Tournament: Kentucky Round Robin | Round: 3 | Opponent: MSU RT | Judge: David Heidt
Adv 1
Contention 1 – Accountability
Drone proliferation is coming – accountability is critical to prevent conflict.
Ingersoll and Kelley, Business Insider, 1-9-13
Geoffrey and Michael, “America Is Setting A Dangerous Precedent For The Drone Age” http://www.businessinsider.com/america-is-setting-a-dangerous-precedent-for-the-drone-age-2013-1

The decisions America makes today regarding drone policy could come back to haunt it sooner
AND
is waging its fight against terrorism in accordance with the rule of law."
Drone conflict escalates.
Cronin, George Mason University public policy professor, 13
Audrey Kurth, Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug 2013, Vol 92 Issue 4, “Why Drones Fail” Ebsco, accessed 6-30-13, TAP

The sometimes contradictory demands of the American people -- perfect security at home without burdensome
AND
-- then al Qaeda will be the least of the United States' worries.

Accountability allows the US to shape international norms.
Whibley, Victoria University of Wellington international relations MA, 2-6-13
James, Georgetown journal of international affairs, “The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent” http://journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/, accessed 7-29-13, TAP

If drones are destined to proliferate, the more important issue may become whether American
AND
, then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.

Accountability also gives the US leverage to pressure other countries into using best practices.
Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, 13
Micah, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”http:www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=full p.24-5, accessed 6-20-13, TAP

Beyond the United States, drones are proliferating even as they are¶ becoming increasingly
AND
likely to use lethal force against the United States¶ and its allies.

Drones will trigger regional wars in the South and East China Seas – lack of norms causes miscalc.
Brimley et al, Center for a New American Security vice president, 9-17-13
Shawn, Ben Fitzgerald, CNAS Tech and National Security program, and Ely Ratner, CNAS Asia program deputy director, “The Drone War Comes to Asia” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia?page=full, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

It's now been a year since Japan's previously ruling liberal government purchased three of the
AND
but the lack of well-established norms for their use in conflict..

Escalation is likely – collapses the economy
Cronin, Center for New American Security Asia-Pacific security program senior director, 9-7-12
Patrick, “Averting Conflict in the South China Sea” http://www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/averting-conflict-in-the-south-china-sea/, accessed 10-29-12, TAP

Despite rising tensions over the South China Sea, conflict can and should be averted
AND
the South China Sea will only be harnessed when there is such cooperation.
Economic collapse leads to global war.
Lind, New America Foundation Economic Growth Program Policy Director, 5/11/2010
Michael, "Will the great recession lead to World War IV?," http://www.salon.com/news/economics/index.html?story=/opinion/feature/2010/05/11/great_recession_world_war_iv

If history is any guide, an era of global economic stagnation will help the
AND
Eurasia, Eastasia and Oceania in 1984 is all too easy to imagine.
Asian instability escalates to nuclear war.
Landay, National Security and Intelligence Correspondent, 2K
(Jonathan S., “Top administration officials warn stakes for U.S. are high in Asian conflicts”, 3-10, Knight Ridder/Tribune News) Accessed on LexisNexis 12-29-09

Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea,
AND
that totaled $600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department. 

Adv 2

Contention 2 – Terrorism
Wide-scale restriction of drone use coming – only increasing accountability solves.
Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, 13
Micah, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”http:www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=full p.22, accessed 6-20-13, TAP

In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared:¶ “Where force
AND
the¶ United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.

Public backlash culminates in a legal crackdown that hemorrhages the targeted killing program.
Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, 12
Jack, “Power and Constraint” google books, p.199-201, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

For the GTMO Bar and its cousin NGOs and activists, however, the al
AND
deemed to be in the interest of U.S. national security.

US counter-terror ops are expanding in Africa now.
Tinti, WPR, 13
(Peter, freelance journalist and analyst based in Bamako, Mali, and Dakar, Senegal, 1-2-13, “U.S. Debates Framework for Counterterror Operations in Africa,”  http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12593/u-s-debates-framework-for-counterterror-operations-in-africa, accessed 8-23-13, CMM)

Some of these core assumptions, however, are being reconsidered amid the revelation that
AND
have on relations between the U.S. and its African counterparts.

Drones are key.
Byman, Georgetown University security studies professor, 2013
Daniel, Brookings Institution Saban Center for Middle East Policy senior fellow, foreign affairs, Jul/Aug 2013, Vol 92 Issue 4, “Why Drones Work” Ebsco, accessed 7-1-13, TAP

The Obama administration relies on drones for one simple reason: they work. According
AND
forcing the group to choose between having no leaders and risking dead leaders.

Unchecked executive power causes groupthink – that triggers massive policy errors.
Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012
Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.30-3, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings
AND
irrational persistence in pursuing ideological positions divorced from concern of alternative viewpoints.147
Professor Cass Sunstein has described situations in which groupthink produced poor results precisely because consensus
AND
1960’s,152 and the controversial decision to wage war against Vietnam.153
Professor Sunstein also has described the related phenomenon of “group polarization,” which includes
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.
Tom note – Sunstein, University of Chicago and Harvard University law professor

AQIM is a unique nuclear threat
FMWG, Fissile Materials Working Group ‘11
(Irma Arguello, David Culp, Ingrid Drake, Rob Golan-Vilella, Li Hong, Kenneth Luongo, Michelle Marchesano, Rajiv Nayan, Miles Pomper, William Potter, Kingston Reif, Jennifer Smyser, Elena Sokova, Peter Stockton, Alexandra Toma, Paul Walker, Peter Wilk, and Sarah Williams, all experts in the field, “After bin Laden: Nuclear terrorism still a top threat,” 5-13-11, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/fissile-materials-working-group/after-bin-laden-nuclear-terrorism-still-top-t, accessed 2-23-12) PM

The evolving threat. While Al Qaeda's anti-American ideology is unlikely to change
AND
Al Qaeda, a US priority must be securing this potential source material.

AQIM will have nuclear and biological weapon capabilities – and they will attack the US.
Allison, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs director, 12
Graham, Harvard University government professor, 9-7-12, "Living in the Era of Megaterror" http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22302/living_in_the_era_of_megaterror.html, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

Forty years ago this week at the Munich Olympics of 1972, Palestinian terrorists conducted
AND
the eye can see, we will live in an era of megaterror.

