1AC New Aff - Extraordinary Rendition Torture Islamaphobia No War 1NC Terror DA Terror CP Hed DA 2NR Terror DA
App State
2
Opponent: Mercer RR | Judge: DJ Spiker
1ac- Drone Courts 1nc- Anthro 2nr- Anthro
App State
4
Opponent: Indiana FH | Judge: Scott Elliott
1ac- Drone Courts 1nc- CIR Security K Exec CP case 1nr- politics cp
App State
6
Opponent: Georgetown LP | Judge: Whit Whitmore
1ac-Drone Court 1nc- Liberal Legalism K Iran DA Warpowers Da NSC CP CIR politics Case 2nr- Iran DA as delay CP Case
Districts
1
Opponent: Rutgers HS | Judge: Niccolo Paqueo
1ac- Korematsu
1nc- anti-blackness
Districts
3
Opponent: GW AS | Judge: Jeff Kurr
1ac- Korematsu
1nc- T-Statue T-WPA Ex-O CP Flex DA Method K
Districts
6
Opponent: Navy MR | Judge: Jake Weiner
1ac- Drone Court
Districts
8
Opponent: Pitt CK | Judge: Steve Sawyer, Austin Woodruff, Jake Weiner
1ac- Drone Court Norms Saudi Arabia (same aff as round 6)
JMU
1
Opponent: George Washington NS | Judge: Jackie Poapst
1AC- Drone Court- plan The United States Federal Government should establish an ex parte court in order to provide ex ante judicial review of targeted killing by drones
SCSaccountability adv Pakistan adv
1NC- T-statutory restrictions Exec-order CP debt ceiling politics Neolib K war powers DA answered oncase
2NC CP Pakistan Accountality war powers DA
1NR Politics
2NR Politics Case
JMU
6
Opponent: Georgetown LP | Judge: Sean Lowry
1AC- Drone Court 1AC
1NC- War powers Da Legal liberalism K Executive order CP Debt Ceiling Case
2NC- the K
1NR- War powers DA Case
2NR-the K
JMU
3
Opponent: Wayne State BS | Judge: Brent Brossmann
1ac- Drone Court
1nc-Wilderson
2nc- Case Link on the K Framework 1nr- Perm and impact on the K framework
2nr- the K framework
Navy
1
Opponent: CUNY JM | Judge: Jackie Poapst
1ac-Drone Courts Accountability Saudi Arabia
1NC-Anti-blackness K
2nr-Anti-blackness K
Navy
5
Opponent: Pitt CK | Judge: Oliver Brass
1AC Drone Courts Navy Aff 1NC Interpolative Presidency K Sec K T-sig strikes sig strikes DA 2NR Interpolative Presidency
Navy
7
Opponent: Pitt BW | Judge: Michael Hall
1AC Drone Courts Navy Aff 1NC Interpolative Presidency K Case Topicality-Sig Strikes
Texas
1
Opponent: Michigan MJ | Judge: Tim Knoedler
1ac-Korematsu 1nc- Bureaucracy K Congress CP Court Capital DA Case
Texas
5
Opponent: WVU AF | Judge: Eric Morris
1ac-Korematsu
1nc-Cap Security
2nc-Cap Security Case
Texas
7
Opponent: UCO BH | Judge: Adam Abelkop
1ac-Korematsu
2nr- Give back the land and legal education turns on case
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
1AC - Extraordinary Rendition
Tournament: ADA | Round: 4 | Opponent: JMU MP | Judge: DCH 1 Contention 1 is Torture
Obama has continued secret detention – locks in torture Lendman, Research Associate of the Center for Research on Globalization, 10-9-13 Stephen, BA from Harvard University. Two years of US Army service followed, then an MBA from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, now hosts the Progressive Radio News Hour, international journalism award recipient, 10-9-13, Center for Research on Globalization, “US Globalized Torture Black Sites,” http://www.globalresearch.ca/us-globalized-torture-black-sites/5353706, accessed: 2-17-14, CAS
Throughout his tenure, Obama continued the worst of odious Bush administration practices. The AND aboard the vessels and then rendered to other, often undisclosed, locations."
Extraordinary rendition through secret detention is brutal torture that treats its prisoners as less than human. Pred, University of California Berkeley geography professor, 2007 Allan, in Violent Geographies: Fear, Terror, and Political Violence by Derek Gregory and Allan Pred, “Situated Ignorance and State Terrorism” http://books.google.com/books?id=wQWOAQAAQBAJandpg=PA373andlpg=PA373anddq=extraordinary+rendition,+subhuman,+tortureandsource=blandots=3uP1TJRbJ3andsig=TI39DiPBl8Lc_quVPvvn473RvFUandhl=enandsa=Xandei=8NQCU4qFFqfO0wGSpoHYBwandved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=onepageandq=extraordinary20rendition2C20subhuman2C20tortureandf=false, p.373, accessed 2-18-14, TAP
We don’t kick the shit out of them. We send them to other countries AND kick the shit out of them” may do so with impunity.67
You 'know' a man is a terrorist but cannot prove it. What do you AND suit – in the end. I just hope the end arrives soon.
It outweighs nuclear war Zimmerman, CU-Boulder biology professor, 97 Michael, 1997, Professor of Biology at CU Boulder “Contesting Earth's Future: Radical Ecology and Postmodernity” Berkeley, Calif. University of California Press, Pg. 119-120, accessed: 12-24-13, CAS
Heidegger asserted that human self-assertion, combined with the eclipse of being, AND species are somehow lessened because they were never “disclosed” by humanity.
2 Contention 2 is Islamophobia Secret detention is used against a constructed threat of Islamic terrorists *makes a threat con argument Keefer, Professor of English at the University of Guelph, writes on contemporary cultural politics, 2014 Michael, “9/11, Torture, and Law,” Anarchist Developments in Cultural Studies: Ten Years After 9/11” An Anarchist Evaluation, http://anarchist-developments.org/index.php/adcs_journal/article/download/34/35, 2014, access date: 2-11-14, MAY
The most widely disseminated narrative about 9/11 represents the relationship between the traumatic AND “a continuing presence and significant agency of theology within the modern.”14
Secret detention is a tool of the broader system of Islamophobia that irrationally constructs all Muslims as terrorists – resistance is key *Broader system of islamophobia – makes a small spillover argument Koenigsknecht, Public History MA Candidate, 12 Theresa, October 04, 2012, Public History MA Candidate at Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, GUANTÁNAMO PUBLIC MEMORY PROJECT, "Perspectives on Post 9/11 Prejudices: Islamophobia", http://blog.gitmomemory.org/2012/10/04/perspectives-on-post-911-prejudices-islamophobia/, accessed: 1-28-14, CAS
Have the September 11th terrorist attacks changed how you view or treat others? For AND or treat those around them and in time provide an antidote for Islamophobia.
Islamophobia creates a self-fulfilling prophecy – makes war inevitable Kumar, Associate Professor of Middle Eastern Studies at Rutgers University, 13 Deepa, 09/11/13, Associate Professor of Media Studies and Middle Eastern Studies at the Rutgers University. She is the author of Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire and Outside the Box: Corporate Media, Globalization, and the UPS Strike being interviewed by Jessica Desvarieux, The Real News Network, "Twelve Years Post 9/11, Islamophobia Still Runs High", http://truth-out.org/video/item/18759-twelve-years-post-9-11-islamophobia-still-runs-high~~, accessed: 1-30-14, CAS
KUMAR: Absolutely not. I think it is true that larger numbers of conservative AND Americans and people who look Muslim have been demonized since 9/11.
Prefer slow violence over flashpoint scenarios - Islamophobia is systemic violence that makes war inevitable *SV is the violence you don’t see every day – it is the thing that happens every day and results in the wars that we end up talking about Nixon, Rachel Carson Professor of English at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, 11 Rob, 2011, Rachel Carson Professor of English at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, “Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor,” Harvard University Press, p. 2-3, accessed: 1-30-14, CAS
Three primary concerns animate this book, chief among them my conviction¶ that we AND warrant political¶ intervention, these emergencies whose repercussions have given rise to¶ some of the most critical challenges of our time?
Debate rounds are key to counter anti-Islamic knowledge production Zaal, Assitant Professor at Montclair State University, 12 Mayida Zaal is an assistant professor at Montclair State University, “Islamophobia in Classrooms, Media, and Politics”, Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy 55(6), March, doi:10.1002/JAAL00066, accessed: 1-28-14, CAS In previously conducted research, the Muslim¶ youth who shared their stories with me AND environments in which students can engage as critical¶ readers of their world.
Racism must be rejected in every instance Albert Memmi 2k, Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ U of Paris, Naiteire, Racism, Translated by Steve Martinot, p. 163-165
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission AND . True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.
3 Contention 3 is solvency Creating the possibility for redress for torture deters future use of secret detention. Johnson, University of Richmond Law Review Association, 2009 Robert, 43 U. Rich. L. Rev. 1135, “Extraordinary Rendition: A Wrong Without a Right” http://lawreview.richmond.edu/extraordinary-rendition/, accessed 2-18-14, TAP
V. Courts of Last Resort: Frustration of American Claims¶ As a result AND ends the extraordinary rendition program is a good start in righting these wrongs.
4
Contention 4 is framing
Reject utilitarianism - survival focus always justifies rights denial. Callahan, Fellow at the Institute of Society and Ethics, 73 (Daniel, The Tyranny of Survival, Pages 91-93, *Gender-modified)
There seems to be no imaginable evil which some group is not willing to inflict AND survival. It would be the Pyrrhic victory to end all Pyrrhic victories.
Low risk is no risk – they can always fixate on the worst possible outcome. Rescher, Pittsburgh philosophy professor, 83 (Nicholas, “Risk: A Philosophical Introduction to the Theory of Risk Evaluation and Management”, p. 50)
The "worst possible case fixation" is one of the most damaging modes of AND satisfactory index of the overall seriousness or gravity of a situation of hazard.
THE UNITED STATES is an exceptionally secure great power, contrary to the folderol one AND think today’s world is more dangerous than the first decade of his life.
Threats to the US are exaggerated – prefer systemic impacts Zenko, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Cohen, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 12 (Micah, and Michael, “Clear and Present Safety: The United States Is More Secure Than Washington Thinks,” Foreign Affairs. New York: Mar/Apr 2012. Vol. 91, Iss. 2; pg. 79, 15 pgs, accessed 3-2-12, CMM)
Within the foreign policy elite, there exists a pervasive belief that the post- AND to the overreactions that have defined its foreign policy for far too long.
The consequences of the plan are irrelevant – ethics come first. Gewirth, prof. of philosophy at the University of Chicago, 1982 (Alan, “Human Rights: essays on justification and applications”, p. 229)
The required supplement is provided by the principle of intervening action. According to this AND rights cannot justifiably be secured at the price of the rights of blacks.
Acting ethically is a priority to stopping extinction. Watson, prof. of philosophy at Washington University, 1977 (“World Hunger and Moral Obligation”, p. 118-9)
One may even have to sacrifice one’s life or one’s nation to be moral in AND is pathetic to profess morality if one quits when the going gets rough.
It is the somewhat gratifying lesson of Philip Tetlock’s new book, “Expert Political AND , the probability of both x and y occurring is one in twelve.
5 Plan: The United States Federal Government should restrict the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a judicial process with a cause of action for redress for detainees held in secret detention that bypasses sovereign immunity and state secrets, that qualify under the Alien Tort Statute, and holds the United States liable.
3/15/14
1AC-Drone Court-JMU
Tournament: JMU | Round: 1 | Opponent: George Washington NS | Judge: Jackie Poapst Advantage 1is Accountability
The decisions America makes today regarding drone policy could come back to haunt it sooner AND is waging its fight against terrorism in accordance with the rule of law."
2. Drone conflict will result in global war. Cronin, George Mason University public policy professor, 2013 Audrey Kurth, Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug 2013, Vol 92 Issue 4, “Why Drones Fail” Ebsco, accessed 6-30-13, TAP
The sometimes contradictory demands of the American people -- perfect security at home without burdensome AND -- then al Qaeda will be the least of the United States' worries.
If drones are destined to proliferate, the more important issue may become whether American AND , then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.
4. Accountability also gives the US leverage to pressure other countries into using best practices. Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, 2013 Micah, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”http:www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=full p.24-5, accessed 6-20-13, TAP
Beyond the United States, drones are proliferating even as they are¶ becoming increasingly AND likely to use lethal force against the United States¶ and its allies.
5. Regional tensions are high in the South and East China Seas – lack of norms means drones trigger miscalculation – that results in Asian war. Brimley et al, Center for a New American Security vice president, 9-17-13 Shawn, Ben Fitzgerald, CNAS Tech and National Security program, and Ely Ratner, CNAS Asia program deputy director, “The Drone War Comes to Asia” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia?page=full, accessed 9-18-13, TAP
It's now been a year since Japan's previously ruling liberal government purchased three of the AND political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war.
Despite rising tensions over the South China Sea, conflict can and should be averted AND the South China Sea will only be harnessed when there is such cooperation.
If history is any guide, an era of global economic stagnation will help the AND Eurasia, Eastasia and Oceania in 1984 is all too easy to imagine. 8. Escalation in the short term is likely. Klare, Peace and World Security Studies professor at Hampshire, 1-23-13 (Michael, “The Next War,” 1-23-13, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500.html, accessed 1-24-13) PM
As 2012 ended and the New Year began, the situation only deteriorated. On AND planet will look with sadness and horror on the failure of everyone involved.
9. Asian instability escalates to nuclear war. Landay, National Security and Intelligence Correspondent, 2K (Jonathan S., “Top administration officials warn stakes for U.S. are high in Asian conflicts”, 3-10, Knight Ridder/Tribune News) Accessed on LexisNexis 12-29-09
Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea, AND that totaled $600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department.
Regional diplomacy, that classic way of settling disputes in a peaceful manner, has AND Chinese press, while officials there refused to cede any ground at all.
Trade doesn’t check Medcalf, Lowy Institute (Sydney) International Security Programme Director, and Heinrichs, Australian National University Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Scholar, 11 (Rory and Raoul, 6-27-11, “Asia’s Maritime Confidence Crisis,” http://the-diplomat.com/2011/06/27/asiaE28099s-maritime-confidence-crisis/?all=true, accessed 10-9-11, CMM)
To the casual observer, recent security tensions in Asian waters might seem a storm AND relations among major powers, with dangerous implications for regional peace and stability.
Advantage 2 is Pakistan
Presidential power results in groupthink – that triggers massive policy errors and prevents effective drone use Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012 Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.30-3, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings AND are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.
2. Ex ante review by a drone court solves group think – it institutionalizes accountability. Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012 Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.33-4, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature AND more carefully reasoned choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.
3. Wide-scale restriction of drone use coming – only increasing transparency solves. Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, 2013 Micah, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”http:www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=full p.22, accessed 6-20-13, TAP
In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared:¶ “Where force AND the¶ United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.
One of the central campaign platforms of newly elected Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif was AND Year Search for Bin Laden from 9/11 to Abbottabad 3.
It is no secret that the drone strikes often benefit the Pakistani state. On AND will remain of vital strategic interest for Washington for many years to come.
As familiar as this sounds, it did not take place where we have come AND to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.
Plan Thus the Plan: The United States Federal Government should establish an ex parte court in order to provide ex ante judicial review of targeted killing by drones.
Solvency
Congress can establish an effective drone court – Congressional involvement creates credibility of drone strikes with the public. McKelvey, Vanderbilt University JD Candidate, 2011 Benjamin, Vanderbilt journal of transnational law editorial board executive development editor, Vol 44, “Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power” http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/mckelvey-pdf.pdf, p.1378-9, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
As the Aulaqi case demonstrates, any resolution to the problem ¶ of targeted killing AND Independent oversight would promote the use of all ¶ peaceful measures before lethal force is pursued.212
2. Executive secrecy guts support for drones – a drone court garners legitimacy for the drone program. Johnson, former Pentagon general counsel, 3-18-13 Jeh Charles, “Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A “Drone Court”: Some Pros and Cons” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/, accessed 9-3-13, TAP
Thank you for this invitation. Today I want to join the current public debate AND who actually wouldn’t mind the added comfort of judicial imprimatur on their decisions.
10/12/13
1ac- Drone Court- Rd 6 Districts
Tournament: Districts | Round: 6 | Opponent: Navy MR | Judge: Jake Weiner Plan
Text: The United States Federal Government should establish a limited ex parte and ex ante judicial review process for targeted killing by drones.
The decisions America makes today regarding drone policy could come back to haunt it sooner AND is waging its fight against terrorism in accordance with the rule of law." Drone conflict escalates. Cronin, George Mason University public policy professor, 13 Audrey Kurth, Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug 2013, Vol 92 Issue 4, “Why Drones Fail” Ebsco, accessed 6-30-13, TAP
The sometimes contradictory demands of the American people -- perfect security at home without burdensome AND -- then al Qaeda will be the least of the United States' worries.
Accountability gives the US leverage to pressure other countries into using best practices. Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, 13 Micah, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”http:www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=full p.24-5, accessed 6-20-13, TAP
Beyond the United States, drones are proliferating even as they are¶ becoming increasingly AND likely to use lethal force against the United States¶ and its allies.
Drones cause miscalc in the South and East China Seas and global escalation. Xiaolin, PhD student in Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National university of Singapore, 11-2-13 (Duan, “The Rise of the Drones,” http://thediplomat.com/2013/11/02/the-rise-of-the-drones/?all=true, accessed 11-4-13, CMM)
In a broader sense, America’s use of drones may create more strategic dilemmas for AND use should be taken very seriously, and condemned by the international community.
Asian instability escalates to nuclear war. Landay, National Security and Intelligence Correspondent, 2K (Jonathan S., “Top administration officials warn stakes for U.S. are high in Asian conflicts”, 3-10, Knight Ridder/Tribune News) Accessed on LexisNexis 12-29-09
Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea, AND that totaled $600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department.
Saudi Contention 2 – Saudi Arabia
Wide-scale restriction of drone use coming – only increasing accountability solves. Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, 13 Micah, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”http:www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=full p.22, accessed 6-20-13, TAP
In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared:¶ “Where force AND the¶ United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.
Public backlash culminates in a legal crackdown that hemorrhages the targeted killing program. Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, 12 Jack, “Power and Constraint” google books, p.199-201, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
For the GTMO Bar and its cousin NGOs and activists, however, the al AND deemed to be in the interest of U.S. national security.
Unchecked executive power causes groupthink – that triggers massive policy errors. Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012 Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.30-3, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings AND irrational persistence in pursuing ideological positions divorced from concern of alternative viewpoints.147 Professor Cass Sunstein has described situations in which groupthink produced poor results precisely because consensus AND 1960’s,152 and the controversial decision to wage war against Vietnam.153 Professor Sunstein also has described the related phenomenon of “group polarization,” which includes AND and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making. Tom note – Sunstein, University of Chicago and Harvard University law professor
US-Saudi rift now – sustaining credible security ties is key to prevent total collapse. Brown, PBS Newshour, 10-22-13 Jeffrey, interviewing Margaret Warner, PBS chief foreign affairs correspondent, and Graeme Bannerman, Middle East Institute scholar and State Department analyst, “Changing relations with Mideast allies may affect U.S. position in the region” http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world/july-dec13/saudi2_10-22.html?print, accessed 11-12-13, TAP
JEFFREY BROWN: And to find out more on how the U.S.- AND not paying enough attention to the feelings of our allies in the region.
The United States is quietly being drawn into an escalating conflict in Yemen. Following AND that argument will continue to assuage the country’s youth remains an open question.
US-Saudi relations collapse bad – causes oil price spikes. HENDERSON, Baker fellow and director of the Gulf and Energy Policy Program at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 11-1-13 (Simon, “The U.S.-Saudi Royal Rumble,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/11/01/the_us_saudi_royal_rumble?page=full, accessed 11-2-13, CMM)
Assuming that the Saudi-U.S. relationship is really heading off course AND is way down near the bottom of the Obama administration's list of concerns.
The alliance between the United States and Saudi Arabia has been strategically important for both AND privileged financial position. There does not appear to be a third choice. That triggers a transition to multipolarity, causing multiple wars Khalilzad, former U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the UN, 2-8-11 (Zalmay, United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992, National Review Online, “The Economy and National Security,” http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad, accessed 2-8-11, CMM)
Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to AND to work our way through the kind of crisis that we face today. Leadership solves nuclear conflict Zhang and Shi, Researcher @ The Carnegie Endowment, ’11 Yuhan Zhang, Researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Lin Shi, Columbia University, Independent consultant for the Eurasia Group, Consultant for the World Bank, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry,” January 22nd 2011, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/
Over the past two decades, no other state has had the ability to seriously AND of such political stability, free markets, liberal trade and flexible financial mechanisms
have appeared. And, with this, many countries have sought opportunities to AND forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.
Solvency
Contention 3: Solvency Ex ante review by a drone court solves group think. Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 12 Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.33-4, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature AND choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.
Executive secrecy guts support for drones – a drone court garners legitimacy for the drone program. Johnson, former Pentagon general counsel, 3-18-13 Jeh Charles, “Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A “Drone Court”: Some Pros and Cons” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/, accessed 9-3-13, TAP
Thank you for this invitation. Today I want to join the current public debate AND who actually wouldn’t mind the added comfort of judicial imprimatur on their decisions.
