Tournament: JMU | Round: 5 | Opponent: GMU DM | Judge: Dan Bagwell
A. Definition – the “United States Federal Government” is the legislative, judicial, and executive branches.
USA.gov, the U.S. government's official web portal, 9
(“U.S. Federal Government”, http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtml, accessed 7-29-9)

U.S. Federal Government
Official information and services from the U.S. government
The three branches of U.S. government—legislative, judicial, and executive—carry out governmental power and functions. View a complete diagram (.PDF) of the U.S. government's branches.
And, “should” implies a call to action
Dictionary.com
("should." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House,
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should, accessed 9-9-9)

3. must; ought (used to indicate duty, propriety, or expediency): You should not do that.
“Restrict” is to prevent
Corpus Juris Secundum, 1931
(Volume 54, p. 735)

RESTRICT:  To confine; to limit; to prevent (a person or thing) from passing a certain limit in any kind of action; to restrain; to restrain without bounds.

“Statutory restrictions” require congressional action
Kershner, Articles Editor, Cardozo Law Review, 10
(Joshua, J.D. Candidate, “ARTICLE: POLITICAL PARTY RESTRICTIONS AND THE APPOINTMENTS CLAUSE: THE FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION'S APPOINTMENTS PROCESS IS CONSTITUTIONAL,” 2010 Cardozo L. Rev. De Novo 615, lexis, accessed 7-26-13, CMM) 

The process by which the President fills an Executive Branch position is governed by the
AND
Appointments Clause gives the Senate only the narrow function of confirming nominees. n100
 “judicial restrictions” mandate court action
Lobel, Endowed Chair at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, 2
(Jules, “THE WAR ON TERRORISM AND CIVIL LIBERTIES,” University of Pittsburgh Law Review Summer, 2002 63 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 767, lexis, accessed 9-19-13, CMM)

Even the bright spot in judicial restriction of executive emergency power- Youngstown Sheet and
AND
courts have subsequently utilized Youngstown to uphold broad assertions of executive power. n42
“War powers” refers to the authority to use military force
Waxman, Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, 13
(Matthew, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, “The Constitutional Power To Threaten War,” Draft, Forthcoming in YALE LAW JOURNAL, vol. 123 (2014), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2316777, accessed 8-28-13, CMM)

As to the constitutional issues, there is wide agreement among legal scholars on¶
AND
are more prone than congressionally-checked ones to be dangerously rash.11

2. Predictability is the key starting point for discussion
Shively, former Texas AandM political science assistant professor, 2K
Ruth, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, edited by Portis, Gundersen, and Shively, “Political Theory and the Postmodern Politics of Ambiguity,” 181-2

The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say “no
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.
3. Fairness is key to education- agreed-upon rules are essential to prevent political debates from devolving into irresolvable ideological disputes- their framework guarantees resistance and hostility
Portis, Gunderson and Shively, Texas AandM political science professors, 2K
Edward Bryan, Adolf G., and Ruth Lessl, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, 2-3

By extension, partisan divisions based upon competing constellations of interests, such as class
AND
framework provides criteria by which coherence might be assessed and alternative positions evaluated.
4. Decision-making—debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that’s key to avoid a devolution of debate into competing truth claims
Steinberg, University of Miami Communication Studies lecturer, and Freeley, Boston-based criminal, personal injury and civil rights law attorney, 8
David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

5. Debate’s crucial axis is a form of dialogic communication within a confined game space. Unfettered affirmation outside the game space makes research impossible and destroys dialogue
Hanghoj, University of Southern Denmark Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies, 8
Thorkild, “Playful Knowledge”, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf,  accessed 10-25-12, AFB

Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself” (Wegerif, 2006: 61).
8. Switch side debate uniquely solves critical thinking through deliberation that solves all existential problems – debate creates critical thinking skills that empower and affirm life amidst societal information overload.
Also answers debate bad
Lundberg, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill communications professor, 2010
Christian, Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century by Allan Louden, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” http://books.google.com/books?id=ntHxX_9J7gYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandq=complex20worldandf=false, p.311-3, accessed 8-8-12, TAP

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
concrete work to realize and expanded commitment to debate at colleges and universities.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 5 | Opponent: GMU DM | Judge: Dan Bagwell
ADA rules stipulate that all evidence must have full cites available, and must read quals for evidence
Section I, rule 8, ADA Standing Rules of Tournament Procedure
American Debate Association Rules, CEDA Forums, “ADA Standing Rules 11-12”, http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic=2661.0, accessed 3-4-12, AFB

8. MATERIALS-- Evidence presented in debates should include the following orally presented citation
AND
must be available as a textual transcription for inspection by the opposing team.

As a judge, you have 3 options – reject the argument, dock their points, or vote against them.
Section V, rule 1, ADA Standing Rules of Tournament Procedure
American Debate Association Rules, CEDA Forums, “ADA Standing Rules 11-12”, http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic=2661.0, accessed 3-4-12, AFB

V.          ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS

1.      VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE I BY DEBATERS--Unless otherwise specified, violations of
   AND
   judge) awarding a loss to the team which has violated these rules.

Violating the rules is disrespectful and unfair to every other participant in the tournament
Lowy, Associated Press, 8
(Joan, 3-6-8, The Huffington Post, Dean Urges Do-Over Voting in Fla., Mich., http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/03/06/dean-urges-doover-voting_n_90199.html, accessed 3-6-8, AFB)

Florida and Michigan moved up their
AND
body has to play by the rules out of respect for both campaigns and the other 48 states."

Tournament: Navy | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake LS | Judge: Autry
ADA rules stipulate the 1AC must present a topical plan of action under the policy topic – AND topicality is a voting issue
Section I, rules 2 and 3 and 6, ADA Standing Rules of Tournament Procedure
American Debate Association Rules, CEDA Forums, “Standing Rules 2012-2013”, http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php/topic,3825.0.html, accessed 1-19-14, AFB

2.    TOPIC--The ADA will adopt the policy topic
AND
ive is sufficiently within the scope of the resolution and is a voting issue.

Section V, ADA Standing Rules of Tournament Procedure
American Debate Association Rules, CEDA Forums, “Standing Rules 2012-2013”, http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php/topic,3825.0.html, accessed 1-19-14, AFB

V.          ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS
 

1. VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE I BY DEBATERS--Unless otherwise specified
   AND
   boards convened will be made up of three to five persons who are subscribers to the ADA.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 8 | Opponent: Fullerton RH | Judge: John Koch
Uniqueness – problems with debate exist, but the ballot isn’t necessary to solve – multiple forums solve.
Ritter ’13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf, p.32-3, accessed 10-5-13, TAP

The preceding discussion demonstrates …who did the better debating. 

Turn – their method turns the ballot into a referendum on privilege within the debate community – that trades off with out-of-round community solutions that are necessary to solve.
Ritter ’13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf, p.37, accessed 10-5-13, TAP

The fiction of social change through … community by prompting backlash.

Tournament: App State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan CP | Judge: Steve Sawyer

1.  No loose nukes

Zenko, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Cohen, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 12
(Micah, and Michael, "Clear and Present Safety: The United States Is More Secure Than Washington Thinks,"
Foreign Affairs. New York: Mar/Apr 2012. Vol. 91, Iss. 2; pg. 79, 15 pgs, accessed 3-2-12, CMM)

Overblown fears of a nuclear Iran are part of a more generalized American anxiety about
AND
United States is "very comfortable with the security of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons."

2. A drone court wouldn’t solve U.S. accountability

Johnson, former Pentagon General Counsel, 13
(Jeh, 3-18-13, "Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A "Drone Court": Some Pros and Cons," http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/, accessed 9-29-13, CMM)

The problem is that the American public is suspicious of executive power shrouded in secrecy
AND
"drone court" operating in secret is criticized in the same way?

3. They create rising expectations

Groves, Bernard and Barbara Lomas Senior Research Fellow at the Heritage Foundation, 13 
(Backgrounder ~232788, Heritage Foundation, "Drone Strikes: The Legality of U.S. Targeting Terrorists Abroad", Steven Groves, April 10, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/drone-strikes-the-legality-of-us-targeting-terrorists-abroad, accessed 9-29-13, CMM)

Regardless, creating a judicial or quasi-judicial review process will
AND
blished to oversee targeting decisions. 

4. Oversight is inevitable – internal and congressional checks exist, speeches, and leaks solve.

Wexler, University of Illinois law professor, 2013
~Lesley, 5-8-13, "The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests" http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2262412-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2262412, p.2, accessed 5-14-13, TAP~

In contrast, many, including the executive and judicial branches themselves, believe that
AND
vided through a series of high-level administration speeches and unacknowledged leaks.

5. No major backlash to drones

Byman, Georgetown University security studies professor, 2013
~Daniel, Brookings Institution Saban Center for Middle East Policy senior fellow, foreign affairs, Jul/Aug 2013, Vol 92 Issue 4, "Why Drones Work" Ebsco, accessed 7-1-13, TAP~

Still, Pakistan is reluctant to make its approval public. First of all,
AND
raids or cruise missile strikes, would make the United States more popular.

6. Pakistan is apathetic toward India.

Zaidi, former Pakistani diplomat and government adviser, 5-10-13
~Mosharraf, "It’s Morning in Islamabad" http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/09/five_reasons_to_be_positive_on_pakistan?page=full-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/09/five_reasons_to_be_positive_on_pakistan?page=full, accessed 7-23-13, TAP~

5. Indian thaw¶ Since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, there has been
AND
remain open for India to tap into an unprecedented national appetite for normalcy.

Tournament: App State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan CP | Judge: Steve Sawyer

Text: The President of the United States should establish an ex ante judicial review process for targeted killing by drones.

Legislation results in rigid lock-in of practice – executive action maintains flexibility

Pillar, Visiting Professor and Director of Studies of the Security Studies Program in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, 10
(Paul, retired in 2005 from a twenty-eight-year career in the U.S. intelligence community, senior positions included National Intelligence Officer for the Near East and South Asia, Deputy Chief of the DCI Counterterrorist Center, and Executive Assistant to the Director of Central Intelligence, "RESPONSES TO THE TEN QUESTIONS," http://web.wmitchell.edu/national-security-forum/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/12-Pillar-Published-Version-except-1st-page.pdf, accessed 9-6-13, CMM)

Statutory enhancement to U.S. national security policy is not primarily a matter
AND
may seem at the moment, in a statute precludes the required agility.

Flexibility is key to check terror and prolif

Yoo, Berkeley Law prof, 12
(John, 2-1-12, "War Powers Belong to the President,"  http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president, accessed 9-5-13, CMM)

Our Constitution has succeeded because it favors swift presidential action in war, later checked
AND
time to introduce sweeping, untested changes in the way we make war.

Nuclear terrorism escalates

Speice, JD Candidate, February 2006
~Patrick, 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427, Lexis~

The potential consequences of the unchecked spread of nuclear knowledge and material to terrorist groups
AND
draw in the United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons.

Prolif causes extinction

Victor A. Utgoff, Deputy Dir – Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division, Institute for Defense Analysis, Proliferation, Missile Defence and American Ambitions, Survival, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2002, p. 87-90

Many readers are probably willing to accept that nuclear proliferation is such a grave threat
AND
a hill to bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.

2NC Yes Precedent

The Counterplan sets a precedent – solves the aff –

2. The counterplan sets a norm

Drum, Mother Jones, 9-1-13
(Kevin, "Here’s Why Obama’s Syria Muddle Is So Disappointing," http://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/09/heres-why-obamas-syria-muddle-so-disappointing, accessed 9-5-13, CMM)

So it’s not that either. The real reason I’m disappointed is that Obama had
AND
is a norm that would have truly changed Washington DC for the better.

CP constrains future Presidents – it creates a legal framework

Brecher, J.D. Candidate, University of Michigan Law School, 12
(Aaron, December, "NOTE: Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperations," 111 Mich. L. Rev. 423, lexis, accessed 8-26-13, CMM)

The executive might also issue the proposed order, even though it would limit her
AND
the nature of cyberoperations before passing detailed statutes that may result in unintended consequences

It creates a precedent through legal internalization

Bradley, Professor of Law, Duke Law School, and Morrison, Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, 13
(Curtis and Trevor, 1-15-13, "PRESIDENTIAL POWER, HISTORICAL PRACTICE,
AND LEGAL CONSTRAINT," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2191700, accessed 9-11-13, CMM)

A. Norm Internalization¶ Perhaps the most obvious way that law can have a
AND
inconsistent¶ with the Justice Department officials’ understanding of their professional roles. ¶¶¶

Tournament: App State | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgetown FK | Judge: Ravi Rao
Transparency solves the aff
Harwood, Major, J.D. and LL.M., Judge Advocate in USAF, 12,
(John, Fall, “ARTICLE: KNOCK, KNOCK; WHO'S THERE? ANNOUNCING TARGETED KILLING PROCEDURES AND THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT,” 40 Syracuse J. Int'l L. and Com. 1, lexis, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

While the law may not require states to publicly disclose their targeting procedures and an
AND
.S. is committed to the rule of law during armed conflict.
Disclosing target criteria builds credibility, enacts domestic accountability
McNeal, Pepperdine University associate law Professor, 13
(Gregory, 3-5-13, “Targeted Killing and Accountability,” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583/, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)
Related to defending the process, and using performance data is the possibility that the
AND
better diplomatic footing, and would certainly engender mechanisms of domestic political accountability.

Strongly err neg-~--their authors don’t understand how thorough and effective inter-executive mechanisms are-~--adding transparency’s clearly sufficient  
McNeal, Pepperdine University associate law Professor, 13
(Gregory, 3-5-13, “Targeted Killing and Accountability,” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583/, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

To date scholars have lacked a thorough understanding of the U.S. government’s
AND
independent review can enhance the already robust accountability mechanisms embedded in current practice.

CP sends the most powerful signal (while avoiding Congressional confrontation)
Brzezinski, national security advisor under U.S. President Jimmy Carter, 12
(Zbigniew, 12-3-12, “Obama's Moment,” www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/12/03/obamas_moment, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

In foreign affairs, the central challenge now facing President Barack Obama is how to
AND
to confront him. This is exactly what Obama needs to do now.
Obama key to signal and sustainability
Singer, director – Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence @ Brookings, and Wright, senior fellow – Brookings, 2/7/’13
(Peter W. and Thomas, 2-7-13,a "Obama, own your secret wars", www.nydailynews.com/opinion/obama-secret-wars-article-1.1265620, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

It is time for a new approach. And all that is required of the
AND
shaping not just the next four years but the actions of future administrations.

Sufficient to solve drone prolif signal
Twomey, JD candidate – Trinity College Dublin, 13
(Laura, 3-14-13, “Setting a Global Precedent: President Obama's Codification of Drone Warfare,” Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative Law Blog, http://www.cjicl.org.uk/index.php/cjicl-blog/setting-a-global-precedent-president-obamas-codification-of-drone-warfare, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

It is clear that, as the first State to deploy remote targeting technology in
AND
warfare, a model which lacks a clear enemy and a demarcated battlefield.
Executive-branch transparency and bringing U.S. practice in line with policy builds the international diplomatic capital to press for drone norms
Roberts, News Editor, National Journal, 13
(Kristin, 3/22/13, “When the Whole World Has Drones,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

But even without raising standards, tightening up drone-specific restrictions in the standing
AND
operations manual for other nations but a legal and moral one as well.

Legal transparency solves global drone prolif-~--allows the U.S. to successfully shape international norms
Byman, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, 13
(Daniel, “Why Drones Work,” Foreign Affairs. Jul/Aug2013, Vol. 92 Issue 4, p32-43, lexis, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

The spread of drones cannot be stopped, but the United States can still influence
AND
es are wantonly killing innocents is gaining traction in the United States and abroad. More transparency could help calm these fears that Washington is acting recklessly.

The plan causes Congressional backlash – the counterplan avoids
Radsan, Professor of Law, William Mitchell College of Law, Murphy, Professor of Law, Texas Tech University School of Law, 11
(Afsheen, Professor Radsan was assistant general counsel at the Central Intelligence Agency from 2002 to 2004, and Richard, “Measure Twice, Shoot Once: Higher Care for CIA-Targeted Killing,” 11 U. Ill. L. Rev. 1201, lexis, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

Determining an appropriate scope of review still leaves open who should conduct that review of
AND
and it is not clear who else could be a proper plaintiff. n180

Tournament: D7 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pitt CK | Judge:
Their utopianism fails – working through the framework of rights is a better approach.
Hunt, Carleton University law and sociology professor, 1990
Alan, Journal of Law and Society, “Rights and Social Movements: Counter-Hegemonic Strategies” JSTOR, p.313-6, accessed 1-19-14, TAP

One of the more important themes which marks more clearly than any other¶ Gramsci's
AND
'corporate stage', such that they connect up with and find ways of articulating the aspirations of wider¶ constituencies.

Declaratory policy solves modeling- encourages reciprocity and signals commitment
Krepon, Co-Founder/Senior Associate at the Stimson Center, and Drezin, Stimson Center research associate, 99
(Michael, and Jenny S., M.A. in International Affairs from Columbia University, “Declaratory Diplomacy and Confidence Building”, Declaratory Diplomacy: Rhetorical Initiatives and Confidence Building, Report 27, Henry L. Stimson Center, May, http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/deckrepon.pdf, accessed 1-19-14, CMM)

An effective strategy for declaratory initiatives, like deterrence, would clarify the commitment of
AND
military forces—are essential elements of a broader strategy of peace making.
Its sufficient
Krepon, Co-Founder/Senior Associate at the Stimson Center, and Drezin, Stimson Center research associate, 99
(Michael, and Jenny S., M.A. in International Affairs from Columbia University, “Declaratory Diplomacy and Confidence Building”, Declaratory Diplomacy: Rhetorical Initiatives and Confidence Building, Report 27, Henry L. Stimson Center, May, http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/deckrepon.pdf, accessed 1-19-14, CMM)

George Bunn and David Holloway have analyzed other strategies for bringing about reciprocal unilateral measures
AND
and, indeed, some prior assurance that these would be forthcoming.”24

Creates a precedent for future administrations and leads to Congressional follow-on
Duncan, Florida AandM Law Professor, 10
John C., Winter 2010, Vermont Law Review, “A Critical Consideration of Executive Orders,” 35 Vt. L. Rev. 333, Lexis

Executive orders can serve the purpose of allowing the President to generate favorable publicity,
AND
and health." n496 This report led to the Social Security Act. n497

2. The counterplan sets a norm
Drum, Mother Jones, 9-1-13
(Kevin, “Here's Why Obama's Syria Muddle Is So Disappointing,” http://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/09/heres-why-obamas-syria-muddle-so-disappointing, accessed 9-5-13, CMM)

So it's not that either. The real reason I'm disappointed is that Obama had
AND
is a norm that would have truly changed Washington DC for the better.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 8 | Opponent: Army AR | Judge: Garrett Crane
AT: Rollback – Congress
Executive orders aren’t overturned – reluctance, collective action, and data prove
Krause and Cohen Professors of Political Science at South Carolina, 2K
(George and David, “Opportunity, Constraints, and the Development of the Institutional Presidency: The Issuance of Executive Orders” The Journal Of Politics, Vol. 62, No. 1, February 2000, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/0022-3816.00005/pdf, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

We use the annual number of executive orders issued by presidents from 1939 to 1996
AND
to determine the relative efficacy of these competing perspectives on presidential behavior.10 

A2: Key to Model
CP sends the most powerful signal (while avoiding Congressional confrontation)
Brzezinski, national security advisor under U.S. President Jimmy Carter, 12
(Zbigniew, 12-3-12, “Obama's Moment,” www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/12/03/obamas_moment, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

In foreign affairs, the central challenge now facing President Barack Obama is how to
AND
to confront him. This is exactly what Obama needs to do now.
Obama key to signal and sustainability
Singer, director – Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence @ Brookings, and Wright, senior fellow – Brookings, 2/7/’13
(Peter W. and Thomas, 2-7-13,a "Obama, own your secret wars", www.nydailynews.com/opinion/obama-secret-wars-article-1.1265620, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

It is time for a new approach. And all that is required of the
AND
shaping not just the next four years but the actions of future administrations.

Sufficient to solve drone prolif signal
Twomey, JD candidate – Trinity College Dublin, 13
(Laura, 3-14-13, “Setting a Global Precedent: President Obama's Codification of Drone Warfare,” Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative Law Blog, http://www.cjicl.org.uk/index.php/cjicl-blog/setting-a-global-precedent-president-obamas-codification-of-drone-warfare, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

It is clear that, as the first State to deploy remote targeting technology in
AND
warfare, a model which lacks a clear enemy and a demarcated battlefield.
Executive-branch transparency and bringing U.S. practice in line with policy builds the international diplomatic capital to press for drone norms
Roberts, News Editor, National Journal, 13
(Kristin, 3/22/13, “When the Whole World Has Drones,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

But even without raising standards, tightening up drone-specific restrictions in the standing
AND
operations manual for other nations but a legal and moral one as well.

Legal transparency solves global drone prolif---allows the U.S. to successfully shape international norms
Byman, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, 13
(Daniel, “Why Drones Work,” Foreign Affairs. Jul/Aug2013, Vol. 92 Issue 4, p32-43, lexis, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

The spread of drones cannot be stopped, but the United States can still influence
AND
could help calm these fears that Washington is acting recklessly.
Only Congressional moves to reclaim war power authority triggers the war power and politics disad
Howell, Sydney Stein professor in American politics at the University of Chicago, 9-3-13
(William, “All Syria Policy Is Local,”  www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/03/all_syria_policy_is_local_obama_congress?page=full

From a political standpoint, seeking congressional approval for a limited military strike against the
AND
makers. But don't count on it to remain open for especially long.

Generic CP Avoids
Unilateral presidential action avoids politics
Fine, assistant professor of political science at Clemson University, and Warber, associate professor of political science at Clemson University, 12
(Jeffrey A. Fine, Adam L., “Circumventing Adversity: Executive Orders and Divided Government," Presidential Studies Quarterly, June 2012, Vol. 42, No. 2, Ebsco, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-5705.2012.03965.x/pdf, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

We also should expect presidents to prioritize and be strategic in the types of executive
AND
have a greater incentive to issue major policy orders to overcome legislative hurdles.

Transparency solves accountability
Daskal, Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law, Georgetown University Law Center, 13
(Jennifer, April “ARTICLE: THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BATTLEFIELD: A FRAMEWORK FOR DETENTION AND TARGETING OUTSIDE THE "HOT" CONFLICT ZONE,” 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, lexis, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

4. Procedural Requirements¶ Currently, officials in the executive branch carry out all
AND
clearly articulate the standards and procedures for their decisionmaking, thus enhancing accountability.

2NC Solves Signal – Drone Prolif
Executive-branch transparency and bringing U.S. practice in line with policy builds the international diplomatic capital to press for drone norms
Roberts, News Editor, National Journal, 13
(Kristin, 3/22/13, “When the Whole World Has Drones,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

But even without raising standards, tightening up drone-specific restrictions in the standing
AND
operations manual for other nations but a legal and moral one as well.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 5 | Opponent: Liberty CB | Judge: Jeff Ciak
AT: Exec CP Illegit
2. Education – the counterplan is at the core of the debate.
Katyal, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, 6
(Neal Kumar, “THE MOST DANGEROUS BRANCH? MAYORS, GOVERNORS, PRESIDENTS, AND THE RULE OF LAW: A SYMPOSIUM ON EXECUTIVE POWER: ESSAY: Internal Separation of Powers: Checking Today's Most Dangerous Branch from Within,” 115 Yale L.J. 2314, lexis, accessed 8-16-13, CMM)

Of course, Congress has not passed legislation to denounce these presidential actions either.
AND
our government back in line with the principles envisioned by our Founders. n21

Debating this process is critical to policymaking education
Richard Elmore, University of Washington Public Affairs professor, 1980, Science Quarterly, p. 606-8

The stakes involved in choosing an analytic approach are clearer when they are put in
AND
task is an important source of knowledge about how to do it better.
CP is core education
Rudalevige, Chair in Political Science at Dickinson College, 12
(Rudalevige, A, “The contemporary presidency: executive orders and presidential unilateralism.”  Presidential Studies Quarterly, 42, 1. p.138(23), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-5705.2012.03945.x/pdf, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

In the last decade or so, students of the American presidency have renewed their
AND
of the contemporary presidency thus requires serious attention to that office's executive authority.

3. No offense –
Just cut advantages based on the process of judicial or congressional oversight.
It’s predictable – CEDA forums debates and president often restrict themselves
Michaels, Acting Professor, UCLA School of Law, 11
(Jon, “ARTICLE: THE (WILLINGLY) FETTERED EXECUTIVE: PRESIDENTIAL SPINOFFS IN NATIONAL SECURITY DOMAINS AND BEYOND,” June, 97 Va. L. Rev. 801, lexis, accessed 8-16-13, CMM)

Third, the anti-aggrandizing effects might have been necessary to preempt more stringent
AND
at 882-88. Magill notes that one reason for agencies to engage in self-regulation is to keep Congress at bay. Id. at 889; cf. Frederic M. Bloom, Jurisdiction's Noble Lie, 61 Stan. L. Rev. 971, 974 (2009) (describing efforts by courts similarly to keep Congress from legislating).
Reject the argument not the team.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 8 | Opponent: Army AR | Judge: Garrett Crane
3- Exec CP
Text: The United States Executive branch should limit targeted killing as a first resort outside zones of active hostilities.

CP solves and doesn’t link to politics.
Pildes, Professor of Constitutional Law, NYU School of Law and Co-Director, NYU Center on Law and Security, 12
(Richard, April, “BOOK REVIEW: LAW AND THE PRESIDENT,” 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, lexis, accessed 9-6-13, CMM

Second, and central to Posner and Vermeule's analysis, presidents do remain constrained -
AND
, in the President's best judgment, doing so will produce better outcomes. 

Legislation results in rigid lock-in of practice – executive action maintains flexibility
Pillar, Visiting Professor and Director of Studies of the Security Studies Program in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, 10
(Paul, retired in 2005 from a twenty-eight-year career in the U.S. intelligence community, senior positions included National Intelligence Officer for the Near East and South Asia, Deputy Chief of the DCI Counterterrorist Center, and Executive Assistant to the Director of Central Intelligence, “RESPONSES TO THE TEN QUESTIONS,” http://web.wmitchell.edu/national-security-forum/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/12-Pillar-Published-Version-except-1st-page.pdf, accessed 9-6-13, CMM)

Statutory enhancement to U.S. national security policy is not primarily a matter
AND
may seem at the moment, in a statute precludes the required agility.

Presidential control over initiating hostilities key to solve terrorism, rogue states, and prolif
Yoo, visiting scholar at AEI, 6
(John, 1-15-06, “Wartime, Constitution Empower Presidents,” http://www.aei.org/article/politics-and-public-opinion/elections/wartime-constitution-empower-presidents/, accessed 8-18-13, CMM)

Iraq is beginning to sound like a rerun of the Vietnam War, and not
AND
a radical change in the way our government has waged war for decades.
Nuclear terrorism escalates
Speice, JD Candidate, February 2006
Patrick, 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427, Lexis

The potential consequences of the unchecked spread of nuclear knowledge and material to terrorist groups
AND
draw in the United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons.
Prolif causes extinction
Victor A. Utgoff, Deputy Dir – Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division, Institute for Defense Analysis, Proliferation, Missile Defence and American Ambitions, Survival, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2002, p. 87-90

Many readers are probably willing to accept that nuclear proliferation is such a grave threat
AND
a hill to bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.

constitutional authority (as in the Case-Zablocki Act).

Tournament: D7 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pitt CK | Judge:
XO
Their utopianism fails – working through the framework of rights is a better approach.
Hunt, Carleton University law and sociology professor, 1990
Alan, Journal of Law and Society, “Rights and Social Movements: Counter-Hegemonic Strategies” JSTOR, p.313-6, accessed 1-19-14, TAP

One of the more important themes which marks more clearly than any other¶ Gramsci's
AND
'corporate stage', such that they connect up with and find ways of articulating the aspirations of wider¶ constituencies.

Declaratory policy solves modeling- encourages reciprocity and signals commitment
Krepon, Co-Founder/Senior Associate at the Stimson Center, and Drezin, Stimson Center research associate, 99
(Michael, and Jenny S., M.A. in International Affairs from Columbia University, “Declaratory Diplomacy and Confidence Building”, Declaratory Diplomacy: Rhetorical Initiatives and Confidence Building, Report 27, Henry L. Stimson Center, May, http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/deckrepon.pdf, accessed 1-19-14, CMM)

An effective strategy for declaratory initiatives, like deterrence, would clarify the commitment of
AND
military forces—are essential elements of a broader strategy of peace making.
Its sufficient
Krepon, Co-Founder/Senior Associate at the Stimson Center, and Drezin, Stimson Center research associate, 99
(Michael, and Jenny S., M.A. in International Affairs from Columbia University, “Declaratory Diplomacy and Confidence Building”, Declaratory Diplomacy: Rhetorical Initiatives and Confidence Building, Report 27, Henry L. Stimson Center, May, http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/deckrepon.pdf, accessed 1-19-14, CMM)

George Bunn and David Holloway have analyzed other strategies for bringing about reciprocal unilateral measures
AND
and, indeed, some prior assurance that these would be forthcoming.”24

Creates a precedent for future administrations and leads to Congressional follow-on
Duncan, Florida AandM Law Professor, 10
John C., Winter 2010, Vermont Law Review, “A Critical Consideration of Executive Orders,” 35 Vt. L. Rev. 333, Lexis

Executive orders can serve the purpose of allowing the President to generate favorable publicity,
AND
and health." n496 This report led to the Social Security Act. n497

2. The counterplan sets a norm
Drum, Mother Jones, 9-1-13
(Kevin, “Here's Why Obama's Syria Muddle Is So Disappointing,” http://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/09/heres-why-obamas-syria-muddle-so-disappointing, accessed 9-5-13, CMM)

So it's not that either. The real reason I'm disappointed is that Obama had
AND
is a norm that would have truly changed Washington DC for the better.

Tournament: App State | Round: 5 | Opponent: Michigan KM | Judge: Nate Milton
Text: The Executive branch of the United States federal government should establish an internal national security court to review targeted killing decisions and provide due process for targeting decisions. The Executive branch should establish ex ante transparency of targeted killing standards and procedures. The Executive branch should conduct internal investigations of agencies conducting targeted killing operations led by each respective agency’s Inspector General.
Internal national security courts improve decision-making and accountability
Katyal, former acting solicitor general, 2-20-13
Neal, Georgetown national security law professor, “Who Will Mind the Drones?” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/opinion/an-executive-branch-drone-court.html?_r=0, accessed 9-3-13, TAP

But the drone court idea is a mistake. It is hard to think of
AND
balance the demands of secrecy and speed with those of liberty and justice.
Transparency solves accountability
Daskal, Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law, Georgetown University Law Center, 13
(Jennifer, April “ARTICLE: THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BATTLEFIELD: A FRAMEWORK FOR DETENTION AND TARGETING OUTSIDE THE "HOT" CONFLICT ZONE,” 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, lexis, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

4. Procedural Requirements¶ Currently, officials in the executive branch carry out all
AND
clearly articulate the standards and procedures for their decisionmaking, thus enhancing accountability.
Internal review is key avoid national security leaks that compromise counter-terror – turns the case.
Murphy, Professor of Law, Texas Tech University School of Law and Radsan, Professor, William Mitchell College of Law, 9
(Richard and Afsheen, “ARTICLE: DUE PROCESS AND TARGETED KILLING OF TERRORISTS,” 32 Cardozo L. Rev. 405, lexis, accessed 9-27-13, CMM)

B. Due Process and Intra-Executive Control of Targeted Killing¶ ¶ Realistically
AND
favors an intra-executive review at least as intrusive as IG review.

Tournament: D7 | Round: 7 | Opponent: Liberty CE | Judge: Alison Harper, Nicco, Swanlek
we don’t say the state can be ETHICAL BUT that it can be USEFUL.
Curry, Texas AandM African studies and philosophy professor, 2014
Tommy, forthcoming chapter of a book, “In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical” https://www.academia.edu/3384301/In_the_Fiat_of_Dreams_The_Delusional_Allure_of_Hope_the_Reality_of_Anti-Black_Violence_and_the_Demands_of_the_Anti-Ethical, accessed 1-16-14, TAP

Traditionally we have taken ethics to be, as Henry Sidgwick‘s claims,
AND
-ethical, or a judgment refusing to write morality onto immoral entities. 

Debate is not asking the oppressor
Gooding-Williams, University of Chicago political science and contemporary theory professor, 1998
Robert, Constellations Volume 5, Issue 1, “Race, Multiculturalism and Democracy” Wiley, p.33-4, accessed 10-20-13, TAP

 Consider, for example, the view held by many (though not all
AND
conscious, can contribute to an understanding of the issues posed by these struggles.70

Learning policy making discourse is necessary to challenge the dogmatic assumptions of elites – their interpretation of radical acts is too rigid and absolute – using the state can solve oppression.
David E. McClean, New School University Professor, and Society for the Study of Africana Philosophy President, 2001, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm

Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our Country
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."
Performative politics is a private act that doesn’t challenge systemic oppression – two implications. A- all your offense on framework is solved by reading a book and B- you don’t solve your impacts, your speech act is an act of nihilism.
Nussbaum, University of Chicago law professor, 1999
Martha, “The Professor of Parody” http://www.akad.se/Nussbaum.pdf, accessed 2-9-13, TAP

The idea of gender as performance is Butler's most famous idea, and so it
AND
for what, in Excitable Speech, Butler calls "an ironic hopefulness."
Being subversive has no intrinsic value absent pre-conceived norms – that flips subversion on its head.
Nussbaum, University of Chicago law professor, 1999
Martha, “The Professor of Parody” http://www.akad.se/Nussbaum.pdf, accessed 2-9-13, TAP

Butler departs in this regard from earlier social-constructionist feminists, all of whom
AND
we have to articulate those norms--and this Butler refuses to do.

Their reading of power ignores material conditions – slavery never would have been challenged if this was the abolitionist strategy.
Nussbaum, University of Chicago law professor, 1999
Martha, “The Professor of Parody” http://www.akad.se/Nussbaum.pdf, accessed 2-9-13, TAP

What precisely does Butler offer when she counsels subversion? She tells us to engage
AND
that flatters evil by giving it much more power than it actually has.

