Tournament: KY | Round: 7 | Opponent: George Mason DaMo | Judge: Fred Sternhagen

Competitive Venue K

1st is our Offensive Prong

Attempting to end problems through competition trades off with focusing on the root causes – causes endless factionization – our alternative is to embraces the Aff’s resistance without fighting that resistance via a tie to the ballot

Karlberg 3 (Michael, Assistant Professor of Communication at Western Washington University, PEACE and CHANGE, v28, n3, July, p. 339-41)
Granted, social activists do "win" occasional “battles” in these adversarial
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"east" and its "west" are locked in adversarial relationships.

This is specifically true in the context of Debate Space – labelling the ballot as a tool for resistance trades off with broader community focusing on resolving the problem

Bankey 13 (BRENDON BANKEY – A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of   WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES   in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements   for the Degree of   MASTER OF ARTS   Communication   August 2013 – Bankey holds an BA from Trinity and now holds an MA from Wake Forest. This thesis was approved by: Michael J. Hyde, Ph.D., Advisor; Mary M. Dalton, Ph.D., Chair; R. Jarrod Atchison, Ph.D.   THE “FACT OF BLACKNESS” DOES NOT EXIST: AN EVOCATIVE CRITICISM   OF RESISTANCE RHETORIC IN ACADEMIC POLICY DEBATE AND ITS   (MIS)USE OF FRANTZ FANON’S BLACK SKIN, WHITE MASKS – From Chapter Two – footnoting Atchison and Panetta and consistent with Bankey’s defense of an aspect of their position – http://wakespace.lib.wfu.edu/bitstream/handle/10339/39020/Bankey_wfu_0248M_10473.pdf)
Atchison and Panetta ’s concern with the “debate as activism” approach highlights the
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within the community. Creating change through wins generates backlash through losses. 25

2nd is our Defensive Prong

Using a “ballot as currency” model fails – community change is put solely in the hands of the judge in a debate round which is in no way visible to the public – excludes those who want to participate in the struggle that aren’t debaters

Bankey 13 (BRENDON BANKEY – A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of   WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES   in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements   for the Degree of   MASTER OF ARTS   Communication   August 2013 – Bankey holds an BA from Trinity and now holds an MA from Wake Forest. This thesis was approved by: Michael J. Hyde, Ph.D., Advisor; Mary M. Dalton, Ph.D., Chair; R. Jarrod Atchison, Ph.D.   THE “FACT OF BLACKNESS” DOES NOT EXIST: AN EVOCATIVE CRITICISM   OF RESISTANCE RHETORIC IN ACADEMIC POLICY DEBATE AND ITS   (MIS)USE OF FRANTZ FANON’S BLACK SKIN, WHITE MASKS – From Chapter Two – footnoting Atchison and Panetta and consistent with Bankey’s defense of an aspect of their position – http://wakespace.lib.wfu.edu/bitstream/handle/10339/39020/Bankey_wfu_0248M_10473.pdf)
For Atchison and Panetta , “the ballot” a judge casts at the conclusion
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, are granted the authority to determine the outcome of communal change. 21

Their resistance fails when they use competition to resolve the problem – their attempt at using an adversarial strategy only masks an effective way to solve

Karlberg 4 (Michael, Professor of Communication – Western Washington University, Beyond the Culture of Contest, p. 183-184)
Examples such as these suggest, in turn, an answer to the third question
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as the old models decline not through war or protest but through attrition.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayne NW | Judge: Eric Short

The term “islamophobia” is violent. The concept matters – but should be re-couched to avoid conflating K’s of monotheism with those expressing hate. The alt is the term “anti-Muslim bigotry”

Bloodworth 12 James is a political journalist and editor of Left Foot Forward. He has previously written for the Observer, the Independent on Sunday, the Irish Independent, the Huffington Post, Red Pepper and Jacobin – “It’s time to stop using the term ‘Islamophobia’” The Independent – Wednesday, 4 July 2012 – http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2012/07/05/itE28099s-time-to-stop-using-the-term-E28098islamophobiaE28099/
Political language too contains its fair share of semantic bucklers. Almost every politician today
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to leave the abuse of language to big capital and its political representatives.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 7 | Opponent: Louisville LR | Judge: Adam Abelkop

We start by breaking two creative reasons why Aff’s operating outside Resolutional action aren’t comparatively preferable:

Net benefit # 1 is Heuristic Anti-Logic:

Factually, our author defines “anti-logic” as switch-side heuristic debate

INOUE ‘5
ASAO B. INOUE – at the time of this writing, Asao held an
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edu/xmlui/.../2376/.../a_inoue_012205.pdf?
Protagoras had one of the earliest most coherent sophistic philosophies of nomos over physis,
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would be dangerous to the Greek state and the power relationships it nurtured.

Switch-side “anti-logic” best teaches BOTH TEAMS how to counter-racism in immediate AND long-term contexts. Our offense is NOT solely procedural.

INOUE ‘5
ASAO B. INOUE – at the time of this writing, Asao held an
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edu/xmlui/.../2376/.../a_inoue_012205.pdf?
Sophistic antilogic and a slightly altered version of dialectic, as heuristics, can be
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views, ideas, decisions, positions, and visions of the world.