Nuclear terror results in extinction.
Morgan, Hankuk University foreign studies professor, 9
Dennis, Elsivier Vol 41 Issue 10, “World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race Futures” www.cgee.org.br/atividades/redirKori/6255, p.685-6, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question ‘‘Is
AND
start through the accidental or reckless use of strategic weapons. 10
Bioterror causes extinction.
Ochs, Chemical Weapons Working Group member, 2
Richard , Former Aberdeen Proving Ground Superfund Citizens Coalition president, member of the Depleted Uranium Task force of the Military Toxics Project, “Biological Weapons Must Be Abolished Immediately” http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html, accessed 10-28-10, TP

Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many
AND
Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues? Human extinction is now possible.

Unchecked Saharan terrorism spreads causes regional instability, environmental decline, and economic collapse
Metz, defense analyst, 13
(Steven, 1-23-13, “Strategic Horizons: Containment Should Guide U.S. Approach to al-Qaida in Africa,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12657/strategic-horizons-containment-should-guide-u-s-approach-to-al-qaida-in-africa, accessed 8-23-13, CMM)

Today all conflicts have cascading effects, quickly engulfing neighboring states and, if unchecked
AND
al-Qaida-associated organizations is the least-bad option available.

AQIM will attack oil fields – that triggers global price spikes.  
Jegarajah, CNBC News, 1-16-13
Sri, “Algeria Attack 'Wake-Up' Call for Oil Markets” http://www.cnbc.com/id/100386265, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

Global oil markets, under pressure from increased North American production, are facing the
AND
formidable in the region and yet we saw that they can be vulnerable."

Price spikes collapse the global economy.
The Economist, 11
(3-3-11, “The Price of Fear,” http://www.economist.com/node/18285768, accessed 11-7-11, CMM)

The reason for a rise in the oil price is as important as how large it is. An increase forced by higher demand is less dangerous than one driven by constricted supply, because it is evidence of a healthy global economy. If rapid growth means that China and India are importing more oil, they are probably importing larger amounts of other things as well, lessening the pain for slower-growing consumers of oil.
Nonetheless, whether driven by demand or supply, a large enough spike in the
AND
0.5 to 1 of GDP that simple extrapolation suggests.
James Hamilton, of the University of California, San Diego, has identified numerous
AND
, after the biggest one-week increase since Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

Economic collapse leads to global war.
Lind, New America Foundation Economic Growth Program Policy Director, 5/11/2010
Michael, "Will the great recession lead to World War IV?," http://www.salon.com/news/economics/index.html?story=/opinion/feature/2010/05/11/great_recession_world_war_iv

If history is any guide, an era of global economic stagnation will help the
AND
Eurasia, Eastasia and Oceania in 1984 is all too easy to imagine.

Solvency
Ex ante review by a drone court solves group think.
Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 12
Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.33-4, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature
AND
(and political motivations incentivized and exploited by popular hysteria and fear).159
Requiring accounting in a formalized way prior to engaging in a targeted killing—by
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

Executive secrecy guts support for drones – a drone court garners legitimacy for the drone program.
Johnson, former Pentagon general counsel, 3-18-13
Jeh Charles, “Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A “Drone Court”: Some Pros and Cons” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/, accessed 9-3-13, TAP

Thank you for this invitation.  Today I want to join the current public debate
AND
who actually wouldn’t mind the added comfort of judicial imprimatur on their decisions.

Congress can establish an effective drone court – Congressional involvement creates credibility of drone strikes with the public.
McKelvey, Vanderbilt University JD Candidate, 11
Benjamin, Vanderbilt journal of transnational law editorial board executive development editor, Vol 44, “Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power” http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/mckelvey-pdf.pdf, p.1378-9, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

As the Aulaqi case demonstrates, any resolution to the problem ¶ of targeted killing
AND
have the potential to violate civil liberties.206¶ FISA also effectively balances

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Harrigan, Moczulsk, Watson
Contention 1 - Pakistan
Taliban attacks are escalating.
Cheney, World Politics Review, 6-28-13
Catherine, “Pakistani Taliban Attempt to Show Strength by Attacking Foreigners” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/13060/pakistani-taliban-attempt-to-show-strength-by-attacking-foreigners?utm_source=Weekly+Headlinesandutm_campaign=2e94105ac4-WPR_Weekly_062813andutm_medium=emailandutm_term=0_6e36cc98fd-2e94105ac4-62727697, accessed 7-4-13, TAP

The Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan (TTP), commonly known as the Pakistani Taliban
AND
none of the Pakistani government’s periodic counterinsurgency campaigns have resulted in durable gains. 

Success collapses the Pakistani state.
Curtis, Heritage Foundation senior research fellow, 7-15-13
Lisa, “Pakistan Makes Drones Necessary” http://nationalinterest.org/print/commentary/pakistan-makes-drones-necessary-8725, accessed 8-12-13, TAP

It is no secret that the drone strikes often benefit the Pakistani state. On
AND
will remain of vital strategic interest for Washington for many years to come.

That makes nuclear terrorism and loose nukes inevitable.
Rafiq, Middle East Institute adjunct scholar, 7-19-13
Arif, Vizier Consulting LLC president, “The Battle for Islamabad” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/07/18/the_battle_for_islamabad_pakistan_taliban_syria?page=full, accessed 8-14-13, TAP

The Pakistani Taliban are heading to Syria. At least that's what a number of
AND
nuclear-armed state to take over and plenty of Shiites to kill.

Loose nukes trigger extinction.
Pitt, New York Times and internationally best-selling author, 9
William Rivers, “Unstable Pakistan threatens the world” http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183, accessed 9-17-13, TAP

As familiar as this sounds, it did not take place where we have come
AND
to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.

Success against Pakistani terrorism is critical to Afghanistan stability.
Miller et al, Washington Post, 1-19-13
Greg, Ellen Nakashima, and Karen DeYoung, “CIA drone strikes will get pass in counterterrorism ‘playbook,’ officials say” http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/cia-drone-strikes-will-get-pass-in-counterterrorism-playbook-officials-say/2013/01/19/ca169a20-618d-11e2-9940-6fc488f3fecd_print.html, accessed 7-4-13, TAP

The decision to allow the CIA strikes to continue was driven in part by concern
AND
carve-out “will undoubtedly be predicated on facts on the ground.”