Totalizing opposition creates a culture of suspicion that fails to materialize change.
Berman, University of Connecticut Law School Associate Professor, 2001
Paul Schiff, “APPROACHES TO THE CULTURAL STUDY OF LAW: TELLING A LESS SUSPICIOUS STORY: NOTES TOWARD A NON-SKEPTICAL APPROACH TO LEGAL/CULTURAL ANALYSIS,” 13 Yale J.L. and Human. 95, Lexis

The second drawback of the hermeneutics of suspicion is perhaps even more important. As
AND
normative scholarship cannot extricate scholars from the fundamental questions that I am discussing.

Uniqueness – problems with debate exist, but the ballot isn’t necessary to solve – multiple forums solve.
Ritter ’13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf, p.32-3, accessed 10-5-13, TAP

The preceding discussion demonstrates why arguments about social change—¶ even social change within the
AND
debate ¶ round will lack persuasive value insofar as convincing the judge in the round of ¶ anything beyond the ultimate question of who did the better debating. 

Turn – their method turns the ballot into a referendum on privilege within the debate community – that trades off with out-of-round community solutions that are necessary to solve.
Ritter ’13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf, p.37, accessed 10-5-13, TAP

The fiction of social change through debate abuses the win–loss structure of ¶
AND
of social issues within and outside the debate ¶ community by prompting backlash.

Tournament: App State | Round: 5 | Opponent: Michigan KM | Judge: Nate Milton
Pakistan is apathetic toward India.
Zaidi, former Pakistani diplomat and government adviser, 5-10-13
Mosharraf, “It's Morning in Islamabad” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/09/five_reasons_to_be_positive_on_pakistan?page=full, accessed 7-23-13, TAP

5. Indian thaw¶ Since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, there has been
AND
remain open for India to tap into an unprecedented national appetite for normalcy.

1.  No loose nukes
   Zenko, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Cohen, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 12
   (Micah, and Michael, “Clear and Present Safety: The United States Is More Secure Than Washington Thinks,”
   Foreign Affairs. New York: Mar/Apr 2012. Vol. 91, Iss. 2; pg. 79, 15 pgs, accessed 3-2-12, CMM)

Overblown fears of a nuclear Iran are part of a more generalized American anxiety about
AND
United States is "very comfortable with the security of Pakistan's nuclear weapons."

2. A drone court wouldn’t solve U.S. accountability – it can’t help our credibility
Johnson, former Pentagon General Counsel, 13
(Jeh, 3-18-13, “Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A “Drone Court”: Some Pros and Cons,” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/, accessed 9-29-13, CMM)

The problem is that the American public is suspicious of executive power shrouded in secrecy
AND
“drone court” operating in secret is criticized in the same way?
3. They create rising expectations
Groves, Bernard and Barbara Lomas Senior Research Fellow at the Heritage Foundation, 13
(Backgrounder #2788, Heritage Foundation, “Drone Strikes: The Legality of U.S. Targeting Terrorists Abroad”, Steven Groves, April 10, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/drone-strikes-the-legality-of-us-targeting-terrorists-abroad, accessed 9-29-13, CMM)

Regardless, creating a judicial or quasi-judicial review
AND
stablished to oversee targeting decisions. 

4. Oversight is inevitable – internal and congressional checks exist, speeches, and leaks solve.
Wexler, University of Illinois law professor, 2013
Lesley, 5-8-13, “The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2262412, p.2, accessed 5-14-13, TAP

In contrast, many, including the executive and judicial branches themselves, believe that
AND
vided through a series of high-level administration speeches and unacknowledged leaks.
5. No major backlash to drones
Byman, Georgetown University security studies professor, 2013
Daniel, Brookings Institution Saban Center for Middle East Policy senior fellow, foreign affairs, Jul/Aug 2013, Vol 92 Issue 4, “Why Drones Work” Ebsco, accessed 7-1-13, TAP

Still, Pakistan is reluctant to make its approval public. First of all,
AND
raids or cruise missile strikes, would make the United States more popular.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: Navy CR | Judge: Katsulas
Prisoners in Guantanamo are not bare life- rules prevent that
Tagma, ASU political science professor, 09
Halit, Professor of Political Science, Arizona State , “Homo Sacer vs. Homo Soccer Mom: Reading Agamben and Foucault in the War on Terror,” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 2009), pp. 419-420, p. 13-14, accessed: 10-22-13. CAS

Thus in some respects, prisoners of the “war on terror” might be
AND
in the¶ day-to-day administration of this space.67

The state of exception can be contained
Mitzen, University of Chicago, 11
Jennifer ,PhD, University of Chicago, Associate Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University, Michael E. Newell, “Crisis Authority, the War on Terror and the Future of Constitutional Democracy,” http://libeas01.it.ohio-state.edu/ojs/index.php/juros/article/download/1265/1791, pp. 72-71, accessed: 10-22-13, CAS

But what Agamben has potentially overlooked is the¶ conversation between the government, public
AND
Bush and his administration left, suggesting that¶ popular sovereignty remained intact.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: Navy CR | Judge: Katsulas
Trying terrorists in federal courts undermines legal system and turns the case
Ryan Blitstein, Executive Director of the Chicago philanthropic organization SCE, 2008
Former American journalist, 7/11/08, http://www.psmag.com/politics/terror-trials-may-distort-civilian-courts-4432

Last month, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed the Bush administration,
AND
likely to rule in favor of a litigant claiming infringement of his rights.

Obama is super weak – Middle East proves.
Diehl, Washington Post, 9-15-13
Jackson, “Try as he might, Obama can’t dodge the Mideast’s bullets” http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/jackson-diehl-try-as-he-might-obama-cant-dodge-the-mideast/2013/09/15/47dda75a-1bc4-11e3-82ef-a059e54c49d0_print.html, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

The problem is that the attempt to disengage, to claim that the United States
AND

the question is whether he will drive events, or they him.

Obama not key.
Bolton, New York Daily News, 9-12-13
John, “Congress calls Obama’s Syria bluff” http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/middle-east-and-north-africa/congress-calls-obamas-syria-bluff/?utm_source=todayandutm_medium=paramountandutm_campaign=091713, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

Advocates of Congress authorizing military force against Assad worry a no vote would damage U
AND
performance as “leader of the free world” reflects the true America?

Tournament: ADA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Samford CH | Judge: Warren Decker
Deterrence
No modeling – US restraint fails.
Boot, Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, 11
(Max, 10/9/11, “We Cannot Afford to Stop Drone Strikes,” Commentary Magazine, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/, accessed 9-28-13, CMM)

The New York Times engages in some scare-mongering today about a drone ams
AND
cooperation from local authorities. We cannot afford to give them up in the vain hope it will encourage disarmament on the part of dictatorial states.

US law doesn’t set a negative precedent
Anderson, Professor of International Law at American University, 11
(Kenneth, 10/9/11, “What Kind of Drones Arms Race Is Coming?,” http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/#more-51516, accessed 9-28-13, CMM)

New York Times national security correspondent Scott Shane has an opinion piece in today’s Sunday
AND
states competing to come up with weapons technologies that are … more discriminating.

No negative precedent – US drone use is limited.
Anderson, Professor of International Law at American University, 13
(Kenneth, June 2013, “The Case for Drones,” Commentary; Jun2013, Vol. 135 Issue 6, p14-23, 10p, ebsco, accessed 9-28-13, CMM)

This critique often leads, however, to the further objection that the American use
AND
behaves malignantly, drones will not be responsible. Its leaders will be.

Responsible states will check harmful use and authoritarians won’t model.
McGinnis, Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law, and Somin, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law, 7
(John O. McGinnis and Ilya Somin, “SYMPOSIUM: GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: GLOBAL INFLUENCE ON U.S. JURISPRUDENCE: Should International Law Be Part of Our Law?” 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1175, lexis, accessed 9-28-13, CMM)

The second benefit to foreigners of distinctive U.S. legal norms is information
AND
compared to the harm of allowing raw international law to trump domestic law.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 5 | Opponent: GMU DM | Judge: Dan Bagwell
Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

Investigations such as the aff tries to do is already occurring in the public sphere and international sphere. The question about how to reform the SQ is necessary now. There’s is already international sphere pressure to reform drone policy now.
Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, 2013
Micah, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”http:www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=full p.22, accessed 6-20-13, TAP

In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared:¶ “Where force
AND
the¶ United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.

The executive will circumvent the aff  - loopholes, deference and no enforcement
Mitchell, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law, 9
(Jonathan, Jan, “Legislating Clear-Statement Regimes in National- Security Law,” http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000andcontext=jonathan_mitchell, accessed 9-17-13, CMM)

INTRODUCTION¶ Congress’s national-security legislation will often require clear and specific¶ congressional
AND
from continuing to infer¶ congressional authorization from vague or ambiguous statutory language.

Changing representational practices won’t alter policy, looking to structures and politics is more vital
Tuathail, Department of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 96 (Gearoid Tuathail, Department of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), 664 )

While theoretical debates at academic conferences  are important to academics, the discourse and concerns
AND
needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is  human history.

Simulating the enactment of a plan provides useful critical thinking skills- aff doesn’t do this
Donohue, Georgetown University law professor, 2013
Laura, “Nation al Security Pedagogy: The Role of Simulations” http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2172andcontext=facpub, p.48-9, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

The legal academy has, of late, been swept up in concern about the
AND
they are given agency and ¶ responsibility for their decision making, resulting in a steep learning curve. While further ¶ adaptation of this model is undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for ¶ the years to come.

Threats are real.
Yudowsky, Singularity Institute for AI Research Fellow and Director, 06
Eliezer, 8/31/2006, Cognitive Biases Potentially Affecting Judgment of Global Risk, http://www.singinst.org/ourresearch/publications/cognitive-biases.pdf

Every true idea which discomforts you will seem to match the pattern of at least
AND
real-world assertions.  Do not take your eye off  the ball. 

5. we have an obligation to work within the current framework of international relations
Jarvis, Sydney University International Risk Institute Research Director and International Relations Lecturer, 2000
Darryl S. L., “International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism,” p. 130

Just because we acknowledge that the state is a socially fabricated entity, or that
AND
long taken care of these ontological dilemmas that otherwise seem to preoccupy Ashley.

10. avoiding threat-based thought makes those thoughts more likely
Psychology Today, ‘95
Paul Roberts, May-June 1995 v28 n3 p34(12)

Again, how strongly and negatively we react can depend on physiological or personality factors
AND
Wegner found, the more likely it is to become intrusive and repetitive.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 8 | Opponent: Army AR | Judge: Garrett Crane
Heg
Drones don’t cause war – diplomatic and political costs check.
Singh, Center for a New American Security researcher, 2012
Joseph, 8-13-12, “Betting Against a Drone Arms Race” http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/, accessed 7-26-13, TAP

Bold predictions of a coming drones arms race are all the rage since the uptake
AND
the calculation surrounding their use no fundamentally different to any other aerial engagement.

Tournament: ADA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Samford CH | Judge: Warren Decker
No chance the Courts enforce I-Law
Posner and Abebe, Assistant Professor and Kirkland and Ellis Professor, University of Chicago Law School, 2011
Eric and Daniel, “The Flaws of Foreign Affairs Legalism,” Virginia Journal of International Law, Spring 2011, 51 Va. J. Int'l L. 507, LexisNexis, 2011, access date: 9-19-13

Foreign affairs legalists make sweeping claims about the American judiciary's promotion of international law,
AND
from vindicating those rights. n125 Bush had tried to order state courts to take account of the ICJ ruling, but the Supreme Court held that he did not have the power to do so. n126

Norms won’t be able to develop.
Carafano, Heritage Foundation foreign and defense policy studies vice president, 3-25-13
James, “The Future of Drones” http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-future-drones-8264, accessed 9-20-13, TAP

4. Will we get new laws of war?¶ No. The laws of
AND
believe any kind of consensus of drone war will emerge any time soon.

Warming
Global warming doesn’t result in extinction and will be long-time frame
de Mesquita, NYU Political Science Professor, Hoover Institute Senior Fellow, Nov/Dec. 2009
Bruce, "Recipe for Failure," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/10/16/recipe_for_failure?page=full, 119

So how might we solve global warming and make the world in 500 years look
AND
, warming our solar system, our galaxy, and beyond with abandon.

Warming inevitable – the US isn’t key
Bryce, senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, 10-6-11
(Robert, “Five Truths About Climate Change,” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203388804576612620828387968.html, accessed 10-6-11, CMM)

3) The carbon-dioxide issue is not about the United States anymore.
AND
dioxide emissions—about 6.1 billion tons per year—could have gone to zero and yet global emissions still would have gone up.

Bio-d
Prefer our argument—trends prove—bio-d is declining now
BBC, staff writer 11/13/2006, “Study hopeful for world's forests”, , http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6143514.stm, access 11/5/2010

A new technique for measuring the state of the world's forests shows the future may
AND
in highly productive regions, then land elsewhere can be protected or saved.

Air pollution
Air pollution impacts are exaggerated
Ridley, WSJ journalist, 8-17-12
(Matt, author, most recently, of The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves,“Apocalypse Not: Here’s Why You Shouldn’t Worry About End Times,” http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/ff_apocalypsenot/all/, accessed 8-17-12, CMM)

By the 1970s the focus of chemical concern had shifted to air pollution. Life
AND
lead, ozone, and volatile organic compounds fell and continue to fall.

Acid Rain
Acid rain’s impact is exaggerated
Ridley, WSJ journalist, 8-17-12
(Matt, author, most recently, of The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves,“Apocalypse Not: Here’s Why You Shouldn’t Worry About End Times,” http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/ff_apocalypsenot/all/, accessed 8-17-12, CMM)

In the 1980s it was acid rain’s turn to be the source of apocalyptic forecasts
AND
acidity in rainwater and the pH in the lakes was very low. The story of acid rain is not of catastrophe averted but of a minor environmental nuisance somewhat abated.

Disease
Disease won’t cause extinction – empirics prove
Posner, senior lecturer at U Chicago Law School, ‘5
(Richard, judge on the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, “Catastrophe: the dozen most significant catastrophic risks and what we can do about them,” 1-1-05, http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4150331/Catastrophe-the-dozen-most-significant.html, accessed 11-15-10) PM

Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has managed to survive every disease to assail it
AND
through gene splicing into a far more lethal pathogen than smallpox ever was.

Water
No impact to water scarcity – multiple checks solve
Bjorn Lomberg, University of Aarhus Statistics Professor, ‘01
The Skeptical Environmentalist, 156

Thus, although an increasing population will increase water demands and put extra water stress
AND
which can produce virtually unlimited amounts of drinking water given sufficient financial backing.

Alt cause – political and economic factors
Bjorn Lomberg, University of Aarhus Statistics Professor, ‘01
The Skeptical Environmentalist, 155

The problem of water waste occurs because water in many places is not well priced
AND
the Commons, as we saw it described in the section on fisheries.

Tournament: D7 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pitt CK | Judge:
Circumvention
No solvency – The aff is a facial ruling that doesn’t require tangible policy changes
Scheppele, Woodrow Wilson School Sociology and Public Affairs professor, 12
Kim Lane Scheppele, January 12, Boston University Law Review, THE NEW JUDICIAL DEFERENCE, 92 B.U.L. Rev. 89, Lexis, AFB

In this Article, I will show that American courts have often approached the extreme
AND
present to bring counter-terrorism policy back under the constraint of constitutionalism.

Expansive presidential war powers are pervasive – focusing on particular instances of abuse obscures analysis of the national security apparatus and its underpinnings – that makes circumvention and presidential shifts in authority inevitable.
Saas, Penn State Communication PhD Candidate, 12
(William O., “Critique of Charismatic Violence,” symploke, Volume 20, Numbers 1-2, 2012, pp. 65-82 (Article), project muse, accessed 1-5-14, CMM)

The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in New York, Pennsylvania,¶ and Virginia
AND
chances for stemming the¶ growth of the national security bureaucracy, namely, relentless publicity.

Detention change uniquely causes court stripping – procedural protections have been nullified by court stripping.  Backlash to the plan would be massive
Alexander, Professor of Law, Stanford Law School, 7
(Janet Cooper, “ARTICLE: Jurisdiction-Stripping in a Time of Terror,” 95 Calif. L. Rev. 1193, lexis, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

Although the question of congressional power to limit the jurisdiction of the federal courts
AND
as well as detainees at Guantanamo and other locations outside the United States.
Court stripping turns the case – makes the plan unenforceable
Alexander, Professor of Law, Stanford Law School, 7
(Janet Cooper, “ARTICLE: Jurisdiction-Stripping in a Time of Terror,” 95 Calif. L. Rev. 1193, lexis, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

The further effect of the jurisdiction-stripping provisions of the DTA and the MCA
AND
to a federal courts teacher, to be a very existential question indeed.

Part 1

1. Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
   Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
   (Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
The concept of bare life is depoliticizing.
Huysmans, Open University security studies professor, 2008
Jef, International Political Sociology Volume 2, Issue 2, pages 165–183, June 2008, “The Jargon of Exception—On Schmitt, Agamben and the Absence of Political Society” Wiley, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

Even if one would argue that Agamben’s framing of the current political conditions are valuable
AND
as the central processes through which individualized bodily resistances gain their sociopolitical significance.

The world is becoming less violent – this disproves the thesis of their argument.
Beauchamp, Think Progress, 12-11-13
Zack, “5 Reasons Why 2013 Was The Best Year In Human” http://thinkprogress.org/security/2013/12/11/3036671/2013-certainly-year-human-history/, accessed 1-20-14, TAP

Between the brutal civil war in Syria, the government shutdown and all of the
AND
paid off. It’s up to us to make sure they continue to.

And their impacts don’t escalate.
Dickinson, U.C. Berkeley Associate History Professor, ‘04
Edward Ross, “Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About ‘Modernity’,” Central European History, vol. 37 no. 1, pg 1-48

We may draw some brief conclusions from this story. First, there clearly was
AND
were not responsible for the crimes of the Nazis. The Nazis were.

Part 2

The aff collapses on itself – it results in authoritarian takeover.
Passavant, Hobart and William Smith College political science professor, 2010
Paul, Volume 17, Issue 4, pages 549–571, December 2010,  “Yoo's Law, Sovereignty, and Whatever” Wiley, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

For some on the left, it has become conventional to celebrate, if not
AND
recalling that this was the purpose of the U.S. Constitution.

Their utopianism fails – working through the framework of rights is a better approach.
Hunt, Carleton University law and sociology professor, 1990
Alan, Journal of Law and Society, “Rights and Social Movements: Counter-Hegemonic Strategies” JSTOR, p.313-6, accessed 1-19-14, TAP

One of the more important themes which marks more clearly than any other¶ Gramsci's
AND
'corporate stage', such that they connect up with and find ways of articulating the aspirations of wider¶ constituencies.

Rights don’t produce the bare life.
Heins, Concordia University Montreal political science professor, 2005
Volker, Institute for Social Research senior fellow, German Law Journal vol 6 no 5, “Giorgio Agamben and the Current State of Affairs in Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Policy” http://www.germanlawjournal.com/pdfs/Vol06No05/PDF_Vol_06_No_05_845-860_Articles_Heins.pdf, p.854-5, accessed 9-20-13, TAP

According to this basic Principle of Distinction, modern humanitarian action is ¶ directed towards
AND
corpses and corporal remains now ¶ that it is possible to identify reliable evidence for war crimes from exhumed bodies.39       

Liberalism doesn’t cause homo sacer – it rests on the assumption of universal inclusion
Mitchell, University of Washington geography professor, 2006
Katharyne, Progress in Human Geography, Vol 30 No 1, “Geographies of identity: the new exceptionalism” Sagepub, p.97, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

There are many useful ideas here and their¶ modern applicability is breathtaking.¶ Nevertheless
AND
poor¶ or unfair implementation, the principles of¶ universalism were sound.

Tournament: D7 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pitt CK | Judge:
Circumvention
No solvency – The aff is a facial ruling that doesn’t require tangible policy changes
Scheppele, Woodrow Wilson School Sociology and Public Affairs professor, 12
Kim Lane Scheppele, January 12, Boston University Law Review, THE NEW JUDICIAL DEFERENCE, 92 B.U.L. Rev. 89, Lexis, AFB

In this Article, I will show that American courts have often approached the extreme
AND
present to bring counter-terrorism policy back under the constraint of constitutionalism.

Expansive presidential war powers are pervasive – focusing on particular instances of abuse obscures analysis of the national security apparatus and its underpinnings – that makes circumvention and presidential shifts in authority inevitable.
Saas, Penn State Communication PhD Candidate, 12
(William O., “Critique of Charismatic Violence,” symploke, Volume 20, Numbers 1-2, 2012, pp. 65-82 (Article), project muse, accessed 1-5-14, CMM)

The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in New York, Pennsylvania,¶ and Virginia
AND
chances for stemming the¶ growth of the national security bureaucracy, namely, relentless publicity.

Detention change uniquely causes court stripping – procedural protections have been nullified by court stripping.  Backlash to the plan would be massive
Alexander, Professor of Law, Stanford Law School, 7
(Janet Cooper, “ARTICLE: Jurisdiction-Stripping in a Time of Terror,” 95 Calif. L. Rev. 1193, lexis, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

Although the question of congressional power to limit the jurisdiction of the federal courts
AND
as well as detainees at Guantanamo and other locations outside the United States.
Court stripping turns the case – makes the plan unenforceable
Alexander, Professor of Law, Stanford Law School, 7
(Janet Cooper, “ARTICLE: Jurisdiction-Stripping in a Time of Terror,” 95 Calif. L. Rev. 1193, lexis, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

The further effect of the jurisdiction-stripping provisions of the DTA and the MCA
AND
to a federal courts teacher, to be a very existential question indeed.

Part 1

1. Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
   Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
   (Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
The concept of bare life is depoliticizing.
Huysmans, Open University security studies professor, 2008
Jef, International Political Sociology Volume 2, Issue 2, pages 165–183, June 2008, “The Jargon of Exception—On Schmitt, Agamben and the Absence of Political Society” Wiley, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

Even if one would argue that Agamben’s framing of the current political conditions are valuable
AND
as the central processes through which individualized bodily resistances gain their sociopolitical significance.

The world is becoming less violent – this disproves the thesis of their argument.
Beauchamp, Think Progress, 12-11-13
Zack, “5 Reasons Why 2013 Was The Best Year In Human” http://thinkprogress.org/security/2013/12/11/3036671/2013-certainly-year-human-history/, accessed 1-20-14, TAP

Between the brutal civil war in Syria, the government shutdown and all of the
AND
paid off. It’s up to us to make sure they continue to.

And their impacts don’t escalate.
Dickinson, U.C. Berkeley Associate History Professor, ‘04
Edward Ross, “Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About ‘Modernity’,” Central European History, vol. 37 no. 1, pg 1-48

We may draw some brief conclusions from this story. First, there clearly was
AND
were not responsible for the crimes of the Nazis. The Nazis were.

Part 2

The aff collapses on itself – it results in authoritarian takeover.
Passavant, Hobart and William Smith College political science professor, 2010
Paul, Volume 17, Issue 4, pages 549–571, December 2010,  “Yoo's Law, Sovereignty, and Whatever” Wiley, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

For some on the left, it has become conventional to celebrate, if not
AND
recalling that this was the purpose of the U.S. Constitution.

Their utopianism fails – working through the framework of rights is a better approach.
Hunt, Carleton University law and sociology professor, 1990
Alan, Journal of Law and Society, “Rights and Social Movements: Counter-Hegemonic Strategies” JSTOR, p.313-6, accessed 1-19-14, TAP

One of the more important themes which marks more clearly than any other¶ Gramsci's
AND
'corporate stage', such that they connect up with and find ways of articulating the aspirations of wider¶ constituencies.

Rights don’t produce the bare life.
Heins, Concordia University Montreal political science professor, 2005
Volker, Institute for Social Research senior fellow, German Law Journal vol 6 no 5, “Giorgio Agamben and the Current State of Affairs in Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Policy” http://www.germanlawjournal.com/pdfs/Vol06No05/PDF_Vol_06_No_05_845-860_Articles_Heins.pdf, p.854-5, accessed 9-20-13, TAP

According to this basic Principle of Distinction, modern humanitarian action is ¶ directed towards
AND
corpses and corporal remains now ¶ that it is possible to identify reliable evidence for war crimes from exhumed bodies.39       

Liberalism doesn’t cause homo sacer – it rests on the assumption of universal inclusion
Mitchell, University of Washington geography professor, 2006
Katharyne, Progress in Human Geography, Vol 30 No 1, “Geographies of identity: the new exceptionalism” Sagepub, p.97, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

There are many useful ideas here and their¶ modern applicability is breathtaking.¶ Nevertheless
AND
poor¶ or unfair implementation, the principles of¶ universalism were sound.

Tournament: D7 | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pitt JL | Judge: Steve Sawyer
Their utopianism fails – working through the framework of rights is a better approach.
Hunt, Carleton University law and sociology professor, 1990
Alan, Journal of Law and Society, “Rights and Social Movements: Counter-Hegemonic Strategies” JSTOR, p.313-6, accessed 1-19-14, TAP

One of the more important themes which marks more clearly than any other¶ Gramsci's
AND
beyond the limited expression of the immediate¶ interests of social groups, Gramsci's 'corporate stage', such that they connect up with and find ways of articulating the aspirations of wider¶ constituencies.

Debates just a game – no mindset shifts
Deborah Tannen, Ph.D., Georgetown University professor of linguistics and University Professor, 1998, “The Argument Culture,” p. 174

Another scholar who questions the usefulness of opposition as the sole path to truth is
AND
usually attributes that loss to poor performance or to an adversary's unfair tactics.
You don’t solve serial policy failure – no spill-up.
Walt, Harvard University international relations professor, 2011
Stephen,  “International Affairs and the Public Sphere” http://publicsphere.ssrc.org/walt-international-affairs-and-the-public-sphere/, accessed 9-16-11, TAP

On the one hand, there is a widespread sense that academic research on global
AND
or just solutions to contemporary problems and helps humankind avoid major policy disasters?

Serial policy failure is a bad generalization that should be rejected.
Owen, University of Southampton political theory professor, 2002
David, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol 31 No 3, “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Practical Reason” Sagepub, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a¶ frenzy for words like “epistemology” and “ontology”
AND
gets its ontology and¶ epistemology right. This image feeds back into IR exacerbating the first¶ and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

The alternative is utopian – this means it fails because it is infinitely deferrable.
Rasch, Indiana University Germanic studies professor, 2003
William, Cultural Critique No. 54 Spring, “Human Rights as Geopolitics: Carl Schmitt and the Legal Form of American Supremacy” Jstor, p.143-4, accessed 5-12-12, TAP

But while affirmative theorists like Habermas and Rawls are busy constructing the ideological scaffolding that
AND
the negative image of the relentless search for the "inhuman" other.

The alternative does nothing in the face of what it critiques – it reveals a disavowed desire to allow things to remain the same.
Prozorov, University of Helsinki international relations professor, 2007
Sergei, “The World Community and the Closure of the Political: How to Overcome Carl Schmitt” http://turin.sgir.eu/uploads/Prozorov-prozorov_world_community_2007.pdf, p.1, accessed 5-15-12, TAP

Contemporary political theory exhibits a curious attachment to its central concepts, which increasingly function
AND
, insofar as no end to this process is visible or even imaginable.

Courts fail – decentralized and weak compared to the executive.
Posner, Professor of Law, The University of Chicago Law School, and Vermeule, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 11
(Eric and Adrian, March 2011, The Executive Unbound, p. 29-31, google books, accessed 10-18-13, CMM)

COURTS¶ Problems for Judicial Oversight of the Executive Information asymmetries¶ The gap between
AND
results in an increased risk of executive abuse. The result is that cases

Tournament: D7 | Round: 7 | Opponent: Liberty CE | Judge: Alison Harper, Nicco, Swanlek
Case
Identity politics only reproduces injury through its attachment to that injury – the alternative is not to forget the past but to reconceptualize it as something actionable.
Bhambra, University of Warwick sociology professor, and Margree, University of Brighton cultural studies professor, 2010
Gurminder and Victoria, “Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’” http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_, p.62-4, accessed 11-11-13, TAP

2 The Reification of Identity We wish to turn now to a related problem within
AND
to the identity being foreclosed through its attention to past-based grievances.

No knowledge is pure knowledge – don’t prioritize situated knowledge.
Conway, Penn State University philosophy professor, 1997
Daniel, “Nietzsche and the political” http://www.amazon.com/Nietzsche-Political-Thinking-Daniel-Conway/dp/0415100682, p.135-6, accessed 1-6-14, TAP

This preference is clearly political in nature, and Haraway makes no pretense of aspiring
AND
at the expense of the greater objectivity that they might otherwise have gained. 

Method focus fails because it never results in action.
Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State  IR Professor, 2002
James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68

It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method
AND
, but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.

Their model for debate is problematic – basing arguments in personal experience means we have to debate against the person, not the args – this guarantees comments that fractures community, creates shallow dialogue and hurts individuals
Deborah Tannen, Ph.D., Georgetown University linguistics professor, ‘98, “The Argument Culture,” p. 81-3

In explaining his decision, Admiral Inman described his personal reaction to criticism he considered
AND
people’s reputations or we dismiss them, sound bite style.” She herself was “sound-bitten to death by the phrase “quota queen.’”

The state can be used strategically to fight racism.
Smith, Associate Professor of Media and Cultural Studies at UC Riverside, 12
 (Andrea, “The Moral Limits of the Law: Settler Colonialism and the Anti-Violence Movement,” settler colonial studies 2, 2 (2012) Special Issue: Karangatia: Calling Out Gender and Sexuality in Settler Societies, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/2201473X.2012.10648842, accessed 10-18-13, CMM)

Given the logics of settler colonialism, it may seem to be a hopeless contradiction
AND
strategic effects rather than based on the moral statements they propose to make? 

The world isn’t perfect but it is getting better – that proves pragmatism is key.
Duncan Currie, American Enterprise Institute The American Magazine managing editor, 2008
Duncan, “The Long March of Racial Progress” http://www.american.com/archive/2008/november-11-08/the-long-march-of-racial-progress/, accessed 10-23-13, TAP

The story of race relations in America is one of extraordinary change and transformation.¶
AND
, about 14 percent of young black husbands were married to white women.”

Totalizing opposition creates a culture of suspicion that fails to materialize change.
Berman, University of Connecticut Law School Associate Professor, 2001
Paul Schiff, “APPROACHES TO THE CULTURAL STUDY OF LAW: TELLING A LESS SUSPICIOUS STORY: NOTES TOWARD A NON-SKEPTICAL APPROACH TO LEGAL/CULTURAL ANALYSIS,” 13 Yale J.L. and Human. 95, Lexis

The second drawback of the hermeneutics of suspicion is perhaps even more important. As
AND
normative scholarship cannot extricate scholars from the fundamental questions that I am discussing.

It is necessary to learn the language of the state- their form of opposition will always be transitory, getting co-opted by the government or society. It may be necessary but is not sufficient
Sullivan, the New Republic – editor, 1995 (Andrew, Virtually Normal, pg. 91-93)

Moreover, mere cultural redeployment in a free society is always subject to a cultural
AND
or projects for turning the cage into something more like a human home.”

Tournament: ADA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty CE | Judge: Jordan Foley
Topsy's character legitimates violence. Her subservience to whiteness invites guiltess physical abuse
Nyong'o,Yale doctoral candidate in American studies,2
(Tavia, The Yale Journal of Criticism, "Racial Kitsch and Black Performance", Volume 15.2, 2002, p.376-378, projectmuse, accessed 3-14-14 TAT)

Topsy's conquest of the landscape of United States popular culture makes her an inaugural figure in
AND
describing this pleasurable and guilty violence is eating. The performing black child is either hungry or eating or being eaten, or, ideally, all three.

Their model for debate is problematic – basing arguments in experience means we have to debate against the person, not the args – this guarantees comments that fractures community, creates shallow dialogue and hurts individuals
Deborah Tannen, Ph.D., Georgetown University linguistics professor, ‘98, “The Argument Culture,” p. 81-3

In explaining his decision, Admiral Inman described his personal reaction to criticism he considered
AND
responsible debate of policy and ideas, on the one hand, and what has become the norm: “we attack people’s reputations or we dismiss them, sound bite style.” She herself was “sound-bitten to death by the phrase “quota queen.’”

The state can be used strategically to fight racism.
Smith, Associate Professor of Media and Cultural Studies at UC Riverside, 12
 (Andrea, “The Moral Limits of the Law: Settler Colonialism and the Anti-Violence Movement,” settler colonial studies 2, 2 (2012) Special Issue: Karangatia: Calling Out Gender and Sexuality in Settler Societies, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/2201473X.2012.10648842, accessed 10-18-13, CMM)

Given the logics of settler colonialism, it may seem to be a hopeless contradiction
AND
strategic effects rather than based on the moral statements they propose to make? 

The world isn’t perfect but it is getting better – that proves pragmatism is key.
Duncan Currie, American Enterprise Institute The American Magazine managing editor, 2008
Duncan, “The Long March of Racial Progress” http://www.american.com/archive/2008/november-11-08/the-long-march-of-racial-progress/, accessed 10-23-13, TAP

The story of race relations in America is one of extraordinary change and transformation.¶
AND
, about 14 percent of young black husbands were married to white women.”

Tournament: Navy | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake LS | Judge: Autry
Our use of nuclear fear and discourse is necessary to check extinction- it provides the consciousness to ensure peace in the face of nuclear war and worse
JAH Futterman, former US Nuclear Weapons Scientist, 1994
“Obscenity and Peace: Meditations on the Morality of Nuclear Weapons Work,” http://www.dogchurch.org/scriptorium/nuke.html 

But the inhibitory effect of reliable nuclear weapons goes deeper than Shirer's deterrence of adventurer
AND
peace movement with a needed sense of urgency that it might otherwise lack.

Engaging in theoretical philosophy only meant to persuade those in the room without any call to action outside of it creates a spectator mentality – it undermines all action to end human misery and change political structures
David E. McClean, New School University Professor, and Society for the Study of Africana Philosophy President, 2001, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm

Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our Country
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Reps don’t come first
Reiter, Emory University political science professor, 1995
Dan, International Security, Vol. 20, No. 2, “Exploding the Powder Keg Myth: Preemptive Wars Almost Never Happen” JSTOR, p.15-16, accessed 10-7-13, TAP

A criticism of assessing the frequency of preemptive wars by looking only at wars themselves
AND
cancer, this is not demonstrated by the results of such a test.

