Tournament: Georgia State | Round: 1 | Opponent: JMU GP | Judge: Vijay Kasschau
Contention 1: Inherency

The 1973 War Powers Resolution, or WPR, requires the President to report to Congress if armed forces are engaged in hostilities and must get Congressional approval if they are engaged in hostilities for 60 continuous days
Goldsmith, Professor of Law at Harvard, 2011
(Jack, “Problems with the Obama Administration’s War Powers Resolution Theory”, Lawfare, June 16, p. http://www.lawfareblog.com/2011/06/problems-with-the-obama-administrationE28099s-war-powers-resolution-theory-2/)
“I do not find the” and “Congress authorized the action.”

However, the WPR does not define what “hostilities” means even though the intention was broad limitation on the President
Litwak, American University National Security Law Brief, 2012
(Brian J., “Putting Constitutional Teeth Into a Paper Tiger: How to Fix the War Powers Resolution”, American University National Security Law Brief, Vol. 2, Issue 2, p. http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1034andcontext=nslb)
“A crucial omission from the” and “depth later in this Article. “

This ambiguity is not theoretical – the Obama Administration argued that the War Powers Resolution didn’t apply in Libya because US activities did not constitute “hostilities”
Harvard Law Review, 2012
(“RECENT ADMINISTRATIVE INTERPRETATION: Separation of Powers - War Powers Resolution - Obama
Administration Argues that U.S. Military Action in Libya Does Not Constitute "Hostilities."”, Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1546)
“The War Powers Resolution” and “which Koh's argument relied.”

Obama’s decision to seek Congressional approval for Syria only strengthens the Libya precedent of redefining hostilities, not weakens it
Kels, major in the U.S. Air Force Reserve and an attorney for the Department of Homeland Security, September 2, 2013
(Charles, “Syria Insta-Symposium: Charles Kels–At the Intersection of Legal Regimes”, Opinio Juris, p. http://opiniojuris.org/2013/09/02/syria-insta-symposium-charles-kels-intersection-legal-regimes)
“With his announcement that he” and “declaration of war clause.”

Advantage 1: Escalation 

Obama’s hostilities definition in Libya will be used as a precedent to erode Congressional input over war powers when using remotely deployed weapons systems
Shane, Chair in Law at Ohio State, 2012
(Peter M., “The Obama Administration and the Prospects for a Democratic Presidency in a Post-9/11 World”, New York Law School Law Review, 2011/2013, 56 N.Y.L. Sch. L. Rev. 27, p. Lexis)
“In other words, the administration” and “Congress for military action.”

These attacks encourage escalation
Kels, major in the U.S. Air Force Reserve and an attorney for the Department of Homeland Security, September 2, 2013
(Charles, “Syria Insta-Symposium: Charles Kels–At the Intersection of Legal Regimes”, Opinio Juris, p. http://opiniojuris.org/2013/09/02/syria-insta-symposium-charles-kels-intersection-legal-regimes)
“There are two major problems” and “Then it wasn’t.”

Conflict escalation is the most likely scenario for great power war
Bosco, '6 (Senior Editor -- Foreign Policy, LA Times, 7-23)
“The understanding that small” and “about managing conflict?”

Great power war goes nuclear
Gholz, Press, and Sapolsky ‘97 (PhD candidates – Dept. Poli. Sci. @ MIT, Prof. Public Policy and Organization @ MIT, International Security, Vol. 21, No. 4)
“The larger long-term cost” and “selective engagers propose.”

Conventional attacks risk a nuclear response which leads to Armageddon
Freedberg, Deputy Editor at Breaking Defense, 2013
(Sydney J., Jr., “No Longer Unthinkable: Should US Ready For ‘Limited’ Nuclear War? “, Breaking Defense, May 30, p. http://breakingdefense.com/2013/05/30/no-longer-unthinkable-should-us-ready-for-limited-nuclear-war/)
“For more than 60 years” and “a lot more dangerous.”

