘10
Dinesh D'Souza is currently the president of the King's College in New York City. Prior to that, D'Souza was a Fellow at Stanford and the author of a best-selling book on Christianity and Global Religion. He also authored a recently published book on Barack Obama – The Christian Science Monitor – October 13, 2010 -- lexis
Soon after becoming president, Barack Obama evidently gave the space agency NASA a new
AND
because I'm from the third world and that's the way I saw it.

War turns structural violence

Goldstein 1 (Joshua, Professor of International Relations – American University, War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa, p. 412)

First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working
AND
on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate. 

World’s getting better

Goklany 9—Worked with federal and state governments, think tanks, and the private sector for over 35 years.  Worked with IPCC before its inception as an author, delegate and reviewer. Negotiated UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Managed the emissions trading program for the EPA.  Julian Simon Fellow at the Property and Environment Research Center, visiting fellow at AEI, winner of the Julian Simon Prize and Award. PhD, MS, electrical engineering, MSU. B.Tech in electrical engineering, Indian Institute of Tech. (Indur, “Have increases in population, affluence and technology worsened human and environmental well-being?”  2009, http://www.ejsd.org/docs/HAVE_INCREASES_IN_POPULATION_AFFLUENCE_AND_TECHNOLOGY_WORSENED_HUMAN_AND_ENVIRONMENTAL_WELL-BEING.pdf)

Although global population is no longer growing exponentially, it has quadrupled since 1900.
AND
per capita, and the prevalence of malnutrition (Goklany 2007a, 2007b).

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: NYU DeDe | Judge: Heather Hall
Agreement bought time- can shift focus to the debt ceiling
Bloomberg, 9-15-2013 http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-15/hezbollah-iran-will-benefit-from-syria-accord-republican-says.html

The agreement gives …, in Claremont, California.
Won’t implicate the debt ceiling debate now that it’s been delayed
Bohan, 9/11 (Caren, 9/11/2013, “Delay in Syria vote frees Obama to shift to hefty domestic agenda,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/11/usa-obama-agenda-idUSL2N0H716N20130911))

WASHINGTON, Sept 11 (Reuters…s ago," Bennett said.
Vote delay- won’t affect the agenda
NYT, 9-10-2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/11/world/middleeast/syrian-chemical-arsenal.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0

 Mr. Obama’s decision …. Cardin, Democrat of Maryland.
Attention shifting to debt ceiling
Fox News, 9-15-2013 http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/09/15/obama-to-warn-gop-in-economy-speech-ahead-debt-ceiling-shutdown-battles/

President Barack Obama is … from the biggest U.S. companies.
Syria’s going better
Shear 9/15
“G.O.P. Expresses Hope as Obama Praises Syria Deal” By MICHAEL D. SHEAR- House correspondent for The New York Times, September 15, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/16/world/middleeast/syria-chemical-weapons-deal.html

In interviews on Sunday, lawmakers …Senate Foreign Relations Committee.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas | Judge: Kevin Kallmyer
Factually use declining in all the key regions
Shane 13
Scott, syndicated journalist specializing in the United States intelligence community and CT, “Debate Aside, Number of Drone Strikes Drops Sharply,” NYT, 5/21, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/22/us/debate-aside-drone-strikes-drop-sharply.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0

President Obama embraced drone strikes in his first term, and the targeted killing of
AND
and no strike has been reported in Somalia for more than a year.
Drone use declining – operations restrictions and host nation pressure
Zenko 13
(Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, council on foreign relations, “Reforming US Drone Strike Policies” pdf)

Existing practices carry two major risks for U.S. interests that are ¶
AND
U.S. officials to openly address concerns and ¶ counter misinformation.
Drones second to detention now – plan reverses that
Levine 13
Adam, not the lead singer of Maroon 5, but instead managing editor for CNN's Washington bureau, “Kerry says Pakistan Drone Strikes to End 'Very Soon'” CNN, 8/2, http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/01/politics/pakistan-drones

In May, Obama defended the use of drone strikes as a necessary evil,
AND
, Obama said in a speech at the National Defense University in Washington.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cal SW | Judge: Peter Susko

Quickly delivered evidence becomes a proxy for stories with which we’re all familiar – this rapid-fire simplification promotes effective communication and understanding within political debates

Doremus ‘2K
 (Holly, Professor of Law – UC Davis, 57 Wash and Lee L. Rev. 11, Winter)
A. Telling Political Stories  It is not difficult to understand why the complex strands
AND
rational argument, no matter how logically compelling, typically does not. n193

Tournament: Wake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Kallmyer

and, you’ve conceded the exec commitment plank--- that solves – 50 years of NFU advocacy proves

Halperin, ’09
 (Mortin, Survival, November, nuclear issues expert in kennedy, johnson, Nixon and clinton administrations) 

Scott Sagan makes a persuasive case for no first use, arguing that such a
AND
convey the depth of the opposition and the fundamental nature of the objection. 

Comparative evidence proves the counterplan solves better than a prohibition on first use – perception of reversibility means non of their “exceptions” warrants are offense

Miller, ’86 (Congress, the Constitution, and First Use of Nuclear Weapons, Arthur, The Review of Politics, Vol. 48, No. 3 (Summer), pp. 424-455

This article analyzes the constitutional problems of "first use" of nuclear weapons.
AND
inherent executive powers as well as his authority as commander in chief.10 

Only the CP solves- Congressional action alone is insufficient

Miller 86 (Arthur, Distinguished Visiting Professor of Law – Emory University, “Congress, the Constitution, and First Use of Nuclear Weapons”, Review of Politics, 48(3), Summer, p. 426-431)

It is, accordingly, clear beyond doubt that Congress can retrieve its formal
AND
be called a Council of State-and its relationships with the president.

This mechanism solves all their Congressional committee internal links better

Smith 87 (Edwin M., Professor of Law – University of Southern California Law Center, First Use of Nuclear Weapons: Under the Constitution, Who Decides?, Ed. Raven-Hansen, p. 175-177)

Revision of the FAS proposal may avoid some of the practical problems raised thus far
AND
would constitute a clear signal of the executive intent to ignore the veto.
?

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas | Judge: Kevin Kallmyer
Turns credibility
IHCRC 12 September 2012, INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION CLINIC AT STANFORD LAW SCHOOL AND GLOBAL JUSTICE CLINIC AT NYU SCHOOL OF LAW, LIVING UNDER DRONES: DEATH, INJURY, AND TRAUMA TO CIVILIANS FROM USDRONE PRACTICES IN PAKISTAN (2012)., http://livingunderdrones.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Stanford-NYU-LIVING-UNDER-DRONES.pdf
The significant global opposition to drone strikes also erodes US credibility in the international community
AND
more difficult for it to build multilateral alliances to tackle pressing global challenges.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas | Judge: Kevin Kallmyer
Terrorists and responses are inevitable – Indefinite detention directly trades off with drone strikes
Campbell 13
Jacob, former Research Fellow at the Institute for Middle Eastern Democracy and fellow at the Humanitarian Intervention Centre, “In Defense of Drone Strikes and Guantanamo Bay,” HICentre, 5/24, http://hicentre.org/2013/05/24/in-defense-of-drone-strikes-and-guantanamo-bay/

They say it is far easier to criticize something than to propose a solution.
AND
is an alternative to the alternative, I would love to hear it.
The tradeoffs entrenched – guarantees link  
RT 13
“US Targeted Drone Killings Used as Alternative to Guantanamo Bay - Bush Lawyer,” Russia Times, 5/3, http://rt.com/usa/obama-using-drones-avoid-gitmo-747/

A lawyer who was influential in the United States’ adoption of unmanned aircraft has spoken
AND
a conference at the Bipartisan Policy Center, as quoted by The Guardian.
Plan makes drones politically palatable
Byman 13
Daniel L, Research Director and senior fellow for the Saban Center for Middle East Policy (Brookings), “Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington's Weapon of Choice,” Brookings, July/August, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman

Of course, it was a Navy SEAL team and not a drone strike that
AND
politically palatable for the United States to kill rather than detain suspected terrorists.
Plan makes drones the ONLY option left – guarantees mass use
Goldsmith 13
Jack, Harvard Law School professor who has written extensively in the field of international law, civil procedure, cyber law, and national security law, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror,” New Republic, 5/1, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism

Mazzetti gives another reason why Obama would rely so heavily on targeted killing and related
AND
whoever is left out there, ask them about that," he added.
Durbin specifically has pushed for drones absent indefinite detention
Knefel 13
John, politics and legal correspondent, “Senate Looks at Closing Guantanamo, But Will It Really Happen?” Rolling Stone, 7/25, http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/senate-looks-at-closing-guantanamo-but-will-it-really-happen-20130725#ixzz2dgF8YafJ

Durbin, meanwhile, suggested that there was no need to worry about releasing Guantanamo
AND
that Obama and his Congressional allies favor killing terror suspects over detaining them.
Even if you win your arguments about Obama not doing it, Durbin can and will – he’s influential
Tibbetts 13
Ed, regional political reporter, “Durbin to Take Helm of Influential Committee,” Quad City Times, 1/25, http://qctimes.com/news/local/government-and-politics/durbin-to-take-helm-of-influential-committee/article_27b974c2-6738-11e2-bbd2-001a4bcf887a.html

U.S. Sen. Dick Durbin, D-Ill., will take
AND
we’re spending wisely, protecting taxpayers and planning well for the future needs.”

Yes will – it’s the preference, plan’s critique of indefinite detention makes it salient
Wedeler 13
Carey, Correspondent on national security policy, “Indefinite Detention or Death,” Come Home America, 5/4, http://comehomeamerica.wordpress.com/2013/05/04/indefinite-detention-or-death/

John Bellinger, the lawyer who drafted the legal justification for the Bush administration’s use
AND
fair trial, future terrorism suspects will never even be taken to prison.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas | Judge: Kevin Kallmyer
Drones allow recruitment of extremists – larger internal link than the turn
Abbas 13
Hassan, Former Senior Advisor, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (Harvard), “How Drones Create More Terrorists,” The Atlantic, 8/23, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/how-drones-create-more-terrorists/278743/

Recently, strong evidence has begun to suggest that terrorists use drone strikes as a
AND
the wider socio-political impact and indirect costs when evaluating its efficacy.
Strikes guarantee terrorism – embolden rivals and trashes CT progress
Shane 13
Scott, syndicated journalist specializing in the United States intelligence community and CT, “Debate Aside, Number of Drone Strikes Drops Sharply,” NYT, 5/21, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/22/us/debate-aside-drone-strikes-drop-sharply.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0

Reports of innocent civilians killed by drones — whether real or, as American officials
AND
It’s the face of American foreign policy, and it’s an ugly face.”