Congress can establish an effective drone court – Congressional involvement creates credibility of drone strikes with the public. McKelvey, Vanderbilt University JD Candidate, 11 Benjamin, Vanderbilt journal of transnational law editorial board executive development editor, Vol 44, “Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power” http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/mckelvey-pdf.pdf, p.1378-9, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
As the Aulaqi case demonstrates, any resolution to the problem ¶ of targeted killing AND the use of all ¶ peaceful measures before lethal force is pursued.212 “Limited” means only questions of eligibility will be addressed by the court Weinberger, University of Puget Sound political science professor, 2013 Seth, Global Security Studies Review, May 2013, Volume I, Issue 2, “Enemies Among Us: The Targeted Killing of American Members of al Qaeda and the Need for Congressional Leadership” https://www.academia.edu/4033328/Enemies_Among_Us_The_Targeted_Killing_of_American_Members_of_al_Qaeda_and_the_Need_for_Congressional_Leadership, p.20, accessed 1-23-14, TAP
Several people have voiced objections to the creation of a FISA-¶ style “drone AND nature of the armed conflict against al Qaeda, they become less compelling. First, if properly defined, the new court could be limited solely to questions AND ¶ individuals believed to be agents of a foreign power without a warrant. Second, given the definition of imminent threat in the Department of Justice’s¶ white AND made in the process of long investigations and in light of much intelligence.
If drones are destined to proliferate, the more important issue may become whether American AND risk of weakening pre-existing international norms about the use of violence.
In the summer 2000 issue of International Security, Ward Thomas warned that, while AND , then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.
Contention 1 is racism Korematsu challenged racialized internment during World War II and lost. Guillermo, AsianWeek , 2005 Emil, long-time and nationally recognized columnist, “Coining Korematsu” http://www.asianweek.com/2005/04/08/coining-korematsu/, accessed 2-4-14, TAP
But it’s Korematsu’s name that should be a household word, not just in every AND ‘40s had been based on false, misleading and racially biased information. The internment cases create a legal precedent for indefinite detention under the basis of race – a racist decision continues to have legal legacy. Harris, University of Pittsburgh law professor, 2011 David, 76 Mo. L. Rev. 1, “ARTICLE: On the Contemporary Meaning of Korematsu: "Liberty Lies in the Hearts of Men and Women"” Lexis, accessed 7-17-13, TAP
Perhaps it might seem troubling to see Korematsu as a continuing source of modern equal AND will not be extended to the 'war on terrorism'?" n124 *24
Redress for internment was insufficient – only complete overturning of the Korematsu precedent prevents discriminatory justifications for national security violations of civil liberties. Saito, Georgia State University law professor, 10 Natsu Taylor, 2 Duke Forum for L. and Soc. Change 71, “ARTICLE: INTERNMENTS, THEN AND NOW: CONSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY IN POST-9/11 AMERICA” Lexis, accessed 10-25-13, TAP
The dangers illustrated by the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II appear to AND inadequate. Otherwise, we are engaging not in legal analysis but alchemy. The injustices of the Japanese American internment were belatedly acknowledged and partial redress provided to AND will ensure that they, too, will be repeated in the future. The interment cases are a living precedent - they still shape court decisions today – overturning the precedent is necessary to check the unbound executive. Watanabe, University of Southern California JD candidate, 3 Nathan, 13 S. Cal. Interdis. L.J. 167, “NOTE: INTERNMENT, CIVIL LIBERTIES, AND A NATION IN CRISIS” Lexis, accessed 11-2-13, TAP
The Court's language in the Internment Cases also indicates a somewhat ambiguous definition of what AND times, these relics of the past are factually analogous and legally applicable.
Lack of repudiation by the Court meant the door is wide open for utilizing Korematsu’s discriminatory precedent – Court action is key. Somin, George Mason University law professor, 3-13-13 Ilya, “Repudiating the Japanese Internment Decisions” http://www.volokh.com/2013/03/13/repudiating-the-japanese-internment-decisions/, accessed 11-2-13, TAP
Legal scholar Peter Irons, a leading academic expert on the Japanese internment cases, AND good reason for it to cover Proposition 2 as well as Proposition 3.
Racism must be rejected in every instance Albert Memmi 2k, Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ U of Paris, Naiteire, Racism, Translated by Steve Martinot, p. 163-165
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission AND . True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.
Plan
The United States federal judiciary should restrict the use of the Internment Cases as a basis for the war powers authority of the President of the United States in the area of indefinite detention.
Contention 2
Contention 2 is solvency
The aff produces a form of scholarship skeptical of liberal politics that understands its failure as inevitable AND that history is our greatest defense against that failure. Harris, University of Pittsburgh law professor, 11 David, 76 Mo. L. Rev. 1, “ARTICLE: On the Contemporary Meaning of Korematsu: "Liberty Lies in the Hearts of Men and Women"” Lexis, accessed 7-17-13, TAP
III. The Way to Avoid a Repetition of Korematsu: "Liberty Lies in AND and women, it is bigger and more important than the law. n240
Current legal standpoints teach the Korematsu case in a way that papers over the role of race in the decision and treats it as a closed case because redress was enough and the precedent is dead. Harris, University of Pittsburgh law professor, 11 David, 76 Mo. L. Rev. 1, “ARTICLE: On the Contemporary Meaning of Korematsu: "Liberty Lies in the Hearts of Men and Women"” Lexis, accessed 7-17-13, TAP
Korematsu may have a different meaning for lawyers whose careers began less than twenty years AND Korematsu, itself, you would never know Mr. Korematsu lost." n79
This education propagates the myth of the model minority. Saito, Georgia State University law professor, 2001 Natsu Taylor, 8 Asian L. J. 1, “Symbolism Under Siege: Japanese American Redress and the 'Racing' of Arab Americans as 'Terrorists” Lexis, accessed 2-4-14, TAP
V. CONCLUSION: CONTESTING THE SYMBOLISM OF REDRESS¶ After a thoughtful study of AND trucks by soldiers with bayonets. We must not become those silent observers.
That means the legal education of the aff is uniquely important in redirecting education about Korematsu. Chemerinsky, University of California Irvine law professor and dean, 11 Erwin, 39 Pepp. L. Rev. 163, “SYMPOSIUM: SUPREME MISTAKES: Korematsu v. United States: A Tragedy Hopefully Never to Be Repeated” Lexis, accessed 7-15-13, TAP
What lessons might be learned from Korematsu? One important lesson is that no individual AND can help prevent the Court and the country from making these mistakes again. Education about Korematsu creates a conceptual framework for challenging oppression. Serrano, Equal Justice Society project director, and Minami, Minami Lew and Tamaki partner, 2003 Susan Kiyomi and Dale, 10 Asian L.J. 37, “ARTICLE: Korematsu v. United States: A "Constant Caution" in a Time of Crisis” Lexis, accessed 11-2-13, TAP
In her opinion, Judge Patel underscored the urgent need for America's institutions to actively AND us every day to Asian Americans and other racial communities and beyond." n64
Rights can be effective as a counter hegemonic strategy Hunt, Carleton University law and sociology professor, 1990 Alan, Journal of Law and Society, “Rights and Social Movements: Counter-Hegemonic Strategies” JSTOR, p.313-6, accessed 1-19-14, TAP
One of the more important themes which marks more clearly than any other¶ Gramsci's theoretical (if not political) rupture with the Marxism of both Marx¶ and, more significantly, of Lenin is the contention that in 'the West' the¶ working class must first become 'hegemonic' in the sense of securing a¶ generalized leadership over a decisive majority, including classes and social¶ groups outside the working class."4 Gramsci identifies the conditions under¶ which hegemony is attained when: ... one's own corporate interests ... transcend the corporate limits of the purely economic¶ AND hegemony of a fundamental group over a¶ series of subordinate groups."1 I will return below see Section VIII to elaborate on Gramsci's suggestion that AND achieve consciousness of itself to be¶ able to challenge the dominant hegemony. The alternative to this scenario is a conception of counter-hegemony which¶ has to start from that which exists, which involves starting from 'where people¶ are at'. Such a conception of counter-hegemony requires the 'reworking' or¶ 'refashioning' of the elements which are constitutive of the prevailing¶ hegemony. Gramsci himself made this important point in the following way: It is not a question of introducing from scratch a scientific form of thought into¶ everyone's individual life, but of renovating and making 'critical' an already existing¶ activity. 16 This is real, pracical activity which involves a number of different elements whose mixture can only be identified concretely, but some of whose¶ characteristics can be sketched. One step is to 'supplement' that which is¶ already in place; to add to or to extend an existing discourse. Beyond this first step, characterized by the paradox that it is necessary to¶ struggle to achieve that which is already proclaimed within the hegemonic¶ discourse, is the importance of opening up its 'silences'. The struggle for votes¶ for women attests to both the difficulty and the importance of the opening up of¶ the discourse of 'manhood' suffrage which dominated so much of the¶ nineteenth century to the exclusion of half the population. The most significant stage in the construction of counter-hegemony comes¶ about with AND would seem entirely anachronistic and to fly in the face of common sense. The insistence on the contested nature of hegemony applies with even¶ greater force to AND that it is no longer able to rule in the old¶ way. It is probably necessary to go beyond Gramsci's own account of hegemonic¶ crisis and AND thrust¶ unleashed during the overthrow in 1979 of the Shah in Iran. This consideration of 'blocked hegemony' leads to the suggestion that one¶ possible objection to AND further, save to suggest that it may be worthy of future consideration. Although neither hegemony nor counter-hegemony are concepts used by¶ Foucault, a AND self-conscious reflexivity about the¶ conditions and possibilities of transformative politics. One of the most important features of any such strategic project is the¶ concern to find ways of going beyond the limited expression of the immediate¶ interests of social groups, Gramsci's 'corporate stage', such that they connect up with and find ways of articulating the aspirations of wider¶ constituencies.
Rights can be good in certain circumstances – they don’t require endorsing all of liberalism – any failure of rights is attributable to a lack of rights, not the existence of rights. Brennan, Western University philosophy professor, 2004 Samantha, Varieties of Feminist Liberalism “The Liberal Rights of Feminist Liberalism” p.95-8, TAP
C. Rights Pragmatism¶ In this final section on feminist ways of thinking about AND for women and the extent to which feminists have disagreed with those judgments.
2/22/14
1ac-Drone Court- Clarion
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pitt CM | Judge: Christy Webster Dunn Plan Thus the Plan: The United States Federal Government should establish an ex parte court in order to provide ex ante judicial review of targeted killing by drones.
The decisions America makes today regarding drone policy could come back to haunt it sooner AND is waging its fight against terrorism in accordance with the rule of law." Drone conflict escalates. Cronin, George Mason University public policy professor, 13 Audrey Kurth, Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug 2013, Vol 92 Issue 4, “Why Drones Fail” Ebsco, accessed 6-30-13, TAP
The sometimes contradictory demands of the American people -- perfect security at home without burdensome AND -- then al Qaeda will be the least of the United States' worries.
Accountability gives the US leverage to pressure other countries into using best practices. Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, 13 Micah, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”http:www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=full p.24-5, accessed 6-20-13, TAP
Beyond the United States, drones are proliferating even as they are¶ becoming increasingly AND likely to use lethal force against the United States¶ and its allies.
Drones cause miscalc in the South and East China Seas – that escalates. Brimley et al, Center for a New American Security vice president, 9-17-13 Shawn, Ben Fitzgerald, CNAS Tech and National Security program, and Ely Ratner, CNAS Asia program deputy director, “The Drone War Comes to Asia” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia?page=full, accessed 9-18-13, TAP
It's now been a year since Japan's previously ruling liberal government purchased three of the AND but the lack of well-established norms for their use in conflict..
Asian instability escalates to nuclear war. Landay, National Security and Intelligence Correspondent, 2K (Jonathan S., “Top administration officials warn stakes for U.S. are high in Asian conflicts”, 3-10, Knight Ridder/Tribune News) Accessed on LexisNexis 12-29-09
Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea, AND that totaled $600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department.
Adv 2
Wide-scale restriction of drone use coming – only increasing accountability solves. Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, 13 Micah, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”http:www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=full p.22, accessed 6-20-13, TAP
In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared:¶ “Where force AND the¶ United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.
Public backlash culminates in a legal crackdown that hemorrhages the targeted killing program. Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, 12 Jack, “Power and Constraint” google books, p.199-201, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
For the GTMO Bar and its cousin NGOs and activists, however, the al AND deemed to be in the interest of U.S. national security.
Some of these core assumptions, however, are being reconsidered amid the revelation that AND have on relations between the U.S. and its African counterparts.
Unchecked executive power causes groupthink – that triggers massive policy errors. Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012 Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.30-3, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings AND and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.
AQIM is a unique nuclear threat FMWG, Fissile Materials Working Group ‘11 (Irma Arguello, David Culp, Ingrid Drake, Rob Golan-Vilella, Li Hong, Kenneth Luongo, Michelle Marchesano, Rajiv Nayan, Miles Pomper, William Potter, Kingston Reif, Jennifer Smyser, Elena Sokova, Peter Stockton, Alexandra Toma, Paul Walker, Peter Wilk, and Sarah Williams, all experts in the field, “After bin Laden: Nuclear terrorism still a top threat,” 5-13-11, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/fissile-materials-working-group/after-bin-laden-nuclear-terrorism-still-top-t, accessed 2-23-12) PM
The evolving threat. While Al Qaeda's anti-American ideology is unlikely to change AND Al Qaeda, a US priority must be securing this potential source material.
AQIM will have nuclear and biological weapon capabilities – and they will attack the US. Allison, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs director, 12 Graham, Harvard University government professor, 9-7-12, "Living in the Era of Megaterror" http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22302/living_in_the_era_of_megaterror.html, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
Forty years ago this week at the Munich Olympics of 1972, Palestinian terrorists conducted AND the eye can see, we will live in an era of megaterror.
Nuclear terror results in extinction. Morgan, Hankuk University foreign studies professor, 9 Dennis, Elsivier Vol 41 Issue 10, “World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race Futures” www.cgee.org.br/atividades/redirKori/6255, p.685-6, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question ‘‘Is AND start through the accidental or reckless use of strategic weapons. 10 Bioterror causes extinction. Ochs, Chemical Weapons Working Group member, 2 Richard , Former Aberdeen Proving Ground Superfund Citizens Coalition president, member of the Depleted Uranium Task force of the Military Toxics Project, “Biological Weapons Must Be Abolished Immediately” http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html, accessed 10-28-10, TP
Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many AND Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues? Human extinction is now possible.
Today all conflicts have cascading effects, quickly engulfing neighboring states and, if unchecked AND al-Qaida-associated organizations is the least-bad option available.
AQIM will attack oil fields – that triggers global price spikes. Jegarajah, CNBC News, 1-16-13 Sri, “Algeria Attack 'Wake-Up' Call for Oil Markets” http://www.cnbc.com/id/100386265, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
Global oil markets, under pressure from increased North American production, are facing the AND formidable in the region and yet we saw that they can be vulnerable."
Price spikes collapse the global economy. The Economist, 11 (3-3-11, “The Price of Fear,” http://www.economist.com/node/18285768, accessed 11-7-11, CMM)
The reason for a rise in the oil price is as important as how large AND It is now at $3.38, after the biggest one-week increase since Hurricane Katrina in 2005.
If history is any guide, an era of global economic stagnation will help the AND Eurasia, Eastasia and Oceania in 1984 is all too easy to imagine. Drones are key. Byman, Georgetown University security studies professor, 2013 Daniel, Brookings Institution Saban Center for Middle East Policy senior fellow, foreign affairs, Jul/Aug 2013, Vol 92 Issue 4, “Why Drones Work” Ebsco, accessed 7-1-13, TAP
The Obama administration relies on drones for one simple reason: they work. According AND forcing the group to choose between having no leaders and risking dead leaders.
Solvency Contention 3: Solvency Ex ante review by a drone court solves group think. Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 12 Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.33-4, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature AND choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.
Executive secrecy guts support for drones – a drone court garners legitimacy for the drone program. Johnson, former Pentagon general counsel, 3-18-13 Jeh Charles, “Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A “Drone Court”: Some Pros and Cons” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/, accessed 9-3-13, TAP
Thank you for this invitation. Today I want to join the current public debate AND who actually wouldn’t mind the added comfort of judicial imprimatur on their decisions.
Congress can establish an effective drone court – Congressional involvement creates credibility of drone strikes with the public. McKelvey, Vanderbilt University JD Candidate, 11 Benjamin, Vanderbilt journal of transnational law editorial board executive development editor, Vol 44, “Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power” http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/mckelvey-pdf.pdf, p.1378-9, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
As the Aulaqi case demonstrates, any resolution to the problem ¶ of targeted killing AND the use of all ¶ peaceful measures before lethal force is pursued.212
11/12/13
1ac-Drone Court-Navy
Tournament: Navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: CUNY JM | Judge: Jackie Poapst Plan
The United States Federal Government should establish an ex parte and ex ante judicial review process utilizing a strict scrutiny standard for targeted killing by drones.
The decisions America makes today regarding drone policy could come back to haunt it sooner AND is waging its fight against terrorism in accordance with the rule of law." Drone conflict escalates. Cronin, George Mason University public policy professor, 13 Audrey Kurth, Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug 2013, Vol 92 Issue 4, “Why Drones Fail” Ebsco, accessed 6-30-13, TAP
The sometimes contradictory demands of the American people -- perfect security at home without burdensome AND -- then al Qaeda will be the least of the United States' worries.
Accountability gives the US leverage to pressure other countries into using best practices. Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, 13 Micah, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”http:www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=full p.24-5, accessed 6-20-13, TAP
Beyond the United States, drones are proliferating even as they are¶ becoming increasingly AND likely to use lethal force against the United States¶ and its allies.
If drones are destined to proliferate, the more important issue may become whether American AND , then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.
Drone prolif causes escalates South and East China Sea tensions Xiaolin, PhD student in Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National university of Singapore, 11-2-13 (Duan, “The Rise of the Drones,” http://thediplomat.com/2013/11/02/the-rise-of-the-drones/?all=true, accessed 11-4-13, CMM)
In a broader sense, America’s use of drones may create more strategic dilemmas for AND use should be taken very seriously, and condemned by the international community. Asian instability escalates to nuclear war. Landay, National Security and Intelligence Correspondent, 2K (Jonathan S., “Top administration officials warn stakes for U.S. are high in Asian conflicts”, 3-10, Knight Ridder/Tribune News) Accessed on LexisNexis 12-29-09
Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea, AND that totaled $600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department. Unrestricted drone use causes nuclear war in the Caucuses Clayton, Kanal PIK TV English service senior editor, 12 Nick, has worked for multiple publications, “Drone violence along Armenian-Azerbaijani border could lead to war” www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/121022/drone-violence-along-armenian-azerbaijani-border-could-lead-war, accessed 11-15-13, TAP
Armenia and Azerbaijan could soon be at war if drone proliferation on both sides of AND will not be small. That’s the one thing I’m sure of.”
Saudi Contention 2 – Saudi Arabia
Wide-scale restriction of drone use coming – only increasing accountability solves. Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, 13 Micah, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”http:www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=full p.22, accessed 6-20-13, TAP
In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared:¶ “Where force AND the¶ United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.
Public backlash culminates in a legal crackdown that hemorrhages the targeted killing program. Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, 12 Jack, “Power and Constraint” google books, p.199-201, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
For the GTMO Bar and its cousin NGOs and activists, however, the al AND deemed to be in the interest of U.S. national security.
Unchecked executive power causes groupthink – that triggers massive policy errors. Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012 Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.30-3, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings AND irrational persistence in pursuing ideological positions divorced from concern of alternative viewpoints.147 Professor Cass Sunstein has described situations in which groupthink produced poor results precisely because consensus AND 1960’s,152 and the controversial decision to wage war against Vietnam.153 Professor Sunstein also has described the related phenomenon of “group polarization,” which includes AND and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making. Tom note – Sunstein, University of Chicago and Harvard University law professor
US-Saudi rift now – sustaining credible security ties is key to prevent total collapse. Brown, PBS Newshour, 10-22-13 Jeffrey, interviewing Margaret Warner, PBS chief foreign affairs correspondent, and Graeme Bannerman, Middle East Institute scholar and State Department analyst, “Changing relations with Mideast allies may affect U.S. position in the region” http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world/july-dec13/saudi2_10-22.html?print, accessed 11-12-13, TAP
JEFFREY BROWN: And to find out more on how the U.S.- AND not paying enough attention to the feelings of our allies in the region.
The United States is quietly being drawn into an escalating conflict in Yemen. Following AND that argument will continue to assuage the country’s youth remains an open question.
US-Saudi relations collapse bad – causes oil price spikes and prolif. HENDERSON, Baker fellow and director of the Gulf and Energy Policy Program at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 11-1-13 (Simon, “The U.S.-Saudi Royal Rumble,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/11/01/the_us_saudi_royal_rumble?page=full, accessed 11-2-13, CMM)
Assuming that the Saudi-U.S. relationship is really heading off course AND is way down near the bottom of the Obama administration's list of concerns.