This solves because it teaches not only what’s VIRTUOUS, but also what PERSUADES EXTERNAL AUDIENCES. Audiences include – but aren’t limited to – the State. That best dismantles racist power.

INOUE ‘5
ASAO B. INOUE – at the time of this writing, Asao held an
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edu/xmlui/.../2376/.../a_inoue_012205.pdf?
Gutherie’s definition of nomos helps us also see the nomos-physis debate as one
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would be dangerous to the Greek state and the power relationships it nurtured.

“State” pessimism ignores that our heuristic teaches us about the State so as to dismantle its abusive practices.

 
English ‘7
(Eric, Graduate Student in Communication – U Pittsburgh, Et al., “Debate as a Weapon of Mass Destruction”, Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2, June)
It is our position, however, that rather than acting as a cultural technology
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heirs to brand the activity as a ‘‘weapon of mass destruction.’’

Net benefit # 2 – Limits and War Powers Education.

The K of “T” has a universal – not narrow – impact on limits. Prepping for this Aff,  and every other non-topical Aff that’s part of their universal interpretation, means everyone learns less about this topic.

The tradeoff matters because in-depth war powers education is more important than the energy topic.

Young – quoting Stewart – ‘13
Justice Potter Stewart was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. During his tenure, he made, among other areas, major contributions to criminal justice reform and Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. Kelly Michael Young, Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Forensics, Wayne State University – “Why Should We Debate About Restriction of Presidential War Powers” – Sept 4th –  http://public.cedadebate.org/node/13
About six months ago, my assistant
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these students’ opinions will stand as an important potential check on the presidency. 

War powers Education is important for reasons that are external to race. But, war powers also teaches us about the boomerang. Domestic oppression is first rehearsed abroad. Proves there is a topic version of the Aff.

Graham ‘10
STEPHEN GRAHAM is Professor of Cities and Society at Newcastle University and previously taught at Durham and MIT, among other universities. Cities Under Siege: the New Military Urbanism – p. xiii-xvii
Such fantasies of high -tech omnipotence are much more than science fiction. As
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security operations, is the second key feature of the new military urbanism.

Many T debates buckle to impacts, but let’s lock down the links here:

“Federal Government” means the government of the USA

Ballentine's 95 (Legal Dictionary and Thesaurus, p. 245)
the government of the United States of America

“Resolved” means a fiated-plan

Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, ‘98¶ © 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc. www.dictionary.com, accessed 4/2/01
Resolve \Re*solve"\ (r?*z?lv"), v.
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to resolve a riddle. ``Resolve my doubt.'' --Shak. 

“Substantial” means material, fiated action

AHD 11 (American Heritage Dictionary, “substantial”, http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/substantial)
sub•stan•tial (sb-stnshl) KEY ¶ ADJECTIVE:¶ Of, relating to, or having substance; material.¶ True or real; not imaginary.¶ Solidly built; strong.¶ Ample; sustaining: a substantial breakfast.¶ Considerable in importance, value, degree, amount, or extent: won by a substantial margin.¶ Possessing wealth or property; well-to-do.

The upside of shifting the topic’s stasis point needs to be considered in the universal – and not this particular Aff. On balance, the lack of a topic means Aff’s shift to the least rejoindable threads. That ineffectively infuses us into the public sphere.

Taylor ‘5
(et al; Matt – Director of Debate at CSU-Long Beach –“From Jurisdiction to Narration: Standards for Topicality in Parliamentary Debate” – March –http:www.parlidebate.org/pdf/vol9no3.pdf)
It is the last round of a very long day of judging and I am
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push canned cases away from the genre of declamation and back toward argumentation.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 1 | Opponent: Minnesota OT | Judge: Austin Layton

Constitutional amendment solves whole case best and spurs aggressive FUTURE court enforcement

Goldstein, 88
Yonkel Goldstein, JD Stanford Law School, July, lexis
The Failure of Constitutional Controls Over War Powers in the Nuclear Age: The Argument
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would function similarly to how they have operated in the due process area.

It won’t be challenged or rolled back – solves precedent, future application, stability and confidence better than plan

Vermeule ‘04 Adrian, Prof @ Chicago Law, “Constitutional Amendments and the Constitutional Common Law,” http://www.law.uchicago.edu/academics/publiclaw/index.html
A benefit of formal  amendments, then, is tomore effectively discourage subsequent efforts by
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, which can be unsettled and refought at lower cost in subsequent periods.

Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All

The executive branch of the United States should  and announce that.

CP solves- functional limits create accountability and don’t link to politics

Michaels 11 (Jon, Professor, UCLA School of Law, “The (Willingly) Fettered Executive: Presidential Spinoffs in National Security Domains and Beyond,” Virginia Law Review, http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/97/801.pdf)
These are revealing case studies, weighty in their own right and interesting complements to
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itself serves as testament to the durability and primacy of the dominant understanding.

Tournament: KY | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wichita State DoSu | Judge: Eric Morris

White Paper CP

The United States House and Senate Intelligence Committees should publicly release a White Paper that

- Explains why The United States federal government use of targeted killing is lawful on both domestic and international grounds

- Details the method in which current congressional oversight functions in respect to targeted killing operations

- Conditions congressional funding and support for targeted killing operations on the legality of those operations

- Assess the effect of targeted killing operations on foreign and diplomatic relations

- Conditions congressional legal and political support for targeted killing operations on negative international responses that could result from targeted killing operations

- Contains the costs, in dollars, associated with targeted killing operations

Bolsters legitimacy, transparency, and accountability – if they win their arguments about law violations (domestic or international) then the CP ends the mission which solves the aff as well

Gregory S. McNeal 3/5/13 (Pepperdine University School of Law, “Targeted Killing and Accountability” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583)
It’s not just the Executive branch that can benefit from a healthier defense of the
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us to question the wisdom and perhaps even the legality of the program."