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Dartmouth CK | Judge: David Heidt
They trust the prez- recent negotiations
Reuters 9/20?
“Analysis: Obama may extend his hand to Iran's Rouhani at U.N.” By Arshad Mohammed and Matt Spetalnick, WASHINGTON | Thu Sep 19, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/20/us-iran-usa-analysis-idUSBRE98J02620130920

Karim Sadjadpour, an Iran expert at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, said
AND
make it harder for the United States to sustain economic sanctions on Iran.
Executive Key- He is the one making the threats
Washington Post 9/15
Zachary A. Goldfarb ,Washington Post, September 15, 2013,
http://www.infowars.com/obama-says-u-s-prepared-to-strike-iran/

President Obama declared Sunday that the United States is still prepared to act militarily to
AND
that we haven’t struck Syria to think we won’t strike Iran.”
Executive Action key- lower level negotiations are more personal and trusted
Reuters 9/20?
“Analysis: Obama may extend his hand to Iran's Rouhani at U.N.” By Arshad Mohammed and Matt Spetalnick, WASHINGTON | Thu Sep 19, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/20/us-iran-usa-analysis-idUSBRE98J02620130920

While there has been speculation of talks between the two presidents or between U.
AND
under Obama now at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy think tank.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: NYU DeDe | Judge: Heather Hall
CP causes Congressional follow-on but avoids politics
Brecher 12 (Aaron, JD Candidate, University of Michigan Law, “Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperations,” October, http://www.michiganlawreview.org/assets/pdfs/111/3/Brecher.pdf)

Cyberattacks present a challenge for U.S…hat may result in unintended consequences.

All 2ac solvency deficits are solved by Obama publicly renouncing his legal authority - the distinction is key
Posner, 9/3  (eric,Eric Professor of Law at Chicago Law School. An editor of The Journal of Legal Studies, he has also published numerous articles and books on issues in international law, Slate Magazine, 9/3/13, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html)

President Obama’s surprise …s have described it before him.
Err neg on solvency questions- aff evidence is faulty scholarship- restrictions fail
Moe and Howell 99 Terry, prof of political science @ Stanford, and William, Associate Prof @ Harvard, “The Presidental Power of Unilateral Action”

This is only an illustration based on a … understate presidential power.
CP solves better- statutory is bound to fail and makes the impacts worse- executive exploits increasing Congressional limits
Moe and Howell 99 Terry, prof of political science @ Stanford, and William, Associate Prof @ Harvard, “The Presidental Power of Unilateral Action”

While Congress will sometimes … expansion of presidential power.
-  won’t be rolled back and the aff’s Congressional checks are more likely to legitimize presidential control
Kenneth R. Mayer, Professor, Lafollette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin- Madison, 2001, http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7095.html

 The importance of executive … authorization for executive prerogative."112
-inconsistencies with prior statutes mean they can’t solve signal or compliance
Moe and Howell 99 Terry, prof of political science @ Stanford, and William, Associate Prof @ Harvard, “The Presidental Power of Unilateral Action”

Not all congressional delegations … their own agendas (Diver. 1987).
Legal restraint not true for war powers – customary is sufficient and opinion juris means we solve it anyway
Posner and Vermeule, 8
Eric A. Posner + and Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, University of Chicago, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, U Penn LR, April, lexis

Our assumption … practices as legally obligatory.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Mary Washington MP | Judge: Nick Brown
Congressional oversight doesn’t increase legitimacy – not perceived as credible
Bashir, 12  (Omar, Foreign Affairs, 9/24, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones-http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones**)**

Presumably to overcome the transparency tug of war, Congress was granted an oversight role
AND
expertise and busy schedules might also hinder members of Congress in making judgments.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Mary Washington MP | Judge: Nick Brown
Self restraint, compliance with current laws, independent investigations and victims remedies Solves better than aff
Mulrine, 13  (Anna, Staff Writer @ CSM, 5/24, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/2013/0524/Would-a-US-drone-court-to-authorize-drone-strikes-be-a-good-idea-video-http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/2013/0524/Would-a-US-drone-court-to-authorize-drone-strikes-be-a-good-idea-video**)**
Critics of the drone program, however, are generally not reassured by the notion
AND
independent investigations of alleged extrajudicial executions and remedy for victims," he says.
Only risk of turn – counterplan makes greenlighting less likely and avoids validating effect of plan anyway
Vladeck, 13  (Steve, professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law. A 2004 graduate of Yale Law School, Steve clerked for Judge Marsha Berzon on the Ninth Circuit and Judge Rosemary Barkett on the Eleventh Circuit, 2/10, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/-http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/**)**

V. Why Damages Actions Aren’t Perfect–But Might Be the Least-Worst
AND
deadly force. So far as I know, no such evidence exists.
Ex post judicial review comparatively solves better and avoids turns
Vladeck, 13  (Steve, professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law. A 2004 graduate of Yale Law School, Steve clerked for Judge Marsha Berzon on the Ninth Circuit and Judge Rosemary Barkett on the Eleventh Circuit, 2/10, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/-http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/**)**

There’s been a fair amount of buzz over the past few days centered around the
AND
(and tribunal) that would raise as many questions as it answers.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Mary Washington MP | Judge: Nick Brown
Independent reviewer model solves targeted killing accountability and legitimacy
Bashir, 12  (Omar, Foreign Affairs PhD student @ Princeton, Foreign Affairs, 9/24, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones-http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones**)**

At least one other country faced with a similar dilemma, though, has arrived
AND
agree to such an arrangement, and that is part of its value.

Ex post Independent reviewer solves best
Bashir, 12  (Omar, Foreign Affairs, 9/24, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones-http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones**)**

Concerns abound about the secretive nature of U.S. drone programs. Even
AND
democratic ideals as well as with U.S. foreign policy objectives.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: George Mason | Judge:
The topic we defined doesn’t hurt creativity. New plans and advantages give creative ways to play the game. Each round’s a beautiful snowflake. No two are the same.
Asen 10 – Robert Asen is Professor of Communication Arts at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, Volume 13, Number 1, Spring 2010, pp. 121-143 – Project Muse

As policy debates proceed over time, they exhibit multiple temporalities, with diff erent
AND
incomes rise and fall with the ups and downs of the stock market. 

(Note: The term “polysemy” most literally means “words with multiple meanings”. In this instance, “polysemy” more implies “several different and unique ways of looking at an issue”.)

Third – they link worse.

Creativity emerges from identifying constraints and working within them – not impact turning boundaries.  

Flood ‘10
(Scott, BS in Communication and Theatre Arts – St. Joseph’s College, School Board Member – Plainfield Community School Corporation, and Advertising Agent, “Business Innovation – Real Creativity Happens Inside the Box”, http://ezinearticles.com/?Business-Innovation~-~~-~-Real-Creativity-Happens-Inside-the-Boxandid=4793692)
It seems that we can accomplish anything if weand#39;re brave enough to step out of
AND
solution may very well be lurking in a corner of that familiar box.

some boundary is inevitable- we think it should be an agreed upon one
Hough 11
(Karen, Founder and CEO – ImprovEdge, “Creative Constraint: Why Tighter Boundaries Propel Greater Results”, Mashable, 3-2, http://mashable.com/2011/03/02/creative-constraint-business/)
Where do great ideas come from? Many of us imagine creativity comes from an
AND
an improviser. This could be your best opportunity for a creative solution.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: George Mason | Judge:
(  ) Hero-ism K of micro-politics. Excess fear of co-optation means they work outside the State to their detriment. They’ve got it backwards – curriculum needs to start with the macro.

Jensen ‘9
Tim Jensen – Co-coordinator of the Ohio State University’s Digital Media Project. He coordinates “Candid Candidacy” and, at the time of this writing, is a PhD student in Philosophy, and is quoting Oliver Marchart is a professor in the Department of Sociology, University of Lucerne – Bridging Micro and Macro :: Setting the Stage – April 6, 2009 – http://candidcandidacy.wordpress.com/2009/04/06/bridging-micro-and-macro-setting-the-stage/
Oliver Marchart asks the same question in his essay, “Bridging the Micro-
AND
that is why he argues for theorization to begin at macro-levels. 

Avoiding anti-politics is key to check the worst violence

Small ‘6
(Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,  “Moving Forward,” The Journal for Civic Commitment,  Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)
What will be the challenges of the new millennium? And how should we equip
AND
engagement consequently takes on a more specific and political meaning in this context.  
 (  ) Micro-politics args mask that macro-politics shapes the local more than vice-versa.

Ebert ‘5
Teresa L. Ebert is a professor of cultural theory at the University at Albany, State University of New YorkScience and Society, Vol. 69, No. 1, January 2005, 33–55, available at: http://people.missouristate.edu/WilliamBurling/Adobe20files/Rematerializing20Feminism.pdf
The emergence of micropolitics marks the impact of the globalization of capitalist production and the
AND
ethnographical studies of the behavior of the subject in its multiple consuming relations.

(  ) Sequencing claim’s wrong. Micro never gets-around to the macro and cedes politics in the interm..

Gitlin ‘97
Todd – formerly served as professor of sociology and director of the mass communications program at the University of California, Berkeley, and then a professor of culture, journalism and sociology at New York University. He is now a professor of journalism and sociology and chair of the Ph.D. program in Communications at Columbia University. He was a long-time political activist( from the Left) – “The Anti-Political Populism of Cultural Studies” – Dissent Magazine – Spring 1997 – http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=1893
Consolation: here is an explanation for the rise of academic cultural studies during precisely
AND
politics. Let us not think that our academic work is already that. 

(  ) Other forms of “politics” do exist – but here’s a pedagogy disad to those “anti-political” starting points. We’ll Also indicts critical theorists and their quest for “me-search”.

Chandler ‘7
(David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster –
“The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere” – Inaugural Lecture – May – available at: http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/short_articles/Inaugural20lecture.pdf)
However, politics is no less important to many of us today. Politics still
AND
it’s because our form of political engagement is TOO THIN. It’s linear.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Louisville LR | Judge: Malsin

And, a ballot on behalf of their Appeals to the ballot trade-off with root causes of oppression. They also digress into sub-factions. Try-or-die for our Alt, which embraces the Aff’s resistance, but doesn’t fight that oppression via a tie to the ballot. 

Karlberg ‘3
(Michael, Assistant Professor of Communication at Western Washington University, PEACE and CHANGE, v28, n3, July, p. 339-41)

Granted, social activists do "win" occasional “battles” in these adversarial
AND
"east" and its "west" are locked in adversarial relationships.

Tying-ballots to expression discourages social-growth.

Trollinger ‘94
Tona Trollinger – Visiting Lecturer in Law, University of Missouri-Kansas City; “ARTICLE: RECONCEPTUALIZING THE FREE SPEECH CLAUSE: FROM A REFUSE OF DUALISM TO THE REASON OF HOLISM” – George Mason Independent Law Review – 3 Geo. Mason Ind. L. Rev. 137 – Winter, 1994 – lexis; lawrev
An analytical model centered on competition necessarily promotes rivalry and conflict. These consequences are
AND
, ideas, and views that the Free Speech Clause exists to enhance.