Conflict spills over to Central Asia
Lal, PhD and political Scientist at RAND, 6
(Rollie, “Central Asia and its Asian Neighbors”
http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2006/RAND_MG440.pdf, pages 19-21, accessed 12-24-10, CMM)

The relationship between the Central Asian states and their neighbors is complex and heavily influenced
AND
. This agreement has facilitated Uzbekistan’s access to needed ports for export.13
It goes nuclear.
Ahrari, Prof of National Security @ the Armed Forces Staff College, 1
(M. Ehsan, August, “Jihadi Groups, Nuclear Pakistan and the New Great Game,” http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ssi/jihadi.pdf, pg 41, accessed 12-24-10, CMM)

South and Central Asia constitute a part of the world where a well-designed
AND
partners for the United States, thus representing a gain for all concerned.
Unaccountable executive results in groupthink – that triggers massive policy errors.
Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 12
Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.30-3, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.
Restrained drone use is key to effective counter-terror
Cronin, George Mason University public policy professor, 13
Audrey Kurth, Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug 2013, Vol 92 Issue 4, “Why Drones Fail” Ebsco, accessed 6-30-13, TAP

Like any other weapon, armed drones can be tactically useful. But are they
AND
States risks multiplying its enemies and heightening their incentives to attack the country.
Alternatives fail – Pakistan rejects them.
Bergen, New America Foundation national security studies program director, and Tiedemann, NAF national security studies program research fellow, 11
Peter and Katherine, George Washington University political science doctoral student, Foreign Affairs, July-Aug 2011, “Washington's Phantom War Subtitle: The Effects of the U.S. Drone Program in Pakistan” Lexis, accessed 5-21-13, TAP

The military alternatives to drone strikes in the tribal areas -- U.S.
AND
met with outcries from Pakistani officials concerned about violations of the country's sovereignty.

Tournament: Dartmouth Round Robin | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Jarrod Atchison
The United States Federal Government should establish a limited ex parte and ex ante judicial review process for targeted killing by drones.

“Limited” means only questions of eligibility will be addressed by the court
Weinberger, University of Puget Sound political science professor, 2013
Seth, Global Security Studies Review, May 2013, Volume I, Issue 2, “Enemies Among Us: The Targeted Killing of American Members of al Qaeda and the Need for Congressional Leadership” https://www.academia.edu/4033328/Enemies_Among_Us_The_Targeted_Killing_of_American_Members_of_al_Qaeda_and_the_Need_for_Congressional_Leadership, p.20, accessed 1-23-14, TAP

Several people have voiced objections to the creation of a FISA-¶ style “drone AND
in the process of long investigations and in light of much intelligence.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: NU OS | Judge: Carly Wunderlich
New Plan

The United States Federal Government should establish an ex parte and ex ante judicial review process utilizing a strict scrutiny standard for targeted killing by drones.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kentucky GY | Judge: JP
Plan: The United States Federal Government should establish ex ante judicial review of targeted killing by drones.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: MSU BS | Judge: Nick Brown
The United State Federal Government should establish ex ante judicial review utilizing a strict scrutiny standard for targeted killing by drones.

Tournament: Dartmouth Round Robin | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Jarrod Atchison
Saudi
Contention 2 – Saudi Arabia

Wide-scale restriction of drone use coming – only increasing accountability solves.
Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, 13
Micah, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”http:www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=full p.22, accessed 6-20-13, TAP

In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared:¶ “Where force
AND
the¶ United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.

Public backlash culminates in a legal crackdown that hemorrhages the targeted killing program.
Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, 12
Jack, “Power and Constraint” google books, p.199-201, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

For the GTMO Bar and its cousin NGOs and activists, however, the al
AND
deemed to be in the interest of U.S. national security.

Unchecked executive power causes groupthink – that triggers massive policy errors.
Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012
Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.30-3, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings
AND
irrational persistence in pursuing ideological positions divorced from concern of alternative viewpoints.147
Professor Cass Sunstein has described situations in which groupthink produced poor results precisely because consensus
AND
1960’s,152 and the controversial decision to wage war against Vietnam.153
Professor Sunstein also has described the related phenomenon of “group polarization,” which includes
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.
Tom note – Sunstein, University of Chicago and Harvard University law professor

US-Saudi rift now – sustaining credible security ties is key to prevent total collapse.
Brown, PBS Newshour, 10-22-13
Jeffrey, interviewing Margaret Warner, PBS chief foreign affairs correspondent, and Graeme Bannerman, Middle East Institute scholar and State Department analyst, “Changing relations with Mideast allies may affect U.S. position in the region” http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world/july-dec13/saudi2_10-22.html?print, accessed 11-12-13, TAP

JEFFREY BROWN: And to find out more on how the U.S.-
AND
not paying enough attention to the feelings of our allies in the region.

Drones are key.
Eakin, International Reporting Project Gatekeepers editor trip recipient and author, 12
Hugh, “Saudi Arabia and the New US War in Yemen” http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2012/may/21/saudi-arabia-and-new-us-war-yemen/, accessed 11-12-13, TAP

The United States is quietly being drawn into an escalating conflict in Yemen. Following
AND
that argument will continue to assuage the country’s youth remains an open question.

US-Saudi relations collapse bad – causes oil price spikes.
HENDERSON, Baker fellow and director of the Gulf and Energy Policy Program at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 11-1-13
(Simon, “The U.S.-Saudi Royal Rumble,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/11/01/the_us_saudi_royal_rumble?page=full, accessed 11-2-13, CMM)

Assuming that the Saudi-U.S. relationship is really heading off course
AND
is way down near the bottom of the Obama administration's list of concerns.

Collapses the economy.
Luft, executive director of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, 11
(Gal, 2-6-11, “What if Saudi Arabia Erupts?,” http://www.thecuttingedgenews.com/index.php?article=31896pageid=16pagename=Opinion, accessed 11-7-11, CMM)

Egypt is relevant to the oil market because it may be a bellwether for the
AND
Middle East is to expedite our effort to wean our economy from oil.

Economic collapse leads to global war.
Lind, New America Foundation Economic Growth Program Policy Director, 5/11/2010
Michael, "Will the great recession lead to World War IV?," http://www.salon.com/news/economics/index.html?story=/opinion/feature/2010/05/11/great_recession_world_war_iv

If history is any guide, an era of global economic stagnation will help the
AND
Eurasia, Eastasia and Oceania in 1984 is all too easy to imagine.