Publishing costs of strikes solves accountability and makes the counterplan avoid the link to politics

Gregory S. McNeal 3/5/13 (Pepperdine University School of Law, “Targeted Killing and Accountability” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583)
A proven accountability technique in the public administration literature is publishing the costs associated with
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even help al Qaeda if the strikes failed to kill Bin Ladin.” 526

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston AA | Judge: A Reed

CBW DA

The threat of nuclear use is key to deter CBW attacks

Joseph and Reichart 1999 (Robert G. and John F., Deterrence and Defense, Director, Center for Counterproliferation Research, and Professor of National Security Studies at the National War College, National Defense University; and Deputy Director of the Center for Counterproliferation Research, a member of the National War College faculty, and a Senior Research Professor, National Defense University, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA402206andLocation=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdf)
It is a necessary, though not sufficient condition that, to deter NBC use
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mean nuclear retaliation. The warnings from Israel almost certainly reinforced this interpretation.

Bioweapons cause extinction

John Steinbruner, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, chair of the committee on international security and arms control of the National Academy of Sciences, Foreign Policy, December 22, 1997
That deceptively simple observation has immense implications. The use of a manufactured weapon is
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for a global contagion of this sort but not necessarily its outer limit.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 1 | Opponent: Minnesota OT | Judge: Austin Layton

Supreme Court will rule against NLRB now but perception of less PC causes them to dimiss jurisdiction– resulting in functional NLRB victory

Hirsch, 13
Jeffrey Hirsch, a professor at the University of North Carolina School of Law, Scotus Blog, 7/17,
http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/07/symposium-will-the-supreme-court-duck-the-recess-appointments-battle/
Although I am not optimistic that the Supreme Court will aid the NLRB and its
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recess appointments and ensure that agencies have the appointees needed to maintain operations. 

Supreme Court Perceives War powers decisions as uniquely controversial drain of PC-~-- no supporters immediate effect and fear of dramatic consequences  amplifies opposition

McGinnis 93 – John O. McGinnis, Assistant Professor at the Cardozo School of Law and Former Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice, “Constitutional Review by the Executive in Foreign Affairs and War Powers: A Consequence of Rational Choice in the Separation of Powers”, Law and Contemporary Problems, 56(4), p. 306-308
The Court has the least interest of all in exercising rights of governance in the
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from the executive to the Congress without disturbing as much substantive precedent.71

Justices perceive finite PC  - fear of executive backlash triggers strategic behavior–  wont risk angering president on multiple issues at once means they’ll take the jurisdictional out- implicit threat is enough even if follow through is unlikely

Ferejohn and Kramer, ‘2
John A. Ferejohn, Professor of Political Science and Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford University; and Larry D. Kramer, Professor of Law and Politics, New York University School of Law, New York University Law Review, October, 2002, lexis
The pressure nevertheless can become quite intense, its mere threat a cause for anxiety
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publicly muses about resurrecting Lincoln's position on the limits of judicial authority. n70

Key to stop NLRB enforcement – specifically including quickie election rule

Morgan Lewis, 13  (Morgan Lewis Labor and Employment Practice, 5/17, http://www.morganlewis.com/pubs/LEPG_LF_BeckerNLRBRecessAppointmentUnconstitutional_17may13)
On May 16, in National Labor Relations Board v. New Vista Nursing and
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valid Board is confirmed by the Senate)—is of highly questionable validity.

Crushes economy – small businesses, costs, job creation, massive excess unionization

Issa, 12
Darrell Issa, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, 12/13/12, http://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/NLRB-Report-FINAL-12.13.12.pdf
The “Quickie Election” Rule Illustrates a Disregard for Quorum Requirements In a major
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and present employers rather than looking out for the best interest of American workers

Nuke war

Auslin 9 (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman – Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187)
What do these trends mean in the short and medium term? The Great Depression
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may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan KM | Judge: Ron Stevenson

Farm bill passage likely – vote next week

SDL, Stuttgart Daily Leader, 1-20-2014 http://www.stuttgartdailyleader.com/article/20140120/NEWS/140129967
    The outlook for completion of the new Farm Bill turned increasingly positive last week
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bring some certainty to producers, their lenders, and other industry members."

Deep, bipartisan support for Obama’s status quo targeted killing policy – means the plan forces a battle

Adam Serwer is a former reporter at Mother Jones. Prior to working at Mother Jones, he was a staff writer at the American Prospect. Adam has written for the Washington Post, the Root, the Village Voice, and the New York Daily News. 3-14-2012 http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/03/bipartisan-approval-targeted-killing
When it comes to targeted killing of American citizens, both major political parties have
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to the secret legal memo justifying targeted killing that Holder's speech was based on

GOP leadership will push off Farm Bill if the plan causes controversy- can’t muster political will on tough votes back to back

Jake Sherman, 8-28-2013 http://www.politico.com/story/2013/08/immigration-reform-95980.html#ixzz2dIFeo4Sb
Immigration reform advocates have a new enemy: the congressional calendar.¶ Fall’s fiscal fights
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have to move. It’s not going to go away because other matters.”