Appeal to the ballot legitimizes a “might makes right” style of politics that structures social relations to privilege dominant groups and locks-in escalating cycles of oppression

Karlberg ‘10
(Michael, Professor of Communication – Western Washington University, “Constructive Resilience: The Bahá'í Response to Oppression”, Peace and Change, 35(2), April, p. 245)

Fourth, the theory and collective practice of the Bahá'í community suggest that oppositional models
AND
—hence "the paradox of protest in a culture of contest."93

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: NYU DeDe | Judge: Heather Hall
ONLY noncompliance sets a precedent of preclusive presidential powers – the squo is congressional abdication which doesn’t matter - noncompliance triggers collapse of SOP, democracy and restraints on executive power across the board –
Baron, ’08 (David, Law Prof @ Harvard, Harvard LR, Feb)

We have emphasized throughout these Articles that … fundamental revision of our national identity.

Turn outweighs - only constitutional showdown over noncompliance sets precedent and spills over – compliance doesn’t
Posner and Vermeule, 8
Eric A. Posner + and Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, University of Chicago, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, U Penn LR, April, lexis

Our argument reflects a … reflects a similar calculus.

Only turn matters – compliance doesn’t set precedent or spillover - only confrontation and noncompliance does
Posner and Vermeule, 8
Eric A. Posner + and Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, University of Chicago, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, U Penn LR, April, lexis
Actors avoid confrontation … actors to engage in clarifying conflict. n66

Tournament: Weber | Round: 4 | Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: Dunn
counter hegemonic politics that succeed. YOU have made the argument that counter hegemonic politics come first--- this makes all your critiques of T irelevent
Carroll 6
“hegemony, counter-hegemony, anti-hegemony” william k. Carroll   university of victoria, ss/es vol 2, no 2 (2006)http://www.socialiststudies.com/sss/index.php/sss/article/view/27/25

The term counter-hegemony seems misleadingly complementary to hegemony. In actuality, there
AND
to weld the present to the future, as gramsci once put it.
State Ks don’t hold up against state based counter-hegemonic politics—it’s a form of reclaiming the state and transforming systems of oppression
Carroll 6
“hegemony, counter-hegemony, anti-hegemony” william k. Carroll   university of victoria, ss/es vol 2, no 2 (2006)http://www.socialiststudies.com/sss/index.php/sss/article/view/27/25

As a radical politic, this approach emphasizes the need for counter-hegemonic movement
AND
understood as one part of broader transformations (brand. 2005b: 248).

WE win the roll of the ballot debate -Your focus on identity as a starting point means that you AREN’T counter hegemonic and never change politics- It’s perceived as cultural trendiness
Kandil 2008
“Limitations of Counter-hegemonic Strategies: The Case of Islamization in Egypt, 1982-2007” Hazem Kandil, UCLA Department of Sociology *note- the date was not given for this file, this is just the year of the most recent foot note

But by focusing on cultural identity, Islamists they projected themselves not as
AND
model implies, al-da‘wa became exclusively cultural and apolitical.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: George Mason | Judge:
ERROR

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: George Mason | Judge:
ERROR

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNLV VR | Judge: Perkins, OGorman, Watson

1nc

The executive branch of the United States should subject itself to Congressional review of non-retaliatory offensive cyber operations and announce that this is the policy of the United States.

Solves and don’t link to politics

Michaels 11 (Jon, Professor, UCLA School of Law, "The (Willingly) Fettered Executive: Presidential Spinoffs in National Security Domains and Beyond," Virginia Law Review, http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/97/801.pdf-http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/97/801.pdf)

These are revealing case studies, weighty in their own right and interesting complements to
AND
itself serves as testament to the durability and primacy of the dominant understanding.

2nc

CP causes Congressional follow-on but avoids politics
Brecher 12 (Aaron, JD Candidate, University of Michigan Law, "Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperations," October, http://www.michiganlawreview.org/assets/pdfs/111/3/Brecher.pdf-http://www.michiganlawreview.org/assets/pdfs/111/3/Brecher.pdf)

Cyberattacks present a challenge for U.S. policymakers: they are difficult to
AND
nature of cyberoperations before passing detailed statutes that may result in unintended consequences.

All 2ac solvency deficits are solved by Obama publicly renouncing his legal authority - the distinction is key
Posner, 9/3  (eric,Eric Professor of Law at Chicago Law School. An editor of The Journal of Legal Studies, he has also published numerous articles and books on issues in international law, Slate Magazine, 9/3/13, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html)

President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will ask Congress for approval of a military attack
AND
law as countless other presidents and their lawyers have described it before him.
No future rollback- they apply past precedent- less likely than circumvention with the aff- comparative ev
Curtis A. Bradley* and Trevor W. Morrison, * William Van Alstyne Professor of Law, Duke Law School.  Isidor and Seville Sulzbacher Professor of Law, Columbia Law School. December 2012 126 Harv. L. Rev. 411 "Historical Gloss and the Separation of Powers"

— A separate point is that, especially on matters unlikely to come before the
AND
of authority, we think the general considerations outlined in this section apply.
Executive orders bypass Congressional opposition to the plan —- avoids politics
Ostrow ’87
 (Steve, George Wash LR, March, Lexis)
 ~*659~  In this era of the "Imperial Presidency," 1-http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=f7146e6911759555532986a28bebedd126csvc=bl26cform=bool26_fmtstr=FULL26docnum=126_startdoc=126wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkAV26_md5=939bd9589c92042f0b90e92d79dd0b6c executive
AND
order as "presidential legislation" or "government by executive order." 5-http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=f7146e6911759555532986a28bebedd126csvc=bl26cform=bool26_fmtstr=FULL26docnum=126_startdoc=126wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkAV26_md5=939bd9589c92042f0b90e92d79dd0b6c
Doesn’t trigger any of the partisanship links
Michael Cohen is regular writer and commentator on American politics and U.S. foreign policy. He is the author of Live from the Campaign Trail: The Greatest Presidential Campaign Speeches of the 20th Century and How They Shaped Modern America (Walker Books, 2008), as well as a columnist the Guardian newspaper. He previously wrote a  weekly column forForeign Policy and was a blogger for the New York Daily News. Formerly he was a senior fellow at the New America Foundation and the American Security Project. He also served in the U.S. Department of State as chief speechwriter for U.S. Representative to the United Nations Bill Richardson and Undersecretary of State Stuart Eizenstat. He has worked at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and was chief speechwriter for Senator Chris Dodd (D-CT).  3-28-2012 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/28/power_grab?page=0,0-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/28/power_grab?page=0,0

 What has been Congress’s response to this disregarding of its role in foreign policy
AND
little political incentive for either Democrats or Republicans to say enough is enough.
Even the process doesn’t link- Congress doesn’t oppose executive action
Posner ’2K (Michael, National Journal, 1-1, Lexis)

Supporters of legislation to define and restrict presidential order-making concede that the issue is barely simmering on the legislative back burner. Lawmakers may not be ready to deal with an issue unlikely to capture any front-page headlines in an election year. But advocates of reform hope that the topic of presidential power-plays works its way onto the agenda of the Republican-controlled Congress, which might like to get a last swipe at Clinton.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNLV VR | Judge: Perkins, OGorman, Watson

First/Next off position is the deterrence DA

The US is effectively deterring cyberattacks now – aggressive OCO key

Diamond 13 (Jonathon, writer for the Technology and Public Policy Blog at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, "The Real U.S. Cyber Strategy and Where It’s Headed: Part I," Sigma Iota Rho Journal of International Relations, 4/18, http://www.sirjournal.org/2013/04/18/the-real-u-s-cyber-strategy-and-where-its-headed-part-i/-http://www.sirjournal.org/2013/04/18/the-real-u-s-cyber-strategy-and-where-its-headed-part-i/)
As Nobel laureate and preeminent game theorist Thomas Schelling writes in his book Arms and
AND
United States have a true "cyber deterrence" separate from other levels.

Speed and flexibility critical to cyber-operations – Congressional barriers render our policy ineffective

Walker 10 (Paul, Operations Law Attorney, U.S. Cyber Command, "Traditional Military Activities in Cyberspace: Preparing for Netwar," http://works.bepress.com/paul_walker/2/)
These legal and policy disputes over the employment of Special Operations forces and information-
AND
to the accomplishment of strategic surprise: positioning of forces and deception operations. 

Cyberattacks cause meltdowns

Pascrell 5 (Bill, US representative, FDCH, 10-5 Lexis)

We know that there are vulnerabilities within these systems and we know that these vulnerabilities
AND
structure it could bring forth. That’s very serious, very serious business.

Extinction

Wasserman 2 (Harvey, Senior Editor – Free Press, Earth Island Journal, Spring, www.earthisland.org/eijournal/new_articles.cfm?articleID=45726journalID=63)

The intense radioactive heat within today’s operating reactors is the hottest anywhere on the planet
AND
core of our life and of all future generations must be shut down.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNLV VR | Judge: Perkins, OGorman, Watson

1nc

Obama is holding off Congressional action for now but Congress is read to increase sanctions quickly
The Hill, 3-18-2014 http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/middle-east-north-africa/201074-83-senators-outline-preferred-requirements-for-http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/middle-east-north-africa/201074-83-senators-outline-preferred-requirements-for

In a letter sent to President Obama, 83 senators — well above the two
AND
died down, with lawmakers abiding by the White House’s request for time.
Restrictions doom Obama – losers lose is true – looks like political overreach and a bargaining failure- perception matters
Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at¶ Georgetown University, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy", March 2, 2007, pg 36-37,¶ http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php-http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php

American Presidents are vested with certain structural powers, such as those powers granted by
AND
affects the character of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic.
It’s a war powers fight that Obama wins – but failure greenlights Israel strikes
Merry, 1/1/14 - Robert W. Merry, political editor of the National Interest, is the author of books on American history and foreign policy (Robert, "Obama may buck the Israel lobby on Iran" Washington Times, factiva)

Presidential press secretary Jay Carney uttered 10 words the other day that represent a major
AND
seen as being not quite what it has been cracked up to be.
Sanctions bill causes Israeli strikes
Perr, 12/24/13 - B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton’s call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore’s and John Kerry’s presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, "Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran" Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran~~23-http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran

As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.
An Israeli strike fails, but triggers World War 3, collapses heg and the global economy
Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, "Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression" Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/~~23sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf-http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

1nr

Turns case – sets a precedent to delegate authority – draws us into war
Richman, 12/29/13 (Sheldon, Counterpunch, "AIPAC’s Stranglehold Congress Must Not Cede Its War Power to Israel", http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/12/27/congress-must-not-cede-its-war-power-to-israel/-http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/12/27/congress-must-not-cede-its-war-power-to-israel/)

The American people should know that pending right now in Congress is a bipartisan bill
AND
bending over backward to demonstrate that its nuclear program has no military aims.
Deal failure independently causes global conflict
PressTV 11/13 "Global nuclear conflict between US, Russia, China likely if Iran talks fail," http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/-http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/

A global conflict between the US, Russia, and China is likely in the
AND
and China with" their arsenals of "nuclear weapons," he warned. 