Saudi Arabia will dump the dollar and collapse US leadership
Nyquist, Financial Sense geopolitical analyst, 11-4-13
JR, “America, Saudi Arabia, and the Dollar” http://www.financialsense.com/contributors/jr-nyquist/america-saudi-arabia-dollar, accessed 1-22-14, TAP

The alliance between the United States and Saudi Arabia has been strategically important for both
AND
privileged financial position. There does not appear to be a third choice.
That triggers a transition to multipolarity, causing multiple wars
Khalilzad, former U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the UN, 2-8-11
(Zalmay, United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992, National Review Online, “The Economy and National Security,” http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad, accessed 2-8-11, CMM)

Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
AND
to work our way through the kind of crisis that we face today.
Leadership solves nuclear conflict
Zhang and Shi, Researcher @ The Carnegie Endowment, ’11
Yuhan Zhang, Researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Lin Shi, Columbia University, Independent consultant for the Eurasia Group, Consultant for the World Bank, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry,” January 22nd 2011, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/ 

Over the past two decades, no other state has had the ability to seriously
AND
forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Tournament: Kentucky Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Oklahoma LM | Judge: Andrea Reed
Plan
Text: The United States Federal Government should establish judicial review of targeted killing by drones. 

Contention 1
Contention 1 – Accountability
Drone proliferation is coming – accountability is critical to prevent conflict.
Ingersoll and Kelley, Business Insider, 1-9-13
Geoffrey and Michael, “America Is Setting A Dangerous Precedent For The Drone Age” http://www.businessinsider.com/america-is-setting-a-dangerous-precedent-for-the-drone-age-2013-1

The decisions America makes today regarding drone policy could come back to haunt it sooner
AND
is waging its fight against terrorism in accordance with the rule of law."
Drone conflict escalates.
Cronin, George Mason University public policy professor, 13
Audrey Kurth, Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug 2013, Vol 92 Issue 4, “Why Drones Fail” Ebsco, accessed 6-30-13, TAP

The sometimes contradictory demands of the American people -- perfect security at home without burdensome
AND
-- then al Qaeda will be the least of the United States' worries.

Accountability allows the US to shape international norms.
Whibley, Victoria University of Wellington international relations MA, 2-6-13
James, Georgetown journal of international affairs, “The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent” http://journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/, accessed 7-29-13, TAP

If drones are destined to proliferate, the more important issue may become whether American
AND
, then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.

Accountability also gives the US leverage to pressure other countries into using best practices.
Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, 13
Micah, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”http:www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=full p.24-5, accessed 6-20-13, TAP

Beyond the United States, drones are proliferating even as they are¶ becoming increasingly
AND
likely to use lethal force against the United States¶ and its allies.

Drones will trigger regional wars in the South and East China Seas – lack of norms causes miscalc.
Brimley et al, Center for a New American Security vice president, 9-17-13
Shawn, Ben Fitzgerald, CNAS Tech and National Security program, and Ely Ratner, CNAS Asia program deputy director, “The Drone War Comes to Asia” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia?page=full, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

It's now been a year since Japan's previously ruling liberal government purchased three of the
AND
but the lack of well-established norms for their use in conflict..

Escalation is likely – collapses the economy
Cronin, Center for New American Security Asia-Pacific security program senior director, 9-7-12
Patrick, “Averting Conflict in the South China Sea” http://www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/averting-conflict-in-the-south-china-sea/, accessed 10-29-12, TAP

Despite rising tensions over the South China Sea, conflict can and should be averted
AND
the South China Sea will only be harnessed when there is such cooperation.
Economic collapse leads to global war.
Lind, New America Foundation Economic Growth Program Policy Director, 5/11/2010
Michael, "Will the great recession lead to World War IV?," http://www.salon.com/news/economics/index.html?story=/opinion/feature/2010/05/11/great_recession_world_war_iv

If history is any guide, an era of global economic stagnation will help the
AND
Eurasia, Eastasia and Oceania in 1984 is all too easy to imagine.
Asian instability escalates to nuclear war.
Landay, National Security and Intelligence Correspondent, 2K
(Jonathan S., “Top administration officials warn stakes for U.S. are high in Asian conflicts”, 3-10, Knight Ridder/Tribune News) Accessed on LexisNexis 12-29-09

Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea,
AND
that totaled $600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department. 

Contention 2
Contention 2: Solvency
Executive secrecy guts support for drones – a drone court garners legitimacy for the drone program.
Johnson, former Pentagon general counsel, 3-18-13
Jeh Charles, “Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A “Drone Court”: Some Pros and Cons” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/, accessed 9-3-13, TAP

Thank you for this invitation.  Today I want to join the current public debate
AND
who actually wouldn’t mind the added comfort of judicial imprimatur on their decisions.

Congress can establish an effective drone court – Congressional involvement creates credibility of drone strikes with the public.
McKelvey, Vanderbilt University JD Candidate, 11
Benjamin, Vanderbilt journal of transnational law editorial board executive development editor, Vol 44, “Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power” http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/mckelvey-pdf.pdf, p.1378-9, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

As the Aulaqi case demonstrates, any resolution to the problem ¶ of targeted killing
AND
the abuse of targeted killing without ¶ interfering with executive duties and authority.
Perhaps most importantly, a legislative solution would provide ¶ the branches of government and
AND
the use of all ¶ peaceful measures before lethal force is pursued.212

Contention 3
Contention 3 – Hegemony

Wide-scale restriction of drone use coming – only increasing accountability solves.
Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, 13
Micah, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”http:www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=full p.22, accessed 6-20-13, TAP

In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared:¶ “Where force
AND
the¶ United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.

Structural change is inevitable – US leadership prevents great power war that triggers extinction.
Barnett, Wikistrat geostrategic analysis consulting firm chief analyst, 11
Thomas, 3-7-11, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads, accessed 9-15-12, TAP

It is worth first examining the larger picture: We live in a time of
AND
in all of its forms, deeply embedded in the geometry to come.

Heg solves conflict – it prevents transition wars and de-escalates conflicts.
BROOKS et al, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, 13
 (Stephen, John IKENBERRY, Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University, William WOHLFORTH, Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University, “Lean Forward,” Foreign Affairs; Jan/Feb2013, Vol. 92 Issue 1, p130-142, 13p, 1 Black and White Photograph, esbco, accessed 1-13-13, CMM)

KEEPING THE PEACE¶ Of course, even if it is true that the costs
AND
an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous.
Decline causes US lashout.
Lieven, New America Foundation, 2011
Anatol, 7-11-11, “U.S.-Russian Relations and the Rise of China” http://newamerica.net/publications/policy/us_russian_relations_and_the_rise_of_china, accessed 9-28-13, TAP

At the same time, it would be very unwise to be complacent about the
AND
between the U.S. and China in the decades to come.
Drones solve overstretch.
Rushforth, University of Arizona JD candidate, 12
Elinor, 29 Ariz. J. Int'l and Comp. Law 623, “NOTE: THERE'S AN APP FOR THAT: IMPLICATIONS OF ARMED DRONE ATTACKS AND PERSONALITY STRIKES BY THE UNITED STATES AGAINST NON-CITIZENS, 2004-2012” Lexis, accessed 9-28-13, TAP