If history is any guide, an era of global economic stagnation will help the AND Eurasia, Eastasia and Oceania in 1984 is all too easy to imagine.
Prolif cascades and escalates to nuclear war Edelman, Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, et al, 11 (Eric, Undersecretary of Defense for Policy in 2005-9. ANDREW F. KREPINEVICH is President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. EVAN BRADEN MONTGOMERY is a Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, January/February 2011 “The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran, http://www.panzertruppen.org/articulos/2011/mh0014.pdf,” accessed 3/29/12, ES)
There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support AND Middle East could lead to a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences.
Solvency
Contention 3: Solvency Ex ante review by a drone court solves group think. Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 12 Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.33-4, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature AND choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.
Executive secrecy guts support for drones – a drone court garners legitimacy for the drone program. Johnson, former Pentagon general counsel, 3-18-13 Jeh Charles, “Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A “Drone Court”: Some Pros and Cons” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/, accessed 9-3-13, TAP
Thank you for this invitation. Today I want to join the current public debate AND who actually wouldn’t mind the added comfort of judicial imprimatur on their decisions.
Congress can establish an effective drone court – Congressional involvement creates credibility of drone strikes with the public. McKelvey, Vanderbilt University JD Candidate, 11 Benjamin, Vanderbilt journal of transnational law editorial board executive development editor, Vol 44, “Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power” http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/mckelvey-pdf.pdf, p.1378-9, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
As the Aulaqi case demonstrates, any resolution to the problem ¶ of targeted killing AND the use of all ¶ peaceful measures before lethal force is pursued.212
The solution to this search for an actionable guideline is the strict ¶ scrutiny standard AND balance enabling the ¶ state to act sooner but subject to significant restrictions. The ability to act sooner is limited, however, by the requirement ¶ that AND . Adopting admissibility standards akin to the ¶ criminal law minimizes operational error. Rather than relying on the executive branch making decisions in a ¶ “closed world AND court would significantly contribute to ¶ minimizing operational error that otherwise would occur.
1/20/14
1ac-Korematsu- Texas Rd 1
Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan MJ | Judge: Tim Knoedler Contention 1: Internment Korematsu challenged racialized internment during World War II and lost. Guillermo, AsianWeek , 2005 Emil, long-time and nationally recognized columnist, “Coining Korematsu” http://www.asianweek.com/2005/04/08/coining-korematsu/, accessed 2-4-14, TAP
But it’s Korematsu’s name that should be a household word, not just in every AND ‘40s had been based on false, misleading and racially biased information.
The internment cases create a legal precedent for indefinite detention under the basis of race – it can and will be used again to justify interment. Harris, University of Pittsburgh law professor, 11 David, 76 Mo. L. Rev. 1, “ARTICLE: On the Contemporary Meaning of Korematsu: "Liberty Lies in the Hearts of Men and Women"” Lexis, accessed 7-17-13, TAP
Perhaps it might seem troubling to see Korematsu as a continuing source of modern equal AND will not be extended to the 'war on terrorism'?" n124 *24
Redress for internment was insufficient – only complete overturning of the Korematsu precedent prevents discriminatory justifications for national security violations of civil liberties. Saito, Georgia State University law professor, 10 Natsu Taylor, 2 Duke Forum for L. and Soc. Change 71, “ARTICLE: INTERNMENTS, THEN AND NOW: CONSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY IN POST-9/11 AMERICA” Lexis, accessed 10-25-13, TAP
The dangers illustrated by the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II appear to AND inadequate. Otherwise, we are engaging not in legal analysis but alchemy. The injustices of the Japanese American internment were belatedly acknowledged and partial redress provided to AND will ensure that they, too, will be repeated in the future. The interment cases are a living precedent - they still shape court decisions today – overturning the precedent is necessary to check the unbound executive. Watanabe, University of Southern California JD candidate, 3 Nathan, 13 S. Cal. Interdis. L.J. 167, “NOTE: INTERNMENT, CIVIL LIBERTIES, AND A NATION IN CRISIS” Lexis, accessed 11-2-13, TAP
The Court's language in the Internment Cases also indicates a somewhat ambiguous definition of what AND times, these relics of the past are factually analogous and legally applicable.
Lack of repudiation by the Court meant the door is wide open for utilizing Korematsu’s discriminatory precedent – Court action is key. Somin, George Mason University law professor, 3-13-13 Ilya, “Repudiating the Japanese Internment Decisions” http://www.volokh.com/2013/03/13/repudiating-the-japanese-internment-decisions/, accessed 11-2-13, TAP
Legal scholar Peter Irons, a leading academic expert on the Japanese internment cases, AND good reason for it to cover Proposition 2 as well as Proposition 3.
Plan
The United States federal judiciary should restrict the use of the Internment Cases as a basis for the war powers authority of the President of the United States in the area of indefinite detention.
Contention 2: Legacy The aff produces a form of scholarship skeptical of liberal politics that understands its failure as inevitable AND that history is our greatest defense against that failure. Harris, University of Pittsburgh law professor, 11 David, 76 Mo. L. Rev. 1, “ARTICLE: On the Contemporary Meaning of Korematsu: "Liberty Lies in the Hearts of Men and Women"” Lexis, accessed 7-17-13, TAP
III. The Way to Avoid a Repetition of Korematsu: "Liberty Lies in AND and women, it is bigger and more important than the law. n240
Current legal standpoints teach the Korematsu case in a way that papers over the role of race in the decision and treats it as a closed case because redress was enough and the precedent is dead. Harris, University of Pittsburgh law professor, 11 David, 76 Mo. L. Rev. 1, “ARTICLE: On the Contemporary Meaning of Korematsu: "Liberty Lies in the Hearts of Men and Women"” Lexis, accessed 7-17-13, TAP
Korematsu may have a different meaning for lawyers whose careers began less than twenty years AND Korematsu, itself, you would never know Mr. Korematsu lost." n79
This education propagates the myth of the model minority. Saito, Georgia State University law professor, 2001 Natsu Taylor, 8 Asian L. J. 1, “Symbolism Under Siege: Japanese American Redress and the 'Racing' of Arab Americans as 'Terrorists” Lexis, accessed 2-4-14, TAP
V. CONCLUSION: CONTESTING THE SYMBOLISM OF REDRESS¶ After a thoughtful study of AND trucks by soldiers with bayonets. We must not become those silent observers.
That means the legal education of the aff is uniquely important in redirecting education about Korematsu. Chemerinsky, University of California Irvine law professor and dean, 11 Erwin, 39 Pepp. L. Rev. 163, “SYMPOSIUM: SUPREME MISTAKES: Korematsu v. United States: A Tragedy Hopefully Never to Be Repeated” Lexis, accessed 7-15-13, TAP
What lessons might be learned from Korematsu? One important lesson is that no individual AND can help prevent the Court and the country from making these mistakes again. Education about Korematsu creates a conceptual framework for challenging oppression. Serrano, Equal Justice Society project director, and Minami, Minami Lew and Tamaki partner, 2003 Susan Kiyomi and Dale, 10 Asian L.J. 37, “ARTICLE: Korematsu v. United States: A "Constant Caution" in a Time of Crisis” Lexis, accessed 11-2-13, TAP
In her opinion, Judge Patel underscored the urgent need for America's institutions to actively AND us every day to Asian Americans and other racial communities and beyond." n64
Korematsu challenged racialized internment during World War II and lost. Guillermo, AsianWeek , 2005 Emil, long-time and nationally recognized columnist, “Coining Korematsu” http://www.asianweek.com/2005/04/08/coining-korematsu/, accessed 2-4-14, TAP
But it’s Korematsu’s name that should be a household word, not just in every AND ‘40s had been based on false, misleading and racially biased information.
The internment cases create a legal precedent for indefinite detention under the basis of race – a racist decision continues to have legal legacy. Harris, University of Pittsburgh law professor, 2011 David, 76 Mo. L. Rev. 1, “ARTICLE: On the Contemporary Meaning of Korematsu: "Liberty Lies in the Hearts of Men and Women"” Lexis, accessed 7-17-13, TAP
Perhaps it might seem troubling to see Korematsu as a continuing source of modern equal AND violations against Arab Americans. n113 As the *21 hearing neared its end, a member of the audience raised the subject of the Japanese internment: AND will not be extended to the 'war on terrorism'?" n124 *24
The War on Terror raises the necessity of criticism – only complete overturning of the Korematsu precedent prevents racial justifications for national security violations of civil liberties. Saito, Georgia State University law professor, 2010 Natsu Taylor, 2 Duke Forum for L. and Soc. Change 71, “ARTICLE: INTERNMENTS, THEN AND NOW: CONSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY IN POST-9/11 AMERICA” Lexis, accessed 10-25-13, TAP
The dangers illustrated by the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II appear to AND inadequate. Otherwise, we are engaging not in legal analysis but alchemy. The injustices of the Japanese American internment were belatedly acknowledged and partial redress provided to AND will ensure that they, too, will be repeated in the future.
The internment cases are still on the books – their precedent can be used to justify war powers under racist pretenses. Watanabe, University of Southern California JD candidate, 2003 Nathan, 13 S. Cal. Interdis. L.J. 167, “NOTE: INTERNMENT, CIVIL LIBERTIES, AND A NATION IN CRISIS” Lexis, accessed 11-2-13, TAP
The Court's language in the Internment Cases also indicates a somewhat ambiguous definition of what AND times, these relics of the past are factually analogous and legally applicable.
Racism must be rejected in every instance Albert Memmi 2k, Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ U of Paris, Naiteire, Racism, Translated by Steve Martinot, p. 163-165
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission AND . True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.
Plan
The United States federal judiciary should restrict the use of the Internment Cases as a basis for war authorization of Presidential detention without charge during conflict because of overreliance on military necessity.
Contention 2
Contention 2 is solvency
Lack of repudiation by the Court meant the door is wide open for utilizing Korematsu’s racist precedent – Court action is key. Somin, George Mason University law professor, 3-13-13 Ilya, “Repudiating the Japanese Internment Decisions” http://www.volokh.com/2013/03/13/repudiating-the-japanese-internment-decisions/, accessed 11-2-13, TAP
Legal scholar Peter Irons, a leading academic expert on the Japanese internment cases, AND good reason for it to cover Proposition 2 as well as Proposition 3.
The Courts have the sole duty and power to correct this mistake. Irons, University of California San Diego political science professor, 2013 Peter, “UNFINISHED BUSINESS: THE CASE FOR SUPREME COURT REPUDIATION OF THE JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERNMENT CASES” http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/files/case-for-repudiation-1.pdf, p.3-4, accessed 11-8-13, TAP
This essay presents the case for the Supreme Court to follow President Lincoln’s example¶ AND branches of the federal government—¶ to their credit—have now done. Although this essay is directed to a general, and hopefully wide readership, it AND parties in the lower courts—to¶ bring appeals to the Court. The evidence of the government’s misconduct in these cases is clear and compelling, and AND correct its tainted¶ records through a public repudiation of the wartime decisions.
The Court is obligated to act. Irons, University of California San Diego political science professor, 2013 Peter, “UNFINISHED BUSINESS: THE CASE FOR SUPREME COURT REPUDIATION OF THE JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERNMENT CASES” http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/files/case-for-repudiation-1.pdf, p.27-8, accessed 11-8-13, TAP
Over the past seven decades, many distinguished scholars and judges have implored the¶ AND minority in our society.”¶ (emphasis added) Id. at 492. “That the Supreme Court has upheld imprisonment on such a basis constitutes AND , the¶ President and the Supreme Court?” Id. at 533. Professor Rostow urged in 1945 that “the basic issues should be presented to the AND an obligation to provide the “expiation”¶ for which he prophetically called.
Contention 3
Contention 3 is framework
Survival focus always justifies rights denial – reject utilitarianism. Callahan, Fellow at the Institute of Society and Ethics, 73 (Daniel, The Tyranny of Survival, Pages 91-93, *Gender-modified)
There seems to be no imaginable evil which some group is not willing to inflict AND survival. It would be the Pyrrhic victory to end all Pyrrhic victories.
Low risk is no risk – they can always fixate on the worst possible outcome. Rescher , prof. of philosophy at Pitt U, 1983 (Nicholas, “Risk: A Philosophical Introduction to the Theory of Risk Evaluation and Management”, p. 50)
The "worst possible case fixation" is one of the most damaging modes of AND satisfactory index of the overall seriousness or gravity of a situation of hazard.
Cognitive bias to believe in existential risks – each chain of causality for their disads reduces the probability of the overall impact. Yudowsky , Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 2006 Eliezer, “Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks” http://intelligence.org/files/CognitiveBiases.pdf, p.7-8, accessed 11-8-13, TAP
The conjunction fallacy similarly applies to futurological forecasts. Two independent¶ sets of professional AND of analysts responded with¶ significantly higher probabilities (Tversky and Kahneman 1983). In Johnson et al. (1993), MBA students at Wharton were scheduled to AND 19,¶ $13.90, and $7.44 respectively. According to probability theory, adding additional detail onto a story must render¶ the story less probable. It is less probable that Linda is a feminist bank teller than that¶ she is a bank teller, since all feminist bank tellers are necessarily bank tellers. Yet human¶ psychology seems to follow the rule that adding an additional detail can make the story¶ more plausible. People might pay more for international diplomacy intended to prevent nanotechnological¶ warfare by China AND -response capabilities¶ that could respond to any disaster (Schneier 2005). Overly detailed reassurances can also create false perceptions of safety: “X is not AND as misdirecting defensive investments into needlessly narrow¶ or implausibly detailed risk scenarios. More generally, people tend to overestimate conjunctive probabilities and underestimate¶ disjunctive probabilities ( AND , of course, disjunctions are¶ much more probable than are conjunctions.” The scenario of humanity going extinct in the next century is a disjunctive event.¶ It could happen as a result of any of the existential risks we already know about—or¶ some other cause which none of us foresaw. Yet for a futurist, disjunctions make for an¶ awkward and unpoetic-sounding prophecy.
The international order is too strong for war to happen. Ikenberry, Politics and International Affairs Professor at Princeton University, 11 (G John, May/Jun, Foreign Affairs, “The Future of the Liberal World Order: Internationalism After America,” Vol. 90, Iss. 3, pg 56, 13pgs, proquest, accessed 6-15-11, CMM)
But now, as this hegemonic organization of the liberal international order starts to change AND -Western states can acquire great-power authority and exercise global leadership.
Threats to the US are exaggerated – prefer systemic impacts Zenko, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Cohen, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 12 (Micah, and Michael, “Clear and Present Safety: The United States Is More Secure Than Washington Thinks,” Foreign Affairs. New York: Mar/Apr 2012. Vol. 91, Iss. 2; pg. 79, 15 pgs, accessed 3-2-12, CMM)
Within the foreign policy elite, there exists a pervasive belief that the post- AND to the overreactions that have defined its foreign policy for far too long.
It is the somewhat gratifying lesson of Philip Tetlock’s new book, “Expert Political AND , the probability of both x and y occurring is one in twelve.
2/9/14
1ar- ADA Rd 4 v JMU MP
Tournament: ADA | Round: 4 | Opponent: JMU MP | Judge: DCH 1ar cards 2ac – Shift DA – Drones Drones prioritized now. Owens, University of Westminster/American University Centre for the Study of Democracy fellow, 2013 John, in Rivals for Power: Presidential-Congressional Relations by James Thurbe, “Rivals Only Sometimes: Presidentialism, Unilateralism, and Congressional Acquiescence in Obama’s “Ongoing Struggle” against Terrorism” http://books.google.com/books?id=IcwdAAAAQBAJandpg=PA309andlpg=PA309anddq=extraordinary+rendition,+obama,+restrictions,+congress,+supreme+courtandsource=blandots=ysCZRt6nl4andsig=NM3GmB9Xii5lSGhRLBFUjWDUN60andhl=enandsa=Xandei=KU4BU_DtHI3y0QGZ3oCwCwandved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageandq=extraordinary20rendition2C20obama2C20restrictions2C20congress2C20supreme20courtandf=false, p.308-11, accessed 2-16-14, TAP
As with the Bush administration, congressional oversight of Obama’s actions in respect to torture AND they were indicted under US law.93 ¶ Congressional-Presidential Rivalry?
Circumvention The president perceives legal constraints as working. Prakash, University of Virginia law professor, and Ramsey, University of San Diego law professor, 2012 Saikrishna and Michael, “The Goldilocks Executive” http://www.texaslrev.com/wp-content/uploads/Prakash-Ramsey-90-TLR-973.pdf, p.994-5, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
6. The Executive’s Perception of Legal Constraint.—A final feature of ¶ modern AND act or refrain from acting, as implicitly required ¶ by the Constitution. But also of significance is the Executive Branch’s internal recognition ¶ of legal constraints. AND President acquiesced. More generally, Trevor ¶ Morrison argues that OLC legal conclusion
s are reached with a sense of ¶ independence from presidential policy preferences and have AND unbound by law, why expend resources dealing with the law’s nonexistent bounds? We accept that the President’s lawyers search for legal arguments to justify presidential action, AND law would ¶ trigger censure from Congress, courts, and the public.
Util
Extinction is inevitable – rights outweigh Espey, Distinguished Professor of Life Sciences Trinity, 74 (Lawrence L., 4-26-1974, ON THE DESTINY OF CIVILIZED CULTURES, http://www.trinity.edu/lespey/culture/118essay.htm, This evidence has been gender paraphrased, accessed 11-5-11, CMM)
An understanding of evolutionary processes reveals that all civilizations (and eventually all forms AND the rudiment of his extinction might also become the source of his dignity.)
Terror DA
Rendition was meant for torture, not intel The Constitution Project, 2013 The Constitution Project, 2013, The Constitution Project is a national watchdog group that advances bipartisan, consensus-based solutions to constitutional challenges “The Report of The Constitution Project’s Task Force on Detainee Treatment,” http://detaineetaskforce.org/read/, accessed: 2-11-14, p. 167, CAS
In interviews with The Washington Post, unnamed U.S. officials involved with the rendition AND would ever go into combat based on this evidence, because they know they can’t verify it.” 38
3/15/14
2AC-NEOLIB
Tournament: JMU | Round: 1 | Opponent: George Washington NS | Judge: Jackie Poapst Debates about threats in the academic world result in better policy-making—real threats can be confronted and risks can be weighed. Walt, IR professor at Harvard, 91 Professor of Political Science, University of Chicago – 1991 (Stephen, INTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, p. 229-30)
A recurring theme of this essay has been the twin dangers of separating the study AND training the new generation of experts gives academics an additional avenue of influence.
Changing representational practices won’t alter policy, looking to structures and politics is more vital Tuathail, Department of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 96 (Gearoid Tuathail, Department of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), 664 )
While theoretical debates at academic conferences are important to academics, the discourse and concerns AND needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is human history.
10/12/13
2ac CLS- Round 6-JMU
Tournament: JMU | Round: 6 | Opponent: Georgetown LP | Judge: Sean Lowry Evaluate consequences Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002 (Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)
Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It AND not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Only the perm solves – legal reform is key Lobel, Assistant Law Prof at Univ. of San Diego, ‘7 (Orly, “THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS,” 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, accessed 9-23-13) PM
In all of these cases, it is the act of engagement, not law AND , and in turn serve to facilitate and ¶ stabilize the process.185
Cooption and alt fails Lobel, Assistant Law Prof at Univ. of San Diego, ‘7 (Orly, “THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS,” 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, accessed 9-23-13) PM NOTE – They use globalization activism as an example of extra-legal resistance
A similar process can be described with regard to the literature on ¶ globalization. AND — may ¶ bring about its own destruction by fracture and diffusion.184
Perm – do both – shields the link Chesney et al., University of Texas law professor, 2013 Robert, Brookings Institute senior fellow, Jack Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, Matthew Waxman, Columbia University law professor and CFR senior fellow, and Benjamin Wittes, Brookings Institution governance studies senior fellow, 2-25-13, “A Statutory Framework for Next-Generation Terrorist Threats,” http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/Statutory-Framework-for-Next-Generation-Terrorist-Threats.pdf, p.8-9, accessed 9-26-13, TAP
Congress could authorize the president to use force that is consistent with his ¶ extant AND defense regime is ¶ politically and legally more stable when backed by Congress.
What Should Congress Do? ¶ Does this analysis offer any practical policy prescriptions for AND starting, for example, with the idea of a “global war,” which is itself a certain ¶ deformation of the IHL concept of hostilities and armed conflict.
7. Congress is key – mistrust overwhelms the CP – anything the executive does is self-serving and non-credible. Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, 5-1-13 Jack, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror” http://www.newrepublic.com/node/112964/print, accessed 9-29-13, TAP
These are unhappy developments for the president who in his first inaugural address pledged with AND even if it means that secret war abroad is harder to conduct.
Ex ante is key. Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012 Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.22-5, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
The argument put forth here, therefore, is that in light of the protections AND could catch errors and cause executive officials to avoid making them in the first place.”111
9. Links to politics. Cooper, University of Vermont political science professor, 99 (Phillip J., Federal News Service, October 28, 1999, “Prepared Testimony of Phillip J. Cooper Gund Professor of Liberal Arts Department of Political Science University of Vermont before the House Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law, p. Lexis)
There is certainly the danger that excessive use of broad application of executive orders can AND to be maintained throughout if the tasks of government are to be accomplished.