Loss of cred is the only override scenario
The Economist, 1/14/14 ("Mr Obama’s Iran problem" http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21594295-congress-not-helping-president-deal-islamic-republic-mr-obamas-iran-problem-http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21594295-congress-not-helping-president-deal-islamic-republic-mr-obamas-iran-problem)

Now Iran is again causing angst in Washington. Barack Obama faces acute, bipartisan
AND
, "they should be upfront with the American public and say so."
Some of the forces at work have changed little since 2007. Friends such as
AND
the regime’s neck, while reminding Iran that fresh cheating will be punished.
Another constant is domestic politics, especially in a mid-term election year.
AND
offs, while warding off attack ads that call them soft on Iran.
Yet at least one big thing is new: a widespread belief, certainly among
AND
talks endlessly and wields only sticks small enough to be delivered by drone.
Restricting OCO powers are a loss- the president wants to have unilateral executive power over it
Kevin Gosztola author who publishes his writing regularly to OpEdNews and Open Salon 2-4-2013 http://dissenter.firedoglake.com/2013/02/04/legal-review-of-presidential-power-to-engage-in-preemptive-cyber-strikes-to-remain-secret/-http://dissenter.firedoglake.com/2013/02/04/legal-review-of-presidential-power-to-engage-in-preemptive-cyber-strikes-to-remain-secret/

Finally, like with the drone program, President Barack Obama is presiding over the
AND
The policy itself, the rules for cyber war, will remain concealed.
It’s a loss for Obama that distracts from other priorities
Alan Greenblatt NPR.org  writer 6-16-2011 http://www.npr.org/2011/06/16/137222043/why-the-war-powers-act-doesnt-work-http://www.npr.org/2011/06/16/137222043/why-the-war-powers-act-doesnt-work

On Wednesday, 10 House members filed a lawsuit designed to block the Obama administration
AND
is often the case, they argue the process rather than the substance."
Consensus of studies
Anthony J. Madonna¶ Assistant Professor¶ University of Georgia, et al Richard L. Vining Jr.¶ Assistant Professor¶ University of Georgia and James E. Monogan III¶ Assistant Professor¶ University of Georgia 10-25-2012 "Confirmation Wars and Collateral Damage:¶ Assessing the Impact of Supreme Court¶ Nominations on Presidential Success in the¶ U.S. Senate"

The selection of Supreme Court justices is just one of several key powers afforded to
AND
(Edwards and Wood 1999; Light 1999; Neustadt 1955, 1960).
PC theory true for Obama- empirics
Color Lines, 10-14-2011 http://colorlines.com/archives/2011/10/is_president_obamas_jobs_drumbeat_working.html-http://colorlines.com/archives/2011/10/is_president_obamas_jobs_drumbeat_working.html

But what Obama’s new insistence on a jobs agenda proves is this: the presidency
AND
something when he says we might be at a turning point in Washington.
Your evidence oversimplifies political capital- it’s not just about personality and likeability- it’s about the structural advantages of the presidency
Light 99 – Senior Fellow at the Center for Public Service (Paul, the President’s Agenda, p. 24-25)

Call it push, pull, punch, juice, power, or clout –
AND
a neutral environment.  Presidents bring certain advantages and disadvantages to the table.

Also- studies prove the theory of political capital
Eshbaugh-Soha, M. (2008). Policy Priorities and Presidential Success in Congress. Conference Papers — American Political Science Association, 1-26. Retrieved from Political Science Complete database.

Presidential-congressional relations are a central topic in the scientific study of  politics.  
AND
before Congress—should be a  primary determinant of presidential success in Congress.
Sequencing means bargaining chips are limited – plan trades off
Bernstein, 8/20/11
Jonathan Bernstein is a political scientist who writes about American politics, especially the presidency, Congress, parties and elections, http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/08/20/bernstein_presidential_power/index.html
Moreover, the positions of the president and most everyone else are, to look
AND
and where and how to use the various bargaining chips that are available.

Diplomacy working now – perception of Obama strength is key to prevent sanctions that scuttle the talks
Glass 3/25(Jacob, Truman-Albright Fellow, Huffington Post, As Iran Nuclear Negotiations Begin, Threat of Increased Sanctions Looms Large, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-glass/as-iran-nuclear-negotiati_b_5024604.html)
Last week Iran and the so-called P5+1 countries — Russia,
AND
could signal the beginning of a new era in Iranian-Western relations.

Deal likely
Arouzi and Bruton 3/27(ALI AROUZI AND F. BRINLEY BRUTON, reporters for NBC News, Why the U.S. and Iran Are Both Desperate to Seal Nuclear Deal, 2014, http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/why-u-s-iran-are-both-desperate-seal-nuclear-deal-n57731)
VIENNA — The latest round of Iran nuclear negotiations closed with an unprecedented outbreak of
AND
in this and we should be pursuing this with everything within our means."
Newest letter is a sanctions threat
Press TV, 3-19-2014 http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/03/19/355236/us-senators-threaten-iran-with-sanctions/-http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/03/19/355236/us-senators-threaten-iran-with-sanctions/

A majority of American senators have threatened Iran with "dramatic sanctions" while Tehran
AND
that the passage of fresh sanctions would represent a "march toward war."
GOP will try to attach it to other bills to force a vote
Al Monitor, 3-11-2014 http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/congress-russia-ukrain.html~~23-http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/congress-russia-ukrain.html

A number of hawkish members argue that Republicans should latch on to every legislative vehicle
AND
the issue has become more partisan ahead of the 2014 midterms, however.
No sanctions for now – Obama put his foot down
Times of Israel, 3-14-2014 http://www.timesofisrael.com/us-iranian-lobby-tide-has-turned-against-sanctions/-http://www.timesofisrael.com/us-iranian-lobby-tide-has-turned-against-sanctions/

Recent Congressional letters to US President Barack Obama prove that the tide has turned in
AND
a war and more sanctions; we want to give diplomacy a chance."
Has space on sanctions for now
Huffington Post, 2-26-2014 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/26/bob-corker-iran-sanctions_n_4861429.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/26/bob-corker-iran-sanctions_n_4861429.html

The top Republican on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee is admitting that the GOP push
AND
to attach sanctions to measures aimed at curbing sexual assault in the military.
Obama push working on Iran for now – sanctions momentum has stalled
Times of Israel, 2-14-2014 http://www.timesofisrael.com/house-letter-against-iran-sanctions-garners-half-of-dems/-http://www.timesofisrael.com/house-letter-against-iran-sanctions-garners-half-of-dems/

Half of the Democratic caucus in the US House of Representatives signed on to a
AND
to table the legislation, arguing that its passage could scuttle the talks.

An Iran deal is vital to America’s global standing
Leverett, 11/10/13 - senior fellow at the New America Foundation in Washington, D.C. and a professor at the Pennsylvania State University School of International Affairs (Flynt, "Nuclear Negotiations and America’s Moment of Truth About Iran" http://www.campaigniran.org/casmii/?q=node/13358-http://www.campaigniran.org/casmii/?q=node/13358)

America’s Iran policy is at a crossroads. Washington can abandon its counterproductive insistence on
AND
commercial interactions with Iran—obtain an outcome it does not actually want?
New bill limits Obama’s ability to do it
Gardner 1-9 (Timothy, "Senate majority support Iran sanctions bill opposed by Obama," Reuters, 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/09/us-usa-senate-iran-idUSBREA0811X20140109-http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/09/us-usa-senate-iran-idUSBREA0811X20140109)

The bill seeks to cut Iran’s oil exports to zero two years after implementation.
AND
sanctions, saying they could potentially move the United States closer to war.
Waiving new ones still collapses diplomacy, causes war – it poisons the well – their ev describes relief from existing sanctions, which isn’t the Menendez bill
Costello, 12/19/13 - Ryan Costello joined the National Iranian American Council in April 2013 as a Policy Fellow ("To Boost Leverage with Iran, Give Obama a Sanctions Kill Switch" National Interest, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/boost-leverage-iran-give-obama-sanctions-kill-switch-9591)

This stance puts Menendez and others in open opposition to the president and our nation’s
AND
because the president cannot do so unilaterally—he would need Congressional support.
It’s about messaging – the Iran sanctions bill doesn’t actually apply sanctions until the deal collapse – but the message from passage is enough to collapse the deal
Kahl, 12/31/13 - Colin H. Kahl is an associate professor in Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service and a senior fellow and director of the Middle East Security Program at the Center for a New American Security. From 2009 to 2011, he was the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for the Middle East ("The Danger of New Iran Sanctions" The National Interest, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-danger-new-iran-sanctions-9651-http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-danger-new-iran-sanctions-9651

The legislation defies a request by the Obama administration and ten Senate committee chairs to
AND
, at this critical juncture, could derail negotiations toward a peaceful solution.
The Senate bill will mobilize Iranian hardliners, cause tit-for-tat retaliation and wreck negotiations – seen as an act of bad faith
Kahl, 12/31/13 - Colin H. Kahl is an associate professor in Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service and a senior fellow and director of the Middle East Security Program at the Center for a New American Security. From 2009 to 2011, he was the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for the Middle East ("The Danger of New Iran Sanctions" The National Interest, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-danger-new-iran-sanctions-9651-http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-danger-new-iran-sanctions-9651

What does all this mean for the current debate in the Senate over new Iran
AND
easily could if Congress inadvertently helps the forces of confrontation regain lost ground.
Iran will perceive the US can’t remove them
Pillar, 1/2/14 – professor of security studies at Georgetown (Paul, "Let’s Be Honest on Iran"
http://nationalinterest.org/blog/paul-pillar/lets-be-honest-iran-9658?page=1-http://nationalinterest.org/blog/paul-pillar/lets-be-honest-iran-9658?page=1)

now that it is at the table, to complete an agreement placing severe restrictions
AND
. negotiating position, any U.S. negotiator would welcome it.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNLV VR | Judge: Perkins, OGorman, Watson

1nc

Restriction means prohibition

Sinha 6
http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/437310/-http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/437310/
 Supreme Court of India Union Of India 26 Ors vs M/S.
AND
No. 17558 of 2006~  S.B. SINHA, J :  

 We may, however, notice that this Court in State of U.P. and Others v. M/s. Hindustan Aluminium Corpn. and others ~AIR 1979 SC 1459~ stated the law thus:
"It appears that a distinction between regulation and restriction or prohibition has always been
AND
the word prohibiting or some such word, to bring out that effect." 