The drone program is a fixture in the Obama administration's fight against terror n163 and
AND
that its full focus is on protecting and growing our nation at home.
Overstretch collapses heg.
Florig, University of Hankuk foreign studies professor, 10
Dennis, Review of International Studies, Vol. 36, No. 4, October 2010, “Hegemonic Overreach vs. Imperial Overstretch” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1548783, p.23-7, accessed 9-28-13, TAP

Despite the belief of some in the U.S. in the divine sanction
AND
or other WMD by the rising number of powers who possess them looms.
Heg best explains global peace.
Owen, associate professor in the University of Virginia’s Department of Politics, 11
(John, 2-11-11, “Don’t Discount Hegemony,” http://www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony, accessed 8-12-13, CMM)

Our colleagues at Simon Fraser University are brave indeed. That may sound like a
AND
are now seeing is about much more than the humbling of a superpower.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Emory DK | Judge: Michael Hester
Adv 1
Contention 1 - Pakistan
The Pakistani Taliban is escalating attacks in Pakistan now.
Cheney, World Politics Review, 6-28-13
Catherine, “Pakistani Taliban Attempt to Show Strength by Attacking Foreigners” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/13060/pakistani-taliban-attempt-to-show-strength-by-attacking-foreigners?utm_source=Weekly+Headlinesandutm_campaign=2e94105ac4-WPR_Weekly_062813andutm_medium=emailandutm_term=0_6e36cc98fd-2e94105ac4-62727697, accessed 7-4-13, TAP

The Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan (TTP), commonly known as the Pakistani Taliban
AND
none of the Pakistani government’s periodic counterinsurgency campaigns have resulted in durable gains. 

Success collapses the Pakistani state.
Curtis, Heritage Foundation senior research fellow, 7-15-13
Lisa, “Pakistan Makes Drones Necessary” http://nationalinterest.org/print/commentary/pakistan-makes-drones-necessary-8725, accessed 8-12-13, TAP

It is no secret that the drone strikes often benefit the Pakistani state. On
AND
will remain of vital strategic interest for Washington for many years to come.

That makes nuclear terrorism and loose nukes inevitable.
Rafiq, Middle East Institute adjunct scholar, 7-19-13
Arif, Vizier Consulting LLC president, “The Battle for Islamabad” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/07/18/the_battle_for_islamabad_pakistan_taliban_syria?page=full, accessed 8-14-13, TAP

The Pakistani Taliban are heading to Syria. At least that's what a number of
AND
nuclear-armed state to take over and plenty of Shiites to kill.

Loose nukes trigger extinction.
Pitt, New York Times and internationally best-selling author, 2009
William Rivers, “Unstable Pakistan threatens the world” http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183, accessed 9-17-13, TAP

As familiar as this sounds, it did not take place where we have come
AND
to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.

Success against Pakistani terrorism is critical to Afghanistan stability.
Miller et al, Washington Post, 1-19-13
Greg, Ellen Nakashima, and Karen DeYoung, “CIA drone strikes will get pass in counterterrorism ‘playbook,’ officials say” http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/cia-drone-strikes-will-get-pass-in-counterterrorism-playbook-officials-say/2013/01/19/ca169a20-618d-11e2-9940-6fc488f3fecd_print.html, accessed 7-4-13, TAP

The decision to allow the CIA strikes to continue was driven in part by concern
AND
carve-out “will undoubtedly be predicated on facts on the ground.”

Conflict spills over to Central Asia and draws in other powers
Lal, PhD and political Scientist at RAND, 6
(Rollie, “Central Asia and its Asian Neighbors”
http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2006/RAND_MG440.pdf, pages 19-21, accessed 12-24-10, CMM)

The relationship between the Central Asian states and their neighbors is complex and heavily influenced
AND
. This agreement has facilitated Uzbekistan’s access to needed ports for export.13

It goes nuclear.
Ahrari, Prof of National Security @ the Armed Forces Staff College, 1
(M. Ehsan, August, “Jihadi Groups, Nuclear Pakistan and the New Great Game,” http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ssi/jihadi.pdf, pg 41, accessed 12-24-10, CMM)

South and Central Asia constitute a part of the world where a well-designed
AND
for the United States, thus representing a gain for all concerned.

Presidential power results in groupthink – that triggers massive policy errors.
Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012
Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.30-3, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings
AND
irrational persistence in pursuing ideological positions divorced from concern of alternative viewpoints.147
Professor Cass Sunstein has described situations in which groupthink produced poor results precisely because consensus
AND
1960’s,152 and the controversial decision to wage war against Vietnam.153
Professor Sunstein also has described the related phenomenon of “group polarization,” which includes
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.
Tom note – Sunstein, University of Chicago and Harvard University law professor

Drones key to fight Pakistani terrorism.
Curtis, Heritage Foundation senior research fellow, 7-15-13
Lisa, “Pakistan Makes Drones Necessary” http://nationalinterest.org/print/commentary/pakistan-makes-drones-necessary-8725, accessed 8-12-13, TAP

One of the central campaign platforms of newly elected Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif was
AND
Year Search for Bin Laden from 9/11 to Abbottabad 3.

Drones are critical to cutting off resources to terrorism in Afghanistan.
Bergen, New America Foundation national security studies program director, and Tiedemann, NAF national security studies program research fellow, 2011
Peter and Katherine, George Washington University political science doctoral student, Foreign Affairs, July-Aug 2011, “Washington's Phantom War Subtitle: The Effects of the U.S. Drone Program in Pakistan” Lexis, accessed 5-21-13, TAP

Finally, it is important to remember that Pakistan's tribal areas are a major source
AND
once said, the drone program is "the only game in town."

Alternatives fail – Pakistan rejects them.
Bergen, New America Foundation national security studies program director, and Tiedemann, NAF national security studies program research fellow, 2011
Peter and Katherine, George Washington University political science doctoral student, Foreign Affairs, July-Aug 2011, “Washington's Phantom War Subtitle: The Effects of the U.S. Drone Program in Pakistan” Lexis, accessed 5-21-13, TAP

The military alternatives to drone strikes in the tribal areas -- U.S.
AND
met with outcries from Pakistani officials concerned about violations of the country's sovereignty.