What Should Congress Do? ¶ Does this analysis offer any practical policy prescriptions for AND starting, for example, with the idea of a “global war,” which is itself a certain ¶ deformation of the IHL concept of hostilities and armed conflict.
6. Ex ante is the only way to catch errors and deter mistakes. Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012 Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.22-5, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
The argument put forth here, therefore, is that in light of the protections AND and cause executive officials to avoid making them in the first place.”111
Finally, some scholars have suggested that the Congress create a new "cause of AND but we'd be no closer to accountability for the drone-strike decision.
10/12/13
2ac T Restrictions
Tournament: JMU | Round: 1 | Opponent: George Washington NS | Judge: Jackie Poapst 2ac – T – Restrictions
We meet statutory restrictions. Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012 Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.26-7, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
The creation of the Covert Operations Against American Citizens Court (COAACC) would help AND the use of electronic eavesdropping in the context of foreign intelligence gathering.121
The solution to this search for an actionable guideline is the strict ¶ scrutiny standard AND balance enabling the ¶ state to act sooner but subject to significant restrictions.
3. Counter-interpretation – restriction means a limit and includes conditions on action. Snow, COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA judge, 8 (G. Murray, COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613, accessed 9-18-13, CMM)
P10 The term "restriction" is not defined by the Legislature for the purposes AND available to the general driving population. Thus, the rules of statutory construction dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.
10/12/13
2ac v CUNY JM- Navy-Round 1
Tournament: Navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: CUNY JM | Judge: Jackie Poapst 6. The absolutism of their alternative results in tunnel vision – evaluate consequences. Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002 (Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)
Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It AND not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Constructing prior questions doesn’t disprove the aff – it results in generalizations and inaction. Owen, University of Southampton political theory professor, 2002 David, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol 31 No 3, “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Practical Reason” Sagepub, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a¶ AND helped to promote the IR theory wars by motivating this¶ philosophical turn. The first danger with the philosophical turn is that it has an inbuilt tendency to AND it¶ is not the only or even necessarily the most important kind. The second danger run by the philosophical turn is that because prioritisation of ontology and AND the promotion of the pursuit of generality over that of empirical¶ validity. The third danger is that the preceding two combine to encourage the¶ formation of AND first¶ and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
The legal academy has, of late, been swept up in concern about the AND the ¶ expression of government authority and the effort to limit the same. The one-size fits all approach currently dominating the conversation in legal education, AND suggest a greater nuance with regard to how ¶ the pedagogical skills present. With this approach in mind, I have here suggested six pedagogical goals for national AND ¶ ensuring that they will be most effective when they enter the field. The problem with the current structures in legal education is that they fall short, AND other areas of experiential education, such as clinics and moot ¶ court. It is in an effort to address these concerns that I developed the simulation model AND necessary, it suggests one potential direction for ¶ the years to come.
Using the state doesn’t compromise ethics – using it strategically in the short term does not trade off with long term revolution. Smith, Associate Professor of Media and Cultural Studies at UC Riverside, 12 (Andrea, “The Moral Limits of the Law: Settler Colonialism and the Anti-Violence Movement,” settler colonial studies 2, 2 (2012) Special Issue: Karangatia: Calling Out Gender and Sexuality in Settler Societies, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/2201473X.2012.10648842, accessed 10-18-13, CMM)
In the debates prevalent within Native sovereignty and racial justice movements, we are often AND Native women’s lives by buttressing the prison industrial complex and its violent logics. While this reformist versus revolutionary dichotomy suggests two radically different positions, in reality they AND would free us to change our strategies as we assess its strategic effects. At the same time, by divesting from the morality of the law, we AND an alternative system to the heteropatriarchal, white supremacist, settler colonial state.
Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our Country AND critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."
Whiteness isn’t monolithic – not the root cause of all societal ills. Winant, University of California Santa Clara sociology professor, 1997 Howard, New Left Review, “Behind Blue Eyes: Contemporary White Racial Politics” http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/faculty/winant/whitness.html, accessed 12-31-13, TAP
In a quiet office at a Washington think tank, a balding white man with AND the most effective ¶ is a young white woman who speaks good Spanish. How can we make sense of the highly variable "whiteness" of these rather AND demanded, one which begins from a recognition ¶ of white racial dualism.
Their method flattens culture – it should be rejected. McClendon, Bates College African American studies professor, 2004 John, Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Vol. 18, No. 4, “Philosophy of Language and the African American Experience: Are There Metaphilosophical Implications?” Project Muse, accessed 1-6-14, TAP
Additionally, the function of various forms of social stratification—especially the impact of AND is undermined when a scenario of resistance sans accommodation gains support via vindicationism. No knowledge is pure knowledge but situated knowledge should be problematized too. Conway, Penn State University philosophy professor, 1997 Daniel, “Nietzsche and the political” http://www.amazon.com/Nietzsche-Political-Thinking-Daniel-Conway/dp/0415100682, p.135-6, accessed 1-6-14, TAP
This preference is clearly political in nature, and Haraway makes no pretense of aspiring AND at the expense of the greater objectivity that they might otherwise have gained.
Uniqueness – problems with debate exist, but the ballot isn’t necessary to solve – multiple forums solve. Ritter ’13 MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf, p.32-3, accessed 10-5-13, TAP
The preceding discussion demonstrates why arguments about social change—¶ even social change within the AND use techniques and modes of persuasion discussed by ¶ academics and rhetorical theories. Debate rounds, at the very most, operate as venue solely for raising awareness AND of ¶ anything beyond the ultimate question of who did the better debating.
Turn – their method turns the ballot into a referendum on privilege within the debate community – that trades off with out-of-round community solutions that are necessary to solve. Ritter ’13 MICHAEL J. RITTER , J.D. – Mr. Ritter received his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Texas School of Law. He is a former debater and currently coordinates the NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH 26 DEBATE – NJSD – VOLUME II: ISSUE One – SEPTEMBER 2013 – http://site.theforensicsfiles.com/NJSD.2-1.Final.pdf, p.37, accessed 10-5-13, TAP
The fiction of social change through debate abuses the win–loss structure of ¶ AND of social issues within and outside the debate ¶ community by prompting backlash.
Sole focus on discourse ignores the material reality that actually shapes reality. Taft-Kaufman, Central Michigan University speech communication and dramatic arts professor, 1995 Jill, Southern States Communication Association, Spring, “Other ways: Postmodernism and performance praxis” Proquest, p.223-4, accessed 1-31-11, TP
If the lack of consistency between postmodernism's self-styled allegiance to the oppositional and AND Real individuals become abstractions. Subject positions rather than subjects are the focus.
Discursive focuses have no way of changing the material conditions of society and make oppression inevitable. Taft-Kaufman, Central Michigan University speech communication and dramatic arts professor, 1995 Jill, Southern States Communication Association, Spring, “Other ways: Postmodernism and performance praxis” Proquest, p.224-5, accessed 1-31-11, TP
The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality," "Otherness," and "difference," unsupported AND task of envisioning and working towards concrete social goals (Merod, 1987).
1/20/14
2ac- ADA Rd 4 v JMU MP
Tournament: ADA | Round: 4 | Opponent: JMU MP | Judge: DCH CASE
Moreover, even if one believes that suspensions are unreviewable, there is a critical AND comply with a Supreme Court decision. But perhaps I am naïve.184
Courts solve – deter presidential indiscretion. Prakash, University of Virginia law professor, and Ramsey, University of San Diego law professor, 2012 Saikrishna and Michael, “The Goldilocks Executive” http://www.texaslrev.com/wp-content/uploads/Prakash-Ramsey-90-TLR-973.pdf, p.990-2, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
3. The Courts.—The courts constrain the Executive, both because courts are AND But these qualifications do not render the courts meaningless as a Madisonian constraint. First, to impose punishment, the Executive must bring a criminal case ¶ before AND and convictions in court are a mere rubber stamp of Executive Branch conclusions. Second, courts issue injunctions that bar executive action. Although it ¶ is not clear whether the President can be enjoined,85 the rest of his branch ¶ surely can and thus can be forced to cease actions that judges conclude violate federal law or the Constitution.86 As a practical matter, while courts ¶ issue such injunctions infrequently, injunctions would be issued more often if ¶ an administration repeatedly ignored the law. Third, courts’ judgments sometimes force the Executive to take action, ¶ such as AND case where a court ordered one executive officer to ¶ pay another.90 Finally, there is the extraordinary practice of the Executive enforcing ¶ essentially all judgments AND writ of habeas corpus is so familiar ¶ because it was so singular. Yet to focus on actual court cases and judgments is to miss the broader ¶ AND law, including law defined as what a ¶ court will likely order.
2ac- Terror DA
Terrorist rhetoric serves to engrain a distinction between good and evil and naturalizes terrorism as an omnipresent risk Zulaika, director of the Center for Basque Studies at the University of Nevada, Reno, 03, Joseba, Winter 2003, "The Self-Fulfilling Prophecies of Counterterrorism" Radical History Review 85 (2003), Project Muse, accessed: 2-17-14, KPK
That was then. Now is post-September 11. Now we have plenty AND against which society must now marshal all its resources in an unending struggle.
Threats are exaggerated Troyer, Ph.D., and fellow in the Department of Political Science at U. of California Berkeley, 02, Lon, "The Calling of Counterterrorism" Project Muse, https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v005/5.4troyer.html, accessed: 2-17-14, KPK
Terrorists are the latest in a long line of demonized figures in American political AND blanche justification for the infliction of harm and the maintenance of social control.
No risk of nuclear terrorism Mueller, Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science at Ohio State University, and Stewart, Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle in Australia, 12 (John, Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies, and Mark, Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow, “The Terrorism Delusion,” International Security, Volume 37, Number 1, Summer 2012, project muse, accessed 7-14-13, CMM)
Over the course of time, such essentially delusionary thinking has been internalized and institutionalized AND weapons—or for that matter biological, radiological, or chemical ones.
In fact, with perhaps one exception, none seems to have even dreamed AND on small explosives or contemplating planting a hand grenade in a trash bin.
This “War on Terrorism” is presented as inevitable and as good versus evil which allows that fantasy of terrorism to flourish Aretxaga, Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University of Texas at Austin, 02 Begoña, Anthropological Quarterly, "Terror as Thrill: First Thoughts on the 'War on Terrorism'" http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/anthropological_quarterly/v075/75.1aretxaga.html, accessed: 2-18-14, KPK
The anxious scene of foreign terrorists attacking the United States was not new but was AND said just before starting the bombing in Afganistan, a "just war."
For me, the "War against Terrorism" resonated against the (badly called AND still screaming through the violence of a new generation of Basque radical nationalists. The current "War against Terrorism" is unfolding too around a double temporal structure AND might betray a terrorist plot. Waiting is an atemporal temporality where fantasy flourishes
. 2 Here, then, is the flourishing fantasy of Terrorism (with a capital T), a fantasy that, as in the film "Independence Day," the war against this archenemy will ultimately restore order out of chaos and return us to a lost innocence. End Page 141 The Specter of Terrorism "Each figure seemed to be somehow, on the borderland of things, just as their theory was on the borderland of thought. He knew that each one of these men stood at the extreme end, so to speak, of some wild road of reasoning" G.K. Chesterton The Man Who Was Thursday
The war against terrorism has been represented by much of the media as inevitable, AND word of this war. And isn't that what terrorism is all about?
CP
Executive cp fails- doesn’t solve the aff MacDougall, J.D. Candidate 2014, Columbia Law School, 14 Ian, Winter 2014, Columbia Human Rights Law Review, “CIPA CREEP: THE CLASSIFIED INFORMATION PROCEDURES ACT AND ITS DRIFT INTO CIVIL NATIONAL SECURITY LITIGATION,” 45 Colum. Human Rights L. Rev. 668, LEXIS, accessed: 3-9-14, CAS
President Obama, meanwhile, has spoken of "putting careful constraints" on the *726 state secrets privilege, n307 but has also made a point of keeping state secrets privilege reform a matter for internal executive branch control. n308 The consensus is that it has proved hardly any reform at all.
n309 None of that is surprising. It would be less than rational for the AND a statute like the SSPA--the enactment of such legislation seems unlikely.
Certainty key – chain of command realignment necessary. Costanzo, Claremont McKenna College psychology professor, and Gerrity, Duke University psychology professor, 2009 Mark and Ellen, Social Issues and Policy Review, Vol. 3, No. 1, “The Effects and Effectiveness of Using Torture as an Interrogation Device: Using Research to Inform the Policy Debate” http://www.cgu.edu/pdffiles/sbos/costanzo_effects_of_interrogation.pdf, p.198, accessed 2-16-14, TAP
Compliance with local authorities, dehumanization of the prisoners, deindividuation¶ of the guards AND authorities to issue clear directives on unacceptable practices¶ for the treatment of prisoners
(Fay, 2004; Physicians for Human Rights,¶ 2005). These directives need to be combined with appropriate personnel training,¶ effective monitoring, and strict accountability for violations of standards.
Exec fiat is a voter---aff authors assume the exec WON’T act---no comparative lit kills aff ground and real world education Pildes, J.D. candidate at NYU school of law, and Issacharoff, J.D. candidate at NYU school of law, 13 Richard H., Samuel, June 1st, 2013, "Drones and the Dilemma of Modern Warfare," New York University School of Law,http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1408andcontext=nyu_plltwp, accessed: 2-19-14, CAS
¶ As with all use of lethal force, there must be procedures in place AND institutional ¶ practices, even with the dim shadow of unclear legal commands. These forms of self-regulation are generated by programmatic ¶ needs to enable the AND law scholars who survey these issues from much higher levels ¶ of generality.
Heg DA
The way we discuss and represent war should come first – the language surrounding violence has material implications. Collins, St. Lawrence University global studies assistant professor and Glover, St. Lawrence University sociology professor, 2002 John and Ross, “Collateral Language” http://www.amazon.com/Collateral-Language-Users-Guide-Americas/dp/0814716288#reader_B004DL2JG0, accessed 2-12-14, TAP
As any university student knows, theories about the “social con¬struction” and social AND the bombing of Afghanistan—is intimately linked with the use of language. Partly what we are talking about here, of course, are the processes of AND less likely to avert our mental gaze from the physical effects of violence. The link between language and violence works in at least two ways which combine to AND public, and this is where language plays a second, related role. The military language that is so widely repeated in the media softens the visceral impact AND – acts of violence that result in death, injury, and destruction.
legal reform is key Lobel, Assistant Law Prof at Univ. of San Diego, ‘7 (Orly, “THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS,” 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, accessed 9-23-13) PM
In all of these cases, it is the act of engagement, not law AND ideals are left unchecked and seemingly progressive rhetoric is reproduced by a conservative agenda
. Dominant interpretations such as ¶ privatization and market competitiveness come out ahead, whereas ¶ other values, such as group empowerment and redistributive justice, ¶ receive only symbolic recognition, and in turn serve to facilitate and ¶ stabilize the process.185
Predictions are key to policy discourse and morality Mearsheimer, University of Chicago Wendell Harrison Professor of Political Science, 2001, (John J, “The Tragedy of Great Power Politics”, p. 7-8)
Despite these hazards, social scientists should nevertheless use their theories to make predictions about AND mindful of both the benefits and the hazards of trying to predict events.
3/15/14
2ac- Accountability advantage- round 3-JMU
Tournament: JMU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayne State BS | Judge: Brent Brossmann It is necessary to learn the language of the state- their form of opposition will always be transitory, getting co-opted by the government or society. It may be necessary but is not sufficient Sullivan, the New Republic – editor, 1995 (Andrew, Virtually Normal, pg. 91-93)
Moreover, mere cultural redeployment in a free society is always subject to a cultural AND or projects for turning the cage into something more like a human home.”
And the state is inevitable – utilizing it productively is the only effective means to stop oppression. Soft Targets, Los Angeles interviewer, 2007 Interview with Zizek, Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Studies, “Divine Violence and Liberated Territories: SOFT TARGETS talks with Slavoj Žižek” http://www.softtargetsjournal.com/web/zizek.php, accessed 10-8-10, TP
I’m becoming skeptical of the Leftist anti-State logic. It will not go AND begin to think in terms of what could be called "liberated territories."
Their advocacy prevents any reform solidifying oppressive status quo politics Berman, University of Connecticut Law School Associate Professor, 2001 Paul Schiff, “APPROACHES TO THE CULTURAL STUDY OF LAW: TELLING A LESS SUSPICIOUS STORY: NOTES TOWARD A NON-SKEPTICAL APPROACH TO LEGAL/CULTURAL ANALYSIS,” 13 Yale J.L. and Human. 95, Lexis
The second drawback of the hermeneutics of suspicion is perhaps even more important. As AND normative scholarship cannot extricate scholars from the fundamental questions that I am discussing.
6. No root cause. Joshua Goldstein, American University International Relations Professor, 2001, “War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa,” p.411-412
I began this book hoping to contribute in some way to a deeper understanding of AND on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.
Washington has found itself in a crisis over the proper relationship between senior civilian and AND is in the public domain should disturb any principled civilian or military official.
Empirically denied by 200 years Peabody, Lieutenant Colonel in the U.S. Army, 2001 John, “The "Crisis" in American Civil-Military Relations: A Search for Balance Between Military Professionals and Civilian Leaders,” Strategy Research Project, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA390551andLocation=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdf, 4-10-01, access date: 10-25-13, MAY
Alarmists, who have attempted to examine the nature of current civil-military relations AND including Cuba, the Philippines, Nicaragua, Haiti, Panama, and the Dominican Republic. Twentieth century examples include the remarkable presidential bid on the Republican ticket AND , and aid us in better understanding the limits of the alarmists' arguments.
No backlash – the guideline is actionable and leaves room for self-defense. Guiora, University of Utah Law professor and Jurist contributing editor, 13 Amos, 3-4-13, “Drone Policy: A Proposal Moving Forward”, accessed 10-26-13, AFB
Targeted killing sits at the intersection of law, morality, strategy and policy. AND deeply troubling paradigm established by the Obama administration in the DOJ white paper.
2/25/14
2ac- Case- Districts rd 8
Tournament: Districts | Round: 8 | Opponent: Pitt CK | Judge: Steve Sawyer, Austin Woodruff, Jake Weiner signature strikes are targeted killings in practice. Zenko, CFR Fellow, 12 (Micah, 7-16-12, “Targeted Killings and Signature Strikes,” http://blogs.cfr.org/zenko/2012/07/16/targeted-killings-and-signature-strikes/, accessed 9-9-13, CMM)
No matter how U.S. officials (secretly) refer to the practice AND After ten years of signature strikes, isn’t this a debate worth having?
2/25/14
2ac- Case- a2 Rubber Stamp- Districts rd 6
Tournament: Districts | Round: 6 | Opponent: Navy MR | Judge: Jake Weiner Plan still solves. Daskal, Georgetown Center on national security and the law professor, 2013 Jennifer, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, “The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside the 'Hot' Conflict” http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1252andcontext=facsch_lawrev Zone, p.1222, accessed 12-16-13, TAP
That said, there is a reasonable fear that any such court or review board AND features in and of themselves can lead to increased¶ reflection and restraint. Additional accountability mechanisms, such as civil or criminal sanctions¶ in the event of material misrepresentations or omissions, the granting of¶ far-reaching authority to the relevant Inspectors General, and meaningful¶ ex post review by Article III courts,182 are also needed to help further¶ minimize abuse.
A Republican proposal to approve a short-term increase in the debt ceiling was AND insist that any bill raising the debt ceiling also end the partial shutdown.
Obama supports the plan. Also x apply this card to case- it’s a reason why obama will not circumvent the aff Roberts, The Guardian, 5-24-13 Dan, “Obama drone oversight proposal prompts concern over 'kill courts'” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/24/obama-drone-vetting-kill-courts, accessed 9-18-13, TAP
The president has asked Congress to consider establishing a special court or oversight board to AND but raises serious constitutional issues about presidential and judicial authority," he said.
Yet American history shows that once a precedent for constitutional abuse is set—usually AND the earlier expansive Bush/Obama war on terror as their unfortunate precedent.
3. The Courts.—The courts constrain the Executive, both because courts are AND But these qualifications do not render the courts meaningless as a Madisonian constraint. First, to impose punishment, the Executive must bring a criminal case ¶ before AND and convictions in court are a mere rubber stamp of Executive Branch conclusions. Second, courts issue injunctions that bar executive action. Although it ¶ is not clear whether the President can be enjoined,85 the rest of his branch ¶ surely can and thus can be forced to cease actions that judges conclude violate federal law or the Constitution.86 As a practical matter, while courts ¶ issue such injunctions infrequently, injunctions would be issued more often if ¶ an administration repeatedly ignored the law. Third, courts’ judgments sometimes force the Executive to take action, ¶ such as AND case where a court ordered one executive officer to ¶ pay another.90 Finally, there is the extraordinary practice of the Executive enforcing ¶ essentially all judgments AND writ of habeas corpus is so familiar ¶ because it was so singular. Yet to focus on actual court cases and judgments is to miss the broader ¶ AND law, including law defined as what a ¶ court will likely order.