Aff’s not —- it only regulates a practice

Voting issue for limits—-there are thousands of potential tweaks to topic authority—-they explode the mechanism to include funding, and non-legal measures—- makes them bidirectional because regulation can increase activity—-overstretches research burdens

2nc

Only outright prohibitions are topical
Caiaccio 94 (Kevin T., "Are Noncompetition Covenants Among Law Partners Against Public Policy?", Georgia Law Review, Spring, 28 Ga. L. Rev. 807, Lexis)

The Howard court began its analysis by examining the California Business and Professions Code,
AND
that a mere "economic consequence" does not equal a prohibition. 143-http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?y=26dom1=26dom2=26dom3=26dom4=26dom5=26crnPrh=26crnSah=26crnSch=26crnLgh=26crnSumm=26crnCt=26cc=26crnCh=26crnGc=26shepSummary=26crnFmt=26shepStateKey=26pushme=126tmpFBSel=all26totaldocs=26taggedDocs=26toggleValue=26numDocsChked=026prefFBSel=026delformat=XCITE26fpDocs=26fpNodeId=26fpCiteReq=26fpSetup=026_m=2f902ef509c60febb5baa821f74f591c26docnum=6926_fmtstr=FULL26_startdoc=5126wchp=dGLzVzz-zSkAb26_md5=13c4fa4ea4799356b6831f265d25307826focBudTerms=the+word+restrict+or+the+term+restrict+or+the+phrase+restr
"Restrictions" are direct limitations —- assess the legal form, not the effect
Viterbo 12 (Annamaria, Assistant Professor in International Law – University of Torino, PhD in International Economic Law – Bocconi University and Jean Monnet Fellow – European University Institute, International Economic Law and Monetary Measures: Limitations to States’ Sovereignty and Dispute, p. 166)

In order to distinguish an exchange restriction from a trade measure, the Fund chose not to give relevance to the purposes or the effects of the measure and to adopt, instead, a technical criterion that focuses on the method followed to design said measure.
An interpretation that considered the economic effects and purposes of the measures (taking into
AND
balance of payments reasons would have fallen within the competence of the Fund.
After lengthy discussions, in 1960 the IMF Executive Board adopted Decision No. 1034-(60/27).46 This Decision clarified that the distinctive feature of a restriction on payments and transfers for current international transactions is "whether it involves a direct governmental limitation on the availability or use of exchange as such*.47 This is a limitation imposed directly on the use of currency in itself, for all purposes.
Conditions aren’t restrictions—-this distinction matters
Pashman 63 Morris is a justice on the New Jersey Supreme Court. "ISIDORE FELDMAN, PLAINTIFF AND THIRD-PARTY PLAINTIFF, v. URBAN COMMERCIAL, INC., AND OTHERS, DEFENDANT," 78 N.J. Super. 520; 189 A.2d 467; 1963 N.J. Super. Lexis

HN3A title insurance policy "is subject to the same rules of construction as are
AND
against the person or persons seeking to enforce them." (Emphasis added).
They substitute an imprecise measure that makes proper assessment of the topic impossible
Zimmerman 11 – Claus D., LLM from Yale University and Ph.D. Candidate at Oxford University, "Exchange Rate Misalignment and International Law", American Journal of International Law, July, 105 A.J.I.L. 423, Lexis

Under IMF Article VIII:2(a), which is the main multilateral provision
AND
not fall within the exception under GATT Article XV:9(a).

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Meloche, Hall Will MJ

1NC Amendments

Text: Pursuant to Article V of the Constitution, Congress should pass and more than three fourths of the States, excluding California, New York, Texas, and Florida, should ratify a constitutional amendment that rules in favor of the plaintiff in Hedges v. Obama on First Amendment grounds, holding that support for Al Qaeda, the Taliban or associated forces engaged in hostilities against the United States requires an intent and likelihood to produce imminent lawless action.   The amendment should be limited exclusively to this issue and no state should ratify proposals to attach additional constitutional changes on other issues.  We’ll clarify.

Constitutional amendment solves whole case best and spurs aggressive FUTURE court enforcement

Goldstein, 88
Yonkel Goldstein, JD Stanford Law School, July, lexis

The Failure of Constitutional Controls Over War Powers in the Nuclear Age: The Argument
AND
would function similarly to how they have operated in the due process area.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Meloche, Hall Will MJ

1NC Norms Advantage

Law doesn’t check use of force - underlying interests outweigh

Posner 14
Eric Posner is a professor of Law at the University of Chicago, March 3, 2014, "UKRAINE AND THE LIMITS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW", http://ericposner.com/ukraine-and-the-limits-of-international-law/

Peter Spiro (and/or someone else operating the Opinio Juris twitter account)
AND
Canada? Countries have reasons other than law not to attack each other.

Glick not about Nigeria

African war doesn’t escalate

Barrett 5 (Robert, Ph.D. Student in the Centre for Military and Strategic Studies – University of Calgary, "Understanding the Challenges of African Democratization through Conflict Analysis", 6-1, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=726162)

Westerners eager to promote democracy must be wary of African politicians who promise democratic reform
AND
– especially those conflicts in which the intervening nation has very little interest.

African war inevitable

Thakur 6 (Ramesh, Senior Vice Rector – UN University (Tokyo), "At Least No New Wars Began", Japan Times, 2-15, Lexis)

In Africa, the Ethiopia-Eritrea peace frayed dangerously with neither side showing willingness
AND
opposition (and insurgent) CNDD-FDD in communal and legislative elections.

1NC Chilling Advantage

No risk of nuclear terrorism – technically impossible

Michael, 12 (Professor Nuclear Counterprolif and Deterrence at Air Force Counterprolif Center, ’12 (George, March, "Strategic Nuclear Terrorism and the Risk of State Decapitation" Defence Studies, Vol 12 Issue 1, p 67-105, TandF Online)

Despite the alarming prospect of nuclear terrorism, the obstacles to obtaining such capabilities are
AND
there are still many nuclear weapons that could fall into the wrong hands.

No disease impact—intervening actors, empirics, this ain’t 1918 yo

Zakaria, 9 (Editor of Newsweek, BA from Yale, PhD in pol sci, Harvard. He serves on the board of Yale University, The Council on Foreign Relations, The Trilateral Commission, and Shakespeare and Company. Named "one of the 21 most important people of the 21st Century", Fareed, "The Capitalist Manifesto: Greed Is Good," 13 June 2009, http://www.newsweek.com/id/201935)
Note: Laurie Garrett is a science and health writer, winner of the Pulitzer, Polk, and Peabody Prize

It certainly looks like another example of crying wolf. After bracing ourselves for a
AND
far better than anything Britain or France had in the early 20th century. 

No extinction

Posner 5 (Senior Lecturer, U  Chicago Law. Judge on the US Court of Appeals 7th Circuit. AB from Yale and LLB from Harvard. (Richard, Catastrophe, http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4150331/Catastrophe-the-dozen-most-significant.html)

Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has managed to survive every disease to assail it
AND
wider human contacts that make it more difficult to localize an infectious disease.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Meloche, Hall Will MJ

1NC Court Politics

Supreme Court will rule against NLRB now but perception of less PC causes them to dimiss jurisdiction– resulting in functional NLRB victory

Hirsch, 13
Jeffrey Hirsch, a professor at the University of North Carolina School of Law, Scotus Blog, 7/17,
http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/07/symposium-will-the-supreme-court-duck-the-recess-appointments-battle/

Although I am not optimistic that the Supreme Court will aid the NLRB and its
AND
recess appointments and ensure that agencies have the appointees needed to maintain operations. 

Supreme Court Perceives War powers decisions as uniquely controversial drain of PC—- no supporters immediate effect and fear of dramatic consequences  amplifies opposition

McGinnis 93 – John O. McGinnis, Assistant Professor at the Cardozo School of Law and Former Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice, "Constitutional Review by the Executive in Foreign Affairs and War Powers: A Consequence of Rational Choice in the Separation of Powers", Law and Contemporary Problems, 56(4), p. 306-308

The Court has the least interest of all in exercising rights of governance in the
AND
from the executive to the Congress without disturbing as much substantive precedent.71

Justices perceive finite PC  - fear of executive backlash triggers strategic behavior–  wont risk angering president on multiple issues at once means they’ll take the jurisdictional out- implicit threat is enough even if follow through is unlikely

Ferejohn and Kramer, ’2
John A. Ferejohn, Professor of Political Science and Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford University; and Larry D. Kramer, Professor of Law and Politics, New York University School of Law, New York University Law Review, October, 2002, lexis

The pressure nevertheless can become quite intense, its mere threat a cause for anxiety
AND
publicly muses about resurrecting Lincoln’s position on the limits of judicial authority. n70

Key to stop NLRB enforcement – specifically including quickie election rule

Morgan Lewis, 13  (Morgan Lewis Labor and Employment Practice, 5/17, http://www.morganlewis.com/pubs/LEPG_LF_BeckerNLRBRecessAppointmentUnconstitutional_17may13)
On May 16, in National Labor Relations Board v. New Vista Nursing and
AND
valid Board is confirmed by the Senate)—is of highly questionable validity.

Crushes economy – small businesses, costs, job creation, massive excess unionization

Issa, 12
Darrell Issa, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, 12/13/12, http://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/NLRB-Report-FINAL-12.13.12.pdf

The "Quickie Election" Rule Illustrates a Disregard for Quorum Requirements In a major
AND
and present employers rather than looking out for the best interest of American workers

Nuke war

Auslin 9 (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman – Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, "The Global Economy Unravels", Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187)

What do these trends mean in the short and medium term? The Great Depression
AND
may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Meloche, Hall Will MJ

1NC ESR

The executive branch of the United States should repudiate and denounce the decision in Hedges v. Obama in favor of the plaintiff on First Amendment grounds, holding that support for Al Qaeda, the Taliban or associated forces engaged in hostilities against the United States requires an intent and likelihood to produce imminent lawless action.

CP solves- and don’t link to politics

Michaels 11 (Jon, Professor, UCLA School of Law, "The (Willingly) Fettered Executive: Presidential Spinoffs in National Security Domains and Beyond," Virginia Law Review, http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/97/801.pdf)

These are revealing case studies, weighty in their own right and interesting complements to
AND
itself serves as testament to the durability and primacy of the dominant understanding.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Meloche, Hall Will MJ

1NC – Iran Politics

Obama is holding off Congressional action for now but Congress is read to increase sanctions quickly

The Hill, 3-18-2014 http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/middle-east-north-africa/201074-83-senators-outline-preferred-requirements-for

In a letter sent to President Obama, 83 senators — well above the two
AND
died down, with lawmakers abiding by the White House’s request for time.

Restrictions doom Obama – losers lose is true – looks like political overreach and a bargaining failure- perception matters

Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at¶ Georgetown University, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy", March 2, 2007, pg 36-37,¶ http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php

American Presidents are vested with certain structural powers, such as those powers granted by
AND
affects the character of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic.

Sanctions bill causes Israeli strikes

Perr, 12/24/13 - B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton’s call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore’s and John Kerry’s presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, "Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran" Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran~~#

As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.

An Israeli strike fails, but triggers World War 3, collapses heg and the global economy

Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, "Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression" Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/~~#sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Meloche, Hall Will MJ

1NC Lower Courts CP

The District Court of New York should overturn Hedges v. Obama on First Amendment grounds, holding that support for Al Qaeda, the Taliban or associated forces engaged in hostilities against the United States requires an intent and likelihood to produce imminent lawless action.

Solves the aff- 1AC Davidson evidence says that Forrest’s ruling was the problem - his reversal sovles best

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Meloche, Hall Will MJ

1NC National Security DA

Next off is the National Security DA

Plan trashes prez powers, wrecks warfighting, guarantees terror and collapses executive authority on detention – all are high now

Grassley 12
~{Chuck, senior US Senator (Iowa), ranking Republican on the Judiciary Committee, Ph.D. in political science (Iowa), "The Due Process Guarantee Act: Banning Indefinite Detention of Americans," S. Hrg. 112-383, 2/29, https://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2012_hr/dueprocess.pdf~~}

And there are two extremely serious practical questions for us to discuss. First,
AND
terrorist attacks. We should exercise exceptional caution before taking such a step.