Adv 2
Contention 2 – Accountability
Drone proliferation is coming – accountability is critical to prevent conflict.
Ingersoll and Kelley, Business Insider, 1-9-13
Geoffrey and Michael, “America Is Setting A Dangerous Precedent For The Drone Age” http://www.businessinsider.com/america-is-setting-a-dangerous-precedent-for-the-drone-age-2013-1

The decisions America makes today regarding drone policy could come back to haunt it sooner
AND
is waging its fight against terrorism in accordance with the rule of law."

Drone conflict will result in global war.
Cronin, George Mason University public policy professor, 2013
Audrey Kurth, Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug 2013, Vol 92 Issue 4, “Why Drones Fail” Ebsco, accessed 6-30-13, TAP

The sometimes contradictory demands of the American people -- perfect security at home without burdensome
AND
-- then al Qaeda will be the least of the United States' worries.

Accountability allows the US to shape international norms that promote accountable use of drones.
Whibley, Victoria University of Wellington international relations MA, 2-6-13
James, Georgetown journal of international affairs, “The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent” http://journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/, accessed 7-29-13, TAP

If drones are destined to proliferate, the more important issue may become whether American
AND
, then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.

Accountability also gives the US leverage to pressure other countries into using best practices.
Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, 2013
Micah, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”http:www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=full p.24-5, accessed 6-20-13, TAP

Beyond the United States, drones are proliferating even as they are¶ becoming increasingly
AND
likely to use lethal force against the United States¶ and its allies.

Regional tensions are high in the South and East China Seas – lack of norms means drones trigger miscalculation – that results in Asian war.
Brimley et al, Center for a New American Security vice president, 9-17-13
Shawn, Ben Fitzgerald, CNAS Tech and National Security program, and Ely Ratner, CNAS Asia program deputy director, “The Drone War Comes to Asia” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia?page=full, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

It's now been a year since Japan's previously ruling liberal government purchased three of the
AND
political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war.

Escalation is likely – restraint is critical.
Cronin, Center for New American Security Asia-Pacific security program senior director, 9-7-12
Patrick, “Averting Conflict in the South China Sea” http://www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/averting-conflict-in-the-south-china-sea/, accessed 10-29-12, TAP

Despite rising tensions over the South China Sea, conflict can and should be averted
AND
the South China Sea will only be harnessed when there is such cooperation. 

War would escalate.
Klare, Peace and World Security Studies professor at Hampshire, Three Days Ago, 1-23-13
(Michael, “The Next War,” 1-23-13, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500.html, accessed 1-24-13) PM

Lurking just behind the Iranian imbroglio, however, is a potential crisis of far
AND
show-of-force operations by both sides in the disputed waters.
Economic collapse leads to global war.
Lind, New America Foundation Economic Growth Program Policy Director, 5/11/2010
Michael, "Will the great recession lead to World War IV?," http://www.salon.com/news/economics/index.html?story=/opinion/feature/2010/05/11/great_recession_world_war_iv

If history is any guide, an era of global economic stagnation will help the
AND
Eurasia, Eastasia and Oceania in 1984 is all too easy to imagine.
Escalation in the short term is likely.
Klare, Peace and World Security Studies professor at Hampshire, 1-23-13
(Michael, “The Next War,” 1-23-13, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500.html, accessed 1-24-13) PM

As 2012 ended and the New Year began, the situation only deteriorated. On
AND
planet will look with sadness and horror on the failure of everyone involved.

Asian instability escalates to nuclear war.
Landay, National Security and Intelligence Correspondent, 2K
(Jonathan S., “Top administration officials warn stakes for U.S. are high in Asian conflicts”, 3-10, Knight Ridder/Tribune News) Accessed on LexisNexis 12-29-09

Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea,
AND
that totaled $600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department. 

Institutions don’t check
Klare, Peace and World Security Studies professor at Hampshire, 1-23-13
(Michael, “The Next War,” 1-23-13, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500.html, accessed 1-24-13) PM

Regional diplomacy, that classic way of settling disputes in a peaceful manner, has
AND
Chinese press, while officials there refused to cede any ground at all.
Trade doesn’t check
Medcalf, Lowy Institute (Sydney) International Security Programme Director, and Heinrichs, Australian National University Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Scholar, 11
(Rory and Raoul, 6-27-11, “Asia’s Maritime Confidence Crisis,” http://the-diplomat.com/2011/06/27/asiaE28099s-maritime-confidence-crisis/?all=true, accessed 10-9-11, CMM)

To the casual observer, recent security tensions in Asian waters might seem a storm
AND
relations among major powers, with dangerous implications for regional peace and stability.

Solvency
Plan: The United States Federal Government should establish judicial review of targeted killing by drones. 

Ex ante review by a drone court solves group think – it institutionalizes accountability.
Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012
Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.33-4, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature
AND
(and political motivations incentivized and exploited by popular hysteria and fear).159
Requiring accounting in a formalized way prior to engaging in a targeted killing—by
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

Executive secrecy is eroding support for drones – establishing a drone court garners legitimacy for the drone program.
Johnson, former Pentagon general counsel, 3-18-13
Jeh Charles, “Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A “Drone Court”: Some Pros and Cons” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/, accessed 9-3-13, TAP

Thank you for this invitation.  Today I want to join the current public debate
AND
who actually wouldn’t mind the added comfort of judicial imprimatur on their decisions.

Congress can establish an effective drone court – Congressional involvement creates credibility of drone strikes with the public.
McKelvey, Vanderbilt University JD Candidate, 2011
Benjamin, Vanderbilt journal of transnational law editorial board executive development editor, Vol 44, “Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power” http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/mckelvey-pdf.pdf, p.1378-9, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

As the Aulaqi case demonstrates, any resolution to the problem ¶ of targeted killing
AND
the abuse of targeted killing without ¶ interfering with executive duties and authority.
Perhaps most importantly, a legislative solution would provide ¶ the branches of government and
AND
the use of all ¶ peaceful measures before lethal force is pursued.212

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Austin Layton
Saudi Relations Adv

Wide-scale restriction of drone use coming – only increasing accountability solves.
Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, 13
Micah, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”http:www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=full p.22, accessed 6-20-13, TAP

In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared:¶ “Where force
AND
the¶ United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.

Public backlash culminates in a legal crackdown that hemorrhages the targeted killing program.
Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, 12
Jack, “Power and Constraint” google books, p.199-201, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

For the GTMO Bar and its cousin NGOs and activists, however, the al
AND
deemed to be in the interest of U.S. national security.