Defer to pragmatism over the AFF – actions shape reality, not theorizing – if they don’t have a paradigm for operating in the world, you assign them zero solvency.
Ihde, State University of New York Stony Brook philosophy professor, 2012
Don, “Experimental Phenomenology” second edition, p.116-7, TAP

Carl Mitcham, himself a pragmatist, has pointed out that one salient feature of
AND
not wish to enter since my program here is more prescriptive than expository. 

Empirically proven- Philosophical discourse is extremely ineffective in policy deliberation.
Fish, Floersheimer Distinguished Visiting Professor at the Cardozo School of Law, 11
(Stanley, Florida International University humanities and law professor, NYT Opinionator, "Does Philosophy Matter (Part Two)", 8-8-11 http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/08/does-philosophy-matter-part-two/, accessed 8-18-12 TAT)

Some of the readers who were not persuaded by my argument
AND
it is doing law. Grand philosophical statements may turn up in a Supreme Court opinion, but they are not doing the real work.

The theory of community meaning justifies debate as a process of CREATING commensurability
Knops, University of Birmingham Department of Political Science and International Studies, 7
(Andrew, 1-31-07, “Debate: Agonism as Deliberation – On Mouffe's Theory of Democracy,” Journal of Political Philosophy, Volume 15, Issue 1, pages 115–126, March 2007, Wilson online library, accessed 2-24-13, CMM)

Deliberative democracy, then, is compatible with a Wittgensteinian theory of language, which
AND
allowing for collective agreement and collective action to change oppressive practices.

Using the state doesn’t compromise ethics – using it strategically in the short term does not trade off with long term revolution.
Smith, Associate Professor of Media and Cultural Studies at UC Riverside, 12
 (Andrea, “The Moral Limits of the Law: Settler Colonialism and the Anti-Violence Movement,” settler colonial studies 2, 2 (2012) Special Issue: Karangatia: Calling Out Gender and Sexuality in Settler Societies, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/2201473X.2012.10648842, accessed 10-18-13, CMM)

In the debates prevalent within Native sovereignty and racial justice movements, we are often
AND
the political power to create an alternative system to the heteropatriarchal, white supremacist, settler colonial state. 

Learning policy making discourse is the only way to challenge the dogmatic assumptions of elites – using the state can fight oppression.
David E. McClean, New School University Professor, and Society for the Study of Africana Philosophy President, 2001, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm

Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our Country
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

Totalizing opposition creates a culture of suspicion that failures to materialize change.
Berman, University of Connecticut Law School Associate Professor, 2001
Paul Schiff, “APPROACHES TO THE CULTURAL STUDY OF LAW: TELLING A LESS SUSPICIOUS STORY: NOTES TOWARD A NON-SKEPTICAL APPROACH TO LEGAL/CULTURAL ANALYSIS,” 13 Yale J.L. and Human. 95, Lexis

The second drawback of the hermeneutics of suspicion is perhaps even more important. As
AND
normative scholarship cannot extricate scholars from the fundamental questions that I am discussing.

It is necessary to learn the language of the state- their form of opposition will always be transitory, getting co-opted by the government or society. It may be necessary but is not sufficient
Sullivan, the New Republic – editor, 1995 (Andrew, Virtually Normal, pg. 91-93)

Moreover, mere cultural redeployment in a free society is always subject to a cultural
AND
or projects for turning the cage into something more like a human home.” 

Policy strategies are necessary to solve oppression- voting aff is an empty symbol
Grossberg, University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign) communications research, speech and critical theory professor, 1992
Lawrence, we gotta get out of this place; popular conservatism and postmodern culture, 390-391

But this would mean that the Left could not remain outside the systems of governance
AND
fight them.

Learning policy making discourse is the only way to challenge the dogmatic assumptions of elites – using the state can fight oppression.
David E. McClean, New School University Professor, and Society for the Study of Africana Philosophy President, 2001, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm

Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our Country
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

The theory of community meaning justifies debate as a process of CREATING commensurability
Knops, University of Birmingham Department of Political Science and International Studies, 7
(Andrew, 1-31-07, “Debate: Agonism as Deliberation – On Mouffe's Theory of Democracy,” Journal of Political Philosophy, Volume 15, Issue 1, pages 115–126, March 2007, Wilson online library, accessed 2-24-13, CMM)

Deliberative democracy, then, is compatible with a Wittgensteinian theory of language, which
AND
agreement and collective action to change oppressive practices.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: Army LS | Judge: Andrea Reed
Modeling – Prolif

1. There is no drone adventurism
   Youra, National Defense University Institute for National Strategic Studies intern, 10-5-13
   Ryan, “DRONES DON’T CHANGE A THING” http://warontherocks.com/2013/10/drones-dont-change-a-thing/, accessed 10-6-13, TAP

In Killing Without Heart, Colonel M. Shane Riza argues that the use of
AND
be the only means of conducting warfare in the future is similarly inaccurate. 

There is no shortage of military objectives to which automated weapons systems will never be
AND
, why, and how of war. Robots will not change that.

2. CIA key to counterterrorism in Yemen
Miller, Washington Post, 11
Greg, 6-14-11, Washington Post, “CIA to operate drones over Yemen”, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-06-14/national/35233686_1_military-drones-drone-war-yemeni-counter-terrorism, accessed 9-22-13, AFB

A CIA spokeswoman declined to comment when asked Monday about the Yemen plans. National Security Council spokesman Tommy Vietor said the White House also would not comment. The CIA’s plans were first reported by the Wall Street Journal Monday night.
The new tasking for the agency marks a major escalation of the clandestine American war in Yemen, as well as a substantial expansion of the CIA’s drone war.
The agency pioneered the use of armed drones in Afghanistan a decade ago and has carried out hundreds of strikes in Pakistan in recent years. As a result, officials said, the CIA has developed substantial expertise in using a combination of drone surveillance and the cultivation of human source networks on the ground to carry out strikes inside a country where the U.S. military has limited ability to operate.
The addition of CIA drones also addresses a growing concern inside the Joint Special Operations Command that the military-run drone campaign in Yemen was not getting adequate resources, given the seriousness of the threat posed by al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, as the Yemen-based offshoot of the terrorist group is known.
3. US restraint fails – soft power with drones not possible
Boot, Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, 11
(Max, 10/9/11, “We Cannot Afford to Stop Drone Strikes,” Commentary Magazine, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/, accessed 9-28-13, CMM)

The New York Times engages in some scare-mongering today about a drone ams race. Scott Shane notes correctly other nations such as China are building their own drones and in the future U.S. forces could be attacked by them–our forces will not have a monopoly on their use forever. Fair enough, but he goes further, suggesting our current use of drones to target terrorists will backfire:
If China, for instance, sends killer drones into Kazakhstan to hunt minority Uighur Muslims it accuses of plotting terrorism, what will the United States say? What if India uses remotely controlled craft to hit terrorism suspects in Kashmir, or Russia sends drones after militants in the Caucasus? American officials who protest will likely find their own example thrown back at them.
“The problem is that we’re creating an international norm” — asserting the right to strike preemptively against those we suspect of planning attacks, argues Dennis M. Gormley, a senior research fellow at the University of Pittsburgh and author of Missile Contagion, who has called for tougher export controls on American drone technology. “The copycatting is what I worry about most.”
This is a familiar trope of liberal critics who are always claiming we should forego
AND
and cut down our own arsenal–to encourage similar restraint from Iran.
The argument falls apart rather quickly because it is founded on a false premise:
AND
is unilateral disarmament–which is what the New York Times implicitly suggests.
Imagine if we did refrain from drone strikes against al-Qaeda–what would be the consequence? If we were to stop the strikes, would China really decide to take a softer line on Uighurs or Russia on Chechen separatists? That seems unlikely given the viciousness those states already employ 

in their battles against ethnic separatists–which at least in Russia’s case already includes the suspected assassination of Chechen leaders abroad. What’s the difference between sending a hit team and sending a drone?
While a decision on our part to stop drone strikes would be unlikely to alter
AND
the vain hope it will encourage disarmament on the part of dictatorial states.
4. No negative precedent – US drone use is limited.
Anderson, Professor of International Law at American University, 13
(Kenneth, June 2013, “The Case for Drones,” Commentary; Jun2013, Vol. 135 Issue 6, p14-23, 10p, ebsco, accessed 9-28-13, CMM)

This critique often leads, however, to the further objection that the American use
AND
behaves malignantly, drones will not be responsible. Its leaders will be.
5. Responsible states will check harmful use and authoritarians won’t model.
McGinnis, Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law, and Somin, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law, 7
(John O. McGinnis and Ilya Somin, “SYMPOSIUM: GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: GLOBAL INFLUENCE ON U.S. JURISPRUDENCE: Should International Law Be Part of Our Law?” 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1175, lexis, accessed 9-28-13, CMM)

The second benefit to foreigners of distinctive U.S. legal norms is information
AND
compared to the harm of allowing raw international law to trump domestic law.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 4 | Opponent: Gonzaga NS | Judge: Jake Weiner
Zenko concludes transparency is key
Zenko, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), 13
(Micah, " Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies," Council Special Report No. 65
January 2013, http://i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Drones_CSR65.pdf, accessed 9-23-13, CMM)

Much like policies governing the use of nuclear weapons, offensive¶ cyber capabilities,
AND
future, the United States should undertake the following specific policy¶ recommendations.
Zenko concludes a lot more than the plan is necessary to solve
Zenko, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), 13
(Micah, " Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies," Council Special Report No. 65
January 2013, http://i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Drones_CSR65.pdf, accessed 9-23-13, CMM)

Executive Branch
The president of the United States should
AND
 that allow them to be weaponized; and
?? withhold funding and/or subpoena the executive branch if cooperation¶ is not forthcoming.

No Pakistani collapse – internal checks
Dasgupta, director of UMBC's Political Science Program and a senior fellow at Brookings, 13
(Sunil, 2/25/13, "How will India respond to civil war in Pakistan," East Asia Forum, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/25/how-will-india-respond-to-civil-war-in-pakistan/, accessed 9-29-13, CMM)

India is not likely to initiate an intervention that causes the Pakistani state to fail. Bill Keller of the New York Times has described Pakistani
AND
ly to sit out a Pakistani civil war while covertly coordinating policy with the United States.

Pakistani Taliban not a threat.
Cortright, Cato Institute, 2012
David, 1-9-12, “License to Kill” http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/09/david-cortright/license-kill, accessed 7-29-13, TAP

These findings alter the moral calculus of current policy and cast doubt on the claim
AND
sufficient to justify large-scale military action and drone warfare.23

Tournament: App State | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgetown FK | Judge: Ravi Rao
Pressure over drone transparency is coming – it’s the key issue
*Transparency CP = sufficient (it was the central problem)
Knuckey, Director of the Project on Extrajudicial Executions at New York University School of Law, 10-1-13
(Sarah, Special Advisor to the UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial executions, “Transparency on Targeted Killings: Promises Made, but Little Progress,” http://justsecurity.org/2013/10/01/transparency-targeted-killings-promises-made-progress/, accessed 10-17-13, CMM)

Since President Barack Obama’s May 2013 counter-terrorism speech, attention to and criticism
AND
now take to be more transparent to the American people and the world.  

2. No negative precedent – US drone use is limited and no one models.
Anderson, Professor of International Law at American University, 13
(Kenneth, June 2013, “The Case for Drones,” Commentary; Jun2013, Vol. 135 Issue 6, p14-23, 10p, ebsco, accessed 9-28-13, CMM)

This critique often leads, however, to the further objection that the American use
AND
behaves malignantly, drones will not be responsible. Its leaders will be.
No South China Sea or Senkaku conflict or escalation – their evidence is media exaggeration
Kania, the Harvard Political Review, 13
Elsa, January 11th, 2013, Harvard Political Review, “The South China Sea: Flashpoints and the U.S. Pivot,” http://harvardpolitics.com/world/the-south-china-sea-flashpoints-and-the-u-s-pivot/ accessed: 10-25-13, CAS

Equilibrium and Interdependence? One paradox at the heart of the South China Sea is
AND
flows of communication” that could facilitate a peaceful resolution to future incidents.

3. Responsible states will check harmful use and authoritarians won’t model.
McGinnis, Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law, and Somin, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law, 7
(John O. McGinnis and Ilya Somin, “SYMPOSIUM: GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: GLOBAL INFLUENCE ON U.S. JURISPRUDENCE: Should International Law Be Part of Our Law?” 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1175, lexis, accessed 9-28-13, CMM)

The second benefit to foreigners of distinctive U.S. legal norms is information
AND
compared to the harm of allowing raw international law to trump domestic law.

Political costs check.
Singh, Center for a New American Security researcher, 2012
Joseph, 8-13-12, “Betting Against a Drone Arms Race” http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/, accessed 7-26-13, TAP

In short, the doomsday drone scenario Ignatieff and Sharkey predict results from an excessive
AND
abroad will not significantly increase its power projection on account of acquiring drones.

6. Pakistan is apathetic toward India.
Zaidi, former Pakistani diplomat and government adviser, 5-10-13
Mosharraf, “It's Morning in Islamabad” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/09/five_reasons_to_be_positive_on_pakistan?page=full, accessed 7-23-13, TAP

5. Indian thaw¶ Since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, there has been
AND
remain open for India to tap into an unprecedented national appetite for normalcy.

1. Middle East conflict won’t spillover or escalate
   Cook and Takeyh, CFR Middle Eastern Studies senior fellow, 6-28-07
   Ray, and Steven A., Douglas Dillon fellow, "Why the Iraq war won't engulf the Mideast," http://www.cfr.org/publication/13702/ 

Yet, the Saudis, Iranians, Jordanians, Syrians, and others are very
AND
its frontier with Iraq in order to keep militants out of the kingdom.
Finally, there is no precedent for Arab leaders to commit forces to conflicts in which they are not directly involved. The Iraqis and the Saudis did send small contingents to fight the Israelis in 1948 and 1967, but they were either ineffective or never made it. In the 1970s and 1980s, Arab countries other than Syria, which had a compelling interest in establishing its hegemony over Lebanon, never committed forces either to protect the Lebanese from the Israelis or from other Lebanese. The civil war in Lebanon was regarded as someone else’s fight.
Indeed, this is the way many leaders view the current situation in Iraq. To Cairo, Amman and Riyadh, the situation in Iraq is worrisome, but in the end it is an Iraqi and American fight. As far as Iranian mullahs are concerned, they have long preferred to press their interests through proxies as opposed to direct engagement. At a time when Tehran has access and influence over powerful Shiite militias, a massive cross-border incursion is both unlikely and unnecessary.
So Iraqis will remain locked in a sectarian and ethnic struggle that outside powers may abet, but will remain within the borders of Iraq.
The Middle East is a region both prone and accustomed to civil wars. But given its experience with ambiguous conflicts, the region has also developed an intuitive ability to contain its civil strife and prevent local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East. 

No escalation – empirics prove cooperation is more likely
Fettweis, Asst Prof Poli Sci – Tulane, Asst Prof National Security Affairs – US Naval War College, ‘7
(Christopher, “On the Consequences of Failure in Iraq,” Survival, Vol. 49, Iss. 4, December, p. 91-93, ebsco, accessed 9-28-11, CMM) 

Regional chaos
Without the US presence, a second argument goes, nothing would prevent Sunni–
AND
. Once again, however, none of these outcomes is particularly likely.
Wider war
No matter what the outcome in Iraq, the region is not likely to devolve
AND
destabilising shocks before, and they would be likely to do so again.
The region actually experiences very little cross-border warfare, and even less since
AND
quiet, and its ethnic conflicts do not make the region particularly unique.
The biggest risk of an American withdrawal is intensified civil war in Iraq rather than
AND
Iraq, why would any other country think it could do so?17
Common interest, not the presence of the US military, provides the ultimate foundation
AND
cooperation to address that common interest is far more likely than outright warfare.

Tournament: App State | Round: 5 | Opponent: Michigan KM | Judge: Nate Milton
Norms

1. There is no drone adventurism
   Youra, National Defense University Institute for National Strategic Studies intern, 10-5-13
   Ryan, “DRONES DON’T CHANGE A THING” http://warontherocks.com/2013/10/drones-dont-change-a-thing/, accessed 10-6-13, TAP

In Killing Without Heart, Colonel M. Shane Riza argues that the use of
AND
, why, and how of war. Robots will not change that.

2.  No modeling – US restraint fails.
Boot, Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, 11
(Max, 10/9/11, “We Cannot Afford to Stop Drone Strikes,” Commentary Magazine, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/, accessed 9-28-13, CMM)

The New York Times engages in some scare-mongering today about a drone ams
AND
uence: al-Qaeda would be strengthened and could regenerate the ability to attack our homeland. Drone strikes are the only effective weapon we have to combat terrorist groups in places like Pakistan or Yemen where we don’t have a lot of boots on the ground or a lot of cooperation from local authorities. We cannot afford to give them up in the vain hope it will encourage disarmament on the part of dictatorial states.
3. No negative precedent – US drone use is limited.
Anderson, Professor of International Law at American University, 13
(Kenneth, June 2013, “The Case for Drones,” Commentary; Jun2013, Vol. 135 Issue 6, p14-23, 10p, ebsco, accessed 9-28-13, CMM)

This critique often leads, however, to the further objection that the American use
AND
behaves malignantly, drones will not be responsible. Its leaders will be.
4. Responsible states will check harmful use and authoritarians won’t model.
McGinnis, Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law, and Somin, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law, 7
(John O. McGinnis and Ilya Somin, “SYMPOSIUM: GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: GLOBAL INFLUENCE ON U.S. JURISPRUDENCE: Should International Law Be Part of Our Law?” 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1175, lexis, accessed 9-28-13, CMM)

The second benefit to foreigners of distinctive U.S. legal norms is information
AND
compared to the harm of allowing raw international law to trump domestic law.

Russian power and aggression is historically decoupled from their economy
Friedman, chief intelligence officer, financial overseer, and CEO of the private intelligence corporation Stratfor, 9
(George, 7-27-09, Stratfor, “The Russian Economy and Russian Power,” http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20090727_u_s_policy_continuity_and_russian_response, accessed 10-27-10, CMM)

Russia has been an economic wreck for most of its history, both under the
AND
is not a matter of Russian political personalities but of Russian geopolitical necessity.

Tournament: App State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan CP | Judge: Steve Sawyer

1. There is no drone adventurism

Youra, National Defense University Institute for National Strategic Studies intern, 10-5-13
~Ryan, "DRONES DON’T CHANGE A THING" http://warontherocks.com/2013/10/drones-dont-change-a-thing/-http://warontherocks.com/2013/10/drones-dont-change-a-thing/, accessed 10-6-13, TAP~

In Killing Without Heart, Colonel M. Shane Riza argues that the use of
AND
, why, and how of war. Robots will not change that.

2.  No modeling – US restraint fails.

Boot, Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, 11
(Max, 10/9/11, "We Cannot Afford to Stop Drone Strikes," Commentary Magazine, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/, accessed 9-28-13, CMM)

The New York Times engages in some scare-
AND
the vain hope it will encourage disarmament on the part of dictatorial states.

3. No negative precedent – US drone use is limited.

Anderson, Professor of International Law at American University, 13
(Kenneth, June 2013, "The Case for Drones," Commentary; Jun2013, Vol. 135 Issue 6, p14-23, 10p, ebsco, accessed 9-28-13, CMM)

This critique often leads, however, to the further objection that the American use
AND
behaves malignantly, drones will not be responsible. Its leaders will be.

4. Responsible states will check harmful use and authoritarians won’t model.

McGinnis, Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law, and Somin, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law, 7
(John O. McGinnis and Ilya Somin, "SYMPOSIUM: GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: GLOBAL INFLUENCE ON U.S. JURISPRUDENCE: Should International Law Be Part of Our Law?" 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1175, lexis, accessed 9-28-13, CMM)

The second benefit to foreigners of distinctive U.S. legal norms is information
AND
compared to the harm of allowing raw international law to trump domestic law.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 4 | Opponent: MoSt PP | Judge: Chris Stone
Obama blocks NFU
Arquilla, professor of defense analysis at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, 13
(John, 2-19-13, “Why America Reserves the Right to Nuke You First,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/02/19/why_america_reserves_the_right_to_nuke_you_first#sthash.dqLXa6IY.dpbs, accessed 12-30-13, CMM)

In 1945, Harry Truman ordered the first … as a matter of policy and ethics.

Circumvention guts signal advantages – Absent nuclear posture changes, the plan is not seen as credible
Miller, Harvard International Security Program Director, International Security Editor in Chief, Project on Managing the Atom Co-Principal Investigator, November 2002
Steven, "No First Use of Nuclear Weapons," http://www.pugwash.org/reports/nw/miller.htm

If NFU is to be more than a … to the NFU commitment made by the Soviet Union.

No solvency – bureaucracy locked in recent NPR
Perkovich, vice president for studies and director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 13
(George, 4-1-13, “Do Unto Others: Toward a Defensible Nuclear Doctrine,” http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/04/01/do-unto-others-toward-defensible-nuclear-doctrine/fvbs#, accessed 12-27-13, CMM)

The timing of this intervention … remain blocked.

NFU does not solve global prolif and modernization – state’s still need second strike capability
Guangqian, Strategic Sciences Editor-in-Chief, and Yu, Tsinghua University International Strategy and Development Institute Ph.D. Candidate, Winter 2009
Peng, Rong, "Nuclear No-First-Use Revisited," www.washingtonobserver.org2Fpdfs2FPeng_and_Rong.pdfandimages=yes, 9/27

Although an NFU treaty is the hope … pre-emptive acts by its enemies.

Obama will circumvent the plan – the past 5 years prove.
Cohen, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 12
(Michael, 3-28-12, “Power Grab,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/28/power_grab?page=full, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)
This month marks the one-year anniversary of the …greatest legacy of the U.S. intervention in Libya.

2. Restrictions fail – no compliance or enforcement
Nzelibe, Assistant Professor of Law, Northwestern University Law School, 7
 (Jide, Feb, “ARTICLE: Are Congressionally Authorized Wars Perverse?,” 59 Stan. L. Rev. 907, lexis, accessed 10-18-13, CMM)

These assumptions are all … of Congress in his role as commander-in-chief. n19

2NC:

Experts go neg.
Sorcher, National Journal, 13
(Sara, 6-18-13, “Insiders: Congress Ineffective in Oversight of National Security,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/nationalsecurity/insiders-congress-ineffective-in-oversight-of-national-security-20130610, accessed 9-18-13, CMM)

Three-quarters of National Journal's … Tamara Wittes, Dov Zakheim, and Juan Zarate.

Yes motive – institutional incentives
William Scheuerman, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, 2013
Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, PhD from Harvard, Barack Obama's "war on terror", Eurozine, 3/7/2013, http://www.eurozine.com/pdf/2013-03-07-scheuerman-en.pdf, DA 9/18/13 OST

Given dual democratic legitimacy, holders of … humanitarian and legal consequences.

There’s motive for circumvention – pressure to fight terrorism
Dickinson, Professor of political science at Middlebury College, 11
(Dr. Matthew, “Will You End Up in Guantanamo Bay Prison?,” Presidential Power, December 3, 2011 pg. http://sites.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2011/12/03/will-you-end-up-in-guantanamo-bay/, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

Despite the overwhelming Senate support for … unchanged, Obama will stick to his guns.

Obama will circumvent the plan – the rest of his agenda proves.
Kumar, McClatchy Newspapers, 13
(Anita, 3-19-13, “Obama turning to executive power to get what he wants,” http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/03/19/186309/obama-turning-to-executive-power.html#.Ue18CdK1FSE, accessed 10-18-13, CMM)

President Barack Obama came into office four … he told Congress last month, “I will.”

The plan doesn’t define hostilities – gives the executive leeway to circumvent the aff.
Richard, Journal of National Security Law, 98
(Daniel L. Richard, The George Washington University Law School War Powers Project Under the Direction of Professor Peter Raven-Hansen, Research Professor of Law, George Washington University Law School, “ARTICLE: The War Powers Resolution: Origins, History, Criticism and Reform: Chapter 4: Reporting Under the War Powers Resolution: Section 4,” 2 J. Nat'l Security L. 59, lexis, accessed 7-19-13, CMM)

Since 1973, the executive branch has …. of "hostilities" is inconsistent with that spirit.

Vagueness guarantees circumvention
Mitchell, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law, 9
(Jonathan, Jan, “Legislating Clear-Statement Regimes in National- Security Law,” http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000andcontext=jonathan_mitchell, accessed 9-17-13, CMM)

The challenge for these efforts to … against executive-branch employees.

Wartime pressures will force Obama to resist - battle over the plan creates a national diversion and impairs military wartime decisions
Lobel, Professor of Law at University of Pittsburgh, 8
(Jules Lobel, “Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War,” 69 Ohio St. L.J. 391, lexis, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

The critical difficulty with a contextual approach is its … the constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: Army LS | Judge: Andrea Reed
Pakistan

1. Instability inevitable – drones aren’t key
   Akins, Research Fellow at American University’s School of International Service, 8-20-13
   (Harrison, London School of Economics, MSc ’10, served as the senior researcher for Professor Akbar Ahmed’s study ‘The Thistle and the Drone: How America’s War on Terror Became a Global War on Tribal Islam,’ “Drones or No Drones, The Violence Will Continue in Pakistan,” http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/ideas/2013/08/drones-or-no-drones-the-violence-will-continue-in-pakistan/, accessed 9-29-13, CMM)

Speaking from Islamabad, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry recently hinted
AND
, the Tribal Areas have been outside of the control of the central government 

since the era of the Mughal rulers and the British Raj. During the time
AND
political solutions will peace come to these troubled peripheries in the Muslim world.

2. No major backlash to drones
Byman, Georgetown University security studies professor, 2013
Daniel, Brookings Institution Saban Center for Middle East Policy senior fellow, foreign affairs, Jul/Aug 2013, Vol 92 Issue 4, “Why Drones Work” Ebsco, accessed 7-1-13, TAP

Still, Pakistan is reluctant to make its approval public. First of all,
AND
are conducted by anti-drone organizations, which results in biased samples.
3. No Pakistani collapse – internal checks
Dasgupta, director of UMBC's Political Science Program and a senior fellow at Brookings, 13
(Sunil, 2/25/13, "How will India respond to civil war in Pakistan," East Asia Forum, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/25/how-will-india-respond-to-civil-war-in-pakistan/, accessed 9-29-13, CMM)
India is not likely to initiate an intervention that causes the Pakistani state to fail. Bill Keller of the New York Times has described Pakistani president Asif Ail Zardari as overseeing ‘a ruinous kleptocracy that is spiraling deeper into economic crisis’. But in contrast to predictions of an unravelling nation, British journalist-scholar Anatol Lieven argues that the Pakistani state is likely to continue muddling through its many problems, unable to resolve them but equally predisposed against civil war and consequent state collapse. Lieven finds that the strong bonds of family, clan, tribe and the nature of South Asian Islam prevent modernist movements — propounded by the government or by the radicals — from taking control of the entire country. ¶ Lieven’s analysis is more persuasive than the widespread view that Pakistan is about to fail as a state. The formal institutions of the Pakistani state are surprisingly robust given the structural conditions in which they operate. Indian political leaders recognise Pakistan’s resilience. Given the bad choices in Pakistan, they would rather not have anything to do with it. If there is going to be a civil war, why not wait for the two sides to exhaust themselves before thinking about intervening? The 1971 war demonstrated India’s willingness to exploit conditions inside Pakistan, but to break from tradition requires strong, countervailing logic, and those elements do not yet exist. Given the current conditions and those in the foreseeable future, India is likely to sit out a Pakistani civil war while covertly coordinating policy with the United States.

4. No loose nukes
Zenko, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Cohen, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 12
(Micah, and Michael, “Clear and Present Safety: The United States Is More Secure Than Washington Thinks,”
Foreign Affairs. New York: Mar/Apr 2012. Vol. 91, Iss. 2; pg. 79, 15 pgs, accessed 3-2-12, CMM)

Overblown fears of a nuclear Iran are part of a more generalized American anxiety about
AND
United States is "very comfortable with the security of Pakistan's nuclear weapons."

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 5 | Opponent: Liberty CB | Judge: Jeff Ciak
No major backlash to drones
Byman, Georgetown University security studies professor, 2013
Daniel, Brookings Institution Saban Center for Middle East Policy senior fellow, foreign affairs, Jul/Aug 2013, Vol 92 Issue 4, “Why Drones Work” Ebsco, accessed 7-1-13, TAP

Still, Pakistan is reluctant to make its approval public. First of all,
AND
raids or cruise missile strikes, would make the United States more popular.

Won’t collapse relations.
Curtis, Heritage Foundation senior research fellow, 7-15-13
Lisa, “Pakistan Makes Drones Necessary” http://nationalinterest.org/print/commentary/pakistan-makes-drones-necessary-8725, accessed 8-12-13, TAP

Though the drone issue will continue to be a source of tension in the relationship, it is doubtful that it alone would derail ties. The extent to which the United States will continue to rely on drone strikes ultimately depends on Islamabad’s willingness to develop more decisive and comprehensive counterterrorism policies that include targeting groups like the Haqqani Network.

Pakistan is apathetic toward India.
Zaidi, former Pakistani diplomat and government adviser, 5-10-13
Mosharraf, “It's Morning in Islamabad” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/09/five_reasons_to_be_positive_on_pakistan?page=full, accessed 7-23-13, TAP

5. Indian thaw¶ Since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, there has been
AND
remain open for India to tap into an unprecedented national appetite for normalcy.

5. No loose nukes
Zenko, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Cohen, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 12
(Micah, and Michael, “Clear and Present Safety: The United States Is More Secure Than Washington Thinks,”
Foreign Affairs. New York: Mar/Apr 2012. Vol. 91, Iss. 2; pg. 79, 15 pgs, accessed 3-2-12, CMM)

Overblown fears of a nuclear Iran are part of a more generalized American anxiety about
AND
United States is "very comfortable with the security of Pakistan's nuclear weapons."

Pakistani Taliban not a threat.
Cortright, Cato Institute, 2012
David, 1-9-12, “License to Kill” http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/09/david-cortright/license-kill, accessed 7-29-13, TAP

These findings alter the moral calculus of current policy and cast doubt on the claim
AND
sufficient to justify large-scale military action and drone warfare.23

Pakistani backlash to drones will cause the program to be shut down – only ceding some authority to them will allow the program to be sustained
Markey, Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, 7-16-13
(Daniel, “A New Drone Deal For Pakistan,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/print/136766, accessed 7-18-13, CMM)

For all its successes, the U.S. drone program in Pakistan is
AND
is one that Washington would be wise to learn how to bargain with.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 5 | Opponent: Liberty CB | Judge: Jeff Ciak
No Pakistani collapse – internal checks
Dasgupta, director of UMBC's Political Science Program and a senior fellow at Brookings, 13
(Sunil, 2/25/13, "How will India respond to civil war in Pakistan," East Asia Forum, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/25/how-will-india-respond-to-civil-war-in-pakistan/, accessed 9-29-13, CMM)
India is not likely to initiate an intervention that causes the Pakistani state to fail
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out a Pakistani civil war while covertly coordinating policy with the United States.

Oversight is inevitable – internal and congressional checks exist, speeches, and leaks solve.
Wexler, University of Illinois law professor, 2013
Lesley, 5-8-13, “The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2262412, p.2, accessed 5-14-13, TAP

In contrast, many, including the executive and judicial branches themselves, believe that
AND
vided through a series of high-level administration speeches and unacknowledged leaks.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 8 | Opponent: Army AR | Judge: Garrett Crane
US action irrelevant to other nations.
McGinnis, Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law, and Somin, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law, 7
(John O. McGinnis and Ilya Somin, “SYMPOSIUM: GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: GLOBAL INFLUENCE ON U.S. JURISPRUDENCE: Should International Law Be Part of Our Law?” 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1175, lexis, accessed 9-28-13, CMM)

The second benefit to foreigners of distinctive U.S. legal norms is information
AND
compared to the harm of allowing raw international law to trump domestic law.
Means and motive make drone prolif inevitable.
Anderson, Professor of International Law at American University, 11
(Kenneth, 10/9/11, “What Kind of Drones Arms Race Is Coming?,” http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/#more-51516, accessed 9-28-13, CMM)

New York Times national security correspondent Scott Shane has an opinion piece in today’s Sunday
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come up with weapons technologies that are … more discriminating.

No escalation – costs check.
Singh, Center for a New American Security researcher, 2012
Joseph, 8-13-12, “Betting Against a Drone Arms Race” http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/, accessed 7-26-13, TAP

In short, the doomsday drone scenario Ignatieff and Sharkey predict results from an excessive
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abroad will not significantly increase its power projection on account of acquiring drones.

Pressure over drone transparency is coming – it’s the key issue
Knuckey, Director of the Project on Extrajudicial Executions at New York University School of Law, 10-1-13
(Sarah, Special Advisor to the UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial executions, “Transparency on Targeted Killings: Promises Made, but Little Progress,” http://justsecurity.org/2013/10/01/transparency-targeted-killings-promises-made-progress/, accessed 10-17-13, CMM)

Since President Barack Obama’s May 2013 counter-terrorism speech, attention to and criticism
AND
to the American people and the world.  

No risk of any US-China war – economic interdependency
Richburg, Washington Post, staff writer, 11/15/2009
Keith, "On eve of Obama visit, an uneasy co-dependency between U.S. and China," http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/15/AR2009111502435.html, 11/16

As President Obama begins his three-day visit to China on Monday, he
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manage our differences and cooperate where we can, we both win. If not, we both lose."