Loss of warfighting means US can’t have quick and effective responses to existential threats of terrorism, rogue states, and prolif –extinction

Yoo, 12 (John – J.D. from Yale Law School and former Deputy Assistant U.S. Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel and visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and professor of law at the University of California – Berkeley, Department of Justice, 2/1, "War Powers Belong to the President", ABAJournal, http://www. abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president)

A radical change in the system for making war might appease critics of presidential power
AND
time to introduce sweeping, untested changes in the way we make war.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Meloche, Hall Will MJ

A2: Perm Do Both

Its a clear violation of standing and ripeness doctrines –independently links and collapses judicial credibility turning whole case

Ferejohn and Kramer, ’2
John A. Ferejohn, Professor of Political Science and Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford University; and Larry D. Kramer, Professor of Law and Politics, New York University School of Law, New York University Law Review, October, 2002, lexis

The federal judiciary has responded to these changed circumstances by inventing a whole series of
AND
certain practices by the government, especially in the area of law enforcement.

A2: Rollback (Court)

The Court can’t strike down any amendments

Schaffner ’05 (Joan, Prof of Law @ George Washington Law,  "The federal marriage amendment: To protect the sanctity of marriage or destroy constitutional democracy?," 54 Am. U.L. Rev. 1487, ln)

Nevertheless, the generally accepted legal view derived from the plain language of Article V
AND
but only the power to interpret that which the Constitution does contain. 50

Amendments Good

Education and neg ground - It’s a prerequisite to relevant debates about presidential authority- implementation is THE relevant question

Gaziano, 2001  (Todd, senior fellow in Legal Studies and Director of the Center for Legal Judicial Studies at the Heritage Foundation, 5 Texas Review of Law and Politics 267, Spring, lexis)

Any discussion of the proper scope of executive and congressional authority requires a basic understanding
AND
where two branches of government share power over a particular subject matter. n12

War powers amendments solve the entire aff, deference, court and congressional follow on, enforcment, clarity, separation of powers, and doesn’t link to the 2ac’s offense

Andre Miksha  2003 (Chief Deputy Prosecuting Attorney at The Office of the Prosecuting Attorney for the 24th Judicial Circuit – Hamilton County – Indiana, J.D. in Law from Valparaiso University School of Law (2003), Valparaiso University Law Review vol 37 number 2, "Declaring War on the War Powers Resolution" lexis)

I. INTRODUCTION The population of the United States is approximately 280 million. n2
AND
can hope to secure the rights of the people with safety and respect.

CP’s alternate process is key – Court focus guarantees circumvention

Wheeler 9
~Darren A, Associate Professor of Political Science (Ball State), "Checking Presidential Detention Power in the War on Terror: What Should We Expect from the Judiciary?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, 39.4, December, http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598~~

The broader argument offered in this article is that the judiciary, and more specifically
AND
indeed have the potential to be a significant check on presidential detention power.

A2: Delay

Other institutions are slower—amendments don’t cause delay

Tushnet 05 ~Mark, Prof of Law @ Harvard and Georgetown, "Controlling Executive Power in the War on Terrorism," 118 Harv. L. Rev. 2673, ln~ 

Perhaps we could be persuaded that this new institution’s design did indeed conform to the
AND
, that is, may take more time than amending the Constitution. 41

A2: Amendment DA

Plan triggers all their turns and makes them worse – activist decisions and reduced legitimacy trigger amendments restricting Article 3 court authority
ABA 97
Report of the ABA Commission on Separation of Powers and Judicial Independence, http://www.abanet.org/govaffairs/judiciary/r6a.html

Congress has shown the judiciary less deference than in the past, in the course
AND
making, it diminishes public faith in the judicial system as a whole.

MARKED

 Although targeted, rational criticism can result in improvements, the increasingly contentious relationship
AND
amendments to Article III of the Constitution, are a logical next step. 

Formal amendments preserve the Constitution—only the plan’s judicial intervention puts it at risk

Denning 97 ~Brannon P., Prof of Law @ Samford, "MEANS TO AMEND: THEORIES OF CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE," 65 Tenn. L. Rev. 155 ln~

An obvious weakness of informal constitutional change, regardless of how impermanent, is that
AND
the President every time he exercises power as commander-in-chief.

Not unique and no link – judicial policy "clutters the constitution" with highly specific rules just as much

Vermeule 4—professor of law at the University of Chicago (LAW SCHOOL, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, "CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMON LAW," September 4, http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=590341, CJ)

Another idea is that amendments, at least detailed as opposed to general amendments, are objectionable because they "clutter up" the Constitution with highly specific rules— causing the Constitution, in John Marshall’s words, to "partake of the prolixity of a legal code." Here again the nirvana illusion is at work.

MARKED

 The real alternative to a prolix formal constitutional code promulgated by the amendment process
AND
good to outsource constitutional complexity from the amendment process to the adjudicative process. 

Advantage – Modeling

Amendments create legal symbols—they get perceived internationally

Herlihy, 06 ~Sarah P., J.D. Chicago-Kent College of Law, 81 Chi.-Kent. L. Rev. 275, ln~

Americans may oppose a Constitutional amendment because of the international perception that it would create
AND
because this could send the wrong signal to the rest of the world.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Meloche, Hall Will MJ

1NC In – Throughout

"In" means "throughout"

Words and Phrases 8 (Permanent Edition, vol. 20a, p. 207)

Colo. 1887.  In the Act of 1861 providing that justices of the peace shall have jurisdiction "in" their respective counties to hear and determine all complaints, the word "in" should be construed to mean "throughout" such counties.  Reynolds v. Larkin, 14, p. 114, 117, 10 Colo. 126.

Substantially is without material qualification

Black’s Law 91 (Dictionary, p. 1024)

Substantially - means essentially; without material qualification.

"Of" means whole

CJS 78 (Corpus Juris Secundum, 67, p. 200)

Of: The word "of" is a preposition. It is a word
AND
which a part is referred to, thought of, affected, etc.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Meloche, Hall Will MJ

1NC T – War Powers

"War power" and "authority" mean specific things in this context:

Linn 2K
Alexander C. Linn, Lawyer, "International Security and the War Powers Resolution", William and Mary Bill of Rights Journal, 8(3), http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1391andcontext=wmborj

"War Power" is defined as "~t~he constitutional authority of Congress to declare war and AND
(U.S. Const. art. II, § 2, cl. 1)." BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1578-79 (7th ed. 1999).

Aff isn’t war powers authority or indefinite detention—explodes limits and ruins preparation for all debates because they allow any small tweak to authority outside of war powers including commander-in-chief and any other authority

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge:
POLICY AFF
T - wp
“War power” and “authority” mean specific things in this context:
Linn 2K
Alexander C. Linn, Lawyer, “International Security and the War Powers Resolution”, William and Mary Bill of Rights Journal, 8(3), http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1391andcontext=wmborj

"War Power" is defined as "the constitutional authority of Congress to declare war and maintain armed forces (U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cls. 11-14), and of the President to conduct war as commander-in-chief (U.S. Const. art. II, § 2, cl. 1)." BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1578-79 (7th ed. 1999).

Aff isn’t war powers authority or indefinite detention—explodes limits and ruins preparation for all debates because they allow any small tweak to authority outside of war powers including commander-in-chief and any other authority
Iran sanctions
Obama is holding off Congressional action for now but Congress is read to increase sanctions quickly
The Hill, 3-18-2014 http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/middle-east-north-africa/201074-83-senators-outline-preferred-requirements-for

In a letter sent to President …House's request for time.
Restrictions doom Obama – losers lose is true – looks like political overreach and a bargaining failure- perception matters
Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at¶ Georgetown University, “Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy”, March 2, 2007, pg 36-37,¶ http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php

American Presidents …of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic.
Sanctions bill causes Israeli strikes
Perr, 12/24/13 - B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton's call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore's and John Kerry's presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, “Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran” Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran#

As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations …that would significantly increase all of these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.
An Israeli strike fails, but triggers World War 3, collapses heg and the global economy
Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, “Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression” Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/#sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s …Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.
xo
The executive branch of the United States should repudiate and denounce the decision in Hedges v. Obama in favor of the plaintiff on First Amendment grounds, holding that support for Al Qaeda, the Taliban or associated forces engaged in hostilities against the United States requires an intent and likelihood to produce imminent lawless action.
CP solves- and don’t link to politics
Michaels 11 (Jon, Professor, UCLA School of Law, “The (Willingly) Fettered Executive: Presidential Spinoffs in National Security Domains and Beyond,” Virginia Law Review, http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/97/801.pdf)

These are revealing case studies, …to the durability and primacy of the dominant understanding.

In – Throughout – 1NC
“In” means “throughout”
Words and Phrases 8 (Permanent Edition, vol. 20a, p. 207)

Colo. 1887.  In the Act of 1861 providing that justices of the peace shall have jurisdiction “in” their respective counties to hear and determine all complaints, the word “in” should be construed to mean “throughout” such counties.  Reynolds v. Larkin, 14, p. 114, 117, 10 Colo. 126.
Substantially is without material qualification
Black’s Law 91 (Dictionary, p. 1024)

Substantially - means essentially; without material qualification.
“Of” means whole
CJS 78 (Corpus Juris Secundum, 67, p. 200)

Of: The word "of" is a preposition. It is a word of different meanings, and susceptible of numerous different connotations. It may be used in its possessive sense to denote possession or ownership. It may also be used as a word of identification and relation, rather than as a word of proprietorship or possession. "Of" may denote source, origin, existence, descent, or location, or it may denote that from which something issues, proceeds, or is derived. The term may indicate the aggregate or whole of which the limited word or words denote a part, or of which a part is referred to, thought of, affected, etc.
Plan’s only a subset --- voting issue for limits --- they allow hundreds of tiny Affs that affect only a small portion of each area --- the topic becomes “Yemen drones” instead of war powers --- overstretches research and ruins preparation
Nrlb da

Supreme Court will rule against NLRB now but perception of less PC causes them to dimiss jurisdiction– resulting in functional NLRB victory
Hirsch, 13
Jeffrey Hirsch, a professor at the University of North Carolina School of Law, Scotus Blog, 7/17,
http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/07/symposium-will-the-supreme-court-duck-the-recess-appointments-battle/

Although I am not optimistic …and ensure that agencies have the appointees needed to maintain operations. 