Unchecked executive power causes groupthink – that triggers massive policy errors.
Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012
Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.30-3, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings
AND
irrational persistence in pursuing ideological positions divorced from concern of alternative viewpoints.147
Professor Cass Sunstein has described situations in which groupthink produced poor results precisely because consensus
AND
1960’s,152 and the controversial decision to wage war against Vietnam.153
Professor Sunstein also has described the related phenomenon of “group polarization,” which includes
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.
Tom note – Sunstein, University of Chicago and Harvard University law professor

US-Saudi rift now – sustaining credible security ties is key to prevent total collapse.
Brown, PBS Newshour, 10-22-13
Jeffrey, interviewing Margaret Warner, PBS chief foreign affairs correspondent, and Graeme Bannerman, Middle East Institute scholar and State Department analyst, “Changing relations with Mideast allies may affect U.S. position in the region” http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world/july-dec13/saudi2_10-22.html?print, accessed 11-12-13, TAP

JEFFREY BROWN: And to find out more on how the U.S.-
AND
not paying enough attention to the feelings of our allies in the region.

Drones are key.
Eakin, International Reporting Project Gatekeepers editor trip recipient and author, 12
Hugh, “Saudi Arabia and the New US War in Yemen” http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2012/may/21/saudi-arabia-and-new-us-war-yemen/, accessed 11-12-13, TAP

The United States is quietly being drawn into an escalating conflict in Yemen. Following
AND
that argument will continue to assuage the country’s youth remains an open question.

US-Saudi relations collapse bad – causes oil price spikes and 5th fleet kickout
HENDERSON, Baker fellow and director of the Gulf and Energy Policy Program at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 11-1-13
(Simon, “The U.S.-Saudi Royal Rumble,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/11/01/the_us_saudi_royal_rumble?page=full, accessed 11-2-13, CMM)

Assuming that the Saudi-U.S. relationship is really heading off course
AND
is way down near the bottom of the Obama administration's list of concerns.

Collapses the economy.
Luft, executive director of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, 11
(Gal, 2-6-11, “What if Saudi Arabia Erupts?,” http://www.thecuttingedgenews.com/index.php?article=31896pageid=16pagename=Opinion, accessed 11-7-11, CMM)

Egypt is relevant to the oil market because it may be a bellwether for the
AND
Middle East is to expedite our effort to wean our economy from oil.

Economic collapse leads to global war.
Lind, New America Foundation Economic Growth Program Policy Director, 5/11/2010
Michael, "Will the great recession lead to World War IV?," http://www.salon.com/news/economics/index.html?story=/opinion/feature/2010/05/11/great_recession_world_war_iv

If history is any guide, an era of global economic stagnation will help the
AND
Eurasia, Eastasia and Oceania in 1984 is all too easy to imagine.

5th Fleet departure crushes American Naval credibility—destroys hegemony.
Cropsey, Hudson Institute senior fellow, 10
Seth, former Naval Officer and deputy senior under-secretary of the Navy during the Reagan administration, Strategic Analysis vol 34 no1, “The US Navy in Distress” http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/Cropsey_US_Navy_In_Distress.pdf, p.36-7, accessed 11-12-13, TAP

American maritime strategy has played a major role in binding together the¶ international system
AND
and dismayingly large resources needed to recoup seapower surrendered¶ slowly over decades.

Naval power solves great power wars.
Conway et al, US Marine Corps general, 7
James, and Gary Roughead, US Navy admiral, Thad Allen, US Coast Guard admiral, “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower” http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf, p.10, accessed 11-12-13, TAP

Deter major power war. No other disruption is as potentially disastrous ¶ to global
AND
to retaliate against aggressors ¶ conventionally, unconventionally, and with nuclear forces.
Win our Nation’s wars. In times of war, our ability to impose local
AND
sustain forces, sea control and power ¶ projection enable extended campaigns ashore.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: OU BC | Judge: Whit Whitmore
Soft power builds effective coalitions to solve warming.
Reiss, William and Mary Vice Provost of International Affairs, 8
(Mitchell B., From 2003 to 2005, he was Director of Policy Planning at the State Department, “Restoring America's Image: What the Next President Can Do”, Survival, October, 50(5), pages 107, 108, ebsco, accessed 10-1-11, CMM)

But first, there is another question to be answered: why should Americans care
AND
justice and human dignity, or do more to enhance peace and security. 

Warming is real and anthropogenic.
Strom, University of Arizona professor emeritus of planetary sciences, 2007
Robert, Professor Emeritus of planetary sciences in the Department of Planetary Sciences at the University of Arizona, (studied climate change for 15 years, the former Director of the Space Imagery Center, a NASA Regional Planetary Image Facility, “Hot House”, SpringerLink, p.211-216

We currently face the greatest threat to humanity since civilization began. This is the
AND
starvation, and political and economic chaos with all their ramifications for civilization.

Warming causes extinction – the earth becomes uninhabitable.
Tickell, Climate Researcher, 8
(Oliver,The Guardian, 11 Aug, “On a planet 4C hotter, all we can prepare for is extinction,”. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange, accessed 9-4-10, CMM) 

We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming, Bob Watson told
AND
warming caused by human emissions could propel us towards a similar hothouse Earth.  

Destruction of the coral reefs results in extinction.
Inter Press Service, 2006
IPS is a non-profit climate news network, “Climate Change Shattering Marine Food Chain” http://www.climateark.org/shared/reader/welcome.aspx?linkid=55070andkeybold=coral20reef20dying20Pacific, accessed 1-16-12, TAP

"Twenty percent of Earth's reefs have been lost and 50 percent face moderate to
AND
known is how marine life will react," Doney said in an interview. 

Climate change is systemic – it causes massive displacement.
Lam, New America Media editor, 2012
Andrew, New America Media is the country's first and largest national collaboration and advocate of 2000 ethnic news organizations, “Consequences of Climate Change: A World Awash With Environmental Refugees” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andrew-lam/the-consequences-of-clima_1_b_1777174.html, accessed 2-23-13, TAP

The modern world has long thought of refugees in strictly political terms, victims in
AND
to neighboring India, where they endure lives of immense misery and discrimination.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 7 | Opponent: MSU BS | Judge: Hays Watson
Obama fights new AUMF authorization – he doesn’t want to expand the war.
Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, 1-24-13
Jack, “Second-Term Obama Administration Policy on Extra-AUMF Threats” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/01/second-term-obama-administration-policy-on-extra-aumf-threats/, accessed 9-29-13, TAP

Given the Obama administration’s first-term resistance to expanding the AUMF, the President’s
AND
to not extending the AUMF with its commitment to the rule of law.
The plan would reopen debates over the scope of the president’s ability to target terrorists under the AUMF – that results in a net broadening of authority
Cohen, fellow at the Brennan Center for Justice, 5-16-13
(Andrew, contributing editor at The Atlantic, 60 Minutes' first-ever legal analyst, chief analyst for CBS Radio News, “This Is Congress's Chance to Rein In the War on Terror,” http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/05/this-is-congresss-chance-to-rein-in-the-war-on-terror/275902/, accessed 6-10-13, CMM)

Although it will be drowned out by Washington's other unfolding political dramas and never pierce
AND
reason for legislative inertia. But it's rarely cause for comfort, either.