Farm Bill key to stop US-Brazil trade war

Sacramento Bee, 1-23-2014 http://www.sacbee.com/2014/01/23/6093043/us-brazil-cotton-dispute-might.html
Brazil is threatening to launch a full-blown trade war against the U.
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for the U.S. and an important consumer of American products.

Brazil trade dispute collapses the global economy and trade and US trade leadership

Brandon Petelin*¶ BIO:¶ *J.D. Candidate, Thomas M. Cooley Law School, May 2007; B.B.A., Kent State University, 2004. Michaelmas Term, 2006¶ 23 T.M. Cooley L. Rev. 545
The ability of a country to retaliate against the United States for noncompliance can be
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is little incentive to abide by the "free-trade" agreements. 

Economic collapse causes global conflict

Richard Duncan, former World Bank specialist and chief economist in Blackhorse Asset Management, in 2012 (Richard, chief economist at Singapore-based Blackhorse Asset Management, former financial sector specialist at the World Bank and global head of investment strategy at ABN AMRO Asset Management, studied literature and economics at Vanderbilt University (1983) and international finance at Babson College (1986), “The New Depression: The Breakdown of the Paper Money Economy”, http://www.amazon.com/The-New-Depression-Breakdown-ebook/dp/B007GZOYI6, 2/24/12)
The consequences of a New Great Depression would extend far beyond the realm of economics
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by an even more calamitous global war that killed approximately 60 million people.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan KM | Judge: Ron Stevenson

Al Qaeda losing the war on terror now but continued counterterrorism operations is key to prevent revival

Liepman 13(Andrew, former principal deputy director of the National Counterterrorism Center andis a senior policy analyst at RAND Corporation, “Al Qaeda Is Weak and Bungling—but Still Dangerous,” Feb 25, http://www.rand.org/commentary/2013/02/25/USNEWS.html)
The casual observer can be excused for being confused after reading news headlines on al
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this diminished threat will be an important factor in ultimately defeating this enemy.

Drone court eliminates program effectiveness

Stroves 13(Steven, Bernard and Barbara Lomas Senior Research Fellow at Heritage, “Drone Strikes: The Legality of U.S. Targeting Terrorists Abroad,” April 10, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/drone-strikes-the-legality-of-us-targeting-terrorists-abroad)
A Drone Court? Certain former Obama Administration officials, the editorial board of The
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transparency no matter what kind of forum is established to oversee targeting decisions.

Nuclear terrorism is extremely probable

Jaspal 12(Zafar Nawaz Associate Professor at the School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 12, citing: The Fissile Material Working Group, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), “Nuclear/Radiological Terrorism: Myth or Reality?”, Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 19, Issue - 1, 2012, 91:111)
The misperception, miscalculation and above all ignorance of the ruling elite about security puzzles
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the possibility that terrorist groups could acquire fissile material from the rogue states.

Causes miscalc and escalation to global nuclear war

Frank 13(Forrest, research associate at Naval War College, “NUCLEAR TERRORISM AND THE ESCALATION OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT,” May 9, www.usnwc.edu2Fgetattachment2F9508e128-a340-4760-8666-5192428cdb152FNuclear-Terrorism-and-the-Escalation-of-Internatio.aspxandei=2b4gUuKbKerW2wWjiYDQCQandusg=AFQjCNHSlZzsN_iiB7TT_75p0JG0xEMm6gandsig2=aZR2saw8qArkTWMD5Nwm1gandbvm=bv.51495398,d.b2I)
The use of military force in response to nuclear terrorism by the victim state cannot
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to avoid the "worst case" outcome of a nuclear terrorism incident.

Tournament: KY | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wichita State DoSu | Judge: Eric Morris

Flex DA

Restricting the executive’s ability to control targeted killing operations collapses heg – causes chain of command uncertainty, undermines unit cohesion, and crushes battlefield decision making

Larry Maher and Herbert L. Fenster 10 (Larry Maher: Quartermaster General, Herbert L. Fenster: D.C. Bar No. 153825, Attorneys for Amicus Curiae, The Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States, Nasser al-Aulaqi, vs. Barack H. Obama, et al., CASE NO. 1:10-cv-01469-JDB “BRIEF OF THE VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS OF THE UNITED STATES AS AMICUS CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF DEFENDANTS AND DISMISSAL”  http://ccrjustice.org/files/Amicus_Curiae_Brief_of_VFW.pdf)
The VFW agrees with the Government’s arguments regarding why
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Joint Pub. 3-0, Joint Operations at Appx. A, p. A-2 (2010), available at http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp3_0.pdf.