In addition, Obama’s interpretation of hostilities will lead to unilateral cyber warfare that will escalate to attacks on US businesses
Healey and Wilson, director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative and visiting fellow at the Atlantic Council, 2013
(Jason and A.J., “Cyber Conflict and the War Powers Resolution: Congressional Oversight of Hostilities in the Fifth Domain”, Atlantic Council, Issue Brief, p. http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/403/bsc130221cyberwprpub.pdf)
“Rebutting the Administration’s Argument” and “political branches, not less.”

These cyber attacks will destroy the economy
Spence, Motley Fool, 2011
(Katie, “Cyber Attacks Capable of Crashing the U.S. Economy?”, Motley Fool, November 14, p. http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2011/11/14/cyber-attacks-capable-of-crashing-the-us-economy.aspx)
“So far there haven't been any” and “what can be done?”

US economy is key to the global economy
Caploe, 2009, The Straits Times, Focus Still on America to Lead Global Recovery, April 7, American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities CEO, David, p. A16
“To begin with, it ignores the fact” and “to the entire world.”

Economic decline causes nuclear war
Royal, 10
(Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p.213-215)
“Less intuitive is how periods” and “ancillary to those views.”

Advantage 2: Modeling 

Obama’s definition of hostilities sets a precedent for China to use airpower to attack Taiwan and launch DF-21 ballistic missiles as long as they don’t deploy troops
Farley, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, 2011
(Robert, “Over the Horizon: Libya, Airpower and Executive War Powers”, World Politics Review, June 29, p. http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/9321/over-the-horizon-libya-airpower-and-executive-war-powers)
“This idea depends on conceiving” and “prove attractive to others.”

China will use airpower to overwhelm Taiwan – this will draw in the US and cause escalation
Kearn, Assistant Professor of Government and Politics at St. John's University, 2013
(David W., “China, Taiwan and the 'Anti-Access' Challenge “, Huffington Post, June 26, p. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-w-kearn/china-taiwan-relations_b_3497230.html)
“However, while relations have” and “the world's largest powers.”

War over Taiwan escalates to nuclear war
Hunkovic, 2009, The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America Masters in Intelligence Studies, American Military University, Lee J., p. http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf
“A war between China” and “militarily affected by it.”

Even if China doesn’t attack Taiwan, the launch of DF-21 ballistic missiles will cause nuclear war
Chimerica News, 2012
(“Attack by a Chinese Carrier Killer Missile”, September 21, p. http://chimericanews.com/2012/09/attack-by-a-carrier-killer-missile/)
“The DF-21s begin to” and “nuclear weapons to counter.”

Now is key – the window is closing for establish norms on technological warfare around a model of accountability
Roberts, editor of National Journal, 2013
(Kristen, “When the Whole World Has Drones”, National Journal, March 22, p. http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321?print=true)
“It’s a classic and common phase” and “moral one as well.”

Plan: United States Congress should amend the 1973 War Powers Resolution to specify that using remotely deployed weapons constitutes an introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities.

Contention 2: Solvency

Amending the WPR over hostilities resolves all ambiguities
Bejesky, taught in the Department of Political Science at the University of Michigan, 2012
(Robert, “Precedent Supporting the Constitutionality of Section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution”, Law Review, Fall, 49 Willamette L. Rev. 1, p. Lexis)
“Delving more deeply into” and “war on terrorism.”

Amending the WPR over hostilities solves – it constrains Presidential action
Patera, Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy, 2012
(John, “War Powers Resolution in the Age of Drone Warfare: How Drone Technology has Dramatically Reduced the Resolution's Effectiveness as a Curb on Executive Power”, Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy, 33 Hamline J. Pub. L. and Pol'y 387, Spring, p. Lexis)
“Critics may argue that” and “definition of "hostilities.””

Congress is key – only they can define hostilities and enforce accountability
Farley, editor-in-Chief, Emory International Law Review, 2012
(Benjamin R., “Drones and Democracy: Missing Out on Accountability?”, South Texas Law Review, Winter, 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385, p. Lexis)
“Effective accountability mechanisms” and “WPR cases thus far.”