Supreme Court Perceives War powers decisions as uniquely controversial drain of PC--- no supporters immediate effect and fear of dramatic consequences  amplifies opposition
McGinnis 93 – John O. McGinnis, Assistant Professor at the Cardozo School of Law and Former Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice, “Constitutional Review by the Executive in Foreign Affairs and War Powers: A Consequence of Rational Choice in the Separation of Powers”, Law and Contemporary Problems, 56(4), p. 306-308

The Court has the least interest …without disturbing as much substantive precedent.71

Justices perceive finite PC  - fear of executive backlash triggers strategic behavior–  wont risk angering president on multiple issues at once means they’ll take the jurisdictional out- implicit threat is enough even if follow through is unlikely
Ferejohn and Kramer, ‘2
John A. Ferejohn, Professor of Political Science and Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford University; and Larry D. Kramer, Professor of Law and Politics, New York University School of Law, New York University Law Review, October, 2002, lexis

The pressure nevertheless can …about resurrecting Lincoln's position on the limits of judicial authority. n70

Key to stop NLRB enforcement – specifically including quickie election rule
Morgan Lewis, 13  (Morgan Lewis Labor and Employment Practice, 5/17, http://www.morganlewis.com/pubs/LEPG_LF_BeckerNLRBRecessAppointmentUnconstitutional_17may13)
On May 16, in National Labor Relations Board v. New Vista …—is of highly questionable validity.

Crushes economy – small businesses, costs, job creation, massive excess unionization
Issa, 12
Darrell Issa, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, 12/13/12, http://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/NLRB-Report-FINAL-12.13.12.pdf

The “Quickie Election” Rule … the best interest of American workers

Nuke war
Auslin 9 (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman – Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187)

What do these trends mean in the …small explosions that coalesce into a big bang. 

National security da
Next off is the National Security DA
Plan trashes prez powers, wrecks warfighting, guarantees terror and collapses executive authority on detention – all are high now
Grassley 12
{Chuck, senior US Senator (Iowa), ranking Republican on the Judiciary Committee, Ph.D. in political science (Iowa), “The Due Process Guarantee Act: Banning Indefinite Detention of Americans,” S. Hrg. 112-383, 2/29, https://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2012_hr/dueprocess.pdf}

And there are two extremely serious …subsequent terrorist attacks. We should exercise exceptional caution before taking such a step.
Loss of warfighting means US can’t have quick and effective responses to existential threats of terrorism, rogue states, and prolif –extinction
Yoo, 12 (John – J.D. from Yale Law School and former Deputy Assistant U.S. Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel and visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and professor of law at the University of California – Berkeley, Department of Justice, 2/1, “War Powers Belong to the President”, ABAJournal, http://www. abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president)

A radical change in the system for …changes in the way we make war.
1NC
The District Court of New York should overturn Hedges v. Obama on First Amendment grounds, holding that support for Al Qaeda, the Taliban or associated forces engaged in hostilities against the United States requires an intent and likelihood to produce imminent lawless action.

Solves the aff- 1AC Davidson evidence says that Forrest's ruling was the problem - his reversal sovles best
1nc
Text: Pursuant to Article V of the Constitution, Congress should pass and more than three fourths of the States, excluding California, New York, Texas, and Florida, should ratify a constitutional amendment that rules in favor of the plaintiff in Hedges v. Obama on First Amendment grounds, holding that support for Al Qaeda, the Taliban or associated forces engaged in hostilities against the United States requires an intent and likelihood to produce imminent lawless action.   The amendment should be limited exclusively to this issue and no state should ratify proposals to attach additional constitutional changes on other issues.  We’ll clarify.

Constitutional amendment solves whole case best and spurs aggressive FUTURE court enforcement
Goldstein, 88
Yonkel Goldstein, JD Stanford Law School, July, lexis

The Failure of Constitutional Controls …would function similarly to how they have operated in the due process area.

NORMS
Law doesn't check use of force - underlying interests outweigh
Posner 14
Eric Posner is a professor of Law at the University of Chicago, March 3, 2014, "UKRAINE AND THE LIMITS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW", http://ericposner.com/ukraine-and-the-limits-of-international-law/

Peter Spiro (and/or someone else …Canada? Countries have reasons other than law not to attack each other.

Legal restrictions on force are meaningless - Ukraine proves
Ku 14
Julian Ku is a professor at Hofstra University School of Law, Opinio Juris, March 2, 2014, "Russia Reminds the World (and International Lawyers) of the Limits of International Law", http://opiniojuris.org/2014/03/02/ukraine-russia-international-law-governing-use-force/

I agree with Peter that the …without naming any country.
Africa Wars
Glick not about Nigeria
African war doesn’t escalate
Barrett 5 (Robert, Ph.D. Student in the Centre for Military and Strategic Studies – University of Calgary, “Understanding the Challenges of African Democratization through Conflict Analysis”, 6-1, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=726162)

Westerners eager to promote democracy …nation has very little interest.
African war inevitable
Thakur 6 (Ramesh, Senior Vice Rector – UN University (Tokyo), “At Least No New Wars Began”, Japan Times, 2-15, Lexis)

In Africa, the Ethiopia-Eritrea …in communal and legislative elections.
Multiple alt causes
Juma, 2 (Monica Juma, former Associate at the Africa Program of the International Peace Academy, September 2002, The Infrastructure of Peace in Africa, accessed via cioanet.org, p. 1.)

Since the end of the Cold War, …the  interplay of features peculiar to each sub-region.
Econ
Africa not key
No impact
Barnett 9 (Thomas, Senior Strategic Researcher – Naval War College, “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis”, Asset Protection Network, 8-25, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules~-~-security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx)

When the global financial crisis struck … That's what the Internet is for.

TERROR
No risk of nuclear terrorism – technically impossible
Michael, 12 (Professor Nuclear Counterprolif and Deterrence at Air Force Counterprolif Center, ’12 (George, March, “Strategic Nuclear Terrorism and the Risk of State Decapitation” Defence Studies, Vol 12 Issue 1, p 67-105, TandF Online)

Despite the alarming prospect of …that could fall into the wrong hands.
No risk of WMD terrorism – don’t have the resources or focus
Mueller and Stewart, 12 (Professor PolSci Ohio State, and Stewart, Professor Infrastructure Performance at U of Newcastle, ’12, John- Senior Research Scientist Mershon Center for International Security Studies, Mark- Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow, Summer, “The Terrorism Delusion: America’s Overwrought Response to September 11” International Security, Vol 37 No 1, ProjectMuse)

Few of the sleepless, it …. Thus far, the talent pool appears, to put mildly, very thin.
Disease
No disease impact—intervening actors, empirics, this ain’t 1918 yo
Zakaria, 9 (Editor of Newsweek, BA from Yale, PhD in pol sci, Harvard. He serves on the board of Yale University, The Council on Foreign Relations, The Trilateral Commission, and Shakespeare and Company. Named "one of the 21 most important people of the 21st Century", Fareed, “The Capitalist Manifesto: Greed Is Good,” 13 June 2009, http://www.newsweek.com/id/201935)
Note: Laurie Garrett is a science and health writer, winner of the Pulitzer, Polk, and Peabody Prize

It certainly looks like another …Britain or France had in the early 20th century.
No extinction
Posner 5 (Senior Lecturer, U  Chicago Law. Judge on the US Court of Appeals 7th Circuit. AB from Yale and LLB from Harvard. (Richard, Catastrophe, http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4150331/Catastrophe-the-dozen-most-significant.html)

Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has …to localize an infectious disease. 

Multiple alt causes
Brower, 03 (Jennifer, science/technology policy analyst, and Peter Chalk, political scientist, Summer Rand Review, Vol. 27, No. 2, “Vectors Without Borders,” http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/summer2003/vectors.html)

This year's outbreak of severe acute …will come into contact with potentially fatal diseases.

*2NC
A2: Perm Do Both
Its a clear violation of standing and ripeness doctrines –independently links and collapses judicial credibility turning whole case
Ferejohn and Kramer, ‘2
John A. Ferejohn, Professor of Political Science and Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford University; and Larry D. Kramer, Professor of Law and Politics, New York University School of Law, New York University Law Review, October, 2002, lexis

The federal judiciary has responded to …by the government, especially in the area of law enforcement.
Perm magnifies the link –
massive controversy over the amendment means court would want to wait and avoid being viewed as eagerly rushing into an ongoing political quagmire
links more anyway – ruling on constitutional grounds cant shield
Posner and Vermeule, 8
Eric A. Posner + and Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, University of Chicago, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, U Penn LR, April, lexis

So far we have focused on …) or narrow and shallow (under Sunstein's minimalist approach).
A2: Rollback (Court)
The Court can’t strike down any amendments
Schaffner ‘05 (Joan, Prof of Law @ George Washington Law,  “The federal marriage amendment: To protect the sanctity of marriage or destroy constitutional democracy?,” 54 Am. U.L. Rev. 1487, ln)

Nevertheless, the generally … the Constitution does contain. 50
Constitutional Amendments empirically can overrule Federal Court Precedent
Glessner 98 Thomas, President of the National Institute of Family and Life Advocates, “Curbing Raw Judicial Power:  A proposal for a checks and balances Amendment,” 11 Regent U.L. Rev. 297, ln 

When the activities of the courts … be brought back into constitutional legitimacy." 5

Frontline
uniquely good on this topic
Rez Specifies statutory or judicial restriction - its predictable and structurally built into topic
Education and neg ground - It’s a prerequisite to relevant debates about presidential authority- implementation is THE relevant question
Gaziano, 2001  (Todd, senior fellow in Legal Studies and Director of the Center for Legal Judicial Studies at the Heritage Foundation, 5 Texas Review of Law and Politics 267, Spring, lexis)

Any discussion of the …power over a particular subject matter. n12
War powers amendments solve the entire aff, deference, court and congressional follow on, enforcment, clarity, separation of powers, and doesn’t link to the 2ac’s offense
Andre Miksha  2003 (Chief Deputy Prosecuting Attorney at The Office of the Prosecuting Attorney for the 24th Judicial Circuit – Hamilton County – Indiana, J.D. in Law from Valparaiso University School of Law (2003), Valparaiso University Law Review vol 37 number 2, “Declaring War on the War Powers Resolution” lexis)

I. INTRODUCTION The …can hope to secure the rights of the people with safety and respect.

CP’s alternate process is key – Court focus guarantees circumvention
Wheeler 9
Darren A, Associate Professor of Political Science (Ball State), “Checking Presidential Detention Power in the War on Terror: What Should We Expect from the Judiciary?” Presidential Studies Quarterly, 39.4, December, http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/215686073/1401C123BFD665E314A/4?accountid=12598

The broader argument …the potential to be a significant check on presidential detention power.
A2: Delay
Fiat is immediate and reciprocal—ensures fair division of ground between the aff and neg, their interpretation means all counterplans would be delay, and the neg could never win.
Applies equally to the aff—normal means for judicial decision making would require them to find a test case, grant cert, gather amicus briefs, have oral arguments, and spend several months debating and writing the final opinion.  This only hurts them—our disad still links because .
Other institutions are slower—amendments don’t cause delay
Tushnet 05 Mark, Prof of Law @ Harvard and Georgetown, “Controlling Executive Power in the War on Terrorism,” 118 Harv. L. Rev. 2673, ln 

Perhaps we could be …more time than amending the Constitution. 41
Delay assumes conventions—congressional amendment is quick
Ishikawa 96 Brendon Troy, Board of Legal Specialization,  “Amending the Constitution: Just Not Every November,” 44 Clev. St. L. Rev. 303, ln  