No South China Sea or Senkaku conflict or escalation – their evidence is media exaggeration
Kania, the Harvard Political Review, 13
Elsa, January 11th, 2013, Harvard Political Review, “The South China Sea: Flashpoints and the U.S. Pivot,” http://harvardpolitics.com/world/the-south-china-sea-flashpoints-and-the-u-s-pivot/ accessed: 10-25-13, CAS

Equilibrium and Interdependence? One paradox at the heart of the South China Sea is
AND
flows of communication” that could facilitate a peaceful resolution to future incidents.
ASEAN solves
Cooley, UNC Chapel Hill, 12
Brendan, Fall 2012, Peace, War and Defense Program at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, “A Sea Change or a Wave of Backlash? The South China Sea and Changing Power Dynamics in Southeast Asia,” Global Security Studies, Volume 3, Issue 4
http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Cooley20South20China20Sea.pdf, accessed: 10-25-13, CAS

The disputes could take a very different path, however. Continued aggression by China
AND
will explore under what conditions the disputes might follow one track over another.

Tournament: ADA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Samford CH | Judge: Warren Decker
TK specific
Targeted killing’s vital to counterterrorism---disrupts leadership and makes carrying out attacks impossible
Anderson, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University, 13
(Kenneth, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, member of Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law; nonresident senior fellow, Brookings Institution, 5-24-13, “The Case for Drones,” http://dyn.realclearpolitics.com/printpage/?url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/05/24/the_case_for_drones_118548-full.html accessed 9-13-13, CMM)

Targeted killing of high-value terrorist targets, by contrast, is the end result of a long, independent intelligence
AND
reason to think you will be struck down by a drone but have no idea when. The unpredictability and terrifying anticipation of sudden attack, which terrorists have acknowledged in communications, have a significant impact on planning and organizational effectiveness.

Constraining targeted killing’s role in the war on terror causes extinction
Beres, Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue, 11
(Louis Rene, “After Osama bin Laden: Assassination, Terrorism, War, and International Law,” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 44 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 93, lexis, accessed 10-23-13, CMM)

Even after the U.S. assassination of Osama bin Laden, we are
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conventional military attack might still, after all, be enormously, even existentially, destructive. n73 Moreover, it could be followed, in certain circumstances, by unconventional attacks.

Solvency

1. Obama will circumvent the plan – the past 5 years prove.
   Cohen, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 12
   (Michael, 3-28-12, “Power Grab,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/28/power_grab?page=full, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

This month marks the one-year anniversary of the onset of U.S
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be the greatest legacy of the U.S. intervention in Libya.

2. The courts aren’t an effective check – circumvention’s likely.
Wheeler, associate professor of political science at Ball State University, 9
(Darren A., “Checking Presidential Detention Power in the War on Terror: What Should We Expect from the Judiciary?”  Presidential Studies Quarterly 39.4 (Dec 2009): 677-700, ebsco, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

This article argues that there are four specific reasons why those expecting the Supreme Court
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2004; Goldsmith 2007; Kassop 2007; Savage 2007; Wheeler 2008).
3. No solvency – The aff is a facial ruling that doesn’t require tangible policy changes
Scheppele, Woodrow Wilson School Sociology and Public Affairs professor, 12
Kim Lane Scheppele, January 12, Boston University Law Review, THE NEW JUDICIAL DEFERENCE, 92 B.U.L. Rev. 89, Lexis, AFB

In this Article, I will show that American courts have often approached the extreme
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entirely false in the long run - while doing far less in the present to bring counter-terrorism policy back under the constraint of constitutionalism.

Transparency is key – the plan can’t overcome a litany of questions that undermine the program’s credibility.
Knuckey, Director of the Project on Extrajudicial Executions at New York University School of Law, 10-1-13
(Sarah, Special Advisor to the UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial executions, “Transparency on Targeted Killings: Promises Made, but Little Progress,” http://justsecurity.org/2013/10/01/transparency-targeted-killings-promises-made-progress/, accessed 10-17-13, CMM)

Since President Barack Obama’s May 2013 counter-terrorism speech, attention to and criticism
AND
now take to be more transparent to the American people and the world.  

Plan causes rollback – The plan text only fiats the current president’s targeted killing policies – that means that after Obama future president’s will be able to circumvent

Tournament: App State | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgetown FK | Judge: Ravi Rao
Terrorism
No risk of nuclear terrorism
Mueller, Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science at Ohio State University, and Stewart, Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle in Australia, 12
(John, Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies, and Mark, Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow, “The Terrorism Delusion,” International Security, Volume 37, Number 1, Summer 2012, project muse, accessed 7-14-13, CMM)

Over the course of time, such essentially delusionary thinking has been internalized and institutionalized
AND
on small explosives or contemplating planting a hand grenade in a trash bin.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 8 | Opponent: Army AR | Judge: Garrett Crane
sustained drones drone use is key to keeping pressure on AQAP.
Bergen, director at the New America Foundation, and Rowland, program associate at the New America Foundation, 7-18-13
(Peter, CNN's national security analyst, and Jennifer, “Al Qaeda in Yemen: On the ropes,” http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/18/opinion/bergen-al-qaeda-yemen/index.html?hpt=op_t1, accessed 7-22-13, CMM)

On Wednesday, al Qaeda's virulent Yemeni affiliate which is known as al Qaeda in
AND
cadre of leaders. AQAP, in short, is struggling to survive.
B. Impact – AQAP will shut down the Bab al-Mandeb Strait, disrupting global oil flows
Thomas, M.A. Candidate, Nonprolif and Terrorism Studies at Monterey Institute of International Studies, 11
(Matthew, May 8, “Al Qaeda in the Land of Faith and Wisdom,” http://www.scribd.com/doc/66074814/Matt-Thomas-Essay, accessed 9-9-13, CMM)

AQAP is well aware of the positive implications of Yemen’s strategic location in the Gulf
AND
already struggling to recover from rampant political revolutions could follow Yemen into chaos. 

Interdependence is growing and checks war
Keating, Foreign Policy, 11-26-12
(Joshua, “The Stories You Missed in 2012,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/11/26/the_stories_you_missed_in_2012?page=full, accessed 11-26-12, CMM)

The conventional wisdom holds that India and Pakistan, which remain locked in conflict over
AND
bilateral trade to increase to $8 billion in the next two years.

Tournament: D7 | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pitt JL | Judge: Steve Sawyer
Backlash turns case – the executive and Congress will swamp court decisions
Fallon, Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, 9
(Richard H. Fallon, Jr., “Article: Constitutional Constraints,” 97 Calif. L. Rev. 975, lexis, accessed 10-20-13, CMM)

1. Inefficacy or Nullity Under Applicable Rules of Recognition¶ Judges and justices are
   AND
   only commonsensical to assume that sanctions or other external constraints have some effect.
   Backlash means no precedent will be set
   Baum, Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University, and Devins, Professor of Law and Professor of Government at College of William and Mary, 10
   (LAWRENCE BAUM and NEAL DEVINS, “ARTICLE: Why the Supreme Court Cares About Elites, Not the American People,” 98 Geo. L.J. 1515, lexis, accessed 10-20-13, CMM)

C. ELECTED GOVERNMENT BACKLASH¶ The Supreme Court sometimes takes into account the risk
AND
, n57 the Burger Court subsequently approved reinstatement of the death penalty. n58

Congressional backlash means they give the president more authority – turns the case
Milligan, Assistant Professor of Law at University of Louisville, 10
(Milligan, Luke M., “Congressional End-Run: The Ignored Constraint on Judicial Review,” 45 Ga. L. Rev. 211, lexis, accessed 10-20-13, CMM)

VI. CONCLUSION
Ignored by political scientists, congressional end-runs undoubtedly constrain the decisionmaking of the
AND
either of the two congressional constraints addressed in the prevailing judicial politics literature.
Within the field of judicial politics there remains a lingering uncertainty about Congress's practical impact on the Supreme Court's exercise of judicial review. This uncertainty has been compounded by the literature's failure to study the constraining role of congressional end-runs. Going forward, judicial politics scholars should incorporate the end-run into their formal SOP models and related empirical studies. Such incorporation promises to give political scientists a fuller sense of how their strategic Justices interact with Congress in our constitutional democracy. pg. 273

Lower courts will not follow.  They will deviate if the ruling threatens their legitimacy  
Westerland et al., Professor of Political Science @ University of Arizona, 10
(Chad Westerland, Jeffrey A. Segal (Chair of Political Science and SUNY Distinguished Professor @ StonyBrook University), Lee Epstein (Professor of Law and Political Science @ Northwestern University), Charles M. Cameron (Professor of Politics and Public Affairs @ Princeton University) Scott Comparato (Professor of Political Science @ Southern Illinois University), “Strategic Defiance and Compliance in the U.S. Courts of Appeals,” American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 54, No. 4, October 2010, Pg. 891–905

Scholars and journalists alike spilt much ink over Hopwood, as well as decisions by
AND
judges’ twin commitments to abolition and the rule of law (see also Howard

Tournament: D7 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pitt CK | Judge:
Deference
Heg underlies every reason for peace.
Owen, associate professor in the University of Virginia’s Department of Politics, 11
(John, 2-11-11, “Don’t Discount Hegemony,” http://www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony, accessed 8-12-13, CMM)

Our colleagues at Simon Fraser University are brave indeed. That may sound like a
AND
are now seeing is about much more than the humbling of a superpower.

Heg has reduced violence – it also checks nuclear great power war.
Thayer, University of Utah international relations professor, 2013
Bradley, International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, within The Forum: The Decline of War, “Humans, Not Angels: Reasons to Doubt the Decline of War Thesis” Wiley, p.409-10, accessed 1-21-14, TAP

Accordingly, while Pinker is sensitive to the importance of power in a domestic¶ context—the
AND
power changes and not to the benefit of the United States.

No risk it causes great power war – 70 years of great power peace disproves – even if imperialism causes wars, heg decline causes great power war which outweighs on magnitude

Empire is a misnomer.
Ikenberry, Princeton University international relations, 2004
John, Foreign Affairs, March/April, “Illusions of Empire: Defining the New American Order” Lexis, accessed 1-21-14, TAP

Is the United States an empire? If so, Ferguson's liberal empire is a
AND
of international institutions that have limited and legitimated U.S. power.

The risk of nuclear terrorism is high – means and motive
Goodspeed, National Post, 3-24-12
(Peter, “Peter Goodspeed: Ongoing nuclear threat looms over Seoul summit,” http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/03/24/preventing-devastating-nuclear-terrorist-attack-aim-of-world-leaders-meeting/, accessed 3-26-12, CMM)

“We believe the potential for nuclear terrorism remains high,” said Page Stoutland,
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way to use radiological weapons when their only goal is killing innocent people.”.

Major judicial abstention now – review is key to avoid the creation of inherent presidential powers
Bejesky, M.A. Political Science (Michigan), 13
(Robert, M.A. Applied Economics (Michigan), LL.M. International Law (Georgetown), “ARTICLE: Dubitable Security Threats and Low Intensity Interventions as the Achilles' Heel of War Powers,” 32 Miss. C. L. Rev. 9, lexis, accessed 7-16-13, CMM)

F. The Lack of Answers from the Court¶ ¶ In tracing the involvement
AND
Congress against George Bush in 2003 to enjoin military force against Iraq. n463
Courts stay out of national security issues now
Pildes, Professor of Constitutional Law and Co-Faculty Director for the Program on Law and Security at NYU School of Law, 8-5-13
(Rick, a clerk to Justice Thurgood Marshall at the United States Supreme Court, Professor Pildes has been named a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Guggenheim Fellow, and a Carnegie Scholar, “Does Judicial Review of National-Security Policies Constrain or Enable the Government?,” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/08/does-judicial-review-of-national-security-policies-constrain-or-enable-the-government/, accessed 8-16-13, CMM)

With the current controversies over the NSA’s surveillance programs, I want to return to
AND
courts have had nothing to say about the scope of various surveillance programs.

Substantial deference now
Entin, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs (School of Law), Professor of Law, and Professor of Political Science, Case Western Reserve University, 12
(Jonathan, “War Powers, Foreign Affairs, and the Courts: Some Institutional Considerations,” 45 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 443, lexis, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

I. Deference to the Executive on the Merits
Although these procedural and jurisdictional barriers to judicial review can be overcome, those who
AND
words, judicial review does not always provide clear answers to complex questions.

Recent detention cases haven’t undermined deference – the court still give the executive leeway
Waxman, Columbia Associate Law Professor, 9
(Matthew, “Can Courts Be ‘Trusted’ in National Security Crises?,” http://www.fljs.org/sites/www.fljs.org/files/publications/Waxman.pdf, accessed 9-10-13, CMM)

To those who view courts as too deferential to¶ executive power and assertions of
AND
from returning to Congress to seek the authority he¶ believes necessary.’
Courts are very cautious to intervene now
Waxman, Columbia Associate Law Professor, 9
(Matthew, “Can Courts Be ‘Trusted’ in National Security Crises?,” http://www.fljs.org/sites/www.fljs.org/files/publications/Waxman.pdf, accessed 9-10-13, CMM)

So far the Supreme Court has taken a sensible¶ approach to that recalibration process
AND
in¶ urging Congress to legislate the boundaries of¶ coercive state powers.
Deference now – implementation of decisions grant the executive significant flexibility
Scheppele, Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs in the Woodrow Wilson School and University Center for Human Values; Director of the Program in Law and Public Affairs, Princeton University, 12
(Kim Lane, Jan., “ARTICLE: THE NEW JUDICIAL DEFERENCE,” 92 B.U.L. Rev. 89, lexis, accessed 9-10-13, CMM)

*93  But, I will argue, deference is still alive and well
AND
that the litigation takes. This is the new face of judicial deference.

Courts are very cautious to intervene now
Waxman, Columbia Associate Law Professor, 9
(Matthew, “Can Courts Be ‘Trusted’ in National Security Crises?,” http://www.fljs.org/sites/www.fljs.org/files/publications/Waxman.pdf, accessed 9-10-13, CMM)

So far the Supreme Court has taken a sensible¶ approach to that recalibration process
AND
in¶ urging Congress to legislate the boundaries of¶ coercive state powers.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: Navy CR | Judge: Katsulas
A. Uniqueness – Court legitimacy is stable now—the Roberts court has ruled moderately and narrowly on key cases
The Economist, 13
(6-27-13, “Moderately legitimate,” http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2013/06/supreme-courts-term-review, accessed 10-20-13, CMM)

THE SUPREME COURT struck down an unusually large number of statutes this term. Just
AND
much trouble as the gavel comes down for the last time this summer.
B. Link – Judicial intervention on war powers causes massive backlash – guts legitimacy
Chesney, Professor, University of Texas School of Law, 9
(Robert, October, “ARTICLE: NATIONAL SECURITY FACT DEFERENCE,” 95 Va. L. Rev. 1361, lexis, accessed 8-16-13, CMM)

3. Institutional Self-Preservation¶ ¶ Judicial involvement in national security litigation,
AND
possibility - even the likelihood - that such concerns will play some role.
C. Impact – Weakening the court prevents sustainable development collapses the environment.
Stein, Former Judge of the New South Wales Court of Appeal and the New South Wales Land and Environment Court, 4
(Justice Paul Stein (International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Specialist Group on the Judiciary), “Why judges are essential to the rule of law and environmental protection,” Judges and the Rule of Law: Creating the Links: Environment, Human Rights and Poverty, IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper No. 60, http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/html/EPLP-060/section9.html, accessed 10-20-13, CMM)

The Johannesburg Principles state:
“We emphasize that the fragile state of the global environment requires the judiciary,
AND
are the meat in the sandwich but, difficult as it is, we must not shirk our duty.  
Extinction of all complex life
Barry, Independent Political Ecology and Data Scientist, 13
(Dr. Glen Barry, Ph.D. in "Land Resources" and Masters of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development” from the University of Wisconsin-Madison), 2-4-13, “ECOLOGY SCIENCE: Terrestrial Ecosystem Loss and Biosphere Collapse,” http://forests.org/blog/2013/02/, accessed 10-20-13, CMM)

Blunt, Biocentric Discussion on Avoiding Global Ecosystem Collapse and Achieving Global Ecological Sustainability¶
AND
across scales when enough life is lost beyond thresholds, living systems die.

Tournament: D7 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pitt CK | Judge:
A. Uniqueness – Congress and Obama have settled detention policy now – the Court have stepped back.
Chesney, Professor in Law at the University of Texas School of Law, 12
 (Robert, “Beyond the Battlefield, Beyond Al Qaeda: The Destabilizing Legal Architecture of Counterterrorism,” Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 227, 8-29-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2138623, accessed 10-20-13, CMM)

Once the period of institutional settlement was well underway in the judiciary, however,¶
AND
not¶ limited to detention policy. The same thing has happened, albeit to a lesser extent, in other areas.
B. Link – judicial action on indefinite detention collapse effective warfighting
Chertoff, Rutgers Law Review, 11
(Michael, February 3rd, 2011, Past Secretary, Department of Homeland Security (2005-2009), Rutgers Law Review , “THE DECLINE OF JUDICIAL DEFERENCE ON NATIONAL SECURITY,” http://www.rutgerslawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/archive/vol63/Issue4/Chertoff_Speech_PDF.pdf , pg. 1125-1128, accessed: 9-19-13, CAS)

So, where has this left us? It has left us in a puzzling
AND
the courts when ¶ dealing with these kinds of sensitive national security issues.
C. Impact – deference is key to heg
Rivkin and Casey, partners in the Washington, D.C., office of Baker and Hostetler LLP, 6
(David and Lee, served in the Justice Department during the Reagan and Bush 41 administrations, “Enfeebling the Presidency,” NATIONAL REVIEW/ JUNE 1 9 , 2 0 0 6, ebsco, accessed 8-18-13, CMM)

Even exercising a vigorous oversight function or mandating¶ greater information-sharing with Congress
AND
That concern remains as central today as it¶ was in 1787. ¶¶¶
Hegemony solves war – declines means conflict
Khalilzad, former U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the UN, 2-8-11
(Zalmay, United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992, National Review Online, “The Economy and National Security,” http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad, accessed 2-8-11, CMM)

We face this domestic challenge while other major powers are experiencing rapid economic growth.
AND
, hostile states would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.

Tournament: D7 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pitt CK | Judge:
This debate should hinge on the desirability of resolutional action –
A. “USFG should” means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means
Ericson et al., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., 3
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 7,  http://hs.stdoms.org/ourpages/auto/2009/10/28/44705084/DebaterGuide.pdf, accessed 10-20-13, CMM)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
“Restrict” is to prevent
Corpus Juris Secundum, 1931
(Volume 54, p. 735)

RESTRICT:  To confine; to limit; to prevent (a person or thing) from passing a certain limit in any kind of action; to restrain; to restrain without bounds.
“War powers” refers to the authority to use military force
Waxman, Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, 13
(Matthew, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, “The Constitutional Power To Threaten War,” Draft, Forthcoming in YALE LAW JOURNAL, vol. 123 (2014), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2316777, accessed 8-28-13, CMM)

As to the constitutional issues, there is wide agreement among legal scholars on¶
AND
are more prone than congressionally-checked ones to be dangerously rash.11
3. Predictability is the key starting point for discussion
Shively, former Texas AandM political science assistant professor, 2K
Ruth, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, edited by Portis, Gundersen, and Shively, “Political Theory and the Postmodern Politics of Ambiguity,” 181-2

The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say “no
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

Tournament: D7 | Round: 7 | Opponent: Liberty CE | Judge: Alison Harper, Nicco, Swanlek
2. Fairness is an inclusive standard- there’s no evidence it is inherently elite
Farber and Sherry, University of Minnesota Law Professor and Civil Rights and Liberties Law Professor, 93 Daniel A., Associate Dean, and Suzanna, "Telling Stories Out of School: An Essay on Legal Narratives," Stanford Law Review, 45 Stan. L. Rev. 807, l/n

Alex Johnson, for example, argues that "the meritocratic evaluative standard . .
AND
general claim that traditional standards are inherently unfair to work by women and minorities. 

Topical version of the aff solves –
Lobel, University of San Diego Assistant Professor of Law, 7
(Orly, “The Paradox of Extralegal Activism: Critical Legal Consciousness and Transformative Politics,” 120 HARV. L. REV. 937, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, accessed 10-21-13, CMM)

V. RESTORING CRITICAL OPTIMISM IN THE LEGAL FIELD¶ “La critique est aisée
AND
constantly redefining the boundaries of legal reform and making visible law’s broad reach.
But, the devil is in the details – its true for war powers
Currie, professor of law at Chicago, 3
(David, May, “SURVEY: II. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: FOREIGN AFFAIRS: PRESIDENTIAL INITIATIVE AND CONGRESSIONAL CONTROL: The President's Authority over Foreign Affairs: An Essay in Constitutional Interpretation. By H. Jefferson Powell,” 101 Mich. L. Rev. 1453, Lexis, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

It is here, I believe, that Professor Powell's thesis will encounter the greatest
AND
risk hostilities than some of us may think consistent with the constitutional plan.
Vagueness kills solvency
Farber, City University of New York Brooklyn College political science professor, 9-13-12
Samuel, “Occupy Wall Street and the Art of Demanding” http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/11507-occupy-wall-street-and-the-art-of-demanding, accessed 9-15-12, TAP

The OWS reluctance to formulate demands might have been beneficial initially in that it might
AND
where they are – to point B – where they want to be.

This is simplistic and ignores that debating the merits of proposals derives from the consequences of their implementation  - all neg ground is based on concrete proposals.
AND – this leads to a race to the bottom of the aff articulating non-debatable moral standards – fair debate is based on their application through specific policy proposals
Ignatieff, Harvard Carr Center for Human Rights Policy director and human rights practices professor, 04
Michael, The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, 20-21

As for moral perfectionism, this would be the doctrine that a liberal state should
AND
, and thus respect for one right might lead us to betray another.
Specifics key to overcome circumvention
Mitchell, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law, 9
(Jonathan, Jan, “Legislating Clear-Statement Regimes in National- Security Law,” http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000andcontext=jonathan_mitchell, accessed 9-17-13, CMM)

The challenge for these efforts to strengthen the War Powers Resolution and FISA¶ is
AND
of future criminal sanctions and¶ political reprisals against executive-branch employees.

4) Exclusion is inevitable- they don’t solve for their turns- err towards limits to sustain deliberation
Chantal Mouffe, University of Westminister Politics Prof, 1999 Race, Rheotric, and the postcolonial p 171-2

It's not that I'm opposed to the idea of consensus, but what needs to
AND
to differentiate it from "the rational," is necessary to democratic politics.

C. Exclusion is inevitable – debates adversarial structure prevents inclusion
Deborah Tannen, Ph.D., Georgetown University professor of linguistics and University Professor, 1998, “The Argument Culture,” p. 20

The argument culture limits the information we get rather than broadening it in another way
AND
style of teaching did not allow her to show what talent she had. 

Turn- their advocacy excludes those most in need- focusing on reform within the system is key to inclusion
Peter Sedgwick, University of Leeds politics and psychiatry lecturer, 1982, Psycho Politics, p. 243-5

The movement has small and confused beginnings: it needs, undoubtedly, more recruits
AND
welfare has to pose its objectives in terms of demands upon the state.
If you make the debate anything other than who wins and looses that is a horrible standard for debate because that means you as a judge have to vote against someone and kill their survival strategy and that means they should die – problems with debate exist, but the ballot isn’t necessary to solve – multiple forums solve.
Ritter ’13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf, p.32-3, accessed 10-5-13, TAP

The preceding discussion demonstrates why arguments about social change—¶ even social change within the
AND
round will lack persuasive value insofar as convincing the judge in the round of ¶ anything beyond the ultimate question of who did the better debating. 

Turn – their method turns the ballot into a referendum on privilege within the debate community – that trades off with out-of-round community solutions that are necessary to solve.
Ritter ’13
MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf, p.37, accessed 10-5-13, TAP

The fiction of social change through debate abuses the win–loss structure of ¶
AND
of social issues within and outside the debate ¶ community by prompting backlash. 

Debates just a game – no mindset shifts
Deborah Tannen, Ph.D., Georgetown University professor of linguistics and University Professor, 1998, “The Argument Culture,” p. 174

Another scholar who questions the usefulness of opposition as the sole path to truth is
AND
usually attributes that loss to poor performance or to an adversary's unfair tactics. 

Cross supply this from the K – not sure why they ignore this part of the debate Their contextualization of resistance with respect to the ballot ties them to the power structures responsible for their impacts-crushing solvency and turning the case
Brown, UC Berkeley political science professor, 95
(Wendy, States of Injury, p.21-23, TAT)

 For some, fueled by opprobium toward regulatory norms or other modalities of domination
AND
that which is good, progressive, or seeking an end to domination.
an important element of legitimacy for the  antidemocratic dimensions of liberalism.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake LS | Judge: Autry
Topical fairness requirements are key to effective dialogue—monopolizing strategy and prep makes the discussion one-sided and subverts any meaningful neg role
Galloway, Samford Comm prof, 7
(Ryan, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007)

Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
and undermining the value of a meaningful exchange of speech acts. Germaneness and
Fairness is key to education- agreed fundamental rules are essential to prevent political debates from devolving into irresolvable ideological disputes- their framework guarantees resistance and hostility
Portis, Gunderson and Shively, Texas AandM political science professors, 2K
Edward Bryan, Adolf G., and Ruth Lessl, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, 2-3

By extension, partisan divisions based upon competing constellations of interests, such as class
AND
framework provides criteria by which coherence might be assessed and alternative positions evaluated. 

2. Fairness is an inclusive standard- there’s no evidence it is inherently elite
Farber and Sherry, University of Minnesota Law Professor and Civil Rights and Liberties Law Professor, 93 Daniel A., Associate Dean, and Suzanna, "Telling Stories Out of School: An Essay on Legal Narratives," Stanford Law Review, 45 Stan. L. Rev. 807, l/n

Alex Johnson, for example, argues that "the meritocratic evaluative standard . .
AND
dence exists. Thus, we find little support for the general claim that traditional standards are inherently unfair to work by women and minorities. 

Debate only provides valuable dialogue in a confined game space. Unfettered affirmation outside the game space makes research impossible and destroys dialogue
Hanghoj, University of Southern Denmark Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies, 8
Thorkild, “Playful Knowledge”, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf,  accessed 10-25-12, AFB

Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself” (Wegerif, 2006: 61).
Dialogue is critical to affirming any value—shutting down deliberation devolves into totalitarianism and reinscribes oppression
Morson, Northwestern Slavic languages and literature professor, 4
Gary, http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf#page=331
Northwestern Professor,  Prof. Morson's work ranges over a variety of areas: literary theory (especially narrative); the history of ideas, both Russian and European; a variety of literary genres (especially satire, utopia, and the novel); and his favorite writers -- Chekhov, Gogol, and, above all, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. He is especially interested in the relation of literature to philosophy, accessed 10-7-12, AFB

 Bakhtin viewed the whole process of “ideological” (in the sense of
AND
proceed in much the same way, in an ongoing spiral of intolerance.

Decision-making is a trump impact—it improves all aspects of life regardless of its specific goals
Shulman, president emeritus, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 9
(Lee S, Education and a Civil Society: Teaching Evidence-Based Decision Making, p. ix-x) 

These are the kinds of questions that call for the exercise of practical reason,
AND
, and heart all play a significant role in the lives of citizens.

Topical version of the aff solves—
Lobel, Assistant Law Prof at Univ. of San Diego, ‘7
(Orly, “THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS,” 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, accessed 9-23-13) PM

V. RESTORING CRITICAL OPTIMISM IN THE LEGAL FIELD
“La critique est aisée; l’art difficile.”
A critique of cooptation often takes an uneasy path. Critique has always been and
AND
constantly redefining the boundaries of legal reform and making visible law’s broad reach. 

Challenging ourselves to innovate within the confines of rules creates far more creative responses than starting with a blank slate
Mayer, long-time executive and key spokesperson for Google, 6
(Marissa Ann Mayer, vice-president for search products and user experience at Google, MS in computer science from Stanford University, 2-16-13, “Creativity Loves Constraints,” http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/202468-creativity-loves-constraints?type=old_article, accessed 10-21-13, CMM)

When people think about creativity, they think about artistic work -- unbridled, unguided
AND
be a clock) or constrained possibilities (a canvas that is marked).

Turn—limits are vital to creativity and innovation
Intrator, President of The Creative Organization, 11
(David, 10-24-11, “Want to be Creative? Think Inside the Box,” http://www.humanresourcesiq.com/effective-management-toolkit/articles/want-to-be-creative-think-inside-the-box/, accessed 3-17-12, CMM)

A persistent myth about creativity, one that seriously inhibits creative thinking and innovation,
AND
simply don’t fit into the rules you’re creating as you build your box. 

Independently, limits are a voting issue—we don’t need to win an external impact other than their interpretation makes debate an unending nightmare
Harris, Ph.D Communications, Professor at Kansas, 13
(Scott, April 5, 2013, “This Ballot,” CEDA Forums, http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic=4762.0, accessed 10-20-13, CMM)

I understand that there has been some criticism of Northwestern’s strategy in this debate round
AND
are a real impact because I feel their impact in my everyday existence.

Debates just a game – no mindset shifts
Deborah Tannen, Ph.D., Georgetown University professor of linguistics and University Professor, 1998, “The Argument Culture,” p. 174

Another scholar who questions the usefulness of opposition as the sole path to truth is
AND
usually attributes that loss to poor performance or to an adversary's unfair tactics.
Competition undermines cooperative dialogue – none of their evidence assumes the debate space
Deborah Tannen, Ph.D., Georgetown University professor of linguistics and University Professor, 1998, “The Argument Culture,” p. 9-10

But with most arguments, little is resolved, worked out, or achieved when
AND
someone is lying. The problem is, we can’t.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 8 | Opponent: Fullerton RH | Judge: John Koch
A. Definition – the “United States Federal Government” is the legislative, judicial, and executive branches.
USA.gov, the U.S. government's official web portal, 9
(“U.S. Federal Government”, http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtml, accessed 7-29-9)

U.S. Federal Government… government's branches.

And, “should” implies a call to action
Dictionary.com
("should." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House,
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should, accessed 9-9-9)

3. must; ought … not do that.
“Restrict” is to prevent
Corpus Juris Secundum, 1931
(Volume 54, p. 735)

RESTRICT:  To confine… restrain without bounds.

“War powers” refers to the authority to use military force
Waxman, Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, 13
(Matthew, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, “The Constitutional Power To Threaten War,” Draft, Forthcoming in YALE LAW JOURNAL, vol. 123 (2014), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2316777, accessed 8-28-13, CMM)

As to the constitutional … ones to be dangerously rash.11

Offensive cyber operations include attacks or exploitation
Lin, Chief Scientist, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies, 10
(Herbert S, was a staff member and scientist for the House Armed Services Committee
(1986-1990), “Offensive Cyber Operations and the Use of Force,” JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW and POLICY Vol. 4:63, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/06_Lin.pdf, accessed 7-11-13, CMM)

Hostile actions against a computer … opportunities to¶ discover that presence.

B. Violation – the aff doesn’t restrict the president’s war powers authority in one of the 4 topical areas.

C. Fairness– 

Predictable ground – USFG action is critical to all negative strategies – there are an infinite amount of non-policy advocacies that are impossible to predict – USFG is key to all generic negative arguments.
2. Aff conditionality- only a resolutionally-based plan prevents shifting advocacies- their framework allows aff vagueness, allowing the aff to become a moving target which destroys discussion, advocacy skills and fair ground.
D. Impacts – 

Unpredictable or unfair debates preclude an informed discussion that rigorously tests the efficacy of their approach- this collapses civic deliberation because it prevents informed clash. This outweighs all other impacts - fairness is a prerequisite for voting for one team’s arguments or advocacy over the other’s - because we can’t test the truth-value of an argument or advocacy without rigorously testing it.
2. Predictability is the key starting point for discussion
Shively, former Texas AandM political science assistant professor, 2K
Ruth, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, edited by Portis, Gundersen, and Shively, “Political Theory and the Postmodern Politics of Ambiguity,” 181-2

The requirements given thus far … some basic agreement or harmony.

3. Fairness is key to education- agreed fundamental rules are essential to prevent political debates from devolving into irresolvable ideological disputes- their framework guarantees resistance and hostility
Portis, Gunderson and Shively, Texas AandM political science professors, 2K
Edward Bryan, Adolf G., and Ruth Lessl, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, 2-3

By extension, partisan divisions … assessed and alternative positions evaluated. 

Decision-making—debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that’s key to avoid a devolution of debate into competing truth claims
Steinberg, University of Miami Communication Studies lecturer, and Freeley, Boston-based criminal, personal injury and civil rights law attorney, 8
David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45

Debate is a means of settling differences, … outlined in the following discussion.

Debate’s crucial axis is a form of dialogic communication within a confined game space.
Unfettered affirmation outside the game space makes research impossible and destroys dialogue
Hanghoj, University of Southern Denmark Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies, 8
Thorkild, “Playful Knowledge”, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf,  accessed 10-25-12, AFB

Debate games are often based on … be dialogue as an end in itself” (Wegerif, 2006: 61). 

4. Evaluating between policy options is key to real world education about possible reforms- their interpretation devastates learning about the real world.  The inherent vagueness of their broad advocacy statements and lack of analysis of mechanisms, actors and implementation destroy reciprocal and coherent deliberation about the merits of an idea- a resolutionally-based policy focus is key to rigorous testing of ideas.

5. Topical version of the aff solves – advocating USFG action solves their offense while avoiding ours.
Switch side debate uniquely solves critical thinking through deliberation that solves all existential problems – debate creates critical thinking skills that empower and affirm life amidst societal information overload.
Also answers debate bad
Lundberg, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill communications professor, 2010
Christian, Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century by Allan Louden, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” http://books.google.com/books?id=ntHxX_9J7gYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandq=complex20worldandf=false, p.311-3, accessed 8-8-12, TAP

The second major problem with the … to debate at colleges and universities.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 5 | Opponent: GMU DM | Judge: Dan Bagwell
Policy-deliberation is crucial to restoring restore democratic practices and reshape power relations- debate creates an epistemological bridge between non-experts and experts
Fisher, Rutgers University political science professor, 2000
Frank, Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy member, Citizens, Experts, and the Environment, x-xii

Despite the enthusiasm for promoting democracy, most of the calls for more democracy and
AND
The work sets out ways by which the relationship between citizens and experts can be restructured to better facilitate an epistemological integration of both expert and citizen knowledge(s). 

4) Exclusion is inevitable- they don’t solve for their turns- err towards limits to sustain deliberation
Chantal Mouffe, University of Westminister Politics Prof, 1999 Race, Rheotric, and the postcolonial p 171-2

It's not that I'm opposed to the idea of consensus, but what needs to
AND
to differentiate it from "the rational," is necessary to democratic politics.