Global nuclear war

Brooks 13 – Stephen G., Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, G. John ikenberry, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul and William C. Wohlforth, Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, “Lean Forward”, Foreign Affairs, January / February, 92(1)
They are wrong. In making their case, advocates of retrenchment overstate the costs
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an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 1 | Opponent: Minnesota OT | Judge: Austin Layton

Executive use of war powers effective now – deters terrorism and rogue states – detention key to continued perception of commitment

Zuckerman et al 12 – research associate @ Heritage
(Jessica, with Michaela Bendikova – research assistant @ Douglas Center for Foreign Policy Studies, Lisa Curtis – Senior Research Fellow @ Asian Studies Center, Eleven Years Later: U.S. Should Not Lose Momentum in the War on Terrorism, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/09/counterterrorism-strategy-us-should-not-lose-momentum-in-war-on-terrorism)
Last year, in the run-up to the 10th anniversary of 9/
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an enduring and sustainable counterterrorism enterprise capable of responding to future emerging threats.

Court action to limit indefinite detention makes effective warfighting impossible- and undermines deference

Chertoff 11 (Michael was the Secretary, Department of Homeland Security (2005-2009), THE DECLINE OF JUDICIAL DEFERENCE ON NATIONAL SECURITY, Rutgers Law Review, 3 February 2011, http://www.rutgerslawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/archive/vol63/Issue4/Chertoff_Speech_PDF.pdf, pg. 1125-1128)
So, where has this left us? It has left us in a puzzling
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the courts when ¶ dealing with these kinds of sensitive national security issues.

Prolif causes nuclear war

Horowitz 9 - Professor of Political Science at University of Pennsylvania (Michael Horowitz, “The Spread of Nuclear Weapons and International Conflict: Does Experience Matter?” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Volume 53 Number 2, April 2009 pg. 234-257)
This section focuses on how acquiring nuclear weapons influences both the new nuclear state and
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be effective, increasing the probability that ¶ an adversary will not reciprocate.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan KM | Judge: Ron Stevenson

No modeling

No causal link

Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor of International Law at American University, 10/9/11, “What Kind of Drones Arms Race Is Coming?,” http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/#more-51516
New York Times national security correspondent Scott Shane has an opinion piece in today’s Sunday
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long one, starting with China. The predicament is put this way:
Eventually, the United States will face a military adversary or terrorist group armed with
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perceived enemies, even American citizens, who are viewed as a threat.
“Is this the world we want to live in?” asks Micah Zenko, a fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. “Because we’re creating it.”
By asserting that “we’re” creating it, this is a claim that there
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that Anwar al-Awlaki was, in objective terms, our enemy?)
It sounds like it must be true. But is it? There are a
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what I think the real “arms race” surrounding drones will be.
Unmanned aerial vehicles have clearly got a big push from the US military in the
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substantial state that feels like developing them will be able to do so.
But the point is that this was happening anyway, and the technology was already
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do their own amateur version, putting some kind of bomb on it.
Moving on from the avionics, weaponizing the craft is also not difficult. The
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states competing to come up with weapons technologies that are … more discriminating.

Self interest overrides norms

Etzioni 13, Professor of International Relations @ George Washington University
(Aimtai Etzioni, adviser to the Carter administration, “The Great Drone Debate  ”, Military Review, 4/2013, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf)
Other critics contend that by the United States ¶ using drones, it leads other
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In such circumstances, the role ¶ of norms is much more limited.

Acquisition too easy

Daniel Byman 2013 (Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, 92 foreign affairs 32, “Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington's Weapon of Choice”, hein online)
Controlling the spread of drone technology will prove impossible; that horse left the barn
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(also called Burma) to kill a wanted drug trafficker hiding there.

Drone prolif slow, no investment – no impact because the tech will be terrible

Micah Zenko 2013 (Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, council on foreign relations, “Reforming US Drone Strike Policies” pdf)
Based on current trends, it is unlikely that most states will have, ¶
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undertake the significant ¶ investment required for armed drones in the near term.

No drone wars

Joseph Singh 12, researcher at the Center for a New American Security, 8/13/12, “Betting Against a Drone Arms Race,” http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/#ixzz2eSvaZnfQ
In short, the doomsday drone scenario Ignatieff and Sharkey predict results from an excessive
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of 21st Century warfare remains fundamentally unaltered despite their arrival in large numbers.

Tournament: KY | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wichita State DoSu | Judge: Eric Morris

1NC Prolif

No causal link between U.S. drone doctrine and other’ countries choices-~--means can’t set a precedent

Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor of International Law at American University, 10/9/11, “What Kind of Drones Arms Race Is Coming?,” http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/#more-51516
New York Times national security correspondent Scott Shane has an opinion piece in today’s Sunday
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states competing to come up with weapons technologies that are … more discriminating.

Drone prolif slow, no investment – no impact because the tech will be terrible

Micah Zenko 2013 (Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, council on foreign relations, “Reforming US Drone Strike Policies” pdf)
Based on current trends, it is unlikely that most states will have,  
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undertake the significant investment required for armed drones in the near term.

Armed drone prolif already happened

P.W. SINGER 3/11/13 (director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative at Brookings, foreign policy, “the global swarm” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/11/the_global_swarm)
Depending on which source you want to cite, there are currently between 75 and
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, one of the major makers in China, and ADE of India.

Tournament: Indiana | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan KM | Judge: Ron Stevenson

US and Japanese surveillance drones trigger the impact

Craig Whitlock 10/3/13 (Washington post, “Agreement will allow U.S. to fly long-range surveillance drones from base in Japan”http:www.washingtonpost.com/world/agreement-will-allow-us-to-fly-long-range-surveillance-drones-from-base-in-japan/2013/10/03/aeba1ccc-2be8-11e3-83fa-b82b8431dc92_story.html)
The U.S. military will deploy long-range Global Hawk surveillance drones
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in territorial disputes with the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand and other countries.