2/22/14
2ac- Flex DA- Districts Rd 3
Tournament: Districts | Round: 3 | Opponent: GW AS | Judge: Jeff Kurr NO rogue states will get WMD’s to strike – even the most threatening terror group can’t attack – reject their alarmism Mueller, member of the political science department and Senior Research Scientist with the Mershon Center for International Security Studies at Ohio State University, 1-8-14 (John, Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, “Has the Threat from Terrorism Been Exaggerated?,” http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/has-threat-terrorism-been-exaggerated, accessed 2-1-14, CMM)
Two years after the raid on Osama bin Laden’s hideaway, terrorism alarmists remain in AND and that “they are recruiting no-hopers and dead-enders.”
WOT cases tanks uniqueness for your Courts DA. Skinner, Willamette University law professor, 10-12-13 Gwynne, “Misunderstood, Misconstrued, and Now Clearly Dead: The 'Political Question Doctrine' as a Justiciability Doctrine, Even in the Context of Foreign Affairs” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2315237, p.1-5, accessed 11-13-13, TAP
Lower federal courts often erroneously cite the “political question doctrine”1 to dismiss AND President in the area of foreign affairs rather than finding the claim nonjusticiable. Drones thump. Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, 2013 Micah, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”http:www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=full p.3, accessed 6-20-13, TAP
Existing practices carry two major risks for U.S. interests that are¶ AND U.S. officials to openly address concerns and¶ counter misinformation.
2/22/14
2ac- GW Method K- Districts Rd 3
Tournament: Districts | Round: 3 | Opponent: GW AS | Judge: Jeff Kurr Testing implementation is the only way to determine if an action should be taken. Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002 (Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)
Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It AND not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Debates over starting point never result in action. Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State IR Professor, 2002 James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68
It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method AND , but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.
Only the perm solves – legal reform is key Lobel, Assistant Law Prof at Univ. of San Diego, ‘7 (Orly, “THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS,” 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, accessed 9-23-13) PM
In all of these cases, it is the act of engagement, not law AND consciousness are appropriated by ¶ advocates representing a wide range of political commitments.
Understood from this perspective, cooptation is not the result of the turn to a AND , and in turn serve to facilitate and ¶ stabilize the process.185
Our strategy is compararively better than critical theory based approaches. Chon, Seattle University Law Research and Centers associate dean, 2010 Margaret, Seattle University law professor, 8 Seattle J. Soc. Just. 643, “ACCESS TO JUSTICE: Remembering and Repairing: The Error Before Us, In Our Presence” Lexis, accessed 10-25-13, TAP
In addressing inequality, we also need to be wary of unwarranted utopianism or premature AND person can make a difference, even if it takes forty years. n52
2/22/14
2ac- Give Back the Land- Texas Rd 7
Tournament: Texas | Round: 7 | Opponent: UCO BH | Judge: Adam Abelkop Using the state doesn’t compromise ethics – using it strategically in the short term does not trade off with long term revolution. Smith, Associate Professor of Media and Cultural Studies at UC Riverside, 12 (Andrea, “The Moral Limits of the Law: Settler Colonialism and the Anti-Violence Movement,” settler colonial studies 2, 2 (2012) Special Issue: Karangatia: Calling Out Gender and Sexuality in Settler Societies, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/2201473X.2012.10648842, accessed 10-18-13, CMM)
In the debates prevalent within Native sovereignty and racial justice movements, we are often AND Native women’s lives by buttressing the prison industrial complex and its violent logics. While this reformist versus revolutionary dichotomy suggests two radically different positions, in reality they AND . We might then be free to engage in a relationship with the law
which would free us to change our strategies as we assess its strategic effects. At the same time, by divesting from the morality of the law, we AND an alternative system to the heteropatriarchal, white supremacist, settler colonial state.
legal reform is key Lobel, Assistant Law Prof at Univ. of San Diego, ‘7 (Orly, “THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS,” 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, accessed 9-23-13) PM
In all of these cases, it is the act of engagement, not law AND , and in turn serve to facilitate and ¶ stabilize the process.185
Cooption and alt fails Lobel, Assistant Law Prof at Univ. of San Diego, ‘7 (Orly, “THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS,” 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, accessed 9-23-13) PM NOTE – They use globalization activism as an example of extra-legal resistance
A similar process can be described with regard to the literature on ¶ globalization. AND — may ¶ bring about its own destruction by fracture and diffusion.184 Alt collapses on itself – perm solves best Lobel, Assistant Law Prof at Univ. of San Diego, ‘7 (Orly, “THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS,” 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, accessed 9-23-13) PM
A basic structure of cooptation arguments as developed in relation ¶ to the labor and AND conceived ideal as civil society ¶ sows the seeds of its own destruction.
Legal reforms dampen emergency powers – proves NO IMPACT and the PERM solves. O’Cinneide, University College London senior law lecturer, 2008 Colm, “‘Dampening’: How Legal Mechanisms Can Offer a Partial Respite from the Counter-Terrorism Cycle” http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
However, certain legal processes appear to have some capacity to slow down the excesses AND repression: the need for mobilisation in response may therefore also be diluted.
Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our Country AND critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."
Totalizing opposition creates a culture of suspicion that fails to materialize change. Berman, University of Connecticut Law School Associate Professor, 2001 Paul Schiff, “APPROACHES TO THE CULTURAL STUDY OF LAW: TELLING A LESS SUSPICIOUS STORY: NOTES TOWARD A NON-SKEPTICAL APPROACH TO LEGAL/CULTURAL ANALYSIS,” 13 Yale J.L. and Human. 95, Lexis
The second drawback of the hermeneutics of suspicion is perhaps even more important. As AND normative scholarship cannot extricate scholars from the fundamental questions that I am discussing.
It is necessary to learn the language of the state- their form of opposition will always be transitory, getting co-opted by the government or society. It may be necessary but is not sufficient Sullivan, the New Republic – editor, 1995 (Andrew, Virtually Normal, pg. 91-93)
Moreover, mere cultural redeployment in a free society is always subject to a cultural AND or projects for turning the cage into something more like a human home.”
That there is shit in the world – in all worlds, on our earth AND is of gold.” Does he thereby acknowledge a categorical agreement with being?
And the perm is best – it is the basis for intersectional analysis. Razack, University of Toronto sociology professor, 1998 Sociology and Equity Studies in Education, the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto, 98 Sherene, “Race, Space, and Prostitution: The Making of the Bourgeois Subject”, Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, 12/1, pg. Women’s Studies International
To focus on one system of oppression has not sufficed to point the way to AND , we over-simplify what can be achieved by regulation or deregulation. The education of the 1ac gives gives activists a tool for fighting oppression. Gruber, Florida International University associate law professor, 2006 Aya, 54 Kan. L. Rev. 307, “ARTICLE: Raising the Red Flag: The Continued Relevance of the Japanese Internment in the Post-Hamdi World” Lexis, accessed 11-2-13, TAP
Examining the legal literature, there are two different but related areas in which the AND is a necessity; it is a struggle we all must join. n80
Korematsu creates a framework for reconciliation. Yamamoto, University of Hawai'i law professor, and Obrey, University of Hawai'I JD candidate, 2009 Eric and Ashley Kaiao, 16 Asian Am. L.J. 5, “Article: Reframing Redress: A "Social Healing Through Justice" Approach to United States-Native Hawaiian and Japan-Ainu Reconciliation Initiatives” Lexis, accessed 10-22-13, TAP
For these reasons, the language of redress is shifting away from reparations and towards AND a segment of the far larger terrain of national and global reconciliation efforts.
Permutation is the best option – reconciliation is an open concept that creates a space for social healing. Yamamoto, University of Hawai'i law professor, and Obrey, University of Hawai'I JD candidate, 2009 Eric and Ashley Kaiao, 16 Asian Am. L.J. 5, “Article: Reframing Redress: A "Social Healing Through Justice" Approach to United States-Native Hawaiian and Japan-Ainu Reconciliation Initiatives” Lexis, accessed 10-22-13, TAP
What is also clear is that the very term "reconciliation" has disparate meanings AND of society, including communities, public organizations, businesses, and governments.
Social healing is good framework to articulate racial injury. Yamamoto, University of Hawai'i law professor, and Obrey, University of Hawai'I JD candidate, 2009 Eric and Ashley Kaiao, 16 Asian Am. L.J. 5, “Article: Reframing Redress: A "Social Healing Through Justice" Approach to United States-Native Hawaiian and Japan-Ainu Reconciliation Initiatives” Lexis, accessed 10-22-13, TAP
B. Social Healing¶ ¶ This is a significant shift in American thinking about AND and to assess their present-day efforts toward the kind of transformative justice
that promotes social healing.¶ Aspects of prophetic theology, social psychology, sociolegal studies AND Church and by government demonstrating fundamental change in dealings with Native Hawaiians. n187
President Obama is voicing support for a U.N. resolution that could accomplish AND Indian Education Institute at Eastern Oregon State, one expert recalled for WND. Corporations fill in – that’s uniquely worse Mary Christina Wood, Oregon Law Professor, 1994 (“Protecting the Attributes of Native Sovereignty” Utah Law Review, p. L/N)
A barrage of recent development proposals directed to tribes starkly demonstrates an intense modern AND Indian lands, the legal obligations of the government are integral to carrying out those management functions. Moreover, in light of the unmistakable modern rush for Indian land and resources, the federal lease approval function must be measured against trust duties to reflect the new consensual dynamics and deference to tribes ushered in by the Self-Determination era. They lead to transition wars James Aune, Texas AandM Communications Professor, 2000 Selling the Free Market: the Rhetoric of Economic Correctness
Strangely enough, if taken seriously as a prescription for policy, the essay contradicts AND the bourgeoisie – to implement its proposals in the teeth of popular resistance.
The August 15th editorial for SF Bayview concluded that the only way to stop¶ AND it’s¶ strongest point, a suicidal Pickett’s Charge, if you will.
Using the state is ok – shouldn’t leave the tools of the colonizer out of the hands of the colonized and their view is overly totalizing and impossible to practice. Grande, Connecticut College education associate professor, 2007 Sandy, Critical Pedagogy: Where are we now? By Peter McLaren, “Red Lake Woebegone: Pedagogy, Decolonization, and the Critical Project” http://books.google.com/books?id=M97YKJdkJbcCandq=sandy+grande#v=onepageandq=grammar20of20empireandf=false, p.330, accessed 2-6-13, TAP
Audre Lorde’s essay, The Master’s Tools Will Not Dismantle the Master’s House, is AND is it possible to engage the grammar of empire without replicating its effects?
Tournament: Districts | Round: 6 | Opponent: Navy MR | Judge: Jake Weiner Obama will not shift to indefinite detention – political and legal opposition. Chesney et al., University of Texas law professor, 2013 Robert, Brookings Institute senior fellow, Jack Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, Matthew Waxman, Columbia University law professor and CFR senior fellow, and Benjamin Wittes, Brookings Institution governance studies senior fellow, 2-25-13, “A Statutory Framework for Next-Generation Terrorist Threats,” http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/Statutory-Framework-for-Next-Generation-Terrorist-Threats.pdf, p.6-7, accessed 9-26-13, TAP
Third, the president faces significant legal hurdles to detaining dangerous ¶ terrorism suspects over AND to the interests of the ¶ individual in question (for obvious reasons).
Moreover, the political costs for any U.S. administration in taking and AND the most powerful institutional incentive today is to kill rather than capture them. AND The intelligence losses of killing people, rather than capturing and interrogating them, AND from a standoff position, because it removes potentially messy questions of surrender.
Relations between the United States and Europe hit a low point following revelations that Washington AND the administration could take to make an agreement with European countries more likely.¶
For a start, it should cut back the number of drone strikes and be AND mind the possibility of declaring the war against al Qaeda to be over.
2/25/14
2ac- Korematsu- Case ev- Districts rd 3
Tournament: Districts | Round: 3 | Opponent: GW AS | Judge: Jeff Kurr Case
The aff provides a window for intersectional struggle. Yamamoto, University of Hawai'i law professor, and Obrey, University of Hawai'I JD candidate, 2009 Eric and Ashley Kaiao, 16 Asian Am. L.J. 5, “Article: Reframing Redress: A "Social Healing Through Justice" Approach to United States-Native Hawaiian and Japan-Ainu Reconciliation Initiatives” Lexis, accessed 10-22-13, TAP
With the Congressional Commission's Report, the coram nobis court victories, and the pending AND of internment. n56 It also established an internment fund for public education.
Korematsu has continuing relevance – their evidence is exaggerated. Harris, University of Pittsburgh law professor, 2011 David, 76 Mo. L. Rev. 1, “ARTICLE: On the Contemporary Meaning of Korematsu: "Liberty Lies in the Hearts of Men and Women"” Lexis, accessed 7-17-13, TAP
But a closer look reveals that what Mark Twain once said of himself n52 also AND for that and other reasons discussed here, the case has continuing relevance.
Moreover, even if one believes that suspensions are unreviewable, there is a critical AND comply with a Supreme Court decision. But perhaps I am naïve.184
Courts solve – deter presidential indiscretion. Prakash, University of Virginia law professor, and Ramsey, University of San Diego law professor, 2012 Saikrishna and Michael, “The Goldilocks Executive” http://www.texaslrev.com/wp-content/uploads/Prakash-Ramsey-90-TLR-973.pdf, p.990-2, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
3. The Courts.—The courts constrain the Executive, both because courts are AND But these qualifications do not render the courts meaningless as a Madisonian constraint. First, to impose punishment, the Executive must bring a criminal case ¶ before AND and convictions in court are a mere rubber stamp of Executive Branch conclusions. Second, courts issue injunctions that bar executive action. Although it ¶ is not clear whether the President can be enjoined,85 the rest of his branch ¶ surely can and thus can be forced to cease actions that judges conclude violate federal law or the Constitution.86 As a practical matter, while courts ¶ issue such injunctions infrequently, injunctions would be issued more often if ¶ an administration repeatedly ignored the law. Third, courts’ judgments sometimes force the Executive to take action, ¶ such as AND case where a court ordered one executive officer to ¶ pay another.90 Finally, there is the extraordinary practice of the Executive enforcing ¶ essentially all judgments AND writ of habeas corpus is so familiar ¶ because it was so singular. Yet to focus on actual court cases and judgments is to miss the broader ¶ AND law, including law defined as what a ¶ court will likely order.
2/22/14
2ac- Militarism K- Districts rd 8
Tournament: Districts | Round: 8 | Opponent: Pitt CK | Judge: Steve Sawyer, Austin Woodruff, Jake Weiner 6. The absolutism of their alternative results in tunnel vision – evaluate consequences. Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002 (Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)
Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It AND not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Constructing prior questions doesn’t disprove the aff – it results in generalizations and inaction. Owen, University of Southampton political theory professor, 2002 David, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol 31 No 3, “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Practical Reason” Sagepub, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a¶ AND helped to promote the IR theory wars by motivating this¶ philosophical turn. The first danger with the philosophical turn is that it has an inbuilt tendency to AND it¶ is not the only or even necessarily the most important kind. The second danger run by the philosophical turn is that because prioritisation of ontology and AND the promotion of the pursuit of generality over that of empirical¶ validity. The third danger is that the preceding two combine to encourage the¶ formation of AND first¶ and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
Doesn’t assume the plan. Adelsberg, Yale University JD candidate, 2012 Samuel, 6 Harv. L. and Pol'y Rev. 437, “SHORT ESSAYS: Bouncing the Executive's Blank Check: Judicial Review and the Targeting of Citizens” Lexis, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
Another potential concern from the civil libertarian perspective is that the CTRC would unintentionally produce AND number of citizens joining terrorism groups, as documented by numerous studies. n91
The United States has long accepted a legal, political, and policy space for AND . domestic law quietly and intentionally preserved the category while strengthening the oversight. This category of force is now an obvious means by which to confront non- AND military activity against terrorists or taking no very meaningful action at all.36
The alt fails – critical analysis is insufficient and movements will never reach a critical mass. Shaw, University of Sussex international relations professor, 2012 Martin, Institut Barcelona d’Estudis Internacionals global political sociology professor, and University of Roehampton London international relations and human rights professor, “Twenty-First Century Militarism: A Historical-Sociological Framework” https://docs.google.com/document/d/18fiBRAMCllbfvY3IG1rj3sWsKiln43j_dTL6I_2W2DA/edit, accessed 1-20-14, TAP
The potential of all these issues to generate substantial anti-militarist movements will depend AND action, but it is for the actors to define their practical possibilities.
5. Case turns the K, not the other way around Joshua Goldstein, American University International Relations Professor, 2001, “War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa,” p.411-412
I began this book hoping to contribute in some way to a deeper understanding of AND on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.
1) The environment is indestructible and resilient Gregg Easterbrook, Brookings Economic and Governance Studies Fellow, ‘95 A Moment on the Earth, 25-26
In the aftermath of events such as Love Canal or the Exxon Valdez oil spill AND anything approaching the environmental damage nature inflicts on itself on a recurrent basis.
NO IMPACT and the PERM solves – legal reforms dampen emergency powers. O’Cinneide, University College London senior law lecturer, 2008 Colm, “‘Dampening’: How Legal Mechanisms Can Offer a Partial Respite from the Counter-Terrorism Cycle” http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
However, certain legal processes appear to have some capacity to slow down the excesses AND repression: the need for mobilisation in response may therefore also be diluted.
Legal restraints work – the theory of the exception is self-serving and wrong Scheuerman, Indiana University political science professor, 2006 William, Constellations Volume 13, Issue 1, Article first published online: 8 MAR 2006, “Carl Schmitt and the Road to Abu Ghraib” Wiley, p.116-8, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
Yet this argument relies on Schmitt’s controversial model of politics, as outlined eloquently but AND conflicts before an international¶ court or tribunal probably would have failed.22 Second, Schmitt dwells on the legal inconsistencies that result from modifying the traditional state AND Westphalian system while extending ambitious¶ new protections to non-state actors. This is a powerful argument, but it remains flawed. Every modern legal order AND a more positive – and by no means¶ incoherent – light.24 Third, Schmitt identifies a deep tension between the classical quest for codified and stable AND long-range weapons¶ of modern technology of war?” (17) As I have tried to show elsewhere, these are powerful considerations deserving¶ of AND develop a legal apparatus suited to the¶ special problem of irregular combatants.
Threats are real. Earl C. Ravenal 9, distinguished senior fellow in foreign policy studies @ Cato, is professor emeritus of the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service. He is an expert on NATO, defense strategy, and the defense budget. He is the author of Designing Defense for a New World Order. What's Empire Got to Do with It? The Derivation of America's Foreign Policy.” Critical Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Politics and Society 21.1 (2009) 21-75
The underlying notion of “the security bureaucracies . . . looking for new enemies AND or to a lack of sufficient imagination to exploit opportunities for personal profit.
4. Method focus fails because it never results in action. Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State IR Professor, 2002 James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68
It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method AND , but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.
2/25/14
2ac- Rutgers HS-Districts
Tournament: Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Rutgers HS | Judge: Niccolo Paqueo Case legal reform is key Lobel, Assistant Law Prof at Univ. of San Diego, ‘7 (Orly, “THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS,” 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, accessed 9-23-13) PM
In all of these cases, it is the act of engagement, not law AND consciousness are appropriated by ¶ advocates representing a wide range of political commitments.
Understood from this perspective, cooptation is not the result of the turn to a AND , and in turn serve to facilitate and ¶ stabilize the process.185
A2 Williams The state can be used strategically to fight racism Smith, Associate Professor of Media and Cultural Studies at UC Riverside, 12 (Andrea, “The Moral Limits of the Law: Settler Colonialism and the Anti-Violence Movement,” settler colonial studies 2, 2 (2012) Special Issue: Karangatia: Calling Out Gender and Sexuality in Settler Societies, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/2201473X.2012.10648842, accessed 10-18-13, CMM)
Given the logics of settler colonialism, it may seem to be a hopeless contradiction AND radical restructuring of the political and economic system to a focus on articulating identity
based claims that did not necessarily challenge the prevailing power structure.13 If groups AND strategic effects rather than based on the moral statements they propose to make?
2ac – FW Testing implementation is the only way to determine if an action should be taken. Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002 (Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)
Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It AND not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Method focus fails – never results in action. Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State IR Professor, 2002 James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68
It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method AND , but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.
EXTN – Education Good – Oppression The aff is a useful heuristic for activism – abstractable lessons from Korematsu can be used in fighting oppression today. Volpp, University of California Berkeley law professor, 2010 Leti, 17 Asian Am. L.J. 63, "The Excesses of Culture: On Asian American Citizenship and Identity" scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1162andcontext=aalj, p.77-8, accessed 2-4-14, TAP
I would suggest that we see this kind of collective memory exemplified in Fred Korematsu's AND , civilized and feminist, in stark contrast to Islam and to Muslims.
2ac – K – Perm
The aff provides a window for intersectional struggle. Yamamoto, University of Hawai'i law professor, and Obrey, University of Hawai'I JD candidate, 2009 Eric and Ashley Kaiao, 16 Asian Am. L.J. 5, “Article: Reframing Redress: A "Social Healing Through Justice" Approach to United States-Native Hawaiian and Japan-Ainu Reconciliation Initiatives” Lexis, accessed 10-22-13, TAP
With the Congressional Commission's Report, the coram nobis court victories, and the pending AND of internment. n56 It also established an internment fund for public education.