Switch-side debate good- challenges “us-them” dichotomies and dismantles absolutism
English et al, Schenley Park Debate Authors Working Group scholar, 6-7
Eric, Stephen Llano, Gordon R. Mitchell, Catherine E. Morrison, John Rief and Carly Woods. Univ. of Pittsburgh Communication Dept. “Debate as a Weapon of Mass Destruction.” Routledge. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 221-225 http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/JPubs/EnglishDAWG.pdf accessed 10-16-8

This episode is a representative anecdote for the ‘‘global war on terror,’’
AND
those invested in the stability of such polar categories find debate so threatening. 

5. Debate’s crucial axis is a form of dialogic communication within a confined game space. Unfettered affirmation outside the game space makes research impossible and destroys dialogue
Hanghoj, University of Southern Denmark Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies, 8
Thorkild, “Playful Knowledge”, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf,  accessed 10-25-12, AFB

Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself” (Wegerif, 2006: 61).

Tournament: ADA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty CE | Judge: Jordan Foley
The affirmative's insertion of subjectivity into political discourse does not definitively shatter oppression. The act of speaking permits it's co-option by regulatory discourses
Brown, UC Berkeley political science professor, 2005
(Wendy, "Freedom's Silences" published in Edgework: Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics, p. 84-86, TAT)

Here is the way this problem unfolds politically: insurrection requires breaking silence about the
AND
in speaking ourselves, its capacity to bind rather than emancipate us.4

Our alternative is to use "silent" and covert discourses as spaces of shelter from the violence of unitary discourse. Residing in the blind spots of discourse provides modes of agency unthreatened by the violence of dominant orders
Brown, UC Berkeley political science professor, 2005
(Wendy, "Freedom's Silences" published in Edgework: Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics, p. 92-93, TAT)

While these practices tacitly silence those who do not share the experiences of those whose
AND
by those the House Un-American Activities Committee persecuted in the 1950s?

Insisting upon locating identity within hegemonic discourses locks the being of identity in hegemonic discourse. This reifies those discourses, thwarting solvency and reproducing the conditions of modernity responsible for their impacts
Brown, UC Berkeley political science professor, 2005
(Wendy, "Freedom's Silences" published in Edgework: Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics, p. 94-95
TAT)

If to speak repeatedly of a trauma (which, by definition, carries wordless
AND
experience recall the disdain for knowledge and reflection that was, historically, part of the material out of which European fascism was fashioned?

Tournament: Texas | Round: 8 | Opponent: Fullerton RH | Judge: John Koch
Identity politics only reproduces injury through its attachment to that injury – the alternative is not to forget the past but to reconceptualize it as something actionable.
Bhambra, University of Warwick sociology professor, and Margree, University of Brighton cultural studies professor, 2010
Gurminder and Victoria, “Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’” http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_, p.62-4, accessed 11-11-13, TAP

2 The Reification of Identity We wish to turn … through its attention to past-based grievances.

1NR:

Try or die – exclusion and historical antagonism are inevitable through their conception of identity – only shifting identity from something that shapes who we are to something actionable solves.
Brown, University of California Santa Cruz political science professor, 1993
Wendy, Sage Publications, Political Theory vol. 21 no 3, “Wounded Attachments” Jstor, p.405-7, accessed 12-20-10, TAP

In its emergence as a protest against marginalization …. discursively forging an alternative future?

Identity politics is life-denying – this precludes aff solvency and is an independent reason to reject the aff.
Brown, University of California Santa Cruz political science professor, 1993
Wendy, Sage Publications, Political Theory vol. 21 no 3, “Wounded Attachments” Jstor, p.403-4, accessed12-20-10, TP

But in its attempt to displace its suffering, … venues of self-affirming action.2

Tournament: JMU | Round: 5 | Opponent: GMU DM | Judge: Dan Bagwell
Restricting ability to use force causes Israeli panic
Haim Malka, deputy director and senior fellow in the Middle East Program at CSIS, 2011
Formerly research analyst at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, B.A. from the University of Washington, M.A. from Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, "Uncertain Commitment: Israeli Assessments of US Power" csis.org/files/publication/110613_malka_CapacityResolve_Web.pdf
Ongoing Israeli mistrust of President Obama’s policy approach directly influences Israeli policy ¶ debates in
AND
¶ for Israeli decisionmaking but for U.S. interests as well.

The plan’s perception of non-commitment radicalizes Israeli foreign policy and causes greater self-reliance
Haim Malka, deputy director and senior fellow in the Middle East Program at CSIS, 2011
Formerly research analyst at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, B.A. from the University of Washington, M.A. from Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, "Uncertain Commitment: Israeli Assessments of US Power" csis.org/files/publication/110613_malka_CapacityResolve_Web.pdf
More broadly, U.S. indecision and passivity raise fundamental Israeli questions about
AND
. The consequences could be destabilizing for both Israel and ¶ the United States

That ensures miscalc and triggers biological and nuclear war
Louis René Beres, professor of Political Science at Purdue University, 2011
Louis René Beres is a professor of Political Science at Purdue University, an expert on Israeli security matters and the author of 10 major books and several hundred journal articles on international relations and international law. "The unforeseen risks of Palestinian statehood" 6/9/11 www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/the-unforeseen-risks-of-palestinian-statehood-1.382766
In turn, such self-reliance would demand: (1) a more
AND
be met, in the uncertain strategic future, with enemy nuclear counterstrikes.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 4 | Opponent: MoSt PP | Judge: Chris Stone
A.US-Japan alliance will be strong now ––
People Daily Online, 3-4, 2010,
(“U.S.-Japan alliance indispensable despite base row: senior U.S. official”) http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90852/6908864.html 3-4-10 

The U.S.-Japan alliance is indispensable … strategic engagement in Asia."

The plan would crush US nuclear cred with Japan.
Heritage Foundation, 8/26/2009
"HOW TO SAVE U.S.-JAPAN ALLIANCE," lexis

As a result of the Bush Administration's … than protecting Japan. 

That’s key to block Japanese prolif.
Schoff, Foreign Policy Analysis Institute Asia-Pacific Studies Associate Director, March 2009
James, "Realigning Priorities," www.ifpa.org/pdf/RealignPriorities.pdf

The truth is that the nuclear issue in …, signs of reconsideration in Tokyo  became apparent.  

C. 1. Japan proliferation leads to regional instability, arms races and kills the US-Japan alliance
Chanlett-Avery, and Nikitin, Congressional Research Service Asian Affairs and Nonproliferation Analysts, 2/19/2009
Emma, Mary, "Japan's Nuclear Future," ftp.fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RL34487.pdf

Any reconsideration and/or shift of …  of the Asia Pacific region and beyond.  
 

2. This results in global nuclear annihilation
Ogura, Toyama University Political Economy Professor, and Oh, West England University Bristol Business School Int'l Business Senior Lecturer, April 1997
Toshimaru, Ingyu, "Nuclear clouds over the Korean peninsula and Japan," http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1132/is_n11_v48/ai_19693242/pg_7

North Korea, South Korea, and … to escalate into a global conflagration.

Tournament: ADA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Samford CH | Judge: Warren Decker
A. Uniqueness – Strict adherence to the political question doctrine now
Bradley, Professor of Law – Duke Law School, 9-2-13
(Curtis A., “War Powers, Syria, and Non-Judicial Precedent,” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/09/war-powers-syria-and-non-judicial-precedent/, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

As an initial matter, we need to bracket the issue of whether Obama’s action
AND
that might have motivated Obama to go to Congress with respect to Syria.

B. The plan reverses this
Lederman, Professor of Law – Georgetown University Law Center, 11
(Martin, “War, Terror, and the Federal Courts, Ten Years After 9/11: Conference*: Association of American Law Schools' Section on Federal Courts Program at the 2012 AALS Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C.,” 61 Am. U.L. Rev. 1253, lexis, accessed 10-20-13, CMM)

Number two: Numerous very important, contested, hotly debated topics have arisen in
AND
the federal courts have been too timid or too aggressive in this area.

C. Impact – Upholding the political question doctrine is key to effective military contracting.
Isenberg, Senior Analyst in Wikistrat’s Analytic Community,10
(David, Senior Analyst at Wikistrat, affiliations include the Straus Military Reform Project and the Independent Institute, 1-19-10, “Contractor Legal Immunity and the "Political Questions" Doctrine,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-isenberg/contractor-legal-immunity_b_428790.html, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

One can easily see why most defense contractors, including private military and security firms
AND
a fear of being sued, refuse to follow the military's instructions altogether.
That’s key to Afghan stability
Schwartz, Specialist in Defense Acquisition – Congressional Research Service, 9
(Moshe,  "Department of Defense Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Background and Analysis," Congressional Research Service, 8-23, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/128824.pdf, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

The Department of Defense (DOD) increasingly relies upon contractors to support operations in
AND
Iraq and Afghanistan, and updating DOD doctrine to incorporate the role of contractors.¶ However, these efforts are still in progress and could take three years or more to effectively¶ implement.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: Army LS | Judge: Andrea Reed
Plan: The United States Federal Government should limit cross-border movement by supporting local Pakistani security forces with a small number of US Special Forces personnel.

This solves Pakistan- that’s their 1ac Innocent evidence

Tournament: Navy | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake LS | Judge: Autry
This year’s resolution offers a crucial opportunity for political engagement --- policy relevant debate about war powers decision-making is critical to hold the government accountable for their hypocrisy --- only engaging specific proposals and learning the language of the war-machine solves
Mellor, European University Institute Graduate Student, 13
(Ewan E. Mellor, “Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs,” Paper Prepared for BISA Conference 2013, http://www.academia.edu/4175480/Why_policy_relevance_is_a_moral_necessity_Just_war_theory_impact_and_UAVs, accessed 10-20-13, CMM)

This section of the paper considers more generally the need for just war theorists to
AND
the public engagement and political activism that are necessary for democratic politics.52

Other educational forums are failing, that means debate is crucial to in-depth education of presidential authority that allows for effective checks on abuse.
Adler, professor of political science at Idaho State University, 5
(David Gray, “The Law: Textbooks and the President’s Constitutional Powers,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 35, no. 2 ( June), Wilson Online Library, accessed 5-24-13, CMM)

Each year, approximately one million college and university students across the¶ United States
AND
) mischaracterizations about historic episodes involving the assertions of¶ broad presidential powers.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake LS | Judge: Autry
War powers debate are key to checking presidential abuses of power.
Young, Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Forensics, Wayne State University, 13
(Kelly Michael, 9-4-13, “Why Should We Debate About Restriction of Presidential War Powers,” http://public.cedadebate.org/node/13, accessed 10-4-13, CMM)

Beyond its obviously timeliness, we believed debating about presidential war powers was important because
AND
these students’ opinions will stand as an important potential check on the presidency.

Student debate about war powers is critical to overall American Political Development--influences the durable shifts in checks and balances.
Dominguez, Associate Professor; Department of Political Science; University of San Diego, and Thoren, University of San Diego, 10
(Casey and Kim, “The Evolution of Presidential Authority in War Powers,” Paper prepared for the Annual Meeting of the Western Political Science Association, San Francisco, California, April 1-3, 2010, “The Evolution of Presidential Authority in War Powers,” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1580395, accessed 10-21-13, CMM)

Students of American institutions should naturally be interested in the¶ relationships between the president
AND
¶ change over time in Congress’ relations to the other branches of government.

Using the university as a site for change is key
Fisher, senior specialist in separation of powers with the Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress, 5
“The Law: Scholarly Support for Presidential Wars,” . Presidential Studies Quarterly 35, no. 3 (September), 2005, http://loc.gov/law/help/usconlaw/pdf/Fisher.scholars.pdf, accessed 10-21-13, CMM)

These studies are helpful, but public opinion will not start to turn until students
AND
policies in the field of national security is the highest form of patriotism.

the devil is in the details – its true for war powers
Currie, professor of law at Chicago, 3
(David, May, “SURVEY: II. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: FOREIGN AFFAIRS: PRESIDENTIAL INITIATIVE AND CONGRESSIONAL CONTROL: The President's Authority over Foreign Affairs: An Essay in Constitutional Interpretation. By H. Jefferson Powell,” 101 Mich. L. Rev. 1453, Lexis, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

It is here, I believe, that Professor Powell's thesis will encounter the greatest
AND
risk hostilities than some of us may think consistent with the constitutional plan.
Vagueness kills solvency
Farber, City University of New York Brooklyn College political science professor, 9-13-12
Samuel, “Occupy Wall Street and the Art of Demanding” http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/11507-occupy-wall-street-and-the-art-of-demanding, accessed 9-15-12, TAP

The OWS reluctance to formulate demands might have been beneficial initially in that it might
AND
where they are – to point B – where they want to be.

This is simplistic and ignores that debating the merits of proposals derives from the consequences of their implementation  - all neg ground is based on concrete proposals.
AND – this leads to a race to the bottom of the aff articulating non-debatable moral standards – fair debate is based on their application through specific policy proposals
Ignatieff, Harvard Carr Center for Human Rights Policy director and human rights practices professor, 04
Michael, The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, 20-21

As for moral perfectionism, this would be the doctrine that a liberal state should
AND
, and thus respect for one right might lead us to betray another.

WPR proves.
Litwak, Candidate for Doctor of Jurisprudence, University of North Carolina School of Law, 12
(Brian, “Putting Constitutional Teeth Into a Paper Tiger: How to Fix the War Powers Resolution,” NATIONAL SECURITY LAW BRIEF Vol. 2, No. 2, http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1034andcontext=nslb, accessed 8-6-13, CMM)

C. Criticisms of the WPR
To promulgate a workable solution to the WPR, it is first necessary to discuss the present criticisms¶ of the statute. Several salient criticisms emerge from the resounding sea of disapprovals the¶ WPR has accumulated throughout its long and oft-attacked history. As discussed earlier, the first¶ and most transparent criticism of the WPR stems from widespread (virtually unanimous) and longstanding¶ presidential refusal to comply with both the WPR’s text and spirit.72 The logical corollary is¶ that the WPR has failed to prevent the President from unilaterally deploying armed forces abroad.73¶ Instead of fostering an environment conducive to collaboration between the political branches when¶ deciding to introduce forces into hostilities, the WPR has instead allowed the Executive to fashion¶ creative arguments to exploit the poor statutory drafting of the WPR and to evade the WPR’s central¶ purpose. While these criticisms demonstrate an overall failure of the WPR to achieve its articulated¶ goal, several other flaws in the WPR remain.74
Another unforeseen consequence of the WPR’s statutory language, fatal to its proper operation,¶
AND
hostilities are afoot—renders the self-activating nature of resolution inapposite.

Topical Education—by manipulating the topic to access their own political agenda they skirt debate about the implementation of policies by the government.  Their education is distrusting of institutional research and pragmatic reform.  Even if their intentions are good, their message results in fascist totalitarianism.
Lewis, George Washington University assistant professor, 92
Martin, assistant prof. at George Washington U, “Green Delusions”, p. 247-8

A majority of those born between 1960 and 1980 seem to tend toward cynicism,
AND
constitutional refinements become inconvenient niceties.”

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: Navy CR | Judge: Katsulas
Heg is unsustainable – debt, rising powers, hard power, soft power, and public support
Mazarr, professor of national security strategy at the U.S. National War College, 12
(Michael, Fall, “The Risks of Ignoring Strategic Insolvency,” https://csis.org/files/publication/twq12FallMazarr.pdf, Washington Quarterly 35:4, pages 7-22, accessed 10-14-12, CMM)

To be clear, a significant U.S. leadership role in world politics
AND
they are accelerating, and maturing, in new and¶ decisive ways.

It will pass – window of opportunity is now
Lopez, WGCU News, 10-28-13
“Rep. Mario Diaz Balart Says President's New Tone On Immigration Is An 'Opportunity'”
http://news.wgcu.org/post/rep-mario-diaz-balart-says-presidents-new-tone-immigration-opportunity, accessed 10-28-13, AFB

President Obama announced Thursday he would support
AND
? I am cautiously optimistic that we are going to get it done.”
PC is finite- prioritization is key – after this year it can’t get done.
Cillizza and Blake, Washington Post, 1-21-13
(Chris and Aaron, “President Obama’s second term starts today. It ends sooner than you think.,”  http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/01/21/president-obama-second-term-starts-today-it-ends-in-sooner-than-you-think/, accessed 1-24-13, CMM)

At the moment, President Obama is at the height of his political influence.
AND
of what he hopes will round out his presidency in this second term.

It will pass – PC gets it over the finish line
Clift, Daily Beast, 10-25-13
(Eleanor, “Obama, Congress Get Back to the Immigration Fight,” http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/25/obama-congress-get-back-to-the-immigration-fight.html, accessed 10-26-13, CMM)

After months of relative quiet on the subject of immigration reform, President Obama reclaimed
AND
where Republicans once again are on the wrong side of history and demography.    

Obama has the upper hand
Sanders, columnist for the Fort Worth Star-Telegram, 10-22-13
(Bob Ray, “There's no better time for Obama to push for immigration reform,” http://www.bnd.com/2013/10/22/2862687/bob-ray-sanders-theres-no-better.html, accessed 10-23-13, CMM)

Now that the Republican hijacking of the federal government has been brought to an end
AND
to file for office and gear up their campaigns for the 2014 contests.

Obama efforts increasingly likelihood of passage – window of opportunity is now
Lopez, WGCU News, 10-28-13
“Rep. Mario Diaz Balart Says President's New Tone On Immigration Is An 'Opportunity'”
http://news.wgcu.org/post/rep-mario-diaz-balart-says-presidents-new-tone-immigration-opportunity, accessed 10-28-13, AFB

President Obama announced Thursday he would support
AND
working to pass tougher border security and a way for some undocumented immigrants to earn a legal status.

They say Bhoener kills it but- Conference solves passage – Boehner just needs to allow a vote.
Sargent, Washington Post, 10-18-13
(Greg, “A way forward on immigration reform?,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/10/18/a-way-forward-on-immigration-reform/, accessed 10-20-13, CMM)

Yesterday, President Obama declared he wants action on immigration reform “this year.”
AND
Hastert Rule) is the KIDS Act. The rest unfolds from there.

Obama not pushing.
Kaplan, CBS News, 10-17-13
Rebecca, “Obama's priorities for the year: Budget, immigration and farm bill” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57607996/obamas-priorities-for-the-year-budget-immigration-and-farm-bill/, accessed 10-25-13, TAP

The top priority for the coming weeks will be passage of a budget, a
AND
challenge ahead of them. Past groups have had little success reaching agreement.

Sebelius takes the fall, Obama still beats the GOP on the spin game, and overall reform will succeed
Sargent, Washington Post, 10-23-13
(Greg, “The Morning Plum: Obamacare rollout is awful. GOP’s position is a lot worse.,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/10/23/the-morning-plum-obamacare-rollout-is-awful-gops-position-is-a-lot-worse/, accessed 10-25-13, CMM)

It’s heart-warming to see Republicans so worried about the difficulties the uninsured are
AND
— represent a misreading of the nuances on public opinion on health reform.

Next few months key
Nowicki, The Arizona Republic, 10-20-13
(Dan, “Time running out for immigration reform,” http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/20/hopes-dim-for-immigration-reform/3062199/, accessed 10-20-13, CMM)

Reform supporters say if the House delays action on immigration reform until 2014, it's
AND
likely won't be another serious legislative push until after the 2016 presidential race.

No way it would pass next year
AFP, 10-24-13
(“Obama: Let’s get comprehensive immigration reform done this year,” http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/10/24/obama-lets-get-comprehensive-immigration-reform-done-this-year/, accessed 10-24-13, CMM)

Time is fast running out to pass the bill, which would bolster Obama’s political legacy, before the return of hyper partisan campaign politics in the run-up to mid-term elections next year.

Wins don’t overwhelm the link  
Porter, Slant staff writer, 2009
Ethan, 9-22, "Obama’s political capital problem," http://trueslant.com/ethanporter/2009/09/22/obamas-political-capital-problem/, 9/25

I had assumed that, following health care’s passage, the rest of the progressive
AND
. And that’s not the kind of thing that’s easy to get back.

Tournament: App State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan CP | Judge: Steve Sawyer

A. Uniqueness – a nuclear deal with Iran will pass now – political capital is key – the impact is nuclearization.

Kahl, Associate Professor, Georgetown University, 11-13-13
(Colin, "House Foreign Affairs Committee Hearing; "Examining Nuclear Negotiations: Iran After Rouhani’s First 100 Days."; Congressional Documents and Publications, lexis, accessed 11-14-13, CMM)

The long-simmering nuclear crisis with Iran is approaching a critical inflection point.
AND
would tie the hands of our diplomats and undermine the prospects for success.

B. Link – No political will for drone courts.

Wexler, University of Illinois law professor, 2013
~Lesley, 5-8-13, "The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests" http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2262412-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2262412, p.16, accessed 5-14-13, TAP~

Such courts may not be particularly likely for a variety of reasons.69 Congress
AND
of their creation may still exert a disciplining effect on the Obama administration.

Stripping presidential war powers authority wrecks the domestic agenda

Howell et al, Sydney Stein Professor, The Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago, 11-1-13
(William, Saul Jackman is a fellow in the Governance Studies program, and a member of the Center for Effective Public Management, at the Brookings Institution, Jon C. Rogowski, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Washington University in St. Louis, "Book Launch Event: The Wartime President," http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/fixgov/posts/2013/11/1-wartime-president-book-release-jackman?utm_campaign=brookings-comm26utm_source=hs_email26utm_medium=email26utm_content=1078071226_hsenc=p2ANqtz—XxuUbKiK3E_KjxSSwaXfUyE3cTbgQRbFBGVYe2G96GWa2ECVF2D4yt_yr5ZfUnYBM25Hzq6t3JhZKUWIlviEzp-a1Kcfj79IfLwsiRTHSjn35SNc26_hsmi=Optional.of281078071229, accessed 11-5-13, CMM)

Perhaps President Obama’s greatest campaign promise was to bring home the troops from the Middle
AND
is an open question, but an affirmative answer is beginning to show.

C. Impact – Iran proliferation causes nuclear war

Edelman et al., distinguished fellow – Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 11
(Eric S,  Andrew Krepinevich, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments President, Evan Braden Montgomery, Research Fellow, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, "The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran," Foreign Affairs, January/February, ebsco, accessed 11-14-13, CMM)

The reports of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States and
AND
would retaliate against the wrong party, potentially triggering a regional nuclear war.

Tournament: ADA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Samford CH | Judge: Warren Decker
A. Uniqueness – Obama has held of Iran sanctions thus far
Reuters, 3-4-14
(“U.S. senator still believes in new Iran sanctions bill,” http://news.yahoo.com/u-senator-still-believes-iran-sanctions-bill-163117789.html, accessed 3-13-14, CMM)

U.S. Senator Robert Menendez said on Tuesday he still sees his legislation
AND
that only intense, punishing economic pressure influences Iranian leaders," he said.

B. Link –Usurping Obama’s authority undermines his leverage and the agenda.  
Lillis and Wasson, The Hill, 9-7-13
(Mike and Erik, “Fears of wounding Obama weigh heavily on Democrats ahead of vote,” http://thehill.com/homenews/house/320829-fears-of-wounding-obama-weigh-heavily-on-democrats, accessed 9-15-13, CMM)

The prospect of wounding President Obama is weighing heavily on Democratic lawmakers as they decide
AND
legislative branch," The Hill columnist John Feehery said Friday on his blog.

Court decisions get politicized – this answers their warrants
Hamilton, J.D. Candidate, Stanford Law School, 12
(Eric, 8-30-12, “Politicizing the Supreme Court,” 65 Stan. L. Rev. Online 35
http://www.stanfordlawreview.org/online/politicizing-supreme-court, accessed 2-22-13, CMM)

To state the obvious, Americans do not trust the federal government, and that
AND
disrupt the constitutional balance of power between the judiciary and the political branches.

C. PC is key to holding off sanctions
Kaper, National Journal, 2-2-14
 (Stacy, “How Obama Won the War on Iran Sanctions,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/defense/how-obama-won-the-war-on-iran-sanctions-20140202, accessed 2-3-14, CMM)

The push for new sanctions on Iran has stalled. The Democrats who bucked President
AND
it partisan, and we'll see if Republicans will take the next step."

D. Key to prevent trade collapse.
Leverett, Penn State IR prof, and Leverett, American University, 12
(Flynt and Hillary Mann, 7-5-12. “America’s Iran Policy and the Undermining of International Order,” http://www.worldfinancialreview.com/?p=3490, accessed 11-18-13, CMM)

Second, secondary sanctions are a political house of cards. American officials are well
AND
obstacle, rather than a facilitator, of rules-based international order.

E. Protectionism escalates to global war
Cho, Assistant Law Professor Chicago-Kent, 2007
Sungjoon, Illinois Institute of Technology "Doha's Development," 25 Berkeley J. Int'l L. 165

Second, the mercantilist nature of the current competitive regionalism tends to evoke the strikingly
AND
seriously lest we repeat the same historical errors and are punished for them.

Tournament: D7 | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pitt JL | Judge: Steve Sawyer
Sanctions fail – will collapse talks and greenlight use of force
Benen, MSNBC, 1-17-14
Steve, The Rachel Maddow Show, “Support for new Iran sanctions wanes”, http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/support-new-iran-sanctions-wanes, accessed 1-17-14, AFB

As recently as last week, bipartisan congressional support for new sanctions on Iran, which were likely to
AND
their own requirements on U.S. negotiators while talks are ongoing.
New sanctions scuttle negotiations
Boston Globe (editorial), 1-22-14
(“Iran deal shows promise; Congress shouldn’t derail it,” http://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/editorials/2014/01/22/iran-deal-shows-promise-and-congress-shouldn-derail/p3NVH45fcDX3a9VTnQWkhN/story.html, accessed 1-24-14, CMM)

Iran might not agree to these conditions. But one thing is clear: A
AND
US allies around the world are likely to drop their own Iran sanctions.

Sanctions cause prolif and war
Judis, TNR, 1-28-14
(John, “The Boldest Part of Obama's Speech Was His Iran Veto Threat,” http://www.newrepublic.com/article/116390/three-cheers-obamas-veto-threat, accessed 2-7-14, CMM)

If these negtoations with Iran fail, the United States will be left with very
AND
. I applaud the President for threatening to veto the Iran sanctions bill.

No sanctions now – uniqueness doesn’t overwhelm
Benen, MSNBC, 2-4-13
(Steve, “Senate effectively scraps Iran sanctions bill,” http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/senate-effectively-scraps-iran-sanctions-bill, accessed 2-7-14, CMM)

A month ago, proponents of a bipartisan bill on new Iranian sanctions had reason
AND
the international negotiations. As of yesterday, that’s exactly what he’s earned.

Obama’s winning for the moment
LANDLER, NYT, 2-3-14
(Mark, “Potent Pro-Israel Group Finds Its Momentum Blunted,” http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/04/world/middleeast/potent-pro-israel-group-finds-its-momentum-blunted.html?_r=0, accessed 2-7-14, CMM)

The last time the nation’s most potent pro-Israel lobbying group lost a major
AND
strengthened, and there is increasing deference to the president on foreign policy.”

AIPAC is backing off and more dems are on board with Obama
RAJU and EVERETT, Politico, 2-6-14
(Mani and Burgess, “Bill Clinton, AIPAC urge delay on Iran sanctions,” http://www.politico.com/story/2014/02/bill-clinton-iran-sanctions-103219.html?hp=r1, accessed 2-7-14, CMM)

The White House’s push to delay an Iran sanctions vote got a big boost this
AND
over the matter. A spokesman for the former president declined to comment.
PC is effective
Silverman, San Diego Jewish World, 2-7-14
(Noah, Republican Jewish Coalition, “RJC: Obama pressure forces AIPAC reversal on Iran,” http://www.sdjewishworld.com/2014/02/07/rjc-obama-pressure-forces-aipac-reversal-iran/, accessed 2-7-14

What happened next should trouble every pro-Israel American deeply. The Obama administration
AND
and is calling for Senate action on Kirk-Menendez to be delayed.
Obama winning the fight now
SIMONOFF, South Jersey JStreet chair, 2-5-14
(Howard, “Now is not the time for Congress to impose more Iran sanctions,” http://www.jewishvoicesnj.org/news/2014-02-05/Editorial/Now_is_not_the_time_for_Congress_to_impose_more_Ir.html, accessed 2-5-14, CMM)

Senators Menendez and Booker are supporting legislation to impose new sanctions on Iran and put
AND
59—an insufficient number to end a filibuster or override a veto.

Obama has won the fight thus far – but further defections are possible
Jackson, USA Today, 1-30-14
(David, “Obama may have beaten back new Iran sanctions,” http://www.usatoday.com/story/theoval/2014/01/30/obama-iran-sanctions-blumenthal-coons/5050869/, accessed 2-3-14, CMM)

It sounds like President Obama won't have to worry about vetoing any new sanctions on
AND
sanctions are likely to continue, as critics say Iran cannot be trusted.

Momentum for Iran sanctions has stalled now
Sargent, Washington Post, 1-22-14
(Greg, “Another blow to the Iran sanctions bill,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2014/01/22/another-blow-to-the-iran-sanctions-bill/, accessed 1-23-14, CMM)

Add two more prominent Senators to the list of lawmakers who oppose a vote on
AND
of Dems against a vote has comfortably surpassed the number who want one.

Uniqueness is uncertain – default to protecting Obama’s PC
Buonomo, Former Military Intelligence Officer, U.S. Army, 1-30-14
 (Thomas, “Americans Must Exercise Their Power to Check Congress on Iran Sanctions,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/thomas-j-buonomo/americans-must-exercise-t_b_4699196.html, accessed 2-3-14, CMM)

In spite of the United States' unprecedented opportunity to reach a negotiated settlement with the
AND
withdrawing their co-sponsorship of the legislation, the situation remains precarious.
Obama has won the war so far – but hiccups in negotiations risk another push for sanctions – PC is key to prevent
Crittenden, WSJ, 2-4-14
 (Michael, “Congress Eases Standoff With White House Over Iran Sanctions,” http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304851104579363372176271460, accessed 2-5-14, CMM)

The Obama administration appeared to be prevailing in its effort to persuade lawmakers to give
AND
," she said, calling the two sides' positions a difference over tactics.

Tournament: D7 | Round: 4 | Opponent: JMU BM | Judge: Al Harper
Obama has won for now – continued pressure key
O'Hanlon, Director of Research, Foreign Policy, and Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence, Brookings, 2-16-14
(Michael, “To Date, Washington's Iran Policy Has Been a Triumph of Bipartisanship,” http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/iran-at-saban/posts/2014/02/16-us-iran-policy-bipartisan-triumph-ohanlon, accessed 2-20-14, CMM)

As a new round of Iran talks gets underway, the temptation in Washington —
AND
now, but the criticism of his policies remains widespread and quite strong.
Default to maintaining PC – hiccups during negotiations are inevitable and risk sanctions pressure
Pillar, Nonresident Senior Fellow at the Center for Security Studies at Georgetown University, 2-17-14
(Paul, Nonresident Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution, “The Iran Negotiations Begin,” http://nationalinterest.org/print/blog/paul-pillar/the-iran-negotiations-begin-9894, accessed 2-18-14, CMM)

Given that vigorous opposition to reaching any agreement with Iran persists on the U.
AND
highlight anything that could be used as an argument to abandon the talks.

Sanctions have stalled – but uniqueness doesn’t overwhelm
Lakshmanan, Bloomberg, 2-18-14  
(Indira, “Obama Shares Rouhani’s Challenge Selling Any Deal Reached,” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-18/obama-shares-rouhani-s-challenge-selling-any-deal-reached.html, accessed 2-20-14, CMM)

U.S. President Barack Obama and Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei have
AND
the six-month interim deal, said the official, who also spoke on condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the talks.
Anti-sanctions momentum is up
Armbruster, ThinkProgress, 2-18-14
(Ben, “Bipartisan Expert Group Says New Iran Sanctions Will Undermine Diplomacy,” http://thinkprogress.org/world/2014/02/18/3300741/iran-project-sanctions-diplomacy/, accessed 2-20-14, CMM)

A new report from a bipartisan group of experts at the Iran Project released on
AND
talks — which are set to resume this week — are taking place.

Reid is holding steady now, but its no guarantee
Rosenburg, Blogger, Tikkun, Washington Spectator, 1-17-14
(MJ, “Obama Starts To Turn Tide Against Lobby's Sanctions Bill,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mj-rosenberg/obama-iran-lobbys-sanctions-bill_b_4620130.html, accessed 1-23-14, CMM)

It's the weekend and the tide may have turned President Obama's way in his battle
AND
Especially with some in the media finally addressing this bum rush to war.

Obama pressure is key – the link to the plan would be a game-changer
Kaper, National Journal, 1-17-14
Stacy, National Journal, “U.S. Senate's Iran Hawks Flounder Against Reid-Obama Coalition”,
http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/us-senates-iran-hawks-flounder-against-reid-obama-coalition/?mgs1=92ebeq5GVx, accessed 1-17-14, AFB

"I assume that if the Democrat senators put enough pressure on Senator Reid he
AND
are a lot of other forces out there that are pushing in the other direction, so we'll see how they react."

They say deal fails and won’t dismantle but - Prefer optimism on prospects for a deal – negotiations can be extended and pessimists are politically motivated.
Pillar, Nonresident Senior Fellow at the Center for Security Studies at Georgetown University, 2-17-14
(Paul, Nonresident Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution, “The Iran Negotiations Begin,” http://nationalinterest.org/print/blog/paul-pillar/the-iran-negotiations-begin-9894, accessed 2-18-14, CMM)

As negotiations begin this week to reach a final agreement on restricting the Iranian nuclear
AND
agreement. Unfortunately we have given him plenty of reason to be pessimistic.

They loss Obama is pushing to end indefinite detention but Bringing detainees to the US would be controversial.
Schanzer, Duke University public policy associate professor, 5-8-13
David, Triangle Center on terrorism and homeland security director, “Guantanamo's Collapse” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-schanzer/guantanamo-closing_b_3232362.html, accessed 8-22-13, TAP

Moreover, even if convictions are obtained against some of the Guantanamo population, the
AND
explained what it intends to do about this aspect of the Guantanamo quagmire.