No China scenario

Only use drones for surveillance- constrained by sovereignty and international frameworks

Andrew Erickson is an associate professor at the Naval War College and an Associate in Research at Harvard University's Fairbank Centre. Follow him on Twitter @andrewserickson. Austin and Strange is a researcher at the Naval War College's China Maritime Studies Institute and a graduate student at Zhejiang University., 5-29-2013 http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html
This impressive arsenal may tempt China to pull the trigger. The fact that a
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caution - something Washington must bear in mind with its own drone programme.

It’s definitely not the US- already out of sync with US use

Chinese drones inevitable- don’t base their drone use on US norms
Edward Wong, NYT, 9-20-2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/21/world/asia/hacking-us-secrets-china-pushes-for-drones.html?pagewanted=all
 Mr. Easton said deploying the drone near disputed waters and islands “was
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said on its Web site that it produces 90 percent of Chinese drones.

No impact to Chinese drones---their ev is irrational media hype

Trefor Moss 13, journalist for The Diplomat covering Asian politics, defense and security, formerly Asia-Pacific Editor at Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/2/13, “Here Come…China’s Drones,” The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/2013/03/02/here-comes-chinas-drones/?print=yes
Unmanned systems have become the legal and ethical problem child of the global defense industry
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modernizing in all areas of military technology – unmanned systems being no exception.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayne NW | Judge: Eric Short

We’ll straight turn Assemblages:

Puar’s “homonationalism” thesis causes violence. It rejects progressive activists – re-creating a new “Other”. That’s violent and essentializes mainstream LGBT advocates

Moss ‘12
Kevin Moss, Professor of Modern Lanuageg and Literature - ?Middlebury College, “Split/Europe: Homonationalism and Homophobia in Croatia” – www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/SplitPrideBarcelona.pdf
Let’s look again at Puar’s critique
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, and racially neutral.

Puar’s politics increase oppression and are directly counter to her stated goals

Kersplebedeb ‘8
Kersplebedeb is a website and a publisher of radical books and pamphlets, and manufacturer of radical agit prop matarials. Its also a pretty sprawling site, with pages on key political fronts ranging from Palestine to Transgender Liberation, from Iraq to political prisoners’ struggles in the United States. This article was written by one of their staffmembers that attended a talk McGill University that was given by Jasbir Puar the evening before. “Jasbir Puar’s Homonationalism Talk: A Real Disappointment” – November 6, 2008 – http://kersplebedeb.com/posts/jasbir-puars-homonationalism-talk-a-real-disappointment/
That is because it is social relations themselves, the prevalence of homophobia and transphobia
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and working relations that bypass our enemies the state and the NGO complex.

Our counter-method is to not place “methods first” at all. Consider many processes and impacts to best fix the world

Fearon andWendt 2K
James, Professor of Poli Sci at Stanford, Alexander, Professor of IR at Ohio State, Handbook of International Relations, ed. Carlsnaes, p. 68
It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method
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grounds, but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels

Denike’s method is poor – she’s ignores fact for her causes

Aleksandrowicz ‘4
Review of Denike’s chapter in CONFIDENTIAL RELATIONSHIPS Edited by Christine M. Kogel, Allanah Furlong and Charles Levin Amsterdam-New York, Editions Rodopi B.V. 2003 – Reviewed by Dov R. Aleksandrowicz, Professor Emeritus from Israel and also the Head of the Academic Advisory Board for PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY Magazine. Aleksandrowicz also holds an MD – PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY vol 6, # 1 – strona.app.nazwa.pl/uploads/APPv6n1pREVIEW.pdf?
The next three chapters, by Christine Koggel, Margaret Denike and Sue Campbell respectively
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women rationalized as respect for “cultural” or “religious” autonomy.

And, this alone warrants voting Neg. Sans a plan, all Aff rhetoric is on the same playing field. We can defend the rest of their advocacy and negate only particular statements or authors

Lawrence Turn

A– Puar’s politics would reverse Lawrence v. Texas in the name of abandoning mainstream progressivism

Mendoza, ‘9
REVIEW OF PUAR’S BOOK Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times – Victor Roman Mendoza
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.1353/jaas.0.0032 – obtained via Project Muse.
This attention to affect marks the “affective turn” that the second half of
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does), it underscores contingency and complicity with dominant formations” (205).

B – that would boost LGBT oppression. It’s unique – despite ongoing oppression, Lawrence gives meaningful checks on extreme State and Fed actors

Gwinn ‘7
Valerie – 2006-2007 Judicial Clerk to Judge Deborah Eyler, Maryland Court of Special Appeals. J.D., with honors, George Washington University Law School. “LOCKED IN THE CLOSET: THE IMPACT OF LAWRENCE V. TEXAS ON THE LIVES OF GAY YOUTH IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM” – Whittier Journal of Child and Family Advocacy – Spring 2007 – http://www.law.howard.edu/dictator/media/1611/LOCKED_IN_THE_CLOSET_THE_IMPACT_OF_LAWRENCE_V_TEXAS_ON_THE_LIVES_OF_GAY_YOUTH_IN.pdf.
Lawrence v. Texas has been called the most important court decision on the rights
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platform from which gay youth can combat homophobia in the criminal justice system.