Tournament: D6Southeast CEDA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Florida ME | Judge: Sean Slattery
Contention 1: Inherency

The Obama Administration argued that the War Powers Resolution didn’t apply in Libya because US used remote warfare – since US troops were not in danger, Obama argued that remote warfare did not constitute “hostilities”
Harvard Law Review, 2012
(“RECENT ADMINISTRATIVE INTERPRETATION: Separation of Powers - War Powers Resolution - Obama
Administration Argues that U.S. Military Action in Libya Does Not Constitute "Hostilities."”, Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1546)
“The War Powers Resolution” and “which Koh's argument relied.”

Plan: United States Congress should amend the 1973 War Powers Resolution to specify that using remotely deployed weapons constitutes an introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities.

Advantage 1: Escalation

Obama’s hostilities definition in Libya will be used as a precedent to erode Congressional input over war powers when using remotely deployed weapons systems
Shane, Chair in Law at Ohio State, 2012
(Peter M., “The Obama Administration and the Prospects for a Democratic Presidency in a Post-9/11 World”, New York Law School Law Review, 2011/2013, 56 N.Y.L. Sch. L. Rev. 27, p. Lexis)
“In other words, the administration” and “Congress for military action.”

Subpoint A. Prompt Global Strike

Specifically, Obama’s interpretation of hostilities will be used as precedent for Prompt Global Strike
Farley, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, 2011
(Robert, “Over the Horizon: Libya, Airpower and Executive War Powers”, World Politics Review, June 29, p. http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/9321/over-the-horizon-libya-airpower-and-executive-war-powers)
“The most serious danger” and “undertaking foreign wars at will.”

PGS attack will cause nuclear escalation
Azarjew, research intern for the Project on Nuclear Issues at CSIS, 2014
(Daria, “Blurred Lines: The Threat of Conventional Prompt Global Strike to Strategic Stability”, PONI Debates the Issues Blog, January 17, p. http://poniforum.csis.org/blog/blurred-lines-the-threat-of-conventional-prompt-global-strike-to)
“Considering the above,” and “global strategic stability.”

Subpoint B. Cyber conflict 

Obama’s interpretation of hostilities will lead to unilateral cyber warfare that will escalate to attacks on US businesses
Healey and Wilson, director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative and visiting fellow at the Atlantic Council, 2013
(Jason and A.J., “Cyber Conflict and the War Powers Resolution: Congressional Oversight of Hostilities in the Fifth Domain”, Atlantic Council, Issue Brief, p. http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/403/bsc130221cyberwprpub.pdf)
“Rebutting the Administration’s Argument” and “political branches, not less.”

These cyber attacks will destroy the economy
Spence, Motley Fool, 2011
(Katie, “Cyber Attacks Capable of Crashing the U.S. Economy?”, Motley Fool, November 14, p. http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2011/11/14/cyber-attacks-capable-of-crashing-the-us-economy.aspx)
“So far there haven't been” and “what can be done?”

US economy is key to the global economy
Caploe, 2009, The Straits Times, Focus Still on America to Lead Global Recovery, April 7, American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities CEO, David, p. A16
“To begin with, it ignores” and “the entire world.”

Economic decline causes nuclear war
Royal, 10
(Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p.213-215)
“Less intuitive is how periods” and “ancillary to those views.”

C. Systemic Violence

Unchecked remote warfare will lead to increased use that slaughters innocents
Druck, Cornell Law Review, 2012
(Judah A., “Droning On: The War Powers Resolution and the Numbing Effect of Technology-Driven Warfare”, Cornell Law Review, 98 Cornell L. Rev. 209, November, p. Lexis)
“Another issue associated” and “never occurs. n149 “

Advantage 2: Modeling 

Obama’s definition of hostilities will be used by other countries to justify interventions using airpower
Farley, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, 2011
(Robert, “Over the Horizon: Libya, Airpower and Executive War Powers”, World Politics Review, June 29, p. http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/9321/over-the-horizon-libya-airpower-and-executive-war-powers)
“This idea depends on conceiving” and “prove attractive to others.”