A third area of critical race innovation involves multiracial politics. Internal critics have argued AND to competing demands for centrality in a marginalized space of racial victimization. R
ecently, Critical Race Theorists, responding to the multiracial critics, have attempted to AND that disparages blacks’ assertions of racial injustice by deploying model minority constructs.111
2ac – Situated Knowledge No knowledge is pure knowledge but situated knowledge should be problematized too. Conway, Penn State University philosophy professor, 1997 Daniel, “Nietzsche and the political” http://www.amazon.com/Nietzsche-Political-Thinking-Daniel-Conway/dp/0415100682, p.135-6, accessed 1-6-14, TAP
This preference is clearly political in nature, and Haraway makes no pretense of aspiring AND at the expense of the greater objectivity that they might otherwise have gained.
2ac – Afro-Pessimism K 3:10 AND The alt is vague – that’s a reason to reject the team because it makes them a moving target that we can’t test to determine if it is true, and vague alts fail – utopianism doesn’t hit the ground and this debate isn’t key. Farber, City University of New York Brooklyn College political science professor, 9-13-12 Samuel, “Occupy Wall Street and the Art of Demanding” http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/11507-occupy-wall-street-and-the-art-of-demanding, accessed 9-15-12, TAP
The OWS reluctance to formulate demands might have been beneficial initially in that it might AND where they are – to point B – where they want to be.
Social death isn’t useful for changing material conditions for black people. Brown, Harvard University African American studies professor, 2009 Vincent, American Historical Review, “Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery” http://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/documents/brown-socialdeath.pdf, p.1241-3, accessed 1-4-13, TAP
THE PREMISE OF ORLANDO PATTERSON’S MAJOR WORK, that enslaved Africans were¶ natally alienated AND resistance have never had much use for the concept of social¶ death.
The early efforts of writers such as Herbert Aptheker aimed to derail the¶ AND of becoming ‘African American’ in culture, orientation,¶ and identity.”40
2ac – State Good – Short Totalizing opposition creates a culture of suspicion that fails to materialize change. Berman, University of Connecticut Law School Associate Professor, 2001 Paul Schiff, “APPROACHES TO THE CULTURAL STUDY OF LAW: TELLING A LESS SUSPICIOUS STORY: NOTES TOWARD A NON-SKEPTICAL APPROACH TO LEGAL/CULTURAL ANALYSIS,” 13 Yale J.L. and Human. 95, Lexis
The second drawback of the hermeneutics of suspicion is perhaps even more important. As AND world, short of revolution (and even revolution is probably inevitably compromised).
As Rorty points out, though the writers of supposedly "subversive" works " AND normative scholarship cannot extricate scholars from the fundamental questions that I am discussing.
?
AT: Race K – Platform for Reparations Spills over to reparations. Yamamoto, University of Hawai'i law professor, and Obrey, University of Hawai'I JD candidate, 2009 Eric and Ashley Kaiao, 16 Asian Am. L.J. 5, “Article: Reframing Redress: A "Social Healing Through Justice" Approach to United States-Native Hawaiian and Japan-Ainu Reconciliation Initiatives” Lexis, accessed 10-22-13, TAP
The year 2008 marks the twentieth anniversary of Japanese American internment redress under the Civil AND Individuals, communities, and governments all have a stake in social healing.
2/22/14
2ac- Security K-Navy
Tournament: Navy | Round: 7 | Opponent: Pitt BW | Judge: Michael Hall 2ac – Security K Simulating the enactment of the plan provides useful critical thinking skills. Donohue, Georgetown University law professor, 2013 Laura, “Nation al Security Pedagogy: The Role of Simulations” http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2172andcontext=facpub, p.48-9, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
The legal academy has, of late, been swept up in concern about the economic conditions that affect the placement of law school graduates. The AND learning curve. While further ¶ adaptation of this model is undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for ¶ the years to come.
The academy isn’t wrong – our authors would get fired if they produced wrong studies – our studies are real and create actionable knowledge Earl C. Ravenal 9, distinguished senior fellow in foreign policy studies @ Cato, is professor emeritus of the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service. He is an expert on NATO, defense strategy, and the defense budget. He is the author of Designing Defense for a New World Order. What's Empire Got to Do with It? The Derivation of America's Foreign Policy.” Critical Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Politics and Society 21.1 (2009) 21-75
The underlying notion of “the security bureaucracies . . . looking for new enemies AND or to a lack of sufficient imagination to exploit opportunities for personal profit.
One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that AND violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself. Reps don’t cause war Reiter, Emory University political science professor, 1995 Dan, International Security, Vol. 20, No. 2, “Exploding the Powder Keg Myth: Preemptive Wars Almost Never Happen” JSTOR, p.15-16, accessed 10-7-13, TAP
A criticism of assessing the frequency of preemptive wars by looking only at wars themselves AND cancer, this is not demonstrated by the results of such a test.
No impact and the alt fails – it can’t explain the world adequately and trigger points are necessary. Rodwell, Manchester Metropolitan University foreign policy PhD candidate, 2005 Jonathan, “Trendy But Empty: A Response to Richard Jackson” http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/rodwell1.htm, accessed 9-22-13, TAP
However, having said that, the problem is Jackson’s own theoretical underpinning, his AND analysis provides us with is a set of universals and a heuristic model.
Constructing prior questions doesn’t disprove the aff – it results in generalizations and inaction. Owen, University of Southampton political theory professor, 2002 David, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol 31 No 3, “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Practical Reason” Sagepub, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a¶ frenzy for words like “epistemology” and “ontology” AND second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
The impact is the exception not the rule Abrahamsen, University of Wales ir professor, 2005 Rita, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 30.1, “Blair's Africa: The Politics of Securitization and Fear” EBSCO, p.71, accessed 10-7-13, TAP
The war on Iraq can be seen to demonstrate the willingness of the British government AND securitization is more likely to give rise to policies of containment or policing.
Permutation do the plan and rethink the world as target – if the alternative can overwhelm the status quo it can overwhelm the link to the plan Perm solves – can’t abandon the notion of security BUT it can be reframed – also no impact. Nunes, University of Warwick research fellow, 2012 João, Security Dialogue 2012 43: 345, “Reclaiming the political: Emancipation and critique in security studies” Sagepub, p.349-50, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
In the works of these authors, one can identify a tendency to see security AND address these limitations, the next section revisits emancipatory¶ understandings of security.
1/28/14
2ac- Sig Strikes DA
Tournament: Navy | Round: 7 | Opponent: Pitt BW | Judge: Michael Hall 2ac Signature Strikes targeted killing is legal lethal force that is pre-meditated. Alston, Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, 11 (Philip, UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010, “ARTICLE: The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders,” 2 Harv. Nat'l Sec. J. 283, lexis, accessed 7-22-13, CMM)
C. Defining "Targeted Killings"¶ As with many terms that have entered the AND specific individual who is not in the physical custody of the perpetrator. n46
During a public online discussion in January 2012, Barack Obama answered a question about AND engage with the public, more than a decade after the operations began.
Restrictions inevitable---only a question of whether they are deliberate or haphazard Wittes, Brookings Institution public law senior fellow, 2009 Benjamin, “Legislating the War on Terror: An Agenda for Reform” http://www.amazon.com/Legislating-War-Terror-Agenda-Reform/dp/0815703104, p.2-3, accessed 10-26-13, TAP
A new administration now confronts the same hard problems that plagued its ideologically opposite predecessor AND past several years and will likely continue sparring over the next several years.
We meet statutory restrictions. Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012 Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.26-7, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
The creation of the Covert Operations Against American Citizens Court (COAACC) would help AND the use of electronic eavesdropping in the context of foreign intelligence gathering.121
The solution to this search for an actionable guideline is the strict ¶ scrutiny standard AND balance enabling the ¶ state to act sooner but subject to significant restrictions.
3. Counter-interpretation – restriction means a limit and includes conditions on action. Snow, COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA judge, 8 (G. Murray, COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613, accessed 9-18-13, CMM)
P10 The term "restriction" is not defined by the Legislature for the purposes AND natural and obvious meaning, which may be discerned from its dictionary definition."). P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "a limitation or qualification AND dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.
2/25/14
2ac- T-Statute- Districts Rd 3
Tournament: Districts | Round: 3 | Opponent: GW AS | Judge: Jeff Kurr 2ac – T – WPA = Stamp on Statute
authority doesn’t need to be stamped explicitly. Words and Phrases, 4 (Volume 4a, Cumulative Supplement Pamphlet, p. 275)
U.S.N.Y. 1867. Under the federal judiciary act AND . 258, 6 Wall. 258, 18 L.Ed. 829
5. The aff is predictable. Green, Temple University law professor, 2011 Craig, 105 Nw. U.L. Rev. 983, “ARTICLE: ENDING THE KOREMATSU ERA: AN EARLY VIEW FROM THE WAR ON TERROR CASES” Lexis, accessed 10-25-13, TAP
When President George W. Bush started the Global War on Terror (GWOT) AND of the Korematsu era, which might thereby guard against future executive abuse.
2/22/14
2ac- T-WPA- Districts Rd 3
Tournament: Districts | Round: 3 | Opponent: GW AS | Judge: Jeff Kurr 2. We meet – Korematsu granted war powers to the president. Green, Temple University law professor, 2011 Craig, 105 Nw. U.L. Rev. 983, “ARTICLE: ENDING THE KOREMATSU ERA: AN EARLY VIEW FROM THE WAR ON TERROR CASES” Lexis, accessed 10-25-13, TAP
Prior to the GWOT, American law schools had taught Korematsu for decades as a AND that only Justice Murphy's dissent even mentioned the words "equal protection." n29 *993 This section claims that standard race-focused interpretations of Korematsu have overshadowed the decision's relevance to presidential power and military necessity. I do not suggest that Korematsu must be either a race case or a war powers case; of course it is both. What I propose is an important shift in emphasis, stressing an aspect of Korematsu that is often clouded by the visceral reaction to the decision's racial discrimination.
3. Counter-interp – war powers authority refers to the President’s overall power over national defense and warmaking – that includes the plan Manget, CIA assistant general counsel, 1991 Fred, “Presidential War Powers" media.nara.gov/dc-metro/rg-263/6922330/Box-10-114-7/263-a1-27-box-10-114-7.pdf, p.93, accessed 11-14-13, TAP
The President's war powers authority is actually a national defense power that exists at all AND wage it, in the broadest sense. It operates at all times.
A final, and crucial, step towards mitigating the strategic consequences of drones ¶ AND ¶ easy to shrug off the loss of life that drones inflict on others today.
Legitimacy solves their turns. Finnemore, George Washington University international relations professor, 2009 Martha, World Politics, Volume 61, Number 1, “Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the Social Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn’t All It’s Cracked Up to Be” Project Muse, p.61-3, accessed 9-28-13, TAP
Legitimacy is, by its nature, a social and relational phenomenon. One’s¶ AND democracy¶ accompanies pushes for political reforms in other states.
10/16/13
2ac-Anthro-App State
Tournament: App State | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mercer RR | Judge: DJ Spiker Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002 (Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)
Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It AND not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
3. Utilitarianism precludes any other framework for evaluations, life comes first. Schell, 2000 (policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)
To say that human extinction is a certainty would, of course, be a AND the earth we tamper with a mystery. We are in deep ignorance.
Nuclear war causes massive extinction- abrupt climate change, ozone destruction, and plankton vulnerability guarantees Scientists for Global Responsibility, July 03, "Does Anybody Remember the Nuclear Winter," SGR Newsletter 27, http://www.sgr.org.uk/climate/NuclearWinter_NL27.htm
Obviously, when a nuclear bomb hits a target, it causes a massive amount of devastation, AND war, would be vulnerable to malnutrition and disease on a massive scale. AND An added factor after a nuclear war would be radioactive contamination giving worldwide background radiation doses many times larger than has ever happened during the 3 billion years of evolution.
AND perspectives aren’t irreconcilable – incorporating conceptions of the oppressed into the law is the only way to produce structural change. Hirokawa, Northwestern School of Law LLM, 2002 Keith, LLM is an advanced degree that goes beyond JD, 21 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 225, “ARTICLE: Some Pragmatic Observations About Radical Critique In Environmental Law” Lexis, accessed 7-8-12, TAP
Pragmatism may prove a useful tool in environmental debates simply because such debates can be AND be, even if the weight of legal institutions coherently excludes them." n134
The legal academy has, of late, been swept up in concern about the AND the ¶ expression of government authority and the effort to limit the same. The one-size fits all approach currently dominating the conversation in legal education, AND suggest a greater nuance with regard to how ¶ the pedagogical skills present. With this approach in mind, I have here suggested six pedagogical goals for national AND ¶ ensuring that they will be most effective when they enter the field. The problem with the current structures in legal education is that they fall short, AND education in national ¶ security law, here may provide an important way forward AND necessary, it suggests one potential direction for ¶ the years to come.
Need pragmatic solutions to actually solve Joshua Goldstein, American University International Relations Professor, 2001, “War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa,” p.411-412
I began this book hoping to contribute in some way to a deeper understanding of AND . Rather, war has in part fueled and sustained these and other injustices
.9 So, "if you want peace, work for peace." Indeed AND on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.
6. Structural violence doesn’t escalate – prefer proximate causes Hinde and Pulkkinnen, Cambridge psychology professor and University of Jyväskylä psychology professor, 2000 Robert and Lea, DRAFT Background Paper for Working Group 1: HUMAN AGGRESSIVENESS AND WAR, 50th Pugwash Conference On Science and World Affairs: "Eliminating the Causes of War" Queens' College, Cambridge , UK, 3-8 August http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/pac256/WG1draft1.htm
People are capable of perpetrating the most terrible acts of violence on their fellows. AND . Some degree of conflict of interest is often present in relationships between individuals
, in the relations between groups of individuals within states, and in the relations AND multiple causes, and the interactions between the causal factors remain largely unexplored.
Preventing war is a prerequisite for justice—its impossible to solve all injustice at the structural level—containing injustices that stem from war is the most ethical action Elshtain, U Chicago Social and Political Ethics Professor, Princeton University Advanced Study Institute Fellow, Rockefeller Foundation Resident Scholar, Guggenheim Fellow, 2008 Jean Bethke, “Peace, Order, Justice: Competing Understandings,” Millennium, 36.3, Sage
We arrive, finally at model III. Let’s call this hard-headed peace AND in advance as necessarily a paragon of the latter rather than the former. As with every human endeavour this limited – neither absolute nor perpetual – peace is AND to deal with those who stand in the way of the absolutist projects. I recall being haunted by a story I read – an ancient Chinese parable – AND the high hill of moral upmanship yet again in popular, simplistic form. If, however, you find the moral problems of international politics ‘infinitely complex AND and here debates will turn on how ‘thick’ the restraints must be; Human nature – yes, I said it – politically incorrect as it is – AND at the conclusion of failure. A rogue state similarly signifies a failure. AND be less than grand in what we propose to undertake and to enact. Martin Wight cites Nehru, speaking of Gandhi, as having said that it was AND it simple you are, quite frankly, unreliable in some basic sense. In a 1996 book, Augustine and the Limits of Politics, I laid out AND the worst from happening, and to resist the seductive lure of grandiosity.
Constructing prior questions doesn’t disprove the aff – it results in generalizations and inaction. Owen, University of Southampton political theory professor, 2002 David, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol 31 No 3, “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Practical Reason” Sagepub, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a¶ AND helped to promote the IR theory wars by motivating this¶ philosophical turn. The first danger with the philosophical turn is that it has an inbuilt tendency to AND it¶ is not the only or even necessarily the most important kind. The second danger run by the philosophical turn is that because prioritisation of ontology and AND the promotion of the pursuit of generality over that of empirical¶ validity. The third danger is that the preceding two combine to encourage the¶ formation of AND first¶ and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises. Perm solves – mixed motivations is key to successful policy and disads to the perm are empirically denied. Light, George Mason University Center for Global Ethics director, 2002 Andrew, Metaphilosophy, July 2002, Vol 33, No4, “Contemporary Environmental Ethics from Metaethics to Public Philosophy” Wiley, p.440-1, accessed 7-10-12, TAP
Katz and Oechsli are not alone in overlooking the importance of local human interests in AND frame of environmental problems should at least warrant a consideration of the latter.
Anthropocentrism is inevitable – humans still have to weigh it as a value. - Intrinsic value is crafted to convince people to care about nature – no way to necessarily make it trump human needs - Not all human interests become subservient – doesn’t rule out the aff impacts - Ruling out anthropocentric goal generates an absurd and impossible position Light, George Mason University Center for Global Ethics director, 2002 Andrew, Metaphilosophy, July 2002, Vol 33, No4, “Contemporary Environmental Ethics from Metaethics to Public Philosophy” Wiley, p.438, accessed 7-10-12, TAP
First, the, perhaps, externalism of this approach (or motivational rationalism), AND would quickly degenerate into an absurd position (see Lynch and Wells 1998).
Rejecting anthropocentric only reinforces a new hierarchy – that turns the k. Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992 Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.18, accessed 7-10-12, TAP
In marked contrast, the decoupling perspective endorsed here seeks to separate human activities from AND and in so doing to distort its forms by our inescapably unnatural presence.
Rejecting anthropocentrism embraces biological imperatives – this logic denies liberty and value to life. Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992 Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://www.amazon.com/Green-Delusions-Environmentalist-Critique-Environmentalism/dp/0822314746, p.39-40, accessed 7-10-12, TAP
One reason conservative ideas so readily latch onto the environmental discourse lies in the widespread AND , sponges, jellyfish, and indeed the vast majority of nonhuman species.
The OWS reluctance to formulate demands might have been beneficial initially in that it might AND where they are – to point B – where they want to be.
? Defer to pragmatism over the alt – actions shape reality, not theorizing – if they don’t have a paradigm for operating in the world, you assign them zero solvency. Ihde, State University of New York Stony Brook philosophy professor, 2012 Don, “Experimental Phenomenology” second edition, p.116-7, TAP
Carl Mitcham, himself a pragmatist, has pointed out that one salient feature of AND not wish to enter since my program here is more prescriptive than expository.
The alternative fails, leads to co-option and anti-politics Edwards, Leicester University, 1998 Tim, "Queer Fears," Sexualities 1.471
I have been very hard on queer theory and politics quite deliberately as I have AND not some kind of uncritical addendum to a limited form of cultural optimism.
The neg needs to disprove the factual claims of the 1AC Yudowsky, Singularity Institute for AI Research Fellow and Director, 06 Eliezer, 8/31/2006, Cognitive Biases Potentially Affecting Judgment of Global Risk, http://www.singinst.org/ourresearch/publications/cognitive-biases.pdf
Every true idea which discomforts you will seem to match the pattern of at least one psychological error. Robert Pirsig said: "The world's biggest fool can say the sun is shining AND have no technical expertise - instead sagely analyzing the psychology of the disputants. If someone wrote a novel about an asteroid strike destroying modern civilization, then someone AND no amount of psychologizing can tell you the exact slope of that curve. . Despite all dangers and temptations, it is better to know about psychological biases than AND in it. The one whom you must watch above all is yourself.
Humans key to animals Cerutti,Professor of Political Philosophy University of Florence, 07 Furio, Global Challenges for Leviathan: A Political Philosophy of Nuclear Weapons and Global Warming: Pg 16-17
Extinction is the usual end of the plant and animal species living on earth. AND humans civilization; disrupting civilized coexistence is like burning down the woods.36
Extinction is bad – It sacrifices opportunity for cultural evolution AND future human life is a normative good since they'll enjoy it Cohen, Ph.D., United States Institute of Peace Senior Fellow, and Lee, 1986 Avner, and, Steven, "Nuclear weapons and the future of humanity: the fundamental questions," p. 332-333, google books
I shall reinforce this conclusion with several arguments for the claim that, while preventing AND existence for future generation that is independent of the interests of existing people.
Human focused framework doesn’t oppress animals Goldman, 2001 Michael, "A Transcendental Defense of Specieism," Journal of Value Inquiry 35:59-69, Springer
This argument is too simple. It is true that biology no longer directs our AND instinctive behavior has evolved to reflect the global dimensions of social reproductive interdependency. It is evident that at least one morally appropriate basis for rejecting racism and other AND imperatives tend to compel us to abjure the mistreatment of our genetic kin. What this suggests, however, is that it is still possible to draw a AND is, for the most part, human beings who can constructively contribute.
President Obama's second term began with two clear projects. The first was to successfully AND is the only possible outcome." There will be no immigration bill in this Congress. HC thumps- Vote scheduled for Friday. Lillis, The Hill, 11-13-13 Mike, “Dems double down in attack on Upton bill” http://thehill.com/homenews/house/190111-dem-leaders-double-down-in-attack-on-upton-bill, accessed 11-14-13, TAP
House Democratic leaders are doubling down in their opposition to GOP legislation that would allow AND tweaks the health department has in mind, or when they might surface.
During a fresh round of debate this week over President Barack Obama's claim that he AND . citizen alleged to be a "senior operational leader of Al Qaeda."
For all the tough talk on the international front the United States has quietly been AND call between President Obama and Iran President Hassan Rouhani played into that perception.