Further contributing to …, it too shows the elements that the Framers thought essential for constitutional amendment procedures.
A2: Amendment DA – Link
No link to their turns – they all assume amendments which restrict scope of judiciary or rights protections

Plan triggers all their turns and makes them worse – activist decisions and reduced legitimacy trigger amendments restricting Article 3 court authority
ABA 97
Report of the ABA Commission on Separation of Powers and Judicial Independence, http://www.abanet.org/govaffairs/judiciary/r6a.html

Congress has shown the judiciary …trust it to be so. When the public loses faith in its judges, threats to judicial independence, in the form of amendments to Article III of the Constitution, are a logical next step.
Formal amendments preserve the Constitution—only the plan’s judicial intervention puts it at risk
Denning 97 Brannon P., Prof of Law @ Samford, “MEANS TO AMEND: THEORIES OF CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE,” 65 Tenn. L. Rev. 155 ln

An obvious weakness of informal …the war-making responsibilities of Congress and the President through a constitutional amendment than to have those powers claimed on an ad hoc basis by the President every time he exercises power as commander-in-chief.
Not unique and no link – judicial policy “clutters the constitution” with highly specific rules just as much
Vermeule 4—professor of law at the University of Chicago (LAW SCHOOL, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, “CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMON LAW,” September 4, http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=590341, CJ)

Another idea is that …constitutional complexity from the amendment process to the adjudicative process.
Incoherence isn’t always bad—constitutional amendments win the race to the middle and judicial reinterpretation is worse
Vermeule 4—professor of law at the University of Chicago (LAW SCHOOL, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, “CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMON LAW,” September 4, http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=590341, CJ)

I shall not question (iii) here, although …established background principles of judge-made free speech law, while a flag desecration amendment would merely have overturned a particular judicial outcome.
Advantage – Modeling
Amendments create legal symbols—they get perceived internationally
Herlihy, 06 Sarah P., J.D. Chicago-Kent College of Law, 81 Chi.-Kent. L. Rev. 275, ln

Americans may … this could send the wrong signal to the rest of the world.
Only the counterplan creates a fundamental perception of key and durable linkage between the plans act and the constitution – the aff doesn’t
Denning 98 Brannon P., Baker, Donelson, Bearman, and Caldwell, 555 Annals 224, ln

Historian David Kyvig's new …to produce any amendments leaves its ultimate legacy in some doubt.

That key to global modeling – the constitution itself is modelled
Blaustein 4
Albert, Professor of Law @ Rutgers, The Coalition Provisional Authority, THE U.S. CONSTITUTION: AMERICA'S MOST IMPORTANT EXPORT?, World PI, Questia

All this leads to the question: Why has the …value is being analyzed with a view to the writing of new constitutions.
Counterplan solves best - Perception of foundational linkage of the affs rights protection to constitution increases likelihood of modeling -
Waldron, Professor of Law at Columbia University, 1998
(Jeremy, Columbia Human Rights Law Review, Summer, Lexis,
Note: The Professor Black he is citing is Charles Black, Professor at Yale Law School)

Although he says his subject is human …the foundations of our system of government.
No disease impact—intervening actors, empirics, this ain’t 1918 yo
Zakaria, 9 (Editor of Newsweek, BA from Yale, PhD in pol sci, Harvard. He serves on the board of Yale University, The Council on Foreign Relations, The Trilateral Commission, and Shakespeare and Company. Named "one of the 21 most important people of the 21st Century", Fareed, “The Capitalist Manifesto: Greed Is Good,” 13 June 2009, http://www.newsweek.com/id/201935)
Note: Laurie Garrett is a science and health writer, winner of the Pulitzer, Polk, and Peabody Prize

It certainly looks like another example of crying wolf. After bracing …system—far better than anything Britain or France had in the early 20th century.
No extinction
Posner 5 (Senior Lecturer, U  Chicago Law. Judge on the US Court of Appeals 7th Circuit. AB from Yale and LLB from Harvard. (Richard, Catastrophe, http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4150331/Catastrophe-the-dozen-most-significant.html)

Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has …difficult to localize an infectious disease. 

Multiple alt causes
Brower, 03 (Jennifer, science/technology policy analyst, and Peter Chalk, political scientist, Summer Rand Review, Vol. 27, No. 2, “Vectors Without Borders,” http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/summer2003/vectors.html)

This year's outbreak of severe acute …into contact with potentially fatal diseases.

*1NR
Link Alone Turns Case

Disad outweighs and turns the case—quickly collapses the economy—spills over to China to cause internal stability and sparks global nuclear wars—no impact defense means its try or die
Link alone turns case – saps judicial independence, strength and leadership
Friedman 5 (Barry Friedman, “The Politics of Judicial Review,” Texas Law Review, 84 Tex. L. Rev. 257, December 2005, Lexis)

Granting considerations of …of the most profound kind. n21

Our internal link takes out the entire thesis of judicial independence and their precedent spillover advantages
Friedman 5 (Barry Friedman, “The Politics of Judicial Review,” Texas Law Review, 84 Tex. L. Rev. 257, December 2005, Lexis)

In the legal academy, scholarship about …expressly puts these problems to one side so that Hercules will be "free to concentrate on the issues of principle." n17

Sets precedent against court deference to executive branch interpretation and political question doctrine
Turley, 13
Jonathan, Prof Law @ GWashington, JonathanTurley.org, 6/27/13, lexis
A year ago, I testified in Congress4 that the recess appointments of President Barack Obama were unconstitutional. Those four appointments by President Obama included Richard Cordray, who had been denied confirmation to a consumer protection board in a Republican filibuster. While I liked Cordray, I testified that the appointments were in my opinion clearly unconstitutional. The D.C. Circuit has now agreed with that view and the panel unanimously ruled that Obama violated the Constitution with his circumvention of Congress. In my prior testimony5, I … a trend interrupted by the D.C. and Third Circuit decisions.

Econ Turns – Africa
US downturn jacks African economies- destroys global demand which is key to expansion
UNIS 1/10/2008 (United Nations Information Service, UN Sees Risk of Global Economic Recession Rising, http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2008/unisinf255.html?print)

Run of strong growth in the … overall than it was in 1973.
The official supreme court docket proves
UPI, 11/6  (http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2013/11/06/Court-to-weigh-recess-appointments-in-January/UPI-81671383760467/)
Court to weigh recess appointments in January
The U.S. Supreme … the Supreme Court for review.
Your evidence says that when there is a dispute the decision will be relevant—get real it’s Congress obviously there will be a dispute
USA Today 12-16-13 "Shrinking high court docket bedevils conservatives" www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/12/16/supreme-court-labor-housing-abortion-discrimination/4038497/

The next time the …the White House and Senate are divided, the standoff that led to the lawsuit no longer exists.

2NC U - Strike Down Now

Your evidence is about a different Court case EXPLICITLY—prefer issue specific uniqueness
Strikedown now – but not certain
Hirsch, 13
Jeffrey Hirsch, a professor at the University of North Carolina School of Law, Scotus Blog, 7/17,
http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/07/symposium-will-the-supreme-court-duck-the-recess-appointments-battle/
Will the Supreme Court duck the recess appointments battle? When Noel Canning and other similar challenges to the National Labor Relations …– a path that I think the Court would be wise to take.

Strike down likely – but only if courts issue a decision on the merits
Hirsch, 13
Jeffrey Hirsch, a professor at the University of North Carolina School of Law, Scotus Blog, 7/17,
http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/07/symposium-will-the-supreme-court-duck-the-recess-appointments-battle/

The other possible …result in an invalidation of the nominations.
2NC Turn Shield/A2:  Winners Win 

Negative reactions outweigh and president is key – disproves winners win and resilience
Friedman 5 (Barry Friedman, “The Politics of Judicial Review,” Texas Law Review, 84 Tex. L. Rev. 257, December 2005, Lexis)
The critical question thus becomes how deep the Court's diffuse support among the general public is; for if theory holds, this is the leash on …made much of it, reviving the issue and anti-Court feeling. n399
(NOTE – SKIP THIS SECOND CARD IF YOU HAVE ALREADY READ THE YOUNG CARD IN 2NC PC KEY WALL)
Even if they’re right in theory, our link outweighs. Justices think in terms of limited capital and will constrain their rulings because of the plan
Yoo 4 (John C., Professor of Law, University of Texas, Texas LR, November, 83 Tex. L. Rev. 1)

n443. This last point is quite …" is limited in this way, and the notion may at least constrain judicial behavior in this sense. See Young, State Sovereign Immunity, supra note 92, at 58-60.

Anticipation of Executive reaction key – outweighs turns, spills over and disproves internal link defense – prefer best studies and specificity to Supreme Court behavior in constitutional cases
Friedman 5 (Barry Friedman, “The Politics of Judicial Review,” Texas Law Review, 84 Tex. L. Rev. 257, December 2005, Lexis)

 *316 There are reasons to …outcome of the separation-of-powers game. n333 That binge began in 1994, the year that Republicans took both houses of Congress, making it unlikely that there would be much movement to curb judicial activity - especially when one recognizes that most of what the Court was striking at the time were enactments of an earlier (more liberal, Democratic) Congress.

Winners win uniquely untrue for decisions that relax traditional limits on justiciability
Posner 83 (Richard A., Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, Indiana Law Journal, Winter,
59 Ind. L.J. 1, Lexis)
Because separation of powers …and any substantial relaxation of the traditional limitations on justiciability.
2NC PC Key/finite/A2:  Judges not political

Prefer our ev - Most important judges PERCEIVE their PC as finite and act accordingly – also disproves winners win
Ernest Young, Asst Professor, University of Texas School of Law, The Supreme Court Review, 1999   (Sup. Ct. Rev. 1)

1. The opportunity cost of immunity …on the Court's willingness repeatedly to confront Congress.

Single decisions matter - our institutional backlash links are true even if legitimacy and public support are resilient
Friedman 5 (Barry Friedman, “The Politics of Judicial Review,” Texas Law Review, 84 Tex. L. Rev. 257, December 2005, Lexis)
2. The Leash of "Diffuse Support." - One might reasonably ask why public opinion deserves analysis separate and apart from the models that examine interbranch …as if it were specific support." n392 

Even if its resilient, unpopular decision cause short-term backlash against the Court
Hoekstra 3 (Valerie, Assistant Professor of Political Science – Arizona State University, Public Reaction to Supreme Court Decisions, p. 12)

But, the bottom line is that …of support for the Court do not preclude individual variability in response to Court decisions.
Appointment and war powers are extremely highly salient presidential powers – supreme court will act strategically and invoke nonjusticiability rather than decide against the executive in both during the same term – there are no turns and general internal link defense doesn’t apply to the specificity of our scenario – this basically answers every 2ac argument
Moe, 99
Terry M. Moe Stanford University, William G. Howell Stanford University, 99, http://home.uchicago.edu/~whowell/papers/ThePresidential.pdf

In this article, we will continue this line of … largely been acting on their own (Fisher, 1997; Cronin and Gcnovese. 1998).

Tournament: USC All Rounds | Round: 1 | Opponent: Everyone | Judge:
We didnt debate anything new/read anything new-- We aren't trying to be jerks, we just have nothing new to post.