The disad is intrinsic – there is a tradeoff  AND the test of the disad is critical to learning about public policy – their educational model is divorced from the real world.
Saideman, McGill University associate political science professor, 2011
Steve, 7-25-11, “Key Constraint on Policy Relevance” http://www.whiteoliphaunt.com/duckofminerva/2011/07/key-constraint-on-policy-relevance.html, accessed 10-26-12, TAP

Dan Drezner has a great post today about how the foreign policy smart set (
AND
dream about the right policy and gnash our teeth when it never happens.

Reality outweighs representations
Alexander Wendt, Ohio State University International Security Professor, 1999, “Social theory of international politics,” gbooks

The effects of holding a relational theory of meaning on theorizing about world politics are
AND
is also regulated by a mind-independent, extra-linguistic world.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: Hays Watson
A. Uniqueness – Obama’s political capital is holding off Iran sanctions effectively now
Kaper, National Journal, 2-2-14
 (Stacy, “How Obama Won the War on Iran Sanctions,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/defense/how-obama-won-the-war-on-iran-sanctions-20140202, accessed 2-3-14, CMM)

The push for new sanctions on Iran has stalled. The Democrats who bucked President
AND
it partisan, and we'll see if Republicans will take the next step."
Secondary sanctions on Iran undermine US leadership, collapse relations with China, and escalate protectionism
Leverett, Penn State IR prof, and Leverett, American University, 12
(Flynt and Hillary Mann, 7-5-12. “America’s Iran Policy and the Undermining of International Order,” http://www.worldfinancialreview.com/?p=3490, accessed 11-18-13, CMM)

Second, secondary sanctions are a political house of cards. American officials are well
AND
obstacle, rather than a facilitator, of rules-based international order.
Protectionism escalates to global war
Cho, Assistant Law Professor Chicago-Kent, 2007
Sungjoon, Illinois Institute of Technology "Doha's Development," 25 Berkeley J. Int'l L. 165

Second, the mercantilist nature of the current competitive regionalism tends to evoke the strikingly
AND
seriously lest we repeat the same historical errors and are punished for them.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: Hays Watson
Obama’s TK policy is self-defense – he announced it in May, that’s Dworkin. Self-defense is Obama’s TK policy.
Anderson, Washington University law professor, 2009
Kenneth, “Targeted Killing in U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy and Law” http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2009/5/1120counterterrorism20anderson/0511_counterterrorism_anderson.pdf, p.25, accessed 12-22-13, TAP

To all of this, the Obama Administration might ask a resounding “So what
AND
might exist legally tomorrow, we do not have a legal difficulty today.

Loses collapse capital
Loomis, Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, 7
(Andrew, served as Senior Research Analyst at the Brookings Institution and has taught international relations and U.S. foreign policy at George Washington University, the College of William and Mary, and Georgetown University, 3/2/2007, Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and#34;Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy,and#34; pg 35-36, http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-35.php, accessed 10-4-13, CMM)

Declining political authority encourages defection. American political analyst Norman Ornstein writes of the domestic
AND
way, normative influences infiltrate policy-making processes and affect the character of policy decisions.

The disad is intrinsic – there is a tradeoff  AND the test of the disad is critical to learning about public policy – their educational model is divorced from the real world.
Saideman, McGill University associate political science professor, 2011
Steve, 7-25-11, “Key Constraint on Policy Relevance” http://www.whiteoliphaunt.com/duckofminerva/2011/07/key-constraint-on-policy-relevance.html, accessed 10-26-12, TAP

Dan Drezner has a great post today about how the foreign policy smart set (
AND
dream about the right policy and gnash our teeth when it never happens.

Uniqueness is uncertain – default to protecting Obama’s PC
Buonomo, Former Military Intelligence Officer, U.S. Army, 1-30-14
 (Thomas, “Americans Must Exercise Their Power to Check Congress on Iran Sanctions,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/thomas-j-buonomo/americans-must-exercise-t_b_4699196.html, accessed 2-3-14, CMM)

In spite of the United States' unprecedented opportunity to reach a negotiated settlement with the
AND
withdrawing their co-sponsorship of the legislation, the situation remains precarious.
Obama has won the war so far – but hiccups in negotiations risk another push for sanctions – PC is key to prevent
Crittenden, WSJ, 2-4-14
 (Michael, “Congress Eases Standoff With White House Over Iran Sanctions,” http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304851104579363372176271460, accessed 2-5-14, CMM)

The Obama administration appeared to be prevailing in its effort to persuade lawmakers to give
AND
," she said, calling the two sides' positions a difference over tactics.

Sanctions are still possible – advocates will smell the blood in the water caused by the plan.
Sargent, Washington Post, 1-22-14
(Greg, “Another blow to the Iran sanctions bill,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2014/01/22/another-blow-to-the-iran-sanctions-bill/, accessed 1-23-14, CMM)

Meanwhile, announcements like the one earlier this month indicating that the deal with Iran
AND
that the alternative is politically worse, it remains a very real possibility.

21 Dems Key
Obama’s lobbying hard – he just needs to convince 13 of the remaining 21 Dems to fall in line
Kampeas, JTA's Washington bureau chief, 1-22-14
(Ron, “Doing the math on Dems and the Iran sanctions bill,” http://www.jta.org/2014/01/22/news-opinion/politics/doing-the-math-on-dems-and-the-iran-sanctions-bill, accessed 1-23-14, CMM)

At The Washington Post, Greg Sargent uncovers letters from Sens. Patty Murray (
AND
R-Ariz.) and Sen. Rand Paul (R-Ky.).

Reid hasn’t been clear on whether he’d allow a vote
Carney, National Journal, 2-6-14
(Jordain, “Robert Menendez Seeks Distance From GOP on Iran Sanctions,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/defense/robert-menendez-seeks-distance-from-gop-on-iran-sanctions-20140206, accessed 2-7-14, CMM)

But whether or not sanctions legislation will come up for a vote in the Senate
AND
said last month that he would "wait and see" about legislation.
Reid is holding steady now, but its no guarantee
Rosenburg, Blogger, Tikkun, Washington Spectator, 1-17-14
(MJ, “Obama Starts To Turn Tide Against Lobby's Sanctions Bill,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mj-rosenberg/obama-iran-lobbys-sanctions-bill_b_4620130.html, accessed 1-23-14, CMM)

It's the weekend and the tide may have turned President Obama's way in his battle
AND
Especially with some in the media finally addressing this bum rush to war.

Obama pressure is key – the link to the plan would be a game-changer
Kaper, National Journal, 1-17-14
Stacy, National Journal, “U.S. Senate's Iran Hawks Flounder Against Reid-Obama Coalition”,
http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/us-senates-iran-hawks-flounder-against-reid-obama-coalition/?mgs1=92ebeq5GVx, accessed 1-17-14, AFB

"I assume that if the Democrat senators put enough pressure on Senator Reid he
AND
are a lot of other forces out there that are pushing in the other direction, so we'll see how they react."

1NC internal link says sanctions collapse US-Sino relations – those solve war
Wittner, Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, 11
(Lawrence, former editor of Peace and Change, a journal of peace research, “COMMENTARY: Is a Nuclear War with China Possible?,” November 28, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/opinion/avoiding-a-us-china-war.html, accessed 1-24-14, CMM)

While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used.  
AND
that of the world, they should be working to encourage these policies.

Tournament: App State | Round: 5 | Opponent: Michigan KM | Judge: Nate Milton
Politics 1NR
PC solves passage.
Walt, professor of international relations at Harvard University, 11-8-13
(Stephen, “Let's Make a Deal....,” http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/11/08/lets_make_a_deal, accessed 11-9-13, CMM)

Secretary of State John Kerry is now in Geneva, no doubt invigorated from his
AND
, what's the point of being president if you aren't going to lead?

The Senate is deferring to Obama now
EVERETT and BRESNAHAN, Politico, 11-12-13
(Burgess and John, “Senate split on new Iran sanctions,” http://www.politico.com/story/2013/11/senate-split-new-iran-sanctions-99765.html, accessed 11-14-13, CMM)

The Senate remains divided on whether to slap an immediate new round of sanctions on
AND
to brief senators on Iran, including a visit from Biden on Halloween.

Will pass now- Common goals
Gutterman, Reuters, 11-16-13
Steve, November 16, 2013, Reuters, “Iran, world powers close to nuclear deal: Russia's Lavrov,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/16/us-iran-nuclear-russia-idUSBRE9AF0C320131116, accessed: 11-17-13, CAS

(Reuters) - Global powers and Iran are close to a preliminary
AND
and other sensitive nuclear activities that could be used to make weapons.

Obama can’t lose PC pushing immigration
KELLER, NYT, 11-10-13
(Bill, “Salvaging Obama,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/11/opinion/keller-salvaging-obama.html?emc=edit_tnt_20131110andtntemail0=yand_r=2andandpagewanted=print, accessed 11-12-13, CMM)

Double down on immigration reform.¶ Comprehensive immigration reform is both the right thing to
AND
if the president wins, but it’s still good politics if he loses.”

Sanctions in the short term possible- now is key to prevent them- deal possible
PressTV, 11-17-13
PressTV, 11-17-13, 5:11AM, “US under growing Israel lobby pressure over Iran,” http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/17/335079/us-under-israel-lobby-pressure-over-iran/, accessed: 11-17-13, CAS

Israeli ambassador to the US Ron
AND
of the UN Security Council -- the US, Britain, France, Russia and China -- plus Germany ended nuclear negotiations without a deal last week in Geneva, but they are set to meet again on November 20. 

Negotiations are coming next week
Hammond, formerly a special adviser in the government of former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, and a geopolitical analyst at Oxford Analytica, 11-13-13
 (Andrew, “Iranian diplomacy underscores Obama's search for legacy,” lexis, accessed 11-14-13, CMM)

Significant progress was reportedly
AND
November 10, U.S. Secretary of John Kerry announced that negotiations will start again on November 20.

The status quo guarantees a deal – Obama must hold off sanctions
LaFranchi, CSM, 11-14-13  
(Howard, “Iran nuclear deal: If Congress plays bad cop, will that help diplomacy?,” http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2013/1114/Iran-nuclear-deal-If-Congress-plays-bad-cop-will-that-help-diplomacy, accessed 11-14-13, CMM)

Is it a good idea or a bad idea for US negotiators to arrive at
AND
allow the US to caution Iran that congressional pressure is only building up.

They say healthcare wrecked obama but- Obama will pin blame on the GOP.
Noonan, Wall Street Journal, 11-12-13
Peggy, “ObamaCare Is the Story” http://blogs.wsj.com/peggynoonan/2013/11/12/obamacare-is-the-story/, accessed 11-14-13, TAP

A final word on Democrats on the Hill and ObamaCare. In the past month
AND
is a disaster brought about by Republicans. That will be what they argue

Obama has leverage to hold off sanctions now – he is making the case- this answers their no pc argument
LANDLER and SANGER, NYT, 11-14-13
(Mark and David, “Obama Calls for Patience in Iran Talks,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/15/us/politics/obama-iran.html?pagewanted=print, accessed 11-14-13, CMM)

President Obama made a vigorous appeal to Congress on Thursday to give breathing space to
AND
a storm of protest from Israel and criticism from Republicans and some Democrats.

Wins don’t overwhelm the link  
Porter, Slant staff writer, 2009
Ethan, 9-22, "Obama’s political capital problem," http://trueslant.com/ethanporter/2009/09/22/obamas-political-capital-problem/, 9/25

I had assumed that, following health care’s passage, the rest of the progressive
AND
. And that’s not the kind of thing that’s easy to get back.

More sanctions collapse Obama’s negotiating credibility
Drezner, professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, 11-14-13
(Daniel, “A Short QandA on Sanctioning Iran,” http://drezner.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/11/14/a_short_qa_on_sanctioning_iran, accessed 11-14-13, CMM)

Q:  I want a nuclear deal, and I believe that it's the sanctions
AND
a deal is reached.  So this wouldn't be a very smart gambit.
Executive delay buys off opposition on healthcare
Parnes, The Hill, 11-14-13
Amie, “Obama vows to get HealthCare.gov working” http://thehill.com/blogs/healthwatch/health-reform-implementation/190329-obama-vows-to-get-healthcaregov-working, accessed 11-14-13, TAP

Hours after admitting his administration fumbled ObamaCare’s rollout, President Obama took credit on Thursday
AND
steel to the U.S. auto manufacturing sector, according to the

Iran is looking to compromise on its nuclear program – Obama’s perceived flexibility is key
Benen, writer for MSNBC and producer of the Rachel Maddow show, 9-20-13
(Steve, “When crises become opportunities,” http://maddowblog.msnbc.com/_news/2013/09/20/20599445-when-crises-become-opportunities?lite, accessed 11-14-13, CMM)

When it comes to the
AND
moment for Obama to be demonstrating flexibility and diplomacy toward the Middle East.

A deal is very close
Stratfor, 11-8-13
(“Iran, U.S.: Negotiators Reportedly Close To Nuclear Deal,” http://www.stratfor.com/situation-report/iran-us-negotiators-reportedly-close-nuclear-deal, accessed 11-9-13, CMM)

Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif said that negotiations with the West over Iran's nuclear program
AND
these negotiations may lead to a rapprochement between the United States and Iran.
They say more sanctions good- Strong sanctions incentivize prolif
Kahl, Associate Professor, Georgetown University, 11-13-13
(Colin, “House Foreign Affairs Committee Hearing; "Examining Nuclear Negotiations: Iran After Rouhani's First 100 Days."; Congressional Documents and Publications, lexis, accessed 11-14-13, CMM)

Finally, attempting to generate an existential crisis for the Islamic Republic could backfire by
AND
deal, leaving Iran freer and potentially more motivated to build atomic arms.

Iran causes other countries in the Middle East to go nuclear
Benari, Arutz Sheva Reporter, 11—17-13
Elad, Israel National News Reporter, “Peres: If Iran Goes Nuclear, Other Countries Will Too,” http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/174084#.Uoi0RWTwIYA, 11-17-13, access date: 11-17-13, MAY 

President Shimon Peres is warning that if Iran manages to build an atomic bomb,
AND
welcome his coherent and resolute stance on the Iranian issue," he said.

Iran prolif is a crisis magnifier – draws in great powers to small conflicts
Edelman et al., Fellow – Center of Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 11
(Eric, Andrew Krepinevich, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments President, Evan Braden Montgomery, Research Fellow, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, “Edelman, Krepinevich, and Montgomery Reply,” Foreign Affairs Vol. 90 Iss. 2, March/April, ebsco, accessed 11-14-13, CMM)

Ultimately, if Tehran does cross the nuclear threshold and Israel chooses to live with
AND
dynamics of Iranian-Israeli relations could be prone to miscalculation and escalation.

Heg doesn’t solve- Military threats won’t check nuclearization
Kahl, Associate Professor, Georgetown University, 11-13-13
(Colin, “House Foreign Affairs Committee Hearing; "Examining Nuclear Negotiations: Iran After Rouhani's First 100 Days."; Congressional Documents and Publications, lexis, accessed 11-14-13, CMM)

Third, issuing more explicit military threats (through a possible authorization of the use
AND
regime sufficiently at risk to compel them to completely dismantle their nuclear program.

Iran prolif results in cascading prolif and sparks nuclear war.
Ross, Washington Institute fellow, 12-23-11
Dennis, NSC senior director, “On Iran, Pressure Works” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204879004577108643499598220.html, accessed 12-23-11, TAP

Does that mean that the use of force against the Iranian nuclear program is inevitable
AND
provide small comfort for any country in the Middle East, particularly Israel.
Iran prolif leads to a cascade of proliferation, regional instability and nuclear war
Kittrie, Arizona State Law Professor, 3/12/2009
Orde, "IRAN SANCTIONS ENABLING ACT," Congressional Testimony, lexis, access 9/6

Another danger of Iran acquiring a nuclear arsenal is that many of its neighbors in
AND
out of control, seems likely to result in a devastating nuclear war.

A nuclear Iran makes an already volatile middle east even more conflict prone – diplomacy and pressure are key
Kahl, Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security focusing on Middle East security and defense policy and Associate Professor at Georgetown SFS, 12
(Colin H., Response to Iran and the Bomb, “One Step Too Far,” Foreign Affairs, Reviews and Responses, Septempber/October, pp 157-160, http://www.iripaz.org/listado_docs/geopolitica/Foreign20Affairs20Iran20and20the20Bomb20critics20to20Waltz20article.pdf, accessed 11-14-13, CMM)

Because Waltz is sanguine about the effects of Iranian nuclearization, he concludes that “
AND
that a nuclear-armed Iran would make the world a better place.

Tournament: ADA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Samford CH | Judge: Warren Decker
Politics
The GOP is trying to regain momentum now
EVERETT, Politico, 3-1-14  
(Burgess, “GOP eyes AIPAC summit for Iran push,” http://www.politico.com/story/2014/03/gop-aipac-summit-iran-104124.html?hp=l6, accessed 3-13-14, CMM)

Republicans hope a powerful pro-Israel group’s Washington fly-in can turn the
AND
to oppose an immediate vote on sanctions given the lack of Democratic support.
Default to maintaining PC – hiccups during negotiations are inevitable and risk sanctions pressure
Pillar, Nonresident Senior Fellow at the Center for Security Studies at Georgetown University, 2-17-14
(Paul, Nonresident Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution, “The Iran Negotiations Begin,” http://nationalinterest.org/print/blog/paul-pillar/the-iran-negotiations-begin-9894, accessed 2-18-14, CMM)

Given that vigorous opposition to reaching any agreement with Iran persists on the U.
AND
highlight anything that could be used as an argument to abandon the talks.
Negotiations are tough now.
NST, New Strait Times, 3-11-14
(“Iran nuclear deal proves elusive,” http://www.nst.com.my/world/iran-nuclear-deal-proves-elusive-1.507918, accessed 3-13-14, CMM)

Foreign ministers from world powers struggled Saturday to nail down a landmark nuclear deal with
AND
Iran if there is no deal -- or one seen as too soft.

Obama has won for now – continued pressure key
O'Hanlon, Director of Research, Foreign Policy, and Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence, Brookings, 2-16-14
(Michael, “To Date, Washington's Iran Policy Has Been a Triumph of Bipartisanship,” http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/iran-at-saban/posts/2014/02/16-us-iran-policy-bipartisan-triumph-ohanlon, accessed 2-20-14, CMM)

As a new round of Iran talks gets underway, the temptation in Washington —
AND
now, but the criticism of his policies remains widespread and quite strong.

Obama is winning the battle against Iran sanctions now.
Goodman, Adjunct Professor of Law at DePaul University, 2-16-14
(Leonard, “Sabotaging Peace with Iran,” http://ww.inthesetimes.com/article/16243/pubic_defender/, accessed 2-20-14, CMM)

The Obama administration deserves great credit for its role in negotiating the historic November 2013
AND
the rest of us. And right now, the people are winning.
House Dems are lining up behind Obama
Pecquet, The Hill, 2-12-14
(Julian, “House Dems back Obama on Iran,” http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/middle-east-north-africa/198221-house-dems-back-obama-on-iran, accessed 2-19-14, CMM)

Half of the Democrats in the House weighed in against taking immediate action on Iran
AND
Jr. (R-Tenn.) joined the Democrats on the letter.

Sanctions have stalled – but uniqueness doesn’t overwhelm
Lakshmanan, Bloomberg, 2-18-14  
(Indira, “Obama Shares Rouhani’s Challenge Selling Any Deal Reached,” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-18/obama-shares-rouhani-s-challenge-selling-any-deal-reached.html, accessed 2-20-14, CMM)

U.S. President Barack Obama and Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei have
AND
also spoke on condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the talks.
?
AT: Reid Key (No Vote)

Reid hasn’t been clear on whether he’d allow a vote
Carney, National Journal, 2-6-14
(Jordain, “Robert Menendez Seeks Distance From GOP on Iran Sanctions,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/defense/robert-menendez-seeks-distance-from-gop-on-iran-sanctions-20140206, accessed 2-7-14, CMM)

But whether or not sanctions legislation will come up for a vote in the Senate rests with one person—Reid, who has frequently avoided being pinned down on if, and when, he would bring such a proposal to the floor.¶ The Nevada Democrat said last month that he would "wait and see" about legislation.

Plan triggers link
The controversy triggered by the plan is a sufficient hook for increased sanctions pressure
Sargent, Washington Post, 1-22-14
(Greg, “Another blow to the Iran sanctions bill,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2014/01/22/another-blow-to-the-iran-sanctions-bill/, accessed 1-23-14, CMM)

Meanwhile, announcements like the one earlier this month indicating that the deal with Iran
AND
that the alternative is politically worse, it remains a very real possibility.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: Army LS | Judge: Andrea Reed
A. Uniqueness – Obama holding off sanctions now and PC is key
ABC News Radio, 1-17-14
“With Iran Sanctions Bill on Hold, Republicans Seek Pre-Scheduled Vote for July”, http://www.wtma.com/common/more.php?m=58andts=1389937803andarticle=0508083F7F3711E3B51EFEFDADE6840Aandmode=2, accessed 1-17-14, AFB

 (WASHINGTON) -- The White House appears to be holding the line against new sanctions on Iran, with Majority Leader Harry Reid promising not to bring up a bipartisan bill for a vote while the short-term nuclear deal plays out.  President Obama’s personal outreach of the past week has been described by some lawmakers as persistent and compelling.

B. Congress hates DOD shift.
Russia Times, 1-16-14
“Secret amendment in Congress keeps CIA in charge of deadly drone strikes” http://rt.com/usa/congress-secret-drone-cia-712/, accessed 1-17-14, TAP

President Barack Obama said last May that control of the United States’ weaponized drone program
AND
over an arsenal of robotic killing machines would stay within the CIA’s jurisdictions.

C. Sanctions backfire – ensuring Iranian prolif and tensions
Perkovich, Carnegie Endowment Vice President for Studies and Nuclear Policy Program Director, 1-15-14
George, Foreign Affairs, “No Endgame in Sight: Demanding Zero Enrichment From Iran Makes Zero Sense, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140650/george-perkovich/no-endgame-in-sight, accessed 1-17-14, AFB

In “Still Time to Attack Iran,” Georgetown professor Matthew Kroenig echoes an argument
AND
any final agreement that allowed Iran to retain any enrichment capabilities and facilities.
The senators’ preferred policy sets an unachievable goal. Yes, the world would be
AND
to think that more sanctions or military strikes would change Tehran’s stance now.
It is telling that congressional hawks do not explain how they intend on eliminating Iran’s
AND
, no matter how successful, cannot stop Iran’s military nuclear program forever.”
There is a real possibility that some existing facilities for manufacturing and operating nuclear centrifuges
AND
its nuclear program quickly with whatever facilities and nuclear scientists survive the attack.
The hawks counter that an attack could be combined with a strengthened sanctions regime that
AND
in protest over an illegal military attack aimed at stopping enrichment in Iran.
Hawks also neglect the possibility that Iran could respond to military strikes with its own
AND
would grow, and international support for sanctions on Iran would quickly dissolve.
The Israeli government and hawks in the U.S. Congress rightly emphasize the
AND
and constant long-distance monitoring of its declared and suspected nuclear activities.
After eight years of diplomacy, the P5+1 have reluctantly concluded that the
AND
of course, as U.S. President Barack Obama has insisted.
But it is important to underscore what must be in the foreground of these negotiations
AND
may be politically expedient, but it is also entirely unnecessary and dangerous.

D. Impact – Iran proliferation causes nuclear war
Edelman et al., distinguished fellow – Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 11
(Eric S,  Andrew Krepinevich, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments President, Evan Braden Montgomery, Research Fellow, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, “The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran,” Foreign Affairs, January/February, ebsco, accessed 11-14-13, CMM)

The reports of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States and
AND
would retaliate against the wrong party, potentially triggering a regional nuclear war.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 4 | Opponent: Gonzaga NS | Judge: Jake Weiner
Obama has PC – he can come back from a bad year.
Jackson, USA Today, 12-30-13
David, “McCain: Don’t count out Obama” http://tucsoncitizen.com/usa-today-news/2013/12/30/mccain-dont-count-out-obama/, accessed 1-2-14, TAP

Never discount a sitting president — just ask some of the people who have run
AND
, with confidence in him doing the right thing in world affairs dropping.”

The disad is intrinsic – there is a tradeoff  AND the test of the disad is critical to learning about public policy – their educational model is divorced from the real world.
Saideman, McGill University associate political science professor, 2011
Steve, 7-25-11, “Key Constraint on Policy Relevance” http://www.whiteoliphaunt.com/duckofminerva/2011/07/key-constraint-on-policy-relevance.html, accessed 10-26-12, TAP

Dan Drezner has a great post today about how the foreign policy smart set (
AND
dream about the right policy and gnash our teeth when it never happens.

Say UQ overwhelm link but - White House released technical details of interim deal- still republican opposition
Landler, NYT, 1-18-14
Mark, Jan. 18th, 2014, NYT, “A Bill Stokes Debate, and Doubt, on Iran Deal,” http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/17/us/politics/a-bill-stokes-debate-and-doubt-on-iran-deal.html?_r=0, accessed: 1-18-14, CAS

WASHINGTON — Its Senate sponsors describe it as a “diplomatic insurance policy” that
AND
, but they have disagreements on what the end state should look like.”

International and domestic politics pushing for increased sanctions
The Economist, 1-18-14
the Economist, January 18th, 2014, “Mr Obama’s Iran problem; Congress is not helping the president deal with the Islamic Republic,” http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21594295-congress-not-helping-president-deal-islamic-republic-mr-obamas-iran-problem, accessed: 1-16-14, CAS

Some of the forces at work have changed little since 2007. Friends such as
AND
the regime’s neck, while reminding Iran that fresh cheating will be punished.
Another constant is domestic politics, especially in a mid-term election year.
AND
offs, while warding off attack ads that call them soft on Iran.

Sanctions fail – will collapse talks and greenlight use of force
Benen, MSNBC, 1-17-14
Steve, The Rachel Maddow Show, “Support for new Iran sanctions wanes”, http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/support-new-iran-sanctions-wanes, accessed 1-17-14, AFB

As recently as last week, bipartisan congressional support for new sanctions on Iran, which were likely to
AND
in effect, lawmakers would be imposing their own requirements on U.S. negotiators while talks are ongoing. 

Holding off sanctions for the next couple of days is key
No name, Updated News, 1-18-14
Updated News, 1-18-14, “IAEA Inspectors Arrive In Tehran,” http://www.updatednews.ca/2014/01/18/iaea-inspectors-arrive-in-tehran/, accessed: 1-18-14, CAS

Inspectors from the United Nations nuclear watchdog arrived in Tehran to oversee implementation of a
AND
access to nearly $4.2bn of frozen assets in eight instalments.

Sanctions= no deal… and fuel resentment towards U.S.
Dagres, Aljazeera America, 1-16-14
Holly, January 16th, 2014, Iranian-American analyst and commentator on Middle Eastern affairs. Currently living in Egypt, she is a researcher at the Cairo Review of Global Affairs, “Senate should stop sabotaging peace with Iran; New sanctions would kill the Geneva deal, and endanger the possibility of nuclear free Iran,” http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/1/senate-should-stopsabotagingpeacewithiran.html, accessed: 1-16-14, CAS

Asking Iran to end its nuclear program through bills like S. 1881, while it already faces the harshest sanctions in more than three decades, is hypocritical. Iran has made it clear that the adoption of new sanctions would jeopardize the implementation of the Geneva deal.  

During a recent debate on S. 1881, Sen. Dianne Feinstein, D
AND
More pressure under the threat of sanctions will only fuel further nationalist sentiments.

If Negotiations fail- U.S. gets blamed
Bloomberg, 1-16-14
Bloomberg Editors, January 16th, 2014, “More Iran Sanctions Will Hurt the U.S.,” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-16/more-iran-sanctions-will-hurt-the-u-s-.html, accessed: 1-16-14, CAS

In an election year, both Republican and Democratic supporters are casting the measure as tough on
AND
wouldn’t have even theoretical justifications for their measure, much less realistic ones.

Obama won’t agree to drone restrictions
NYT, 13
(New York Times Editorial Board, 5-24-13, "The End of Perpetual War,"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/24/opinion/obama-vows-to-end-of-the-perpetual-war.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0, accessed: 9-18-13, CAS)

In the past, we have been deeply troubled by the administration’s insistence that the
AND
contemptuously dismiss them as some of his advisers have done in the past.

Obama pressure is key – the link to the plan would be a game-changer
Kaper, National Journal, 1-17-14
Stacy, National Journal, “U.S. Senate's Iran Hawks Flounder Against Reid-Obama Coalition”,
http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/us-senates-iran-hawks-flounder-against-reid-obama-coalition/?mgs1=92ebeq5GVx, accessed 1-17-14, AFB

"I assume that if the Democrat senators put enough pressure on Senator Reid he
AND
are a lot of other forces out there that are pushing in the other direction, so we'll see how they react."

Iran prolif results in cascading prolif and sparks nuc lear war.
Ross, Washington Institute fellow, 12-23-11
Dennis, NSC senior director, “On Iran, Pressure Works” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204879004577108643499598220.html, accessed 12-23-11, TAP

Does that mean that the use of force against the Iranian nuclear program is inevitable
AND
provide small comfort for any country in the Middle East, particularly Israel.
Iran prolif leads to a cascade of proliferation, regional instability and nuclear war
Kittrie, Arizona State Law Professor, 3/12/2009
Orde, "IRAN SANCTIONS ENABLING ACT," Congressional Testimony, lexis, access 9/6

Another danger of Iran acquiring a nuclear arsenal is that many of its neighbors in
AND
out of control, seems likely to result in a devastating nuclear war.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 2 | Opponent: GSU NF | Judge: Nate Milton
A. Uniqueness – negotiations are expanding now, debt ceiling and budget deals with be reached
Cohen, CNN, 10-10-13
(Tom and Dana Bash and Greg Botelho, “House Republicans meeting with Obama called 'very useful'; both sides talking,” http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/10/politics/shutdown-showdown/, accessed 10-10-13, CMM)

So is an end in sight?¶ House Speaker John Boehner -- the top Republican
AND
good thing, and the president said himself that he would sign it."
B. Link – weakening Obama guts PC necessary to pass a budget.
Lillis and Wasson, The Hill, 9-7-13
(Mike and Erik, “Fears of wounding Obama weigh heavily on Democrats ahead of vote,” http://thehill.com/homenews/house/320829-fears-of-wounding-obama-weigh-heavily-on-democrats, accessed 9-15-13, CMM)

The prospect of wounding President Obama is weighing heavily on Democratic lawmakers as they decide
AND
legislative branch," The Hill columnist John Feehery said Friday on his blog.

C. Impact – extended shutdown collapses effective foreign policy and heg
McCormick and Dreazen, Foreign Policy, 9-30-13
(Ty and Yochi, “The Shutdown Won't Break the U.S. Foreign Policy Machine (Right Away),” http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/09/30/the_shutdown_wont_break_the_us_foreign_policy_machine_yet, accessed 10-1-13, CMM)

Four hundred thousand Defense Department employees, sent home. Internal watchdogs, defanged.
AND
fashion to achieve consensus-based governance and so forth. It's ridiculous."
Hegemony solves war – declines means conflict
Khalilzad, former U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the UN, 2-8-11
(Zalmay, United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992, National Review Online, “The Economy and National Security,” http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad, accessed 2-8-11, CMM)

We face this domestic challenge while other major powers are experiencing rapid economic growth.
AND
, hostile states would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 3 | Opponent: JMU CP | Judge: Joe Patrice
A. Immigration reform will pass – pressure on Boehner is key to a vote
Leopold, Immigration Attorney/Immigration Reform Advocate, past president and past general counsel, American Immigration Lawyers Association, 10-30-13
(David, “Another Day, Another House Republican Signs On To Comprehensive Immigration Reform,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-leopold/post_5953_b_4175294.html, accessed 10-31-13, CMM)

There's no doubt about it…. American people? Stay tuned.

B. Link – usurping Obama’s authority undermines his leverage and the agenda.  
Lillis and Wasson, The Hill, 9-7-13
(Mike and Erik, “Fears of wounding Obama weigh heavily on Democrats ahead of vote,” http://thehill.com/homenews/house/320829-fears-of-wounding-obama-weigh-heavily-on-democrats, accessed 9-15-13, CMM)

The prospect of wounding …Friday on his blog.

C. Impact – Immigration reform is key to the agriculture industry and the economy
Fitz, Director of Immigration Policy at the Center for American Progress, 12
(Marshall, 11-14-12, “Time to Legalize Our 11 Million Undocumented Immigrants,” http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/FitzLegalizationBrief-1.pdf, accessed: 2-6-13, LLL)

Nowhere is the tension between…and others have pursued.

Ag collapse causes extinction
Lugar, Senate foreign relations committee former member, 2K
Richard, former senator from Indiana, “Calls for a new green revolution to combat global warming and reduce world instability” http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html, accessed 1-17-13, TAP

In a world confronted by global terrorism…health of our planet.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 2 | Opponent: GSU NF | Judge: Nate Milton
Uniqueness
Debt deal will pass – Obama pushing and GOP divisions
Sink, The Hill, 10-3-13
(Justin, “Obama seizes on GOP remarks to blame Tea Party for shutdown,” http://thehill.com/video/administration/326379-obama-seizes-on-gop-remarks-to-blame-tea-party-for-shutdown, accessed 10-4-13, CMM)

President Obama attacked Tea Party Republicans Thursday, saying they were to blame for the
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every individual member of Congress make up their own minds,” Obama said.

Link
GTMO debates are political theater – Congress will fight every inch- this means obama gets the blame
Pearlstein, Cardozo international and constitutional law assistant professor, 2012
Deborah, part of the first group of human rights monitors granted access to observe military commissions in GTMO, 1-9-12, “The Situation Is Better Than It Was” http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/01/09/guantanamo-10-years-later/guantanamo-better-than-it-was, accessed 8-22-13, TAP 

What's more, Guantánamo has become the place in American national security policy where rational
AND
legislative breath, that its definition is meant to have any legal effect.
If Guantánamo is ever to close, such measures will have to be repealed. And our political debate will have to start treating the problem as something more than a recurring episode of national security theater.