It was billed as historic and touted as a diplomatic reach-out to AND handed to him,” Mr. Dubowitz said, in The Daily Beast.
The president has asked Congress to consider establishing a special court or oversight board to AND but raises serious constitutional issues about presidential and judicial authority," he said.
Obama doesn’t get blamed for the plan Howell and Pevehouse, University of Chicago public policy professors, 2007 William and Jon, Foreign Affairs. Sep/Oct2007, Vol. 86, “When Congress Stops Wars.” EBSCO, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
After all, when presidents anticipate congressional resistance they will not be able to overcome AND Pace, so as to avoid a clash with Congress over his reappointment.
At the risk of being accused of "false equivalency" I need to state AND . A government cataclysm this month will heighten voters' anxiety and Obama's jeopardy.
President Obama's second term began with two clear projects. The first was to successfully AND only possible outcome." There will be no immigration bill in this Congress.
About three quarters of applicants have been approved. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, the AND program launch clarified that school and hospital records and utility bills would be accepted.
The president has asked Congress to consider establishing a special court or oversight board to AND but raises serious constitutional issues about presidential and judicial authority," he said.
During a fresh round of debate this week over President Barack Obama's claim that he AND . citizen alleged to be a "senior operational leader of Al Qaeda."
Obama doesn’t get blamed for the plan Howell and Pevehouse, University of Chicago public policy professors, 2007 William and Jon, Foreign Affairs. Sep/Oct2007, Vol. 86, “When Congress Stops Wars.” EBSCO, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
After all, when presidents anticipate congressional resistance they will not be able to overcome AND Pace, so as to avoid a clash with Congress over his reappointment.
At the risk of being accused of "false equivalency" I need to state AND . A government cataclysm this month will heighten voters' anxiety and Obama's jeopardy.
1/14/14
2ac-CLS K-round 6-App State
Tournament: App State | Round: 6 | Opponent: Georgetown LP | Judge: Whit Whitmore Evaluate consequences Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002 (Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)
Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It AND not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
No war impact. Hinde and Pulkkinnen, Cambridge psychology professor and University of Jyväskylä psychology professor, 2000 Robert and Lea, DRAFT Background Paper for Working Group 1: HUMAN AGGRESSIVENESS AND WAR, 50th Pugwash Conference On Science and World Affairs: "Eliminating the Causes of War" Queens' College, Cambridge , UK, 3-8 August http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/pac256/WG1draft1.htm
People are capable of perpetrating the most terrible acts of violence on their fellows. AND multiple causes, and the interactions between the causal factors remain largely unexplored.
A final, and crucial, step towards mitigating the strategic consequences of drones ¶ AND architecture which might avert ¶ some of the worst consequences of their use.
Only the perm solves – legal reform is key Lobel, Assistant Law Prof at Univ. of San Diego, ‘7 (Orly, “THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS,” 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, accessed 9-23-13) PM
In all of these cases, it is the act of engagement, not law AND , and in turn serve to facilitate and ¶ stabilize the process.185
Cooption and alt fails Lobel, Assistant Law Prof at Univ. of San Diego, ‘7 (Orly, “THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS,” 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, accessed 9-23-13) PM NOTE – They use globalization activism as an example of extra-legal resistance
A similar process can be described with regard to the literature on ¶ globalization. AND — may ¶ bring about its own destruction by fracture and diffusion.184 Obama would comply with the court Vladeck, American University law professor, 2009 Stephen, “The Long War, the Federal Courts, and the Necessity / Legality Paradox” http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002andcontext=facsch_bkrev, p.922-3, accessed 10-5-13, TAP
Moreover, even if one believes that suspensions are unreviewable, there is a critical AND comply with a Supreme Court decision. But perhaps I am naïve.184
1/14/14
2ac-Cap -Texas rd 5
Tournament: Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: WVU AF | Judge: Eric Morris Case turns the K, not the other way around Joshua Goldstein, American University International Relations Professor, 2001, “War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa,” p.411-412
I began this book hoping to contribute in some way to a deeper understanding of AND on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.
8. Either the alternative can be implemented through the state or institutions like corporations thwart your movement Farber, City University of New York Brooklyn College political science professor, 9-13-12 Samuel, “Occupy Wall Street and the Art of Demanding” http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/11507-occupy-wall-street-and-the-art-of-demanding, accessed 9-15-12, TAP
Of all the internal controversies Occupy generated, the one over whether the movement should AND on the state but because they were much stronger than their American counterparts.
9. State action is key to lasting societal change. Sullivan, the New Republic – editor, 1995 (Andrew, Virtually Normal, pg. 91-93)
Moreover, mere cultural redeployment in a free society is always subject to a cultural AND not enough. It may be necessary, but it is not sufficient.
To achieve actual results, to end persecution of homosexuals in the military, to AND or projects for turning the cage into something more like a human home.”
13. The alt is vague – that’s a reason to reject the team because it makes them a moving target that we can’t test to determine if it is true, and vague alts fail. Farber, City University of New York Brooklyn College political science professor, 9-13-12 Samuel, “Occupy Wall Street and the Art of Demanding” http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/11507-occupy-wall-street-and-the-art-of-demanding, accessed 9-15-12, TAP
The OWS reluctance to formulate demands might have been beneficial initially in that it might AND where they are – to point B – where they want to be.
THE MAGIC OF THE MARKET The worldwide demand for democratic government in the modern era AND acting on that principle in the political arena is essential for democratic government.
Psychoanalysis is unverifiable and have no utility in debate over a policy Beystenhner, Northwestern University, 98 Kristen, "Psychoanalysis: Freud's Revolutionary Approach to Human Personality," http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/beystehner.html
Popper, by far one of psychoanalysis' most well-known critics and a strong AND there is no overt behavioral method of doing so (p. 254). Other critics claim that psychoanalysis cannot be considered a science due to its lack of AND be made with any accuracy (Colby, 1960, p. 55). Additional critics insist that psychoanalysis is not a science because of the lack of interpretive AND then the regulations that govern psychoanalytic interpretation are undependable (p. 55).
2/9/14
2ac-Case-Rubber Stamping
Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pitt CK | Judge: Oliver Brass Rubber Stamp High approval rate does not make something a rubber stamp. Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012 Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.30, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
Although not a required form of analysis, these factors nonetheless suggest a rigorous review AND of American efforts to target alleged terrorists and reduce likelihood of collateral damage.
While the model is different—a defense attorney cannot question ¶ state witnesses— AND an ¶ independent judiciary as a precursor to engaging in operational ¶ counterterrorism. Obama would comply with the court Vladeck, American University law professor, 2009 Stephen, “The Long War, the Federal Courts, and the Necessity / Legality Paradox” http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002andcontext=facsch_bkrev, p.922-3, accessed 10-5-13, TAP
Moreover, even if one believes that suspensions are unreviewable, there is a critical AND comply with a Supreme Court decision. But perhaps I am naïve.184
A Brief History of Fred Korematsu¶ It has been more than 50 years since AND . He was 86 years old. Click here to read his obituary.
The historical evidence is mixed though – he was also rejected for racist reasons. NNDB, No Date Notable Names Database, “Fred Korematsu” http://www.nndb.com/people/492/000282643/, accessed 1-8-14, TAP
After the 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Fred Korematsu tried to enlist with AND hoping to conceal the "Asian" look of his eyes and nose.
Fred T. Korematsu, who lost a Supreme Court challenge in 1944 to the AND or declared military necessity our institutions must be vigilant in protecting constitutional guarantees."
Ableism is an enabler of other isms such as speciesm, racism and sexism Wolbring, biochemist, bioethicist, disability/vari-ability/ability studies scholar at the University of Calgary, 7 Gregor, April 15, 2007, and health policy and science and technology governance researcher at the University of Calgary, member of the Center for Nanotechnology and Society at Arizona State University; Part Time Professor at Faculty of Law, University of Ottawa, Canada, Innovation Watch, “NBICS, Other Convergences, Ableism and the Culture of Peace,” http://www.innovationwatch-archive.com/choiceisyours/choiceisyours-2007-04-15.htm, Accessed: 12-29-13, CAS
Ableism is a set of beliefs, processes and practices that produce -- based on AND are judged, and it is often seen as a prerequisite for progress.
2/9/14
2ac-Exec CP-round 4-App State
Tournament: App State | Round: 4 | Opponent: Indiana FH | Judge: Scott Elliott
Perm – do both – shields the link Chesney et al., University of Texas law professor, 2013 Robert, Brookings Institute senior fellow, Jack Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, Matthew Waxman, Columbia University law professor and CFR senior fellow, and Benjamin Wittes, Brookings Institution governance studies senior fellow, 2-25-13, “A Statutory Framework for Next-Generation Terrorist Threats,” http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/Statutory-Framework-for-Next-Generation-Terrorist-Threats.pdf, p.8-9, accessed 9-26-13, TAP
Congress could authorize the president to use force that is consistent with his ¶ extant AND defense regime is ¶ politically and legally more stable when backed by Congress.
3. AND Congressional signal key to legality. Anderson, professor of international law at Washington College of Law, American University, 10-18-13 (Kenneth, “No Safe Havens?,” Hoover Digest, No. 4, Fall 2013 by Hoover Institution http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/159096, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)
Without a hardheaded effort on the part of Congress and the executive¶ branch to AND Jack¶ Goldsmith have repeatedly warned, they might well be miscalculating now. U.S. counterterrorism policy overall needs to be embedded in policies,¶ processes AND framework for the¶ long run, but effectively to outlaw the practice. Republicans should not be enablers in this effort. They should not¶ mimic the AND future presidents,¶ among whom there will surely be a Republican or two.
5. The CP isn’t accountability. Adelsberg, Yale University JD candidate, 2012 Samuel, 6 Harv. L. and Pol'y Rev. 437, “SHORT ESSAYS: Bouncing the Executive's Blank Check: Judicial Review and the Targeting of Citizens” Lexis, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
Despite this, the executive branch is currently operating under a publicly lawless regime when AND U.S. citizen a terrorist and duly execute him or her.
6. Ex ante is key. Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012 Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.22-5, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
The argument put forth here, therefore, is that in light of the protections the Constitution affords AND Judge James Baker, in describing the nature of covert actions put it: AND officials to avoid making them in the first place.”111
8. Congress is key – mistrust overwhelms the CP – anything the executive does is self-serving and non-credible. Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, 5-1-13 Jack, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror” http://www.newrepublic.com/node/112964/print, accessed 9-29-13, TAP
These are unhappy developments for the president who in his first inaugural address pledged with AND more about the way of the knife through Freedom of Information Act requests. A related sin is the Obama administration's surprising failure to secure formal congressional support. AND , even if it means that secret war abroad is harder to conduct.
Links to politics. Cooper, University of Vermont political science professor, 99 (Phillip J., Federal News Service, October 28, 1999, “Prepared Testimony of Phillip J. Cooper Gund Professor of Liberal Arts Department of Political Science University of Vermont before the House Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law, p. Lexis)
There is certainly the danger that excessive use of broad application of executive orders can AND to be maintained throughout if the tasks of government are to be accomplished.
12. Counterplan undermines flexibility Fortier, research fellow at AEI, 7 (John, political scientist who has taught at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Delaware, Boston College, and Harvard University, 10-10-07, “Blurring the Lines,” http://www.aei.org/article/politics-and-public-opinion/elections/blurring-the-lines/, accessed 8-19-13, CMM)
A recent book, The Terror Presidency, by my American Enterprise Institute colleague, AND find that going to Congress can strengthen executive power, not diminish it.
1/14/14
2ac-Framework -Texas rd 5
Tournament: Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: WVU AF | Judge: Eric Morris Clash uniquely solves critical thinking through deliberation that solves oppression. Lundberg, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill communications professor, 2010 Christian, Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century by Allan Louden, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” http://books.google.com/books?id=ntHxX_9J7gYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandq=complex20worldandf=false, p.311-3, accessed 8-8-12, TAP
The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and AND their time and political energies toward policies that matter the most to them. The merits of debate as a tool for building democratic capacity-building take on AND are, without a doubt, a number of important criticisms of employing debate
as a model for democratic deliberation. But cumulatively, the evidence presented here AND concrete work to realize and expanded commitment to debate at colleges and universities.
Your silence is telling – the performance of the 1nc is faint damnation of internment – it doesn’t capture the full force of the 1ac criticism. Yen, Boston College law professor, 1998 Alfred, 40 B.C. L. Rev 1, “SYMPOSIUM: Introduction: Praising With Faint Damnation -- The Troubling Rehabilitation of Korematsu” Lexis, accessed 10-22-13, TAP
A prime example of the way in which Korematsu may be "praised with faint AND curiously muted in his criticism of the internment and those responsible for it. avoids criticizing every arm of the government responsible for internment.
Changing representational practices won’t alter policy, looking to structures and politics is more vital Tuathail, Department of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 96 (Gearoid Tuathail, Department of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), 664 )
While theoretical debates at academic conferences are important to academics, the discourse and concerns AND all crucial in explaining social action and should be theorized together with representational practices
. Both here and earlier, Dalby’s reasoning inclines towards a form of idealism. AND needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is human history.
2/9/14
2ac-Framework-round 3-JMU
Tournament: JMU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayne State BS | Judge: Brent Brossmann c. Engaging the state is key to education and environmental solutions Maniates, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Science at Allegheny College, 1 (Michael, “Individualization: Plant a Tree, Buy a Bike, Save the World?,” Global Environmental Politics 1:3, August 2001, http://merlin.allegheny.edu/employee/m/mmaniate/savetheworld.pdf, page 32-33, accessed 6-20-12, CMM)
And yet mainstream environmentalism has not always advanced an individualized consumeristic strategy for redressing environmental AND they were lovely visionaries, naive about the forces that confronted them.22
10/16/13
2ac-Interpolative Presidency K-Navy
Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pitt CK | Judge: Oliver Brass Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002 (Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)
Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It AND not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
3. Utilitarianism precludes any other framework for evaluations, life comes first. Schell, 2000 (policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)
To say that human extinction is a certainty would, of course, be a AND the earth we tamper with a mystery. We are in deep ignorance.
4. Alt doesn’t solve the case– the impacts happen before the alt solves – that means the aff outweighs on timeframe.
5. Case turns the K, not the other way around Joshua Goldstein, American University International Relations Professor, 2001, “War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa,” p.411-412
I began this book hoping to contribute in some way to a deeper understanding of AND on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.
One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that AND violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself. 6. Structural violence doesn’t escalate – prefer proximate causes Hinde and Pulkkinnen, Cambridge psychology professor and University of Jyväskylä psychology professor, 2000 Robert and Lea, DRAFT Background Paper for Working Group 1: HUMAN AGGRESSIVENESS AND WAR, 50th Pugwash Conference On Science and World Affairs: "Eliminating the Causes of War" Queens' College, Cambridge , UK, 3-8 August http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/pac256/WG1draft1.htm
People are capable of perpetrating the most terrible acts of violence on their fellows. AND multiple causes, and the interactions between the causal factors remain largely unexplored.
7. No specific link to the aff – proves perm do the plan and non-contradictory parts of the alt solves. If it doesn’t, proves the alt can’t overcome the sqo.
Preventing war is a prerequisite for justice—its impossible to solve all injustice at the structural level—containing injustices that stem from war is the most ethical action Elshtain, U Chicago Social and Political Ethics Professor, Princeton University Advanced Study Institute Fellow, Rockefeller Foundation Resident Scholar, Guggenheim Fellow, 2008 Jean Bethke, “Peace, Order, Justice: Competing Understandings,” Millennium, 36.3, Sage
We arrive, finally at model III. Let’s call this hard-headed peace AND the worst from happening, and to resist the seductive lure of grandiosity.
Perm do both
Perm: do the plan and embrace the methodology of the K as a way for the drone court justices to evaluate targeted killings before the plan. The alt is the only way to solve because reforming within the state is key to actual change. If the Neg is able to embrace this methodology, the drone court judges can too.
The legal academy has, of late, been swept up in concern about the economic conditions that affect the placement of law school graduates. The AND learning curve. While further ¶ adaptation of this model is undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for ¶ the years to come.
The academy isn’t wrong – our authors would get fired if they produced wrong studies – our studies are real and create actionable knowledge Earl C. Ravenal 9, distinguished senior fellow in foreign policy studies @ Cato, is professor emeritus of the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service. He is an expert on NATO, defense strategy, and the defense budget. He is the author of Designing Defense for a New World Order. What's Empire Got to Do with It? The Derivation of America's Foreign Policy.” Critical Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Politics and Society 21.1 (2009) 21-75
The underlying notion of “the security bureaucracies . . . looking for new enemies AND or to a lack of sufficient imagination to exploit opportunities for personal profit.
Only the perm solves – legal reform is key Lobel, Assistant Law Prof at Univ. of San Diego, ‘7 (Orly, “THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS,” 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, accessed 9-23-13) PM
In all of these cases, it is the act of engagement, not law AND , and in turn serve to facilitate and ¶ stabilize the process.185
Predictions are key to policy discourse and morality Mearsheimer, University of Chicago Wendell Harrison Professor of Political Science, 2001, (John J, “The Tragedy of Great Power Politics”, p. 7-8)
Despite these hazards, social scientists should nevertheless use their theories to make predictions about AND mindful of both the benefits and the hazards of trying to predict events.
Reps don’t cause war Reiter, Emory University political science professor, 1995 Dan, International Security, Vol. 20, No. 2, “Exploding the Powder Keg Myth: Preemptive Wars Almost Never Happen” JSTOR, p.15-16, accessed 10-7-13, TAP
A criticism of assessing the frequency of preemptive wars by looking only at wars themselves AND cancer, this is not demonstrated by the results of such a test.
Cooption and alt fails Lobel, Assistant Law Prof at Univ. of San Diego, ‘7 (Orly, “THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS,” 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, accessed 9-23-13) PM NOTE – They use globalization activism as an example of extra-legal resistance
A similar process can be described with regard to the literature on ¶ globalization. AND — may ¶ bring about its own destruction by fracture and diffusion.184 Constructing prior questions doesn’t disprove the aff – it results in generalizations and inaction. Owen, University of Southampton political theory professor, 2002 David, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol 31 No 3, “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Practical Reason” Sagepub, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a¶ frenzy for words like AND second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
Alt collapses on itself – perm solves best Lobel, Assistant Law Prof at Univ. of San Diego, ‘7 (Orly, “THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS,” 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, accessed 9-23-13) PM
A basic structure of cooptation arguments as developed in relation ¶ to the labor and AND conceived ideal as civil society ¶ sows the seeds of its own destruction.
A final, and crucial, step towards mitigating the strategic consequences of drones ¶ AND architecture which might avert ¶ some of the worst consequences of their use.
Legal reforms dampen emergency powers – proves NO IMPACT and the PERM solves. O’Cinneide, University College London senior law lecturer, 2008 Colm, “‘Dampening’: How Legal Mechanisms Can Offer a Partial Respite from the Counter-Terrorism Cycle” http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
However, certain legal processes appear to have some capacity to slow down the excesses AND repression: the need for mobilisation in response may therefore also be diluted. ) The environment is indestructible and resilient Gregg Easterbrook, Brookings Economic and Governance Studies Fellow, ‘95 A Moment on the Earth, 25-26
In the aftermath of events such as Love Canal or the Exxon Valdez oil spill AND anything approaching the environmental damage nature inflicts on itself on a recurrent basis.
Moreover, even if one believes that suspensions are unreviewable, there is a critical AND comply with a Supreme Court decision. But perhaps I am naïve.184
Only the perm solves – legal reform is key Lobel, Assistant Law Prof at Univ. of San Diego, ‘7 (Orly, “THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS,” 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, accessed 9-23-13) PM
In all of these cases, it is the act of engagement, not law AND , and in turn serve to facilitate and ¶ stabilize the process.185
Prefer our scenario – peace is distinct from justice – war sustains oppression, and peace is a prerequisite to justice – their scenarios of everyday violence will not escalate to war Joshua Goldstein, American University International Relations Professor, 2001, “War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa,” p.411-412
I began this book hoping to contribute in some way to a deeper understanding of AND on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.
Structural violence doesn’t escalate – they essentialize degrees of violence, systems of violence are not causal to international war Hinde and Pulkkinnen, Cambridge psychology professor and University of Jyväskylä psychology professor, 2000 Robert and Lea, DRAFT Background Paper for Working Group 1: HUMAN AGGRESSIVENESS AND WAR, 50th Pugwash Conference On Science and World Affairs: "Eliminating the Causes of War" Queens' College, Cambridge , UK, 3-8 August http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/pac256/WG1draft1.htm
People are capable of perpetrating the most terrible acts of violence on their fellows. AND and the interactions between the causal factors remain largely unexplored.
No Offense – calculation does not lead to totalitarianism – it may be necessary but is not sufficient Bronner, Rutgers University political science professor, 04 Stephen Eric, Reclaiming the Enlightenment, CIAO, 112-113
Whatever the theoretical sweep of the argument advanced by Dialectic of Enlightenment, from the AND Thus, it turns into merely another instance of what Thomas Mann called a “power-protected inwardness.”
As my colleagues Michael Gordon and Mark Landler report, before Secretary of State John AND is a historic mistake, I think. A grievous, historic error.”