Intersectionality turn

A – The Aff’s notion of “assemblages” intentionally steers-from intersections and toward dominant assemblages of queerness

Mendoza, ‘9
REVIEW OF PUAR’S BOOK Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times – Victor Roman Mendoza
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.1353/jaas.0.0032 – obtained via Project Muse.
This attention to affect marks the “affective turn” that the second half of
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does), it underscores contingency and complicity with dominant formations” (205).

B – Turns case – Puar’s “Assemblage” reifies dominant “clustering”. That denies intersections and causes us to have a worse understanding of oppression

VAN DER MEIDE ‘2
WAYNE VAN DER MEIDE, LL.B., LL.M. Barrister and Solicitor in Toronto THE INTERSECTIONS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION, RACE, RELIGION, ETHNICITY and HERITAGE LANGUAGES: THE STATE OF RESEARCH (A Literature Review and Research Backgrounder) March 15, 2002 – canada.metropolis.net/events/diversity/SexualOrientation_meide_e.pdf?
One of the ways of responding to the limitations of understanding personal and group identities
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of the social forces that affect people’s lives, and transform their identities.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston AA | Judge: A Reed

Accidents Advantage

Multiple checks prevent accidental launch

Bailey and Barish 99 (Kathleen, Director of Armed Control Studies – National Institute of Public Policy and Franklin, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, “De-alerting of U.S. Nuclear Forces: A Critical Appraisal”, Comparative Strategy, 18(1), January/March)
Neither U.S. nor Russian nuclear weapons can be fired accidentally, nor
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, in event of breach, to prevent the weapons from being usable. 

Zero probability

Graham 7 (Thomas, Former Senior Advisor on Russia – U.S. National Security Council, “The Dialectics of Strength and Weakness”, Russia in Global Affairs, July/September, http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/20/1129.html)
An astute historian of Russia, Martin Malia, wrote several years ago that “
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while laying the basis for more constructive long-term relations with Russia.

No impact – accidents will land in the ocean

Slocombe 9 (Walter, Former Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, “De-Alerting: Diagnoses, Prescriptions, and Side-Effects”, 6-21, http://www.ewi.info/system/files/Slocombe.pdf)
Moreover, in recent years, both the US and Russia, as well as
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De-targeting, therefore, provides a significant protection against technical error.

No escalation

Kislov 93 (Alexander K., Professor and Director – Peace and Research Institute, Inadvertent Nuclear War, p. 239-240)
A deliberate nuclear war between East and West is out of the question; but
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is the maximal assumption that is possible if we want to remain realistic.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston AA | Judge: A Reed

Chinese Modernization Advantage

Modernization is driven by conventional capability

Kristensen, Norris and McKinzie 6 (Hans, Robert and Matthew, Director of the Nuclear Information Project at the Federation of American Scientists; senior research associate with the NRDC nuclear program and director of the Nuclear Weapons Databook project; scientific consultant to the Nuclear Program at the Natural Resources Defense Council and PhD in experimental nuclear physics, Chinese Nuclear Forces and U.S. Nuclear War Planning, November,http://docs.nrdc.org/nuclear/files/nuc_06113001B.pdf)
Part of China’s motivation to modernize comes from observing U.S. capabilities during
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in 1996, China still does not possess sufficient forces to conquer Taiwan.

Conventional capability outweighs the aff

Bell 9 (Lieutenant Samuel D., US Navy, Thesis for receipt of Master of Arts in Security Studies from the Naval Postgraduate School, THE IMPACT OF THE TYPE 094 BALLISTIC MISSILE SUBMARINE ON CHINA’S NUCLEAR POLICY,http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Jun/09Jun_Bell.pdf)
Precision weapons may one day make nuclear weapons obsolete. The ability to launch a
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true to a literal reading of the no-first-use policy.

Chinese modernization will be restricted to minimum deterrence

Saunders 9 (Phillip C., senior research professor at the National Defense Universityand#39;s Institute for National Strategic Studies, Managing Strategic Competition with China, Strategic Forum 242, July,http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docUploaded/SF244China_Saunders.pdf)
Considered broadly, China’s overall nuclear weapons posture has focused on possessing sufficient nuclear capability
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Will the logic underlying China’s nuclear modernization also apply in other strategic areas?

No incentive for expansion of nuclear doctrines- economic and geopolitical costs

Stanley 7 (Dr. Elizabeth A., Walsh School of Foreign Service and Department of Government, Georgetown University, INTERNATIONAL PERCEPTIONS OF US NUCLEAR POLICY, An Independent Research Project Performed Under Contract for The Advanced Concepts Group Sandia National Laboratories, February, http://prod.sandia.gov/techlib/access-control.cgi/2007/070903.pdf)
China is intent on achieving great power status, but has a long-term
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close relationship with the US if its modernization efforts are to succeed.28

China will maintain minimal deterrence posture no matter what- Bush administration proves

Stanley 7 (Dr. Elizabeth A., Walsh School of Foreign Service and Department of Government, Georgetown University, INTERNATIONAL PERCEPTIONS OF US NUCLEAR POLICY, An Independent Research Project Performed Under Contract for The Advanced Concepts Group Sandia National Laboratories, February, http://prod.sandia.gov/techlib/access-control.cgi/2007/070903.pdf)
Without question, the US national missile defense program is having a significant impact on
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you are weak, swallow your bitter medicine and prepare to be strong.”