Heg is sustainable despite weak diplomacy
Fiallo, retired official of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 7-20-13
(Fabio, “U.S. Supremacy Can Outlive Obama's Foreign Policy,” http://www.realclearworld.com/printpage/?url=http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/07/20/us_supremacy_can_outlive_obamas_foreign_policy_105325-full.html, accessed 7-22-13, CMM)

Foreign policy achievements have thus far stood out for their absence during President Obama's tenure
AND
like, assertive leadership to come and mend the current foreign policy flops.

Obama won’t use an XO and that doesn’t solve the economy
Liptak, NYT, 10-3-13
(Adam, “Experts See Potential Ways Out for Obama in Debt Ceiling Maze,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/04/us/politics/experts-see-potential-ways-out-for-obama-in-debt-ceiling-maze.html?_r=0, accessed 10-5-13, CMM)

WASHINGTON — Even as President Obama insists that he would be powerless to save the
AND
very fast, they don’t move as fast as markets,” he said.

Coin not intended for debt ceiling
Soltas, Washington Post Wonkbook, 1-8-13
Evan, Washington Post, “Wonkbook: Dodge the debt ceiling with a trillion-dollar coin?”,  http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/01/08/wonkbook-dodge-the-debt-ceiling-with-a-trillion-dollar-coin/, accessed 1-8-13, AFB

Mike Castle, the father of the law permitting the trillion-dollar coin,
AND
’ he said, audibly astonished.” Dylan Matthews in The Washington Post.  

Obama won’t use an XO and that doesn’t solve the economy
Liptak, NYT, 10-3-13
(Adam, “Experts See Potential Ways Out for Obama in Debt Ceiling Maze,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/04/us/politics/experts-see-potential-ways-out-for-obama-in-debt-ceiling-maze.html?_r=0, accessed 10-5-13, CMM)

WASHINGTON — Even as President Obama insists that he would be powerless to save the
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very fast, they don’t move as fast as markets,” he said.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 3 | Opponent: JMU CP | Judge: Joe Patrice
Text: The President of the United States should change the authority of targeted killing with drone strikes from Title 50 of the United States Code to Title 10 of the United States Code.

Self-restraint boosts presidential credibility
Pildes, Professor of Constitutional Law, NYU School of Law and Co-Director, NYU Center on Law and Security, 12
(Richard, April, “BOOK REVIEW: LAW AND THE PRESIDENT,” 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, lexis, accessed 9-6-13, CMM

Second, and central to Posner…produce better outcomes.

Credibility is key to overall presidential power
Posner, Professor of Law, The University of Chicago Law School, and Vermeule, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 7
 (Eric and Adrian, “ARTICLE: The Credible Executive,” 74 U. Chi. L. Rev. 865, lexis, accessed 9-11-13, CMM)

Conclusion For presidents…status quo is simply not an option.

Indo-pak conflict guarantees nuclear winter
Fai, executive director at Kashmiri American Council, ‘1
(Ghulam, Executive director @ Kashmiri American Council, Wash Times, 7/8, lexis)

The most dangerous place …impending Fissile Material/Cut-off Convention.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake LS | Judge: Autry
ADA Rules

1. Retroactively changing the rules to allow their unpredictable strategic move undermines predictability, which is crucial to how we invest our preparation resources – widening the range of possible strategies available to them undercuts our ability to invest research and preparation energy properly, distorting education
   Troy, American Enterprise Institute Associate Scholar and Wiley, Rein and Fielding legal firm partner, 00
   (Daniel E., Spring, 2000, Alabama Law Review, 51 Ala. L. Rev. 1329, SYMPOSIUM: WHEN DOES RETROACTIVITY CROSS THE LINE?: WINSTAR, EASTERN ENTERPRISES AND BEYOND: Toward a Definition and Critique of Retroactivity, Lexis, AFB)

Retroactive legislation imposes economic costs on society by undermining predictability, or the ability to
AND
constraints of the law (that is, they can minimize the law's costs).

2. You should err against them on presumption against changing the rules in the middle of the game without notice
Craine and Etri, Securities and Exchange Commission Enforcement Attorneys, 5
(Patrick K. and James E., Texas Tech Law Review, Spring, 2005, 37 Tex. Tech L. Rev. 1055, SURVEY ARTICLE: A SURVEY OF THE FIFTH CIRCUIT'S 2003-2004 SECURITIES DECISIONS: A DIFFICULT PLACE FOR CLASS ACTION PLAINTIFFS AND CRIMINAL DEFENDANTS, Lexis, AFB)

Litigants have the right to advance notice of the law and how it will govern
AND
in Landgraf v. USI Film Products established a presumption against retroactivity. n112

4. Changing the rules in the middle of the competition violates morality – it maximizes judge intervention and reduces both teams’ agency – adherence to rules protects both teams better – ensures predictability, fairness, and legitimacy
Troy, American Enterprise Institute Associate Scholar and Wiley, Rein and Fielding legal firm partner, 00
(Daniel E., Spring, 2000, Alabama Law Review, 51 Ala. L. Rev. 1329, SYMPOSIUM: WHEN DOES RETROACTIVITY CROSS THE LINE?: WINSTAR, EASTERN ENTERPRISES AND BEYOND: Toward a Definition and Critique of Retroactivity, Lexis, AFB)

Suffice it to say that rule-based approaches
AND
and it enhances the legitimacy of the legal system.

5. It justifies judge intervention – Judicial activism changes the rules in the middle of the game, making it unpredictable and unfair
Kelly, attorney, 7
(Daniel, The Capital Times (Madison, Wisconsin), March 1, 2007, LET'S NOT TOLERATE JUDICIAL ACTIVISM, p. A7, Lexis, AFB)

Judicial activism reinforces a growing public consensus that the court is not a neutral dispenser
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We can tell the courts we will accept nothing less than the rule of law.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: Army LS | Judge: Andrea Reed
Solvency

1. Obama will circumvent the plan – the past 5 years prove.
   Cohen, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 12
   (Michael, 3-28-12, “Power Grab,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/28/power_grab?page=full, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

This month marks the one-year anniversary of the onset of U.S
AND
be the greatest legacy of the U.S. intervention in Libya.
2. Restrictions fail – no compliance or enforcement
*no empirical evidence, its only a smokescreen of hollow efforts to look good – all bark, no bit, risk of punishment key to compliance, no threat ? collective action, electoral disincentive – public defers to prez, don’t have sufficient resources to monitor/put up a fight on compliance, empirically prove – WPR fails AND no one has attempted to reform it
Nzelibe, Assistant Professor of Law, Northwestern University Law School, 7
 (Jide, Feb, “ARTICLE: Are Congressionally Authorized Wars Perverse?,” 59 Stan. L. Rev. 907, lexis, accessed 10-18-13, CMM)

These assumptions are all questionable. As a preliminary matter, there is not much
AND
members of Congress in his role as commander-in-chief. n19

3. Political compromise kills the viability of the plan and the exec will still side-step
Kassop, Professor at the State University of New York, 11
(Nancy, former chair of the Political Science Department at the school, “REVERSE EFFECT: CONGRESSIONAL AND JUDICIAL RESTRAINTS ON PRESIDENTIAL POWER?,” In: President or King?, Editor: Meena Bose, pp. 63-76, https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=31771, accessed 9-17-13, CMM)

PATTERNS OF CONGRESSIONAL RESPONSE AND PRESIDENTIAL IMPLEMENTATION AND CONGRESSIONAL RESPONSE
From the examples above, it is possible to suggest some explanations for why congressional
AND
and broaden their constitutional authority (as in the Case-Zablocki Act).
4. CIA to DOD transition is hollow now – Pakistan strikes inevitable
Bennett, managing editor of Lawfare and a Fellow in National Security Law at the Brookings Institution, 13
(Wells, 3-21-13, “Exactly What Targeted Killing Duties Are Shifting from CIA to DOD?,” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/exactly-what-targeted-killing-duties-are-shifting-from-cia-to-dod/, accessed 9-13-13, CMM)

Lawfarers are by now steeped in this news: the White House apparently intends to
AND
it is hard to know what the interagency transition really will look like.

5. The DOD is overall less transparent
Goldsmith, Professor at Harvard Law School, 13
(Jack, 3-20-13, “No More Drones For CIA,” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/no-more-drones-for-cia/, accessed 9-13-13, CMM)

That is the title of Dan Klaidman’s important story:¶ Three senior U.S
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be an overall loss in public and congressional transparency.  We will see.

6. DOD control leads to a more expansive and secretive program – JSOC proves
Kaplan, Slate, 3-21-13
(Fred, “The Drones Are in the Details,” http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2013/03/john_brennan_wants_the_pentagon_to_take_command_of_the_cia_s_drone_strike.html, accessed 9-13-13, CMM)

The Obama White House is shifting control of the secret drone-strike program out
AND
of its actual effects on drone strikes—is likely to be slight.

7. Transfer to the DOD doesn’t change authorizations
Ackerman, Wired, 13
(Spencer, 3-20-13, “Little Will Change If the Military Takes Over CIA’s Drone Strikes,” http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2013/03/military-drones/, accessed 9-13-13, CMM)

Nor does the change to military drone control restrict the relevant legal authorizations in place. The Obama administration relies on an expansive interpretation of a 2001 congressional authorization to run its global targeted-killing program. If that authorization constrains the military to the “hot” battlefield of Afghanistan, someone forgot to tell the Joint Special Operations Command to get out of Yemen.

10. CIA control of the drone programs is key to effectiveness – intel
Goldsmith, Professor at Harvard Law School, 13
(Jack, 5-1-13, “Book Review: The Way of the Knife: The CIA, a Secret Army, and a War at the Ends of the Earth by Mark Mazzetti,” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/05/the-way-of-the-knife-the-cia-a-secret-army-and-a-war-at-the-ends-of-the-earth/, accessed 9-13-13, CMM)

1. The Way of the Knife raises questions about the proposal, first reported
   AND
   several officials have conveyed to me, over 99 of drone operations).
   1. The CIA is key to flexibility
      Anderson, law professor at Washington College of Law, American University, 11
      (Kenneth, 10-20-11, “Why the CIA and Drones?,” http://opiniojuris.org/2011/10/20/why-the-cia-and-drones/, accessed 9-13-13, CMM)

(4) News reports, as Bobby Chesney has noted several times, make
AND
for the CIA to act across borders than there is for the military.

Tournament: App State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan CP | Judge: Steve Sawyer

1. Obama will circumvent the plan – the past 5 years prove.

Cohen, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 12
(Michael, 3-28-12, "Power Grab," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/28/power_grab?page=full, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

This month marks the one-year anniversary of the onset of U.S
AND
be the greatest legacy of the U.S. intervention in Libya.

2. The executive will circumvent the aff  - loopholes, deference and no enforcement

Mitchell, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law, 9
(Jonathan, Jan, "Legislating Clear-Statement Regimes in National- Security Law," http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100026context=jonathan_mitchell, accessed 9-17-13, CMM)

INTRODUCTION¶ Congress’s national-security legislation will often require clear and specific¶ congressional
AND
, many proposals have sought to provide more narrow and explicit clearstatement¶ requirements

 in Congress’s framework legislation as well as provisions that¶ withhold funding from activities
AND
from continuing to infer¶ congressional authorization from vague or ambiguous statutory language.

4. The President would ignore the plan

Dycus, Professor, Vermont Law School, 10
(Stephen, "Cybersecurity Symposium: National Leadership, Individual Responsibility: Congress’s Role in Cyber Warfare," 4 J. Nat’l Security L. 26 Pol’y 155, lexis, accessed 8-27-13, CMM)

Congress’s active role in the development and implementation of cyber warfare policy is no guarantee
AND
the importance of Congress’s role. Or they might be challenged in court.

Congress can’t enforce – the plan will backfire

Katyal, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, 6
(Neal Kumar, "THE MOST DANGEROUS BRANCH? MAYORS, GOVERNORS, PRESIDENTS, AND THE RULE OF LAW: A SYMPOSIUM ON EXECUTIVE POWER: ESSAY: Internal Separation of Powers: Checking Today’s Most Dangerous Branch from Within," 115 Yale L.J. 2314, lexis, accessed 8-16-13, CMM)

Of course, Congress has not passed legislation to denounce these presidential actions either.
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our government back in line with the principles envisioned by our Founders. n21

Obama will circumvent the plan – the rest of his agenda proves.

Kumar, McClatchy Newspapers, 13 
(Anita, 3-19-13, "Obama turning to executive power to get what he wants," http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/03/19/186309/obama-turning-to-executive-power.html~~23.Ue18CdK1FSE, accessed 10-18-13, CMM)

President Barack Obama came into office four years ago skeptical of pushing the power of
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protect future generations," he told Congress last month, "I will."

Congress is a joke – there’s zero credible enforcement

Kriner, Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University, 10
(Douglas, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 81-2, google books, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

However, if Congress can exert influence over military policymaking only by taking a leading
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be able to affect presidents’ decision calculus through other, more indirect means. 

Congress has no backbone – can’t enforce

Druck, J.D. Candidate, Cornell Law School, 12
(Judah, "DRONING ON: THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION AND THE NUMBING EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN WARFARE," CORNELL LAW REVIEW ~Vol. 98, http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf, accessed 8-6-13, CMM)

Of course, despite these various suits, Congress has received¶ much of the
AND
, and congresspersons looking to continue the¶ system of passivity and deferment.

Congress can’t be bound to enforce

Healy, Vice President of the Cato Institute, 9
(Gene, "10. Reclaiming the War Power," CATO HANDBOOK FOR POLICYMAKERS, 7^th Edition, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-handbook-policymakers/2009/9/hb111-10.pdf, accessed 7-16-13, CMM)

It’s worth thinking about how best to tie Ulysses to the mast. But the
AND
to undo past agreements in the pursuit of short-term political advantage.
If checks on executive power are to be restored, we will need far less
AND
power will not be forthcoming unless and until American citizens¶ demand it.

Future presidents will ignore Congressional restrictions

Baron, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, and Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, 8
(David and Martin, January "THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF AT THE LOWEST EBB — FRAMING THE PROBLEM, DOCTRINE, AND ORIGINAL UNDERSTANDING," HARVARD LAW REVIEW ~Vol. 121:689, http://harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/barron_lederman.pdf, accessed 8-30-13, CMM)

1. The Historical Trend of Increasing Executive Branch Assertions¶ of Indefeasible Substantive Powers
   AND
   not develop with claims of preclusive authority¶ to disregard legislatively imposed limits.

2NC Vagueness

 Circumvention===

Vagueness guarantees circumvention

Mitchell, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law, 9
(Jonathan, Jan, "Legislating Clear-Statement Regimes in National- Security Law," http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100026context=jonathan_mitchell, accessed 9-17-13, CMM)

The challenge for these efforts to strengthen the War Powers Resolution and FISA¶ is
AND
of future criminal sanctions and¶ political reprisals against executive-branch employees.

EXT – Vagueness

Requirements fail – Congress won’t punish the president

Mitchell, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law, 9
(Jonathan, Jan, "Legislating Clear-Statement Regimes in National- Security Law," http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100026context=jonathan_mitchell, accessed 9-17-13, CMM)

Congress’s national-security legislation will often require clear and specific¶ congressional authorization before
AND
used to concoct congressional "authorization"¶ from vague or ambiguous statutory language.

AT: Circumvention Difficult

Circumvention is easy – empirics.

Balkin, Knight Professor of Constitutional Law and the First Amendment at Yale Law School, 9-3-13 
(Jack M., founder and director of Yale’s Information Society Project, an interdisciplinary center that studies law and new information technologies, 9-3-13, "What Congressional Approval Won’t Do: Trim Obama’s Power or Make War Legal," http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/09/what-congressional-approval-wont-do-trim-obamas-power-or-make-war-legal/279298/, accessed 10-18-13, CMM)

One of the most misleading metaphors in the discussion of President Obama’s Syria policy is
AND
¬can simply add it to the existing body of AUMFs and congressional authorizations.

AT: Obama will Comply

Restrictions won’t stop Obama – he no different from previous executives

Levine, Law Clerk, Honorable Michael S. Kanne, United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, 12
(David Levine, J.D., "2013 SURVEY OF BOOKS RELATED TO THE LAW: BOOK NOTICE: A TIME FOR PRESIDENTIAL POWER? WAR TIME AND THE CONSTRAINED EXECUTIVE," 111 Mich. L. Rev. 1195, lexis, accessed 10-18-13, CMM)

Both the Declare War Clause n49 and the War Powers Resolution n50 give Congress some
AND
the American people, but instead their inattention" (p. 132).

Obama is just as likely to circumvent

Pollack, MSU Guggenheim Fellow and professor of history emeritus, 13 
(Norman, "Drones, Israel, and the Eclipse of Democracy," Counterpunch, 2-5-13, www.counterpunch.org/2013/02/05/drones-israel-and-the-eclipse-of-democracy/, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

Bisharat first addresses the transmogrification of international law by Israel’s military lawyers.  We might
AND
–seems overly much, and not a murmur from an adoring public.

Obama and future presidents will circumvent- Congress and power of the purse fails

Balkin, Knight Professor of Constitutional Law and the First Amendment at Yale Law School, 9-3-13 
(Jack M., founder and director of Yale’s Information Society Project, an interdisciplinary center that studies law and new information technologies, 9-3-13, "What Congressional Approval Won’t Do: Trim Obama’s Power or Make War Legal," http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/09/what-congressional-approval-wont-do-trim-obamas-power-or-make-war-legal/279298/, accessed 10-18-13, CMM)

One of the most misleading metaphors in the discussion of President Obama’s Syria policy is
AND
¬can simply add it to the existing body of AUMFs and congressional authorizations.

AT: Signal Solves/Sufficient

Signal arguments are wrong – nations won’t perceive it

Kriner, Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University, 10
(Douglas, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 81-2, google books, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

First, in many cases congressional signals will likely have only a modest influence on
AND
that their cost-benefit calculations should be more impervious to congressional signals.

Tournament: D7 | Round: 4 | Opponent: JMU BM | Judge: Al Harper
Circumvention

2. Obama will circumvent the plan – the past 5 years prove.
Cohen, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 12
(Michael, 3-28-12, “Power Grab,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/28/power_grab?page=full, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

This month marks the one-year anniversary of the onset of U.S
AND
be the greatest legacy of the U.S. intervention in Libya.
3. National security bureaucracy crushes implementation and enforcement
Glennon, Professor of International Law, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, 14
(Michael, “National Security and Double Government,” Harvard National Security Journal / Vol. 5, http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Glennon-Final.pdf, accessed 1-13-14, CMM)

B. The Congress
Like the courts, Congress’s apparent power also vastly outstrips its¶ real power over
AND
fulfill this need. But few can match¶ the Trumanites’ informational base, 

Obama will use signing statements to circumvent restrictions on his authority
Crouch et al., assistant professor of American politics at American University, 13
(Jeffrey, Mark J. Rozell is acting dean and a professor of public policy at George Mason University, Mitchel A. Sollenberger is associate professor of political science at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, “President Obama’s Signing Statements and the Expansion of Executive Power,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 43, no. 4 (December), Wiley Online Library, accessed 11-2-13, CMM)

“The Decider” Returns?¶ In a January 2013 signing statement, President Barack
AND
House so completely embody the unchecked presidency.

None of their answers assume Obama’s new strategy – he’s doubling down on broad executive powers.
Somin, Professor of Law at George Mason University School of Law, 1-28-14
(Ilya, “Obama plans to push the limits of executive power even harder,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/01/28/obama-plans-to-push-the-limits-of-executive-power-even-harder/, accessed 1-29-14, CMM)

One of the most striking aspects of Barack Obama’s administration is that, after forcefully
AND
unconstitutional. But the overall picture is troubling, to say the least.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: Navy CR | Judge: Katsulas
Restrictions net increases noncompliant behavior
Spiro, Associate Professor of Law, Hofstra University, New York University Law Review, 93
(Peter, “BOOK REVIEW: WAR POWERS AND THE SIRENS OF FORMALISM,” War and Responsibility: Constitutional Lessons of Vietnam and Its Aftermath. By John Hart Ely. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1993. Pp. 243. $ 24.95, 68 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 1338, lexis, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

Moreover, there is a harm in the perpetuation of text that neither reflects nor
AND
in presidential attempts to broaden the range of action undertaken without legislative approval.
Custom IS law for war powers – either solves in squo or noncompliance is guaranteed
Spiro, Associate Professor of Law, Hofstra University, New York University Law Review, 93
(Peter, “BOOK REVIEW: WAR POWERS AND THE SIRENS OF FORMALISM,” War and Responsibility: Constitutional Lessons of Vietnam and Its Aftermath. By John Hart Ely. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1993. Pp. 243. $ 24.95, 68 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 1338, lexis, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

This is the measure of constitutional legitimation. No doubt because the formal commands here
AND
executive action, n9 the cause will not be advanced by these efforts.
New restrictions collapse all previously constraining precedents – turns the case and wrecks the Constitution
Spiro, Associate Professor of Law, Hofstra University, New York University Law Review, 93
(Peter, “BOOK REVIEW: WAR POWERS AND THE SIRENS OF FORMALISM,” War and Responsibility: Constitutional Lessons of Vietnam and Its Aftermath. By John Hart Ely. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1993. Pp. 243. $ 24.95, 68 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 1338, lexis, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

Part I of this Review steps briefly through the Vietnam experience and its repercussions.
AND
the efficacy of norms established by history and important to our constitutional order.

2NR/1NR

Solvency
Restrictions don’t constrain the exec
Bradley, Professor of Law, Duke Law School, and Morrison, Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, 13
(Curtis and Trevor, 1-15-13, “PRESIDENTIAL POWER, HISTORICAL PRACTICE, AND LEGAL CONSTRAINT,” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2191700, accessed 9-11-13, CMM)

The general posture of judicial abstention in this area raises questions about whether presidential power
AND
extent to which they are likely to act based on internalized norms. 64

Emergency justifications overcome all restrictions
Fatovic, Director of Graduate Studies for Political Science at Florida International University, 9
(Clement, Outside the Law: Emergency and Executive Power pg 1-5, google books, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

But the problem for any legal order is that law aims at fixity in a
AND
—but it does mean that executive power is ultimately irreducible to law.

Courts fail – decentralized and weak compared to the executive.
Posner, Professor of Law, The University of Chicago Law School, and Vermeule, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 11
(Eric and Adrian, March 2011, The Executive Unbound, p. 29-31, google books, accessed 10-18-13, CMM)

COURTS¶ Problems for Judicial Oversight of the Executive Information asymmetries¶ The gap between
AND
exception, not the rule, especially during the heat of the emergency.
Obama will disregard the Court – detention policy proves
Pyle, Professor of constitutional law and civil liberties at Mount Holyoke Colleg, 12
(Christopher H. Pyle, “The Law Barack Obama and Civil Liberties.,” Presidential Studies Quarterly, Volume 42, Issue 4, December 2012, Pg. 867–880, ebsco, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

Preventive Detention
But this is not the only double standard that Obama's attorney general has endorsed.
AND
opposition in Congress to stop him. The Democrats are too busy stimulating the economies of their constituents and too timid to defend the rule of law. The Republicans are similarly preoccupied, but actually favor torture, provided it can be camouflaged with euphemisms like “enhanced interrogation techniques” (Editorial 2011b).

Future presidents will ignore restrictions
Baron, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, and Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, 8
(David and Martin, January “THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF AT THE LOWEST EBB — FRAMING THE PROBLEM, DOCTRINE, AND ORIGINAL UNDERSTANDING,” HARVARD LAW REVIEW Vol. 121:689, http://harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/barron_lederman.pdf, accessed 8-30-13, CMM)

1. The Historical Trend of Increasing Executive Branch Assertions¶ of Indefeasible Substantive Powers
   AND
   not develop with claims of preclusive authority¶ to disregard legislatively imposed limits.

Circumvention is easy – empirics.
Balkin, Knight Professor of Constitutional Law and the First Amendment at Yale Law School, 9-3-13
(Jack M., founder and director of Yale's Information Society Project, an interdisciplinary center that studies law and new information technologies, 9-3-13, “What Congressional Approval Won't Do: Trim Obama's Power or Make War Legal,” http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/09/what-congressional-approval-wont-do-trim-obamas-power-or-make-war-legal/279298/, accessed 10-18-13, CMM)

One of the most misleading metaphors in the discussion of President Obama’s Syria policy is
AND
¬can simply add it to the existing body of AUMFs and congressional authorizations.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 8 | Opponent: Army AR | Judge: Garrett Crane
A drone court would not regulate signature strikes – they aren’t targeted killing – that means the administration would rely on them.
Ohlin, Lieber Code, 2-13-13
Jens David, “Would A Federal District Court for Drones Increase Collateral Damage?” http://www.liebercode.org/2013/02/would-federal-district-court-for-drones.html, accessed 9-20-13, TAP

First, the court would be modeled after the super-secret FISA court for
AND
the court because the US would not know exactly who it is bombing.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 4 | Opponent: Gonzaga NS | Judge: Jake Weiner
Solvency
Obama will circumvent the plan – the past 5 years prove.
Cohen, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 12
(Michael, 3-28-12, “Power Grab,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/28/power_grab?page=full, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

This month marks the one-year anniversary of the onset of U.S
AND
be the greatest legacy of the U.S. intervention in Libya.
The plan doesn’t change how the president conducts drone strike in the status quo – capturing terrorist is the first priority now, the president will just circumvent the plan by saying, “oh we tried to capture them, but we failed.”

The plan doesn’t define hostilities – gives the executive leeway to circumvent the aff.
Richard, Journal of National Security Law, 98
(Daniel L. Richard, The George Washington University Law School War Powers Project Under the Direction of Professor Peter Raven-Hansen, Research Professor of Law, George Washington University Law School, “ARTICLE: The War Powers Resolution: Origins, History, Criticism and Reform: Chapter 4: Reporting Under the War Powers Resolution: Section 4,” 2 J. Nat'l Security L. 59, lexis, accessed 7-19-13, CMM)

Since 1973, the executive branch has discovered several ways to avoid triggering the sixty
AND
narrow executive branch definition of "hostilities" is inconsistent with that spirit.

The plan would reopen debates over the scope of the president’s ability to target terrorists under the AUMF – that results in a net broadening of authority
Cohen, fellow at the Brennan Center for Justice, 5-16-13
(Andrew, contributing editor at The Atlantic, 60 Minutes' first-ever legal analyst, chief analyst for CBS Radio News, “This Is Congress's Chance to Rein In the War on Terror,” http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/05/this-is-congresss-chance-to-rein-in-the-war-on-terror/275902/, accessed 6-10-13, CMM)

Although it will be drowned out by Washington's other unfolding political dramas and never pierce
AND
reason for legislative inertia. But it's rarely cause for comfort, either.
Legally codifying the plan loses the war on terrorism-~--sends a signal that terrorists can have safe havens outside conflict zones-~--it’s unique because the rules’ current status as non-binding policy doesn’t link
Corn, Professor of Law and Presidential Research Professor, South Texas College of Law, 5/16/13,
(Geoffrey, Statement before the Senate Armed Services Committee, CQ Congressional Testimony, http://www.armed-services.senate.gov/statemnt/2013/05_May/Corn_05-16-13.pdf, accessed 10-24-13, CMM)

3. What is the geographic scope of the AUMF and under what circumstances may
AND
him to dictate when and where he will be subject to lawful attack.

Tournament: D7 | Round: 4 | Opponent: JMU BM | Judge: Al Harper
Terror DA 2NC
Terrorists have the motive
Brill, former U.S. ambassador to the I.A.E.A., and Luongo president of the Partnership for Global Security, 3-15-12
(Kenneth, and Kenneth, Both are members of the Fissile Material Working Group, a nonpartisan nongovernmental organization, “Nuclear Terrorism: A Clear Danger,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/16/opinion/nuclear-terrorism-a-clear-danger.html, accessed 3-26-12, CMM)

At least four terrorist groups, including Al Qaeda, have demonstrated interest in using
AND
member is thought to remain at large with a kilogram of this material. 

Nuclear terror results in extinction.
Morgan, Hankuk University foreign studies professor, 9
Dennis, Elsivier Vol 41 Issue 10, “World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race Futures” www.cgee.org.br/atividades/redirKori/6255, p.685-6, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question ‘‘Is
AND
start through the accidental or reckless use of strategic weapons. 10

No impact and the alt fails – it can’t explain the world adequately and trigger points are necessary.
Rodwell, Manchester Metropolitan University foreign policy PhD candidate, 2005
Jonathan, “Trendy But Empty: A Response to Richard Jackson” http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/rodwell1.htm, accessed 9-22-13, TAP

However, having said that, the problem is Jackson’s own theoretical underpinning, his
AND
analysis provides us with is a set of universals and a heuristic model.

Terrorism studies are epistemologically and methodologically valid --- our authors are self-reflexive
Michael J. Boyle 8, School of International Relations, University of St. Andrews, and John Horgan, International Center for the Study of Terrorism, Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, April 2008, “A Case Against Critical Terrorism Studies,” Critical Studies On Terrorism, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 51-64
 Jackson (2007c) calls for the development of an explicitly CTS on the
AND
community of scholars does not produce such scathing indictments of its own work. 

Case
War Turns Structural Violence
War turns their impacts.
Joshua Goldstein, American University International Relations Professor, 2001, “War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa,” p.411-412

I began this book hoping to contribute in some way to a deeper understanding of
AND
on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.

War Turns Negative Reps
War makes abuses inevitable.
Costanzo, Claremont McKenna College psychology professor, and Gerrity, Duke University psychology professor, 2009
Mark and Ellen, Social Issues and Policy Review, Vol. 3, No. 1, “The Effects and Effectiveness of Using Torture as an Interrogation Device: Using Research to Inform the Policy Debate” http://www.cgu.edu/pdffiles/sbos/costanzo_effects_of_interrogation.pdf, p.196-7, accessed 2-16-14, TAP

Times of intense group conflict amplify the human tendency to negatively¶ stereotype members of
AND
are defending their group against an enemy (Haslam and¶ Reicher, 2005).

Yes Nuclear Terror
Yes a threat.
Chibarirwe, Trumpet, 7-7-13
Anthony, “IAEA Chief Warns of Threat of Nuclear Terrorism” http://www.thetrumpet.com/article/10787.19.0.0/world/terrorism/iaea-chief-warns-of-threat-of-nuclear-terrorism, accessed 10-7-13, TAP

At a conference on enhancing global nuclear security efforts, the director general of the
AND
. For some, what they perceive happening after death actually motivates them.
Tom note- Citing IAEA director general and SENIOR IAEA analyst

The risk of nuclear terrorism is high – means and motive
Goodspeed, National Post, 3-24-12
(Peter, “Peter Goodspeed: Ongoing nuclear threat looms over Seoul summit,” http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/03/24/preventing-devastating-nuclear-terrorist-attack-aim-of-world-leaders-meeting/, accessed 3-26-12, CMM)

“We believe the potential for nuclear terrorism remains high,” said Page Stoutland,
AND
way to use radiological weapons when their only goal is killing innocent people.”

Terror rhetoric necessary- term key to create new forms of knowledge
Gunning, University of Wales Aberystwyth international politics professor, 2007
Jeroen, “Babies and Bathwaters: Reflecting on the Pitfalls of Critical Studies on Terrorism” 2007, http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/media/departmental/interpol/csrv/babies-and-bathwaters~-~--isa2007.pdf, p.5-6, accessed 9-22-13, TAP

Usage of the term ‘terrorism’ also poses serious security problems for those conducting fieldwork
AND
earmarked for studying ‘terrorism’ should similarly not be left simply to others.

critical terror studies need to maintain relations with political structure
Gunning, University of Wales Aberystwyth international politics professor, 2007
Jeroen, “Babies and Bathwaters: Reflecting on the Pitfalls of Critical Studies on Terrorism” 2007, http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/media/departmental/interpol/csrv/babies-and-bathwaters~-~--isa2007.pdf, p.7, accessed 9-22-13, TAP

If emancipation is central to the critical project, CTS cannot remain policy-irrelevant
AND
all, is the original meaning of the notion of ‘immanent critique’.

Their claims are a  form of radical leftist arrogance that recreates its own impacts – they speak for and paper over terrorists’ motives.
Elshtain, University of Chicago social and political ethics professor, 2003
Jean, “Just War Against Terrorism” http://books.google.com/books?id=sdfEtWzB5HsCandpg=PT88andlpg=PT88anddq=Suddenly+the+far+left+is+perplexed+as+well+as+isolationist:+If+we+had+not+poked+our+nose+in+where+it+did+not+belong,+maybe+people+would+leave+us+aloneandsource=blandots=ZUuy9gxd2Dandsig=uFdAgS2fQZWkL9IOrJdvP4sDQLEandhl=enandsa=Xandei=jeZJUoqdBMen4APAy4GACQandved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepageandq=Suddenly20the20far20left20is20perplexed20as20well20as20isolationist3A20If20we20had20not20poked20our20nose20in20where20it20did20not20belong2C20maybe20people20would20leave20us20aloneandf=true, p.94-5, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

Those who do not argue outright that the United States is the author of its
AND
seems to have seeped into the “Yes, but…” crowd.28

Tournament: App State | Round: 5 | Opponent: Michigan KM | Judge: Nate Milton
Legally codifying the plan loses the war on terrorism---sends a signal that terrorists can have safe havens outside conflict zones---it’s unique because the rules’ current status as non-binding policy doesn’t link
Corn, Professor of Law and Presidential Research Professor, South Texas College of Law, 5/16/13,
(Geoffrey, Statement before the Senate Armed Services Committee, CQ Congressional Testimony, http://www.armed-services.senate.gov/statemnt/2013/05_May/Corn_05-16-13.pdf, accessed 10-24-13, CMM)

3. What is the geographic scope of the AUMF and under what circumstances may
AND
him to dictate when and where he will be subject to lawful attack.

Codifying current target policy as law signals a legal abandonment of the Law of Armed Conflict framework outside of explicitly declared conflict zones---that collapses counterterrorism
Corn, Professor of Law at South Texas College of Law, Lieutenant Colonel (Retired), U.S. Army, 9/30/13,
(Geoffrey, formerly the Army’s senior law of war expert advisor, “Debate (Round 1): The Military Component of Counter-Terror Operations,” http://justsecurity.org/2013/09/30/military-component-counter-terror-operations/, accessed 10-24-13, CMM)

Twelve years after the September 11th terrorist attacks, however, highly informed experts both
AND
authority would produce a significant disruptive effect on our counter-terror operations, not on the enemy.