Some analysts believe Netanyahu's earlier threats helped lead to Iran keeping uranium enrichment below the AND succeeding," said Israeli Strategic Affairs Minister Yuval Steinitz, a Netanyahu confidant.
No impact – containment solves. Zenko, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Cohen, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 12 (Micah, and Michael, “Clear and Present Safety: The United States Is More Secure Than Washington Thinks,” Foreign Affairs. New York: Mar/Apr 2012. Vol. 91, Iss. 2; pg. 79, 15 pgs, accessed 3-2-12, CMM)
Of course, the gravest concerns about Iran focus on its nuclear activities.Those AND threat to the U.S. homeland would continue to be minimal. Overblown fears of a nuclear Iran are part of a more generalized American anxiety about AND of the Cold War, the risk of a nuclear attack has increased."
1/14/14
2ac-Karzai DA- Districts Rd 6
Tournament: Districts | Round: 6 | Opponent: Navy MR | Judge: Jake Weiner No internal link – drones aren’t key. Gilbreath, US Army War College MA candidate, 2013 Gregory, US air force colonel, March 2013, “America’s Targeted Killing Policy: Is it Right? Is it Working?” https://publicportal.carlisle.army.mil/sites/mobile/201320SRPs/Gilbreath20Gregory20SRPA.pdf, p.11-2, accessed 12-23-13, TAP
The policy of targeted killing has yielded tangible short-term results. The ramped AND it positively contributes to the long-term strategy of eliminating terrorism’s root ca Further evaluation reveals that the policy potentially counters long-term goals because it breeds AND “removes any trace of a campaign to win hearts and minds.”55 Similar doubts about the effectiveness of a counterterrorism strategy without a complementary counterinsurgency strategy surfaced AND meet its long-term goals when terrorism’s roots are left in place. Another measure that illuminates if a counterterrorism strategy is working is whether the targeted group AND more difficult and costly process of helping “local leaders marginalize militants.”64
Conversely, some object to the use of courts or court-like review as AND , the judges would be issuing a warrant to kill rather than surveil. While this is significant, it should not fundamentally alter the legal analysis.187 AND deal with¶ exceptional cases where ex ante approval is not possible.191
Several people have voiced objections to the creation of a FISA-¶ style “drone AND nature of the armed conflict against al Qaeda, they become less compelling. First, if properly defined, the new court could be limited solely to questions AND ¶ individuals believed to be agents of a foreign power without a warrant. Second, given the definition of imminent threat in the Department of Justice’s¶ white AND made in the process of long investigations and in light of much intelligence.
Plan not key – situation on the ground determines drawdown trajectory – and planning in place for all scenarios avoids the impact Price, McClatchy Foreign Staff, 9-19-13 Jay, “U.S. ready to begin major drawdown of troops, equipment from Afghanistan”, http://www.adn.com/2013/09/19/3083011/us-ready-to-begin-major-drawn.html, accessed 9-21-13, AFB
KABUL, AFGHANISTAN — As the United States begins the major phase of its withdrawal AND to negotiate their passage with the countries to the north, Gamble said.¶
While U.S. policymakers focus their attention on Syria’s civil war and the AND than 12 years of war, our job in Afghanistan is not done. A series of recent developments have made Afghanistan’s first major transfer of executive power since AND and urged President Karzai to pass the electoral laws he had previously vetoed. A credible, inclusive, and transparent electoral process will be one central ingredient in AND Afghan leaders who represent different political groupings are already meeting to discuss these questions.
Perm – do both – shields the link Chesney et al., University of Texas law professor, 2013 Robert, Brookings Institute senior fellow, Jack Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, Matthew Waxman, Columbia University law professor and CFR senior fellow, and Benjamin Wittes, Brookings Institution governance studies senior fellow, 2-25-13, “A Statutory Framework for Next-Generation Terrorist Threats,” http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/Statutory-Framework-for-Next-Generation-Terrorist-Threats.pdf, p.8-9, accessed 9-26-13, TAP
Congress could authorize the president to use force that is consistent with his ¶ extant AND defense regime is ¶ politically and legally more stable when backed by Congress.
3. AND Congressional signal key to legality. Anderson, professor of international law at Washington College of Law, American University, 10-18-13 (Kenneth, “No Safe Havens?,” Hoover Digest, No. 4, Fall 2013 by Hoover Institution http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/159096, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)
Without a hardheaded effort on the part of Congress and the executive¶ branch to AND Jack¶ Goldsmith have repeatedly warned, they might well be miscalculating now. U.S. counterterrorism policy overall needs to be embedded in policies,¶ processes AND framework for the¶ long run, but effectively to outlaw the practice. Republicans should not be enablers in this effort. They should not¶ mimic the AND future presidents,¶ among whom there will surely be a Republican or two. 5. The CP isn’t accountability. Adelsberg, Yale University JD candidate, 2012 Samuel, 6 Harv. L. and Pol'y Rev. 437, “SHORT ESSAYS: Bouncing the Executive's Blank Check: Judicial Review and the Targeting of Citizens” Lexis, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
Despite this, the executive branch is currently operating under a publicly lawless regime when AND U.S. citizen a terrorist and duly execute him or her.
6. Ex ante is key. Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012 Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.22-5, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
The argument put forth here, therefore, is that in light of the protections AND the United States and (2) targeting is truly the last resort. The preceding case law suggests that domestic legal protections for U.S. citizens AND Judge James Baker, in describing the nature of covert actions put it: Because this process is internal to the executive branch, it is subject to executive-branch While Judge Baker concluded that these risks “magnify the importance of a meaningful process AND officials to avoid making them in the first place.”111
8. Congress is key – mistrust overwhelms the CP – anything the executive does is self-serving and non-credible. Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, 5-1-13 Jack, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror” http://www.newrepublic.com/node/112964/print, accessed 9-29-13, TAP
These are unhappy developments for the president who in his first inaugural address pledged with AND more about the way of the knife through Freedom of Information Act requests. A related sin is the Obama administration's surprising failure to secure formal congressional support. AND , even if it means that secret war abroad is harder to conduct.
Just how many classified opinions has the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel issued since AND disclosed in response to a FOIA request from Talking Points Memo in 2011.¶
Counterplan undermines flexibility Fortier, research fellow at AEI, 7 (John, political scientist who has taught at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Delaware, Boston College, and Harvard University, 10-10-07, “Blurring the Lines,” http://www.aei.org/article/politics-and-public-opinion/elections/blurring-the-lines/, accessed 8-19-13, CMM)
A recent book, The Terror Presidency, by my American Enterprise Institute colleague, AND find that going to Congress can strengthen executive power, not diminish it.
Yet American history shows that once a precedent for constitutional abuse is set—usually AND the earlier expansive Bush/Obama war on terror as their unfortunate precedent.
1/14/14
2ac-Saudi Arabia Advantage
Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pitt CK | Judge: Oliver Brass
Ever since the United States and Saudi Arabia fell into something of an alliance in AND But they may soon need one another much less than they used to.
1/28/14
2ac-Security K-Clarion
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pitt CM | Judge: Christy Webster Dunn 2ac – Security K 2. Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002 (Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)
Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It AND not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Constructing prior questions doesn’t disprove the aff – it results in generalizations and inaction. Owen, University of Southampton political theory professor, 2002 David, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol 31 No 3, “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Practical Reason” Sagepub, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a¶ AND This image feeds back into IR exacerbating the first¶ and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
Changing representational practices won’t alter policy, looking to structures and politics is more vital Tuathail, Department of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 96 (Gearoid Tuathail, Department of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), 664 )
While theoretical debates at academic conferences are important to academics, the discourse and concerns AND needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is human history.
Perm solves – can’t abandon the notion of security BUT it can be reframed – also no impact. Nunes, University of Warwick research fellow, 2012 João, Security Dialogue 2012 43: 345, “Reclaiming the political: Emancipation and critique in security studies” Sagepub, p.349-50, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
In the works of these authors, one can identify a tendency to see security AND Seeking to address these limitations, the next section revisits emancipatory¶ understandings of security.
The legal academy has, of late, been swept up in concern about the AND While further ¶ adaptation of this model is undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for ¶ the years to come.
One problem with this account of the political, where we divide the world into AND declare war on him is to attempt to resuscitate the enemy’s failing animus.
A. Perm solves – rejection fails, the plan is key – declaring alternative approaches to security do not challenge status quo mentalities, political actions are necessary Huysmans, Open University Politics Lecturer, March 1999 (Jef, “LANGUAGE AND THE MOBILISATION OF SECURITY EXPECTATIONS. THE NORMATIVE DILEMMA OF SPEAKING AND WRITING SECURITY,” www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/events/jointsessions/paperarchive/mannheim/w18/huysmans.pdf, accessed 9-11-9)
Thus, the critical quality rests on the assumption that representations of the world make AND Are they possibly a constitutive part of the mastery of the dominant construction?
Every true idea which discomforts you will seem to match the pattern of at least AND real-world assertions. Do not take your eye off the ball.
11/12/13
2ac-Security K-round 4- App State
Tournament: App State | Round: 4 | Opponent: Indiana FH | Judge: Scott Elliott Simulating the enactment of the plan provides useful critical thinking skills. Donohue, Georgetown University law professor, 2013 Laura, “Nation al Security Pedagogy: The Role of Simulations” http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2172andcontext=facpub, p.48-9, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
The legal academy has, of late, been swept up in concern about the AND the ¶ expression of government authority and the effort to limit the same. The one-size fits all approach currently dominating the conversation in legal education, AND suggest a greater nuance with regard to how ¶ the pedagogical skills present. With this approach in mind, I have here suggested six pedagogical goals for national AND ¶ ensuring that they will be most effective when they enter the field. The problem with the current structures in legal education is that they fall short, AND other areas of experiential education, such as clinics and moot ¶ court. It is in an effort to address these concerns that I developed the simulation model AND necessary, it suggests one potential direction for ¶ the years to come.
One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that AND violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself. Reps don’t cause war Reiter, Emory University political science professor, 1995 Dan, International Security, Vol. 20, No. 2, “Exploding the Powder Keg Myth: Preemptive Wars Almost Never Happen” JSTOR, p.15-16, accessed 10-7-13, TAP
A criticism of assessing the frequency of preemptive wars by looking only at wars themselves AND cancer, this is not demonstrated by the results of such a test.
No impact and the alt fails – it can’t explain the world adequately and trigger points are necessary. Rodwell, Manchester Metropolitan University foreign policy PhD candidate, 2005 Jonathan, “Trendy But Empty: A Response to Richard Jackson” http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/rodwell1.htm, accessed 9-22-13, TAP
However, having said that, the problem is Jackson’s own theoretical underpinning, his AND explanation cannot simply come from the result of inscripting identity and discourse. O
n top of this there is the clear problem that the consequences of the discursive AND analysis provides us with is a set of universals and a heuristic model.
Constructing prior questions doesn’t disprove the aff – it results in generalizations and inaction. Owen, University of Southampton political theory professor, 2002 David, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol 31 No 3, “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Practical Reason” Sagepub, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a¶ AND helped to promote the IR theory wars by motivating this¶ philosophical turn. The first danger with the philosophical turn is that it has an inbuilt tendency to AND it¶ is not the only or even necessarily the most important kind. The second danger run by the philosophical turn is that because prioritisation of ontology and AND the promotion of the pursuit of generality over that of empirical¶ validity. The third danger is that the preceding two combine to encourage the¶ formation of AND first¶ and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
Perm solves – can’t abandon the notion of security BUT it can be reframed – also no impact. Nunes, University of Warwick research fellow, 2012 João, Security Dialogue 2012 43: 345, “Reclaiming the political: Emancipation and critique in security studies” Sagepub, p.349-50, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
In the works of these authors, one can identify a tendency to see security AND also identifies a liberal and highly problematic¶ ‘organizational logic’ in security. Although there would probably be disagreement over the degree to which this logic is inescapable AND This tendency in the literature is problematic for the critique of security in at least three ways. AND an engagement with the different ways in which security may be constructed. AND to a life with a degree of predictability are¶ identified with violence. Finally, this tendency blunts critical security studies as a resource for practical politics. AND dominant discourses of security to be confused with the essence of security itself. AND address these limitations, the next section revisits emancipatory¶ understandings of security.
1/14/14
2ac-Security-Texas rd 5
Tournament: Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: WVU AF | Judge: Eric Morris Simulating the enactment of the plan provides useful critical thinking skills. Donohue, Georgetown University law professor, 2013 Laura, “Nation al Security Pedagogy: The Role of Simulations” http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2172andcontext=facpub, p.48-9, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
The legal academy has, of late, been swept up in concern about the AND the ¶ expression of government authority and the effort to limit the same. The one-size fits all approach currently dominating the conversation in legal education, AND suggest a greater nuance with regard to how ¶ the pedagogical skills present. With this approach in mind, I have here suggested six pedagogical goals for national AND ¶ ensuring that they will be most effective when they enter the field. The problem with the current structures in legal education is that they fall short, AND in national ¶ security law, here may provide an important way forward. AND It is in an effort to address these concerns that I developed the simulation model AND necessary, it suggests one potential direction for ¶ the years to come.
One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that AND critical international theory? For two reasons, we argue that they do not
. First, the interpretive ethos of critical international theory is driven, in large AND violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself.
No impact and the alt fails – it can’t explain the world adequately and trigger points are necessary. Rodwell, Manchester Metropolitan University foreign policy PhD candidate, 2005 Jonathan, “Trendy But Empty: A Response to Richard Jackson” http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/rodwell1.htm, accessed 9-22-13, TAP
However, having said that, the problem is Jackson’s own theoretical underpinning, his AND Unfortunately that explanation cannot simply come from the result of inscripting identity and discours
e. On top of this there is the clear problem that the consequences of AND analysis provides us with is a set of universals and a heuristic model.
Perm solves – can’t abandon the notion of security BUT it can be reframed – also no impact. Nunes, University of Warwick research fellow, 2012 João, Security Dialogue 2012 43: 345, “Reclaiming the political: Emancipation and critique in security studies” Sagepub, p.349-50, accessed 9-30-13, TAP
In the works of these authors, one can identify a tendency to see security AND also identifies a liberal and highly problematic¶ ‘organizational logic’ in security. Although there would probably be disagreement over the degree to which this logic is inescapable AND (Aradau, 2008; Van Munster, 2009; Peoples, 2011). This tendency in the literature is problematic for the critique of security in at least three ways. AND The assumption of an exclusionary,¶ totalizing or violent logic of security can be AND ¶ result of social and historical processes, and can thus be changed. AND one¶ must always understand it in context. AND Assuming from the start that security implies the narrowing¶ of choice and the empowerment AND to a life with a degree of predictability are¶ identified with violence. Finally, this tendency blunts critical security studies as a resource for practical politics. AND dominant discourses of security to be confused with the essence of security itself. In sum, the trajectory that critical security studies has taken in recent years has significant limitations. The politicization of security has made extraordinary progress in problematizing predominant¶ security ideas and AND address these limitations, the next section revisits emancipatory¶ understandings of security.
2/9/14
2ac-Solvency-round 3-JMU
Tournament: JMU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayne State BS | Judge: Brent Brossmann Learning policy making discourse is the only way to challenge the dogmatic assumptions of elites – their interpretation of radical acts is too rigid and absolute – using the state can solve oppression. David E. McClean, New School University Professor, and Society for the Study of Africana Philosophy President, 2001, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm
Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our Country AND critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."
Drones are a form of international racial injustice – understanding drones in the context of across-the-board racism is critical to opposing racism. West, Union Theological Seminary philosophy professor, 7-22-13 Cornel, “Cornel West: Obama’s Response to Trayvon Martin Case Belies Failure to Challenge "New Jim Crow"” http://www.democracynow.org/2013/7/22/cornel_west_obamas_response_to_trayvon, accessed 8-15-13, TAP
AMY GOODMAN: In the aftermath of the Zimmerman verdict and the mass protests around AND the way back to the first slave who stepped on these decrepit shores.
Moreover, even if one believes that suspensions are unreviewable, there is a critical AND comply with a Supreme Court decision. But perhaps I am naïve.184
High approval rate does not make something a rubber stamp. Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012 Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.30, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
Although not a required form of analysis, these factors nonetheless suggest a rigorous review AND of American efforts to target alleged terrorists and reduce likelihood of collateral damage.
While the model is different—a defense attorney cannot question ¶ state witnesses— AND an ¶ independent judiciary as a precursor to engaging in operational ¶ counterterrorism.
1/14/14
2ac-T-Signature Strikes
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pitt CM | Judge: Christy Webster Dunn 2ac – T – Targeted Killing = Signature Strikes
We meet – signature strikes are targeted killings. Rushforth, J.D. candidate, University of Arizona College of Law, 12 (Elinor, Fall, “NOTE: THERE'S AN APP FOR THAT: IMPLICATIONS OF ARMED DRONE ATTACKS AND PERSONALITY STRIKES BY THE UNITED STATES AGAINST NON-CITIZENS, 2004-2012,” 29 Ariz. J. Int'l and Comp. Law 623, lexis, accessed 7-22-13, CMM)
n42 Adam Entous, Siobhan Gorman and Julian E. Barnes, U.S AND but who are believed to be terrorists or associates of terrorists. Id.
2. Counter-interpretation – targeted killing is legal lethal force that is pre-meditated. Alston, Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, 11 (Philip, UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010, “ARTICLE: The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders,” 2 Harv. Nat'l Sec. J. 283, lexis, accessed 7-22-13, CMM)
C. Defining "Targeted Killings"¶ As with many terms that have entered the AND specific individual who is not in the physical custody of the perpetrator. n46
3. We meet – signature strikes use lethal premeditated force on targets. Williams, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Islamic studies professor 5-31-13 Brian Glyn, “Inside the Murky World of 'Signature Strikes' and the Killing of Americans With Drones” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-glyn-williams/nside-the-murky-world-of-_b_3367780.html, accessed 9-17-13, TAP
Intelligence for these wider types of strikes is less specific than it is for those AND vehicles of militants or compounds, eavesdropping on cell phone conversations, etc.).
No matter how U.S. officials (secretly) refer to the practice AND After ten years of signature strikes, isn’t this a debate worth having?
5. Signature strikes are key to aff ground – any other interpretation is arbitrarily overlimiting and cuts out the heart of the topic. Wexler, University of Illinois law professor, 2013 Lesley, 5-8-13, “The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2262412, p.3-4, accessed 5-14-13, TAP
After September 11, 2001, the United States became enmeshed in a war on AND to pursue targeted killings and who it has allegedly killed with these drones.
Obama has reversed decades of precedent regarding the nature of presidential war powers -- and AND the imperial presidency than anything his predecessors or Congress have done for decades.
4. No unique link – the legwork for strikes already exists. Adelsberg, Yale University JD candidate, 2012 Samuel, 6 Harv. L. and Pol'y Rev. 437, “SHORT ESSAYS: Bouncing the Executive's Blank Check: Judicial Review and the Targeting of Citizens” Lexis, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
National Security Concerns A major concern for the military and intelligence community would likely be the effect of AND of the supporting intelligence" n83 and perform a collateral damage assessment. n84 Although not as public, the CIA apparently also has robust internal targeting procedures. AND "legalistic and carefully argued, often running up to five pages." n87 The purpose of surveying the known targeting procedures is to demonstrate that there is already AND that list could be put through the GTP with hearings before the CTRC.
5. Legal challenges to drone use are inevitable – drone court confirms flexibility. Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012 Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.22-5, accessed 9-15-13, TAP
Judges are also both knowledgeable in the vagaries of the law and accustomed to dealing AND reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114
The problem is that the attempt to disengage, to claim that the United States AND
the question is whether he will drive events, or they him.
1/14/14
2ac-Wilderson K-round 3-JMU
Tournament: JMU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayne State BS | Judge: Brent Brossmann Method focus fails because it never results in action. Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State IR Professor, 2002 James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68
It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method AND , but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.
Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002 (Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)
Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It AND not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
8. State action can fight racism. Jensen, Texas University Journalism Professor, Nowar Collective Founder, 2005 Robert, The Heart of Whiteness, p.78-87
I'm all for diversity and its institutional manifestation, multiculturalism. But we should be AND in the United States. It certainly has been true in my life.
Their ontological framing of blackness dooms the NEG. Placing Blackness as oppositional denies it any existence independent of white supremacy and makes identity reliant on oppression Pinn, Macalester College Professor of Religious Studies, 4 (Anthony, Dialog: A Journal of Theology, Volume 43, Number 1, Spring 2004, '‘‘Black Is, Black Ain’t’’: Victor Anderson, African American Theological Thought, and Identity', pg.57-58, Wiley online Library, accessed 11-10-12 TAT)
This connection between ontological blackness and¶ religion is natural because: ‘‘ontological blackness AND foster¶ balance while embracing difference as positive?¶ Anderson looks to Nietzsche.
12. Debate is fundamentally a competition – the adversarial structures means there is no spillover. Deborah Tannen, Ph.D., Georgetown University professor of linguistics and University Professor, 1998, “The Argument Culture,” p. 174
Another scholar who questions the usefulness of opposition as the sole path to truth is AND usually attributes that loss to poor performance or to an adversary's unfair tactics.
However, the absence of this type of Lacan-underwritten argument in Žiž AND whose underlying complicity with the present state of affairs he describes so well.