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston AA | Judge: A Reed

Prolif Advantage

No first use pledge causes prolif- hurts incentives to stay with the NPT and sends signal that developing nukes provides security

Du Preez 4 (Jean, Director of the International Organizations and Nonproliferation Program
Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, The Role of Security Assurances: Is Any Progress Possible?, April, http://www.nti.org/e_research/e3_45a.html)
The forthcoming PrepCom is therefore faced with a daunting task—not only must it
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in good faith and that remain in full compliance with their Treaty obligations.

NFU not sufficient to solve prolif- alt causes

Stanley Foundation 8 (nonpartisan, private operating foundation that seeks a secure peace with freedom and justice, report based on a conference including such participants as Scott Sagan, Linton Brooks and George Bunn, THE STANLEY FOUNDATION: A NEW LOOK AT NO FIRST USE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS,http://www.maximsnews.com/news20080822stanleyfdtnnuclearfirststrikedoctrine10808221601.htm)
Some participants were not sure that NFU would measurably reduce the salience of nuclear weapons
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change in US nuclear doctrine is unlikely to affect their own nuclear decisions.

Prolif empirically doesn’t cause war, is slow, and stabilizes

Walt, 12 (Stephen Walt – Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University, 11/30, Foreign Policy, “The mother of all worst-case assumptions about Iran”, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/30/the_mother_of_all_worst_case_assumptions_about_iran)
Yet this and#34;mother of all assumptionsand#34; is simply asserted and rarely examined.
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that when they do, it has remarkably little impact on world affairs. 

No breakout

Bergenas 10 (Johan, Associate at the Henry M. Stimson Center for International Research, and#34;The Nuclear Domino Myth,and#34;, Foreign Affairs, 7/26, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66738/johan-bergenas/the-nuclear-domino-myth)
But thereand#39;s one problem with this and#34;nuclear dominoand#34; scenario: the historical record
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S. strategic nuclear umbrella, obviating the need for their own deterrents. 

No war

Waltz 7 (Kenneth, Professor – UC Berkeley, “A Nuclear Iran”, Journal of International Affairs, 3-22, Lexis)
First, nuclear proliferation is not a problem because nuclear weapons have not proliferated.
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exception, over a period of more than fifty years. Pretty impressive.

Tournament: KY | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wichita State DoSu | Judge: Eric Morris

1NC Drone Courts Solvency

Doesn’t solve cred, too slow (impractical standard of intelligence), constitutional ability to use force given to president (drone strikes are nothing compared to prez ability to use nukes), plan gets rolled back – congress can’t take executive authority back

Kevin Baron 3/18/13 (national security reporter for Foreign Policy, covering defense and military issues in Washington. He is also vice president of the Pentagon Press Association. Baron previously was a national security staff writer for National Journal, covering the "business of war." Prior to that, Baron worked in the resident daily Pentagon press corps as a reporter/photographer for Stars and Stripes. For three years with Stripes, Baron covered the building and traveled overseas extensively with the secretary of defense and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, covering official visits to Afghanistan and Iraq, the Middle East and Europe, China, Japan and South Korea, in more than a dozen countries. From 2004 to 2009, Baron was the Boston Globe Washington bureau's investigative projects reporter, covering defense, international affairs, lobbying and other issues. Before that, he muckraked at the Center for Public Integrity. Baron has reported on assignment from Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe, the Middle East and the South Pacific. He was won two Polk Awards, among other honors. He has a B.A. in international studies from the University of Richmond and M.A. in media and public affairs from George Washington University, foreign policy, “Jeh Johnson, drone court "skeptic," argues targeted killing best left to military”http:e-ring.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/03/18/jeh_johnson_drone_court_skeptic_argues_targeted_killing_best_left_to_military)
Legal authority for targeted strikes against terrorism suspects that are conducted by the military is
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of government, nor have it taken away by an act of Congress.”

Impossible for a drone court to meaningfully determine threats and makes the judgments they do make less transparent and less vulnerable to future judicial adversity – doesn’t result in less strikes and crushes current op effectiveness

Steve Vladeck 2/10/13 (professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law. A 2004 graduate of Yale Law School, Steve clerked for Judge Marsha Berzon on the Ninth Circuit and Judge Rosemary Barkett on the Eleventh Circuit. In addition to serving as a senior editor of the Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Steve is also the co-editor of Aspen Publishers’ leading National Security Law and Counterterrorism Law casebooks, Lawfare, “Why a “Drone Court” Won’t Work–But (Nominal) Damages Might…” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/)
III. Drone Courts and the Legitimacy Problem¶ That brings me to perhaps the
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and practically possible, a drone court would be a very dangerous idea.

Drone courts expand and institutionalize current targeted killing ops and erases the imminence requirement

JAMEEL JAFFER 2013 (deputy legal director at the American Civil Liberties Union and director of the ACLU's Center for Democracy, Harvard Law Review, 126 Harv. L. Rev. F. 185, “Judicial Review of Targeted Killings” http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/126/april13/forum_1002.php)
While judicial engagement with the targeted killing program is long overdue, those aiming to
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program, with its elision of the imminence requirement, than narrow it.