Tournament: App State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan CP | Judge: Steve Sawyer
T - prohibit

A. Interpretation –  restrictions are prohibitions on action --- the aff is not
Schiedler-Brown, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown and Associates, 12
(Jean, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf, accessed 9-18-13, CMM)

3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include
AND
some supervision conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.
The plan is modeled of the War Powers Consultation Act – that’s not a restriction
(Their Chen Solvency card)
Baker, 61st Secretary of State, and Christopher, 63rd Secretary of State, 8
James III and Warren, along with John Jefferies, University of Virginia law school dean, and W Taylor Reveley III, College of William and Mary interim president, “National War Powers Commission Report”
http://web1.millercenter.org/reports/warpowers/report.pdf, p.10, accessed 8-30-13, TAP

To be clear, however, in urging the passage of War Powers Consultation Act
AND
to question or challenge the constitutional war powers of¶ the other branch.”
B. Violations – the aff isn’t a prohibition on targeted killings
C. Vote neg –
2. Absent prohibition they can functionally increase presidential authority by legitimizing expanded OCOs use.
Posner, University of Chicago Law Prof, 11
(Eric, September, “DEFERENCE TO THE EXECUTIVE IN THE UNITED STATES AFTER SEPTEMBER 11: CONGRESS, THE COURTS, AND THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL,” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1932393, accessed 9-19-13, CMM)

To see why, consider an example in which a president must choose an action
AND
their power. If it did not, people would not enter contracts.

Tournament: D7 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pitt CK | Judge:
A. Interp – “Substantially” means the plan must be across the board
Anderson et al, 2005
Brian Anderson, Becky Collins, Barbara Van Haren and Nissan Bar-Lev, WCASS Research / Special Projects Committee* Report on: A Conceptual Framework for Developing a 504 School District Policy, http://www.specialed.us/issues-504policy/504.htm

A substantial limitation is a significant restriction as to the condition, manner, or
AND
manifested in all facets of the student’s life, not only in school.
B. Violation – the plan doesn’t increase restrictions across the board – it only applies to US citizens.
C. Vote neg –
Limits – our interp is key to reasonable limit on the topic
Justice O’Connor ‘02 Sandra Day, No. 00—1089 TOYOTA MOTOR MANUFACTURING, KENTUCKY,
INC., PETITIONER v. ELLA WILLIAMS, Jan 8, http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-1089.ZO.html

Our consideration of this issue is guided first and foremost by the words of the
AND
a much higher number than 43 million disabled persons in the findings”).
Ground – carving out small parts of each part of the topic justifies allows the aff to significantly swing ground in their favor – the neg will never be prepared to answer ne specific advs or link.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: Hays Watson
1NC:
A. Interpretation –
Authority means expressly granted – assertions by the president don’t count
Words and Phrases, 4  
(Volume 4a, Cumulative Supplement Pamphlet, p. 275)

U.S.N.Y. 1867.  Under the federal … Court has dismissed.—Milligar v. Hartupee, 73 U.S. 258, 6 Wall. 258, 18 L.Ed. 829

Presidential war powers authority is only Congressionally conferred
Telman, Associate, Sidley, Austin, Brown and Wood, New York, 1
(Jeremy, “ARTICLE: A Truism That Isn'T True? The Tenth Amendment and Executive War Power,” 51 Cath. U.L. Rev. 135, lexis, accessed 12-10-13, CMM)

The President's power as Commander-in-Chief … is vested in Congress. n231

B. Violation – the plan restricts self-defense, which is derived from Commander in Chief power, not war powers authority.
Stromseth, Associate Professor, Georgetown University Law Center, 96
(Jane, Book Review: Understanding Constitutional War Powers Today: Why Methodology MattersPresidential War Power. By Louis Fisher. * Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995. Pp. xvi, 245. $ 29.95 (hbk.), $ 14.95 (pbk.), 106 Yale L.J. 845, lexis, accessed 12-10-13, CMM)

Most other classicists view the … force in an emergency." n232

C. Vote neg – 

Limits – including Commander in Chief powers or assertions of authority ruins any limit on the topic – justifies any restriction on the minutia of war tactics or any broad claims of presidential power that aren’t grounded in anything more than crazy OLC opinions – prevents clash.
2. Precision – the aff obscures a key Constitutional question which undermines actual legal knowledge on the topic.
T is a voting issue or the aff will read a new, uncontested aff every debate.

2NC:

including CIC powers shoe-horns in the whole 1994 college topic – all small tactical decisions and associated minutia become T – this destroys the topic:
Heidt, Presidential Fellow and Doctoral Candidate at Georgia State University, 13
(Stephen, Graduate Research Assistant at Georgia State University, 5-29-13, “Thoughts on the Topic,” http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic=4846.0, accessed 10-21-13, CMM)

Voting for restrict presidential … forced into¶ voting for a list topic.

Next is precision – they teach debaters to be lazy Constitutional scholars and ignore the most accurate interpretations of the text – war powers education divorced from the Constitution is meaningless and makes us susceptible to executive power grabs – this is an impact turn to their education and net benefit to our interpretation.
Fisher, senior specialist in separation of powers at Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 2K
(Louis, “A Dose of Law and Realism for Presidential Studies,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 32, no. 4 (December), accessed 12-16-13, CMM)

A Constitutional Context¶ From World War II … law enforced by Soviet procedures¶ (Levy 1986, ix).

Their interp of the Constitution is incoherent and inaccurate
Boylan, assistant professor of political science at Winthrop University, 1
(Timothy, “The Law: Constitutional Understandings of the War Power,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 31, no. 3 (September), accessed 12-16-13, CMM)

An examination of the enumerated …. of will on the part¶ of the legislature.
*Bobbitt – Philip Bobbitt, Professor, The University of Texas School of Law and Marsh Senior Research Fellow in War Studies, King's College, University of London

Specifics key to overcome circumvention
Mitchell, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law, 9
(Jonathan, Jan, “Legislating Clear-Statement Regimes in National- Security Law,” http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000andcontext=jonathan_mitchell, accessed 9-17-13, CMM)

The challenge for these efforts to … political reprisals against executive-branch employees.

devil is in the details – its true for war powers
Currie, professor of law at Chicago, 3
(David, May, “SURVEY: II. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: FOREIGN AFFAIRS: PRESIDENTIAL INITIATIVE AND CONGRESSIONAL CONTROL: The President's Authority over Foreign Affairs: An Essay in Constitutional Interpretation. By H. Jefferson Powell,” 101 Mich. L. Rev. 1453, Lexis, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

It is here, I believe, that Professor … with the constitutional plan.

The president doesn’t have war-making authorities.
Constitution Project, 5
“Deciding to use force abroad: war powers in a system of checks and balances” http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/28.pdf, p.19, accessed 8-17-13, TAP

Limits on the President’s War Power – …when the operations are extended.

Congress could have authorized self-dense powers when passing the AUMF – but they didn’t – proves the plan only restricts core CIC powers
Chesney et al., professor at the University of Texas School of Law, 13
(Robert, nonresident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution, distinguished scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and a member of the Hoover Institution’s Jean Perkins Task Force on National Security and Law, served in the Bush administration as assistant attorney general, Office of Legal Counsel, from 2003 to 2004 and as special counsel to the general counsel from 2002 to 2003, Matthew C. Waxman is a professor of law at Columbia Law School, an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and a member of the Hoover Institution’s Jean Perkins Task Force on National Security and Law, Benjamin Wittes is a senior fellow in governance studies at the Brookings Institution, a member of the Hoover Institution’s Jean Perkins Task Force on National Security and Law, 2-25-13, “A Statutory Framework for Next-Generation Terrorist Threats,” http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/Statutory-Framework-for-Next-Generation-Terrorist-Threats.pdf, accessed 6-14-13, CMM)

Congress could authorize the …. when backed by Congress.

"war powers” means the authority to use force
Waxman, Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, 13
(Matthew, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, “The Constitutional Power To Threaten War,” Draft, Forthcoming in YALE LAW JOURNAL, vol. 123 (2014), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2316777, accessed 8-28-13, CMM)

As to the constitutional issues, there is … ones to be dangerously rash.11

2NR:
AT: Obama's only drones justification is Article II

CIC powers may be A justification for TK but it isn’t the only one – their author
Marcy Wheeler 13, founder of EmptyWheel – a national security blog, PhD in comparative lit, The AUMF Fallacy, http://www.emptywheel.net/2013/02/18/the-aumf-fallacy/

And ultimately, we should look to …with an American citizen) is the President’s Article II say-so.

Self-D isn’t key – Obama hasn’t asserted it
Epp, The Atlantic, 13
(Garret, 2-16-13, “Why a Secret Court Won't Solve the Drone-Strike Problem,” http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/02/why-a-secret-court-wont-solve-the-drone-strike-problem/273246/#, accessed 1-22-14, CMM)

Let's frame the issue properly. …president's claimed authority.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: Navy CR | Judge: Katsulas
A. Interpretation – restriction on authority must limit presidential discretion
Lobel Professor of Law at the University of Pittsburgh  Law School, President of the Center for Constitutional Rights, 8
(Jules, represented members of Congress challenging assertions of Executive power to unilaterally initiate warfare, “Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War,” Ohio State Law Journal, Vol 69, p 391, 2008, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/oslj/files/2012/04/69.3.lobel_.pdf, accessed 9-18-13, CMM)

So too, the congressional power to declare or authorize war has been long held
AND
decisively ejected from Kuwait, a limitation recognized by President Bush himself.64
Increase means over a baseline – a net increase.
Rogers, state of New York judge, 5
(Judge, state of new York, et all, petitioners v. US epa, respondent, nsr manufacturers roundtable, et al, intervenors, 2005 U.S. App. LEXIS 12378, ; 60 ERC (BNA) 1791, p.LN)

According to government petitioners, the lack of a statutory definition does not render the
AND
car five or ten years ago when the engine was in perfect condition.
B. Violation – the aff decreases restrictions on the president’s war powers authority. Detainees are being held by Congressional restrictions now, not executive discretion.
Frakt, Associate Professor of Law at the Barry University Dwayne O. Andreas School of Law, 12
(David J.R., is notable for his appointment to defend Guantanamo detainee Mohammed Jawad, an alleged combatant facing charges for events that took place when he was a minor, Lieutenant Colonel in the U.S. Air Force Judge Advocate General’s Corps Reserve, “ARTICLE: Prisoners of Congress: The Constitutional and Political Clash Over Detainees and the Closure of Guantanamo,” lexis, accessed 10-23-13, CMM)

On July 24, 2009, the Department of Justice did something very unusual,
AND
or transfers delayed or barred by spending restrictions imposed by the legislative branch.
C. Vote neg –

1. Bidirectionality – the aff justifies topic incoherence – they allow affs to increase the president’s authority by reducing Congressional restrictions – this guts all predictable neg ground like Flex DAs.
   2. Limits – they unlimit the topic by creating instances in which current judicial and Congress restrictions on POTUS’ WPA should be changed in either direction – doubles the size of the topic.
   T is a voting issue for fairness otherwise the neg will always lose on new untopical affs. 

DA
Obama is shifting from drones to detention
Dillow, PopSci, 13
(Clay, “Obama Set To Reboot Drone Strike Policy And Retool The War On Terror “, 5/23/13, http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2013-05/obama-set-reboot-drone-strike-policy-and-retool-war-terror, accessed 9-17-13, CMM)

These three topics are deeply intertwined, of course. With the drawdown of troops
AND
to thwart terrorists rather hellfire missile strikes from unseen robots in the sky.
Restricted detention leads to increased drone use
Chesney, Professor in Law, University of Texas School of Law, 11
(Robert, “ARTICLE: WHO MAY BE HELD? MILITARY DETENTION THROUGH THE HABEAS LENS”, Boston College Law Review, 52 B.C. L. Rev 769, Lexis, accessed 9-17-13, CMM)

The convergence thesis describes one manner in which law might respond to the cross-
AND
substantive grounds for detention takes place through the lens of habeas corpus litigation.
Increased drone use sets a precedent that causes South China Sea conflict
Roberts, National Journal, 13
(Kristen, News Editor at National Journal, “When the Whole World Has Drones”, 3/22/13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321, accessed 9-17-13, CMM)

And that’s a NATO ally seeking the capability to conduct missions that would run afoul
AND
lead somebody to be subject for an engagement by the United States government.”
Extinction
Wittner, Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, 11
(Lawrence S., Emeritus, Wittner is the author of eight books, the editor or co-editor of another four, and the author of over 250 published articles and book reviews. From 1984 to 1987, he edited Peace and Change, a journal of peace research., 11/28/2011, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", www.huntingtonnews.net/14446, accessed 9-17-13, CMM)

The gathering tension between the United States and China is clear enough. Disturbed by
AND
—destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction.
This outweighs the case – The South China Sea is the most probable flashpoint for conflict escalation
Wesley, Former Professor of International Relations and Director of the Griffith Asia Institute at Griffith University, 12
(Michael, Former Executive Director of the Lowy Institute for International Policy, “What's at stake in the South China Sea?”, 7/25/12, http://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/whats-stake-south-china-sea, accessed 9-17-13, CMM)

The South China Sea is the flashpoint in the Pacific where conflict is most likely
AND
nationalism mean that incidents, once they occur, are likely to escalate.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 4 | Opponent: MoSt PP | Judge: Chris Stone
A. Interpretation – armed forces only includes regular components of the military branches.
Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. US Department of Defense, 5
(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/United+States+Armed+Forces, accessed 7-24-13, CMM)

United States Armed Forces
Used to denote collectively only the regular components of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. See also Armed Forces of the United States.

B. Violations – armed forces does not include weapons systems.
Lorber, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, 13
(Eric, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science, January, “COMMENT: Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?,” 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961, lexis, accessed 7-26-13, CMM)

C. The War Powers Resolution as Applied to … trigger the War Powers Resolution.

C. Vote neg –

Limits – allowing weapons to be T shoe-horns the entire nukes topic into this topic in addition to conventional weapons systems AND cyber weapons – this is a massive expansion that undermines any negative preparedness for debates.
2. Ground – all neg links and strategies assume the introduction of troops NOT weapons, which the aff skirts while unfairly broadening their own ground.
T is a voting issue for fairness. 

2NC:

The use of nukes is a tactical question – makes it a Commander in Chief power
Hemesath, J.D./M.S.F.S. Georgetown University Law Center, School of Foreign Service, 2K
(Paul, “NOTE: Who's Got the Button? Nuclear War Powers Uncertainty in the Post-Cold War Era,” 88 Geo. L.J. 2473, lexis, accessed 10-21-13, CMM)

Regardless, proponents of the Executive … designed to do the same thing.

“war powers” means the authority to use force
Waxman, Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, 13
(Matthew, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, “The Constitutional Power To Threaten War,” Draft, Forthcoming in YALE LAW JOURNAL, vol. 123 (2014), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2316777, accessed 8-28-13, CMM)

As to the constitutional issues, there is …. ones to be dangerously rash.11

Commander in Chief powers are distinct.
Baron, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, and Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, 8
(David and Martin, January “THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF AT THE LOWEST EBB — FRAMING THE PROBLEM, DOCTRINE, AND ORIGINAL UNDERSTANDING,” HARVARD LAW REVIEW Vol. 121:689, http://harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/barron_lederman.pdf, accessed 8-30-13, CMM)

IV. DRAWING LINES AND DEFINING THE SPHERE¶ OF … wars and post¶ hoc restrictions aimed at particular conflicts.

That’s an independent limits disaster
Heidt, Presidential Fellow and Doctoral Candidate at Georgia State University, 13
(Stephen, Graduate Research Assistant at Georgia State University, 5-29-13, “Thoughts on the Topic,” http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic=4846.0, accessed 10-21-13, CMM)

Voting for restrict presidential war power … into¶ voting for a list topic.

AT: W/M – Air Force
US Code excludes weapons from the Air Force
US Code No Date
("10 USC § 8062 - Policy; composition; aircraft authorization" www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/8062, accessed 10-21-13, CMM)

(a) It is the intent of Congress to provide an Air Force …, the term “combat-coded aircraft” means aircraft assigned to meet the primary.

AT: Air Force "is in charge of"

Yeah, they’re also in charge of UFO investigations.
King, Major, USAF, 68
(John, “THE UFO PROBLEM:  TIME FOR A REASSESSMENT,” A Thesis Submitted to the Air and Staff College of Air University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for Graduation - June 1968, http://www.cufon.org/cufon/afthes2.htm, accessed 10-21-13, CMM)

   The foreword to the book is by …  These statements are:

They make all of space T
Ryan, Gen., USAF Chief of Staff, 2K
(Michael E, “The Chiefs Speak Out,” http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2000/December202000/1200chiefs.aspx, accessed 10-21-13, CMM)

Ryan: "There is no Title 10 authority that … providing a utility, ... those who use it should pay."

Armed forces doesn’t include technologies
Chen, JD Boston College Law School, BA Rice, 12
(Julia, 11-26-2012, “Restoring Constitutional Balance: Accommodating the Evolution of War,” http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3263andcontext=bclr, accessed 10-21-13, CMM)

The scope of actors that fall within … act on behalf of the nation.349

there was a specific amendment during the WPR debate about nuclear weapons, and it was rejected – it was intended to exclude nuclear weapons from that particular phrase
Raven-Hansen, Professor of Law, George Washington University National Law Center, 89
(Peter, October 1989; “SPECIAL ISSUE: THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION IN ITS THIRD CENTURY: FOREIGN AFFAIRS: DISTRIBUTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY: NUCLEAR WAR POWERS” The American Society of International Law, American Journal of International Law 83 A.J.I.L. 786; Lexis, accessed 10-21-13, CMM)

The statutory argument against delegation … by Congress to the executive arsenal. . . ." n39

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 5 | Opponent: Liberty CB | Judge: Jeff Ciak
Limits outweigh—

(a) Predictable neg ground: the ability to prepare comes from knowing what finite set of plans is available before the tournament. Only resolutional limits can do this.

(b) Education: clash and deep discussion separate debate from other academic activities and do not exist when the topic changes every debate.

(c) Broad topics destroy programs – empirical evidence
Rowland ‘84
(Robert C., Baylor U., “Topic Selection in Debate”, American Forensics in Perspective. Ed. Parson, p. 53-4)

The first major problem identified by the work group as relating to topic selection is
AND
of broad topics that has led some small schools to cancel their programs. 

B. Predictability is the key starting point for discussion
Shively, former Texas AandM political science assistant professor, 2K
Ruth, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, edited by Portis, Gundersen, and Shively, “Political Theory and the Postmodern Politics of Ambiguity,” 181-2

The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say “no
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

Fairness is key to education- agreed fundamental rules are essential to prevent political debates from devolving into irresolvable ideological disputes- their framework guarantees resistance and hostility
Portis, Gunderson and Shively, Texas AandM political science professors, 2000
Edward Bryan, Adolf G., and Ruth Lessl, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, 2-3

By extension, partisan divisions
AND
in these assessments because a common framework provides criteria by which coherence might be assessed and alternative positions evaluated.
Fairness is key to education- agreed fundamental rules are essential to prevent political debates from devolving into irresolvable ideological disputes- their framework guarantees resistance and hostility
Portis, Gunderson and Shively, Texas AandM political science professors, 2K
Edward Bryan, Adolf G., and Ruth Lessl, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, 2-3

By extension, partisan divisions based upon competing constellations of interests, such as class
AND
framework provides criteria by which coherence might be assessed and alternative positions evaluated.

Tournament: App State | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgetown FK | Judge: Ravi Rao
A. Interpretation – A “target killing” is an intentional use of lethal force against a specific individual
Alston, Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, 11
(Philip, UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010, “ARTICLE: The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders,” 2 Harv. Nat'l Sec. J. 283, lexis, accessed 7-22-13, CMM)

There are thus three central requirements for a workable definition. The first is that
AND
specific individual who is not in the physical custody of the perpetrator. n46
B. Violation – Signature strikes aren’t targeted killings – they’re fundamentally different.
Anderson, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University, 11
(Kenneth, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, member of Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law; nonresident senior fellow, Brookings Institution, 8-29-11, “Distinguishing High Value Targeted Killing and “Signature” Attacks on Taliban Fighters,” http://www.volokh.com/2011/08/29/distinguishing-high-value-targeted-killing-and-signature-attacks-on-taliban-fighters/, accessed 9-13-13, CMM)

From the US standpoint, it is partly that it does not depend as much
AND
warfare without disentangling the distinct strategic uses to which the weapon is put.

C. Vote neg –

1. Limiting the definition of targeted killing is key to avoiding a devastating limits explosion
   Silva, University of Montreal Master’s candidate, 3
   (Sébastian Jose, “Death for life : a study of targeted killing by States in international law,” https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1866/2372/11474222.PDF;jsessionid=4D1530E8E8F2DEE3B4C68BA4B7997F3B?sequence=1, accessed 7-22-13, CMM)

As defined by Steven R. David, targeted killing is the "intentional slaying
AND
very suggestion. David's definition is essentially correct but¶ over-inclusive.
*Steven R David = associate Dean at Johns Hopkins University
2. Ground – neg links and strategies are prepared against the specific concept of targeted killing – they can skirt links to core strategies.
T is a voting issue for fairness.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: Army LS | Judge: Andrea Reed
Elimination of Sig strikes key to solve
Markey, Senior Fellow for India, Pakistan, and South Asia at the Council on Foreign Relations, 2013
Daniel, “A New Drone Deal For Pakistan,” http://www.cfr.org/pakistan/new-drone-deal-pakistan/p31113, CFR, 7-16-13, access date: 11-14-13, MAY

For their part, U.S. counterterror officials would chafe at any preauthorization
AND
but whose identities are not yet known to U.S. officials.

They are distinct operations – this is the best card you’ll read in the debate.
Anderson, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at Brookings, 11
(Kenneth, “Efficiency in Bello and ad Bellum: Targeted Killing Through Drone Warfare,” Sept 23 2011, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1812124, accessed 11-6-13, CMM)

Although targeted killing and drone warfare are often closely connected, they are not the
AND
than individualized “high value” targets, whether Taliban or Al Qaeda.
Knowing the identity of the target is the key distinction.
Uebersax, former RAND Corporation military analyst, 12
(John, psychologist, writer, 5-23-12, “The Four Kinds of Drone Strikes,” http://satyagraha.wordpress.com/2012/05/23/the-four-kinds-of-drone-strikes/, accessed 9-9-13, CMM)

We must begin with clear terms, and that is the purpose of the present
AND
assign strikes against anonymous non-leaders to the two further categories below.

Intel processes prove the distinction is meaningful
Anderson, professor of international law at Washington College of Law, American University, 10-18-13
(Kenneth, “No Safe Havens?,” Hoover Digest, No. 4, Fall 2013 by Hoover Institution,
http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/159096, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

STRATEGICALLY VALUABLE¶ Are drone technology and targeted killing really so strategically valuable?¶ The
AND
pointed toward surveillance¶ of a particular village, area, or person.
It can be used for a different kind of targeting altogether: against groups¶
AND
Standing Rules of¶ Engagement). That is the norm in conventional war.
Targeted killing of high-value terrorist targets, by contrast, is the end¶ result of a long, independent intelligence process. What the drone adds¶ to that intelligence might be considerable, through its surveillance capabilities—¶ but much of the drone’s contribution will be tactical, providing¶ intelligence that assists in the planning and execution of the strike itself,¶ in order to pick the moment when there might be the fewest civilian¶ casualties.
Officials acknowledge a difference
Zenko, CFR Fellow, 12
(Micah, 7-16-12, “Targeted Killings and Signature Strikes,” http://blogs.cfr.org/zenko/2012/07/16/targeted-killings-and-signature-strikes/, accessed 9-9-13, CMM)

The term “military-age male” is not defined in military doctrine,
AND
me not to print it. You know, I printed it anyway.
They don’t target a specific person
Greenfield, deputy director of the Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East at the Atlantic Council, where she leads the Yemen Policy Group, 13
(Danya, 8-19-13, “The Case Against Drone Strikes on People Who Only 'Act' Like Terrorists,” http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/the-case-against-drone-strikes-on-people-who-only-act-like-terrorists/278744/, accessed 9-13-13, CMM)

As Mark Bowden discusses in this month's Atlantic cover story, there is great debate
AND
are serious questions about the efficacy of this approach in undermining terrorist networks.

It’s matter of knowing the target – that’s the key distinction
CBC News, 13
(2-8-13, “From 'Bugsplat' to 'Targeted killing,' the drone-speak lexicon,”  http://news.ca.msn.com/world/from-bugsplat-to-targeted-killing-the-drone-speak-lexicon-1, accessed 9-9-13, CMM)

Signature strike: This is the U.S. term for an intended lethal
AND
assassination of a known individual. Others used to call this extrajudicial execution.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 2 | Opponent: GSU NF | Judge: Nate Milton
T – Subsets
A. Interp – “Substantially” means the plan must be across the board

Anderson et al, 2005Brian Anderson, Becky Collins, Barbara Van Haren and Nissan Bar-Lev, WCASS Research / Special Projects Committee* Report on: A Conceptual Framework for Developing a 504 School District Policy, http://www.specialed.us/issues-504policy/504.htm
A substantial limitation is a significant restriction as to the condition, manner, or
AND
manifested in all facets of the student’s life, not only in school.

indefinite detention is detainment without a trial for an uncertain period of time.
Larsen, Instructor in the Criminology Department at Kwantlen Polytechnic University in Surrey, BC, Canada, 12
(Mike, 3-30-12, “Indefinite Detention,” 3 Responses to Indefinite Detention,  http://redfile.wordpress.com/2012/03/30/indefinite-detention-2/, accessed 7-23-13, CMM)

The Wikipedia definition may not be the most useful starting point. For one thing
AND
and takes place in a variety of settings, under various legal regimes.¶ 

B. Violation – the plan doesn’t increase restrictions across the board  - the plan does not change the presiden’t authority to indefinitely detain people. It only affects how we treat them while they are being detained. The resolution doesn’t say change the way we treat detainees but whether or not the president has the authority to detain
C. Vote neg – Our interpretation is critical to ensuring a limit on the topic

Justice O’Connor ‘02 Sandra Day, No. 00—1089 TOYOTA MOTOR MANUFACTURING, KENTUCKY,
INC., PETITIONER v. ELLA WILLIAMS, Jan 8, http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-1089.ZO.html
Our consideration of this issue is guided first and foremost by the words of the
AND
a much higher number than 43 million disabled persons in the findings”).

Tournament: D7 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pitt CK | Judge:
Topicality

Topicality

Turn—limits are vital to creativity and innovation
Intrator, President of The Creative Organization, 11
(David, 10-24-11, “Want to be Creative? Think Inside the Box,” http://www.humanresourcesiq.com/effective-management-toolkit/articles/want-to-be-creative-think-inside-the-box/, accessed 3-17-12, CMM)

A persistent myth about creativity, one that seriously inhibits creative thinking and innovation,
AND
simply don’t fit into the rules you’re creating as you build your box. 

(c) Broad topics destroy programs – empirical evidence
Rowland ‘84
(Robert C., Baylor U., “Topic Selection in Debate”, American Forensics in Perspective. Ed. Parson, p. 53-4)

The first major problem identified by the work group as relating to topic selection is
AND
of broad topics that has led some small schools to cancel their programs.
They explode limits on indefinite detention- they justify an aff that would only restrict the 2001 AUMF
*add in the main definition
Hathaway et al, Yale international law professor, 2013
Oona, Samuel Adelsberg Spencer Amdur Freya Pitts, Yale JD candidates, and Philip Levitz and Sirine Shebaya, Yale JD, 38 Yale J. Int'l L. 123, “Article: The Power To Detain: Detention of Terrorism Suspects After 9/11” Lexis, accessed 8-20-13, TAP

In sum, detention authority under Article II derives from the President's authority as Commander
AND
II detention authority rests on the President's independent authority to use military force.

They also justify an aff that would only limit Iraq detention
 Hathaway et al, Yale international law professor, 2013
Oona, Samuel Adelsberg Spencer Amdur Freya Pitts, Yale JD candidates, and Philip Levitz and Sirine Shebaya, Yale JD, 38 Yale J. Int'l L. 123, “Article: The Power To Detain: Detention of Terrorism Suspects After 9/11” Lexis, accessed 8-20-13, TAP

Much of the policy debate regarding detention has surrounded the forty-five square miles of
AND
provides limited detention authority within Iraq, it does not purport to grant domestic legal authority for these detentions.

B. Predictability is the key starting point for discussion
Shively, former Texas AandM political science assistant professor, 2K
Ruth, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, edited by Portis, Gundersen, and Shively, “Political Theory and the Postmodern Politics of Ambiguity,” 181-2

The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say “no
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

Fairness is key to education- agreed fundamental rules are essential to prevent political debates from devolving into irresolvable ideological disputes- their framework guarantees resistance and hostility
Portis, Gunderson and Shively, Texas AandM political science professors, 2000
Edward Bryan, Adolf G., and Ruth Lessl, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, 2-3

By extension, partisan divisions based upon competing constellations of interests, such as class conflict,
AND
provides criteria by which coherence might be assessed and alternative positions evaluated.
Fairness is key to education- agreed fundamental rules are essential to prevent political debates from devolving into irresolvable ideological disputes- their framework guarantees resistance and hostility
Portis, Gunderson and Shively, Texas AandM political science professors, 2K
Edward Bryan, Adolf G., and Ruth Lessl, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, 2-3

By extension, partisan divisions based upon competing constellations of interests, such as class
AND
framework provides criteria by which coherence might be assessed and alternative positions evaluated. 

devil is in the details – its true for war powers
Currie, professor of law at Chicago, 3
(David, May, “SURVEY: II. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: FOREIGN AFFAIRS: PRESIDENTIAL INITIATIVE AND CONGRESSIONAL CONTROL: The President's Authority over Foreign Affairs: An Essay in Constitutional Interpretation. By H. Jefferson Powell,” 101 Mich. L. Rev. 1453, Lexis, accessed 9-30-13, CMM)

It is here, I believe, that Professor Powell's thesis will encounter the greatest
AND
risk hostilities than some of us may think consistent with the constitutional plan.
Uniquely key to education about the presidency
Mucher, assistant professor of history education in the Master of Arts in Teaching Program at Bard College, 12
(“Malaise in the Classroom: Teaching Secondary Students about the Presidency” http://www.hannaharendtcenter.org/?p=7741, accessed 10-21-13, CMM)

Contemporary observers of secondary education have appropriately decried the startling lack of understanding most students
AND
And that reality alone suggests that study of the presidency does indeed matter.

Tournament: D7 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pitt CK | Judge:
They explode limits on indefinite detention- they justify an aff that would only restrict the 2001 AUMF
*add in the main definition
Hathaway et al, Yale international law professor, 2013
Oona, Samuel Adelsberg Spencer Amdur Freya Pitts, Yale JD candidates, and Philip Levitz and Sirine Shebaya, Yale JD, 38 Yale J. Int'l L. 123, “Article: The Power To Detain: Detention of Terrorism Suspects After 9/11” Lexis, accessed 8-20-13, TAP

In sum, detention authority under Article II derives from the President's authority as Commander
AND
II detention authority rests on the President's independent authority to use military force.

They also justify an aff that would only limit Iraq detention
 Hathaway et al, Yale international law professor, 2013
Oona, Samuel Adelsberg Spencer Amdur Freya Pitts, Yale JD candidates, and Philip Levitz and Sirine Shebaya, Yale JD, 38 Yale J. Int'l L. 123, “Article: The Power To Detain: Detention of Terrorism Suspects After 9/11” Lexis, accessed 8-20-13, TAP

Much of the policy debate regarding detention has surrounded the forty-five square miles of
AND
"
 provides limited detention authority within Iraq, it does not purport to grant domestic legal authority for these detentions.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 2 | Opponent: GSU NF | Judge: Nate Milton

1. Ethical policymaking must be include consideration of consequences
   Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
   (Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

2. Utilitarianism precludes any other framework for evaluations, life comes first.
Schell, 2000
(policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)

To say that human extinction is a certainty would, of course, be a
AND
the earth we tamper with a mystery. We are in deep ignorance.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 2 | Opponent: GSU NF | Judge: Nate Milton
Text: The President of the United States should announce, acknowledge and uphold that force feeding indefinite detainees is unconstitutional.
Self-restraint boosts prez cred
Pildes, Professor of Constitutional Law, NYU School of Law and Co-Director, NYU Center on Law and Security, 12
(Richard, April, “BOOK REVIEW: LAW AND THE PRESIDENT,” 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, lexis, accessed 9-6-13, CMM

Second, and central to Posner and Vermeule's analysis, presidents do remain constrained -
AND
, in the President's best judgment, doing so will produce better outcomes.

Credibility is key to overall presidential power
Posner, Professor of Law, The University of Chicago Law School, and Vermeule, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 7
 (Eric and Adrian, “ARTICLE: The Credible Executive,” 74 U. Chi. L. Rev. 865, lexis, accessed 9-11-13, CMM)

Conclusion¶ For presidents, credibility is power. With credibility, the formal rules
AND
have tried to identify, those mechanisms can make all concerned better off.
A strong president is key avert Kashmiri conflict
Coes, former speechwriter in the George H.W. Bush administration, 11
(Ben, former fellow of the Harvard University Institute of Politics, managing partner at Mustang Management Partners. Ben is a senior manager and entrepreneur with 10+ years of management experience in both the private and public sectors, Ben most recently served as campaign manager for Mitt Romney's successful run for Governor of Massachusetts in 2002, 9-30-11, “The disease of a weak president,” http://dailycaller.com/2011/09/30/the-disease-of-a-weak-president/?print=1, accessed 9-11-13, CMM)

Unfortunately, President Obama’s weakness in his response to Israel and Iran is a cause
AND
one or the other. The status quo is simply not an option.

- Indo-pak conflict guarantees nuclear winter
Fai, executive director at Kashmiri American Council, ‘1
(Ghulam, Executive director @ Kashmiri American Council, Wash Times, 7/8, lexis)

The most dangerous place on the planet is Kashmir, a disputed territory convulsed and
AND
an inclination to ratify an impending Fissile Material/Cut-off Convention.