Specifically, this precedent is being used by China as a pre-text to militarize the Senkaku Islands dispute with drone technology.
Bodeen 13, Christopher, Huffington Post, “China's Drone Program Appears To Be Moving Into Overdrive”, 5/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/03/china-drone-program_n_3207392.html
“Chinese aerospace firms have” and “and Senkaku by Japan.”

Even if China doesn’t engage in total war, the launch of any DF-21 ballistic missiles will cause inadvertent nuclear war
Chimerica News, 2012
(“Attack by a Chinese Carrier Killer Missile”, September 21, p. http://chimericanews.com/2012/09/attack-by-a-carrier-killer-missile/)
“The DF-21s begin to fire-up” and “nuclear weapons to counter.”

Lack of effective norms for drone use leads to war between China and Japan
Dan Gettinger, November 8 2013, “An Act of War: Drones Are Testing China-Japan Relations” http://dronecenter.bard.edu/act-war-drones-testing-china-japan-relations/
“On September 9th, the Japanese” and “escalating geopolitical tensions.”

Senkakus causes global nuclear war—US draw-in
Eland 7/29/13, Ivan, Senior Fellow and Director of the Center on Peace and Liberty, The Independent Institute, “Why U.S. Policy in East Asia is Dangerous”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ivan-eland/why-us-policy-in-east-asi_b_3671931.html
“Even in the more advanced” and “United States now in East Asia.”

The ADIZ is an aggressive projection of China’s regional hegemony. It will greatly increase the likelihood of conflict over the Senkaku islands .
Mastro December 15th Oriana Skylar Mastro; The Foreign Policy Essay: Oriana Skylar Mastro on “China’s ADIZ – A Successful Test of U.S. Resolve?” By Daniel Byman Sunday, December 15, 2013 at 10:00 AM (Mastro is an assistant professor of security studies at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University.)
“Two weeks ago, the U.S. defied China” and “platforms at greater risk.”

Now is key – the window is closing for establish norms on technological warfare around a model of accountability
Roberts, editor of National Journal, 2013
(Kristen, “When the Whole World Has Drones”, National Journal, March 22, p. http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321?print=true)
“It’s a classic and common phase” and “moral one as well.”

Contention 2: Solvency

Amending the WPR over hostilities resolves all ambiguities
Bejesky, taught in the Department of Political Science at the University of Michigan, 2012
(Robert, “Precedent Supporting the Constitutionality of Section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution”, Law Review, Fall, 49 Willamette L. Rev. 1, p. Lexis)
“Delving more deeply” and “so-called war on terrorism.”

Amending the WPR over hostilities solves – it constrains Presidential action
Patera, Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy, 2012
(John, “War Powers Resolution in the Age of Drone Warfare: How Drone Technology has Dramatically Reduced the Resolution's Effectiveness as a Curb on Executive Power”, Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy, 33 Hamline J. Pub. L. and Pol'y 387, Spring, p. Lexis)
“Critics may argue that the Resolution” and “drones within the definition of "hostilities."”

Congress is key – only they can define hostilities and enforce accountability
Farley, editor-in-Chief, Emory International Law Review, 2012
(Benjamin R., “Drones and Democracy: Missing Out on Accountability?”, South Texas Law Review, Winter, 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385, p. Lexis)
“Effective accountability mechanisms” and “entertaining WPR cases thus far.”

The time for Congressional oversight on Prompt Global Strike is now
Acton, Senior Associate of the Nuclear Policy Program at Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, January 30, 2014
(James M., “The Arms Race Goes Hypersonic”, Foreign Policy, January 30, p. http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/01/30/arms-race-goes-hypersonic/gzqi)
“These dynamics present Washington” and “heard of them today.”

WPR solves – Norm of executive compliance and it ensures public scrutiny
Michael Benjamin Weiner, 2007, J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School, 2007. B.A., Swarthmore College, 2004. May, 40 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 861
“For all its efforts, the WPR” and “court of public opinion.”