AUMF reform fails – Obama would come up with alternative legal justifications
*AUMF not key for forever war
Zenko, Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), 1-24-14
 (Micah, “The True Forever War,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/01/24/the_true_forever_war_technology_aumf, accessed 2-5-14, CMM)

In preparation for a recent talk, I spoke to a range of thinkers and
AND
continue to use force against a growing range of perceived national security threats.

Tournament: Dartmouth Round Robin | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Jarrod Atchison
Doesn’t solve accountability – Congress doesn’t find out and when they do it is after the fact.
Klaidman, Daily Beast, 3-19-13
Daniel, “Exclusive: No More Drones for CIA” http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/19/exclusive-no-more-drones-for-cia.html, accessed 7-4-13, TAP

To be sure, even with these distinctions, it is not clear that the
AND
brief” Congress after any of its targeted killings away from conventional battlefields.)

CP doesn’t solve norms – it is the sqo.
Fisk, Claremont Graduate University, and Ramos, Loyola Marymount University, 2013
Kerstin and Jennifer, International Studies Perspectives, “Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm” Wiley, p.4-6, accessed 12-27-13, TAP

We adopt this basic framework in our analysis, but build on it to account
AND
¶ a trifecta of capabilities: precision, reconnaissance, and surveillance.8

Tournament: Kentucky Round Robin | Round: 6 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: James Herndon
3. Doesn’t solve – Group think – review must come before – otherwise errors are inevitable.
Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012
Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.22-5, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

The argument put forth here, therefore, is that in light of the protections the Constitution affords U.S. AND
 executive officials to avoid making them in the first place.”111

Congress key – any vaguesness means the CP solves none of the aff.
Vladeck, professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, 13
(Steve, 2-10-13, “Why a “Drone Court” Won’t Work–But (Nominal) Damages Might…,” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/, accessed 9-26-13, CMM)

To be sure, there are a host of legal doctrines that would get in
AND
not most–of these cases, these legal issues would be overcome.

Executive circumvents – he has the motive – the cp fails to create accountability – solves none of the aff.
Epps, University of Baltimore law professor, 2-16-13
Garrett, “Why a Secret Court Won't Solve the Drone-Strike Problem” http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/02/why-a-secret-court-wont-solve-the-drone-strike-problem/273246/, accessed 9-4-13, TAP

Finally, some scholars have suggested that the Congress create a new "cause of
AND
but we'd be no closer to accountability for the drone-strike decision.

Boumedine decision blocks non-citizen suits
Murphy, Professor of Law, Texas Tech University School of Law and Radsan, Professor, William Mitchell College of Law, 9
(Richard and Afsheen, “ARTICLE: DUE PROCESS AND TARGETED KILLING OF TERRORISTS,” 32 Cardozo L. Rev. 405, lexis, accessed 9-27-13, CMM)

As to legal hurdles, Boumediene itself poses a high one to lawsuits by non
AND
killing, that may mean cutting off non-citizens from American courts.
State secret privilege blocks Biven’s effectiveness
Murphy, Professor of Law, Texas Tech University School of Law and Radsan, Professor, William Mitchell College of Law, 9
(Richard and Afsheen, “ARTICLE: DUE PROCESS AND TARGETED KILLING OF TERRORISTS,” 32 Cardozo L. Rev. 405, lexis, accessed 9-27-13, CMM)

The state-secrets privilege poses another barrier to Bivens-style actions. This
AND
the government could prevent litigation from seriously compromising intelligence sources and methods.219
They will LOSE THE CASES—turns the aff
Murphy, Professor of Law, Texas Tech University School of Law and Radsan, Professor, William Mitchell College of Law, 9
(Richard and Afsheen, “ARTICLE: DUE PROCESS AND TARGETED KILLING OF TERRORISTS,” 32 Cardozo L. Rev. 405, lexis, accessed 9-27-13, CMM)

In addition, the doctrine of qualified immunity requires dismissal of actions against officials if a court
AND
these egregious cases, a judicial check on executive authority is most necessary.

They don’t fiat how decisions are decided – the Court would defer to the executive based standing and the political question doctrine.
Opderbeck, Seton Hall University law professor, 2013
David, 8-2013, “Drone Courts” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2305315, p.55-6, accessed 8-28-13, TAP

A related objection to a specialized court is that existing¶ judicial procedures can address
AND
statute providing for judicial review, of course,¶ would eliminate this concern.

Tournament: USC | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Wayne JS | Judge: Repko, J Miller, Arnett
4. CP doesn’t solve ambiguity of legality – that’s key to solve opposition and norms.
Anderson, professor of international law at Washington College of Law, American University, 10-18-13
(Kenneth, “No Safe Havens?,” Hoover Digest, No. 4, Fall 2013 by Hoover Institution http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/159096, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

Without a hardheaded effort on the part of Congress and the executive¶ branch to
AND
Jack¶ Goldsmith have repeatedly warned, they might well be miscalculating now.
U.S. counterterrorism policy overall needs to be embedded in policies,¶ processes
AND
framework for the¶ long run, but effectively to outlaw the practice.
Republicans should not be enablers in this effort. They should not¶ mimic the
AND
future presidents,¶ among whom there will surely be a Republican or two.

6.  Ex ante is the only way to catch errors and deter mistakes.
Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012
Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.22-5, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

The argument put forth here, therefore, is that in light of the protections the Constitution affords U.S. AND
catch errors and cause executive officials to avoid making them in the first place.”111

7. Doesn’t solve accountability – courts defer – political question doctrine and state secrets – and even if the Courts don’t defer – the executive circumvents.
Epps, University of Baltimore law professor, 2-16-13
Garrett, “Why a Secret Court Won't Solve the Drone-Strike Problem” http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/02/why-a-secret-court-wont-solve-the-drone-strike-problem/273246/, accessed 9-4-13, TAP

Finally, some scholars have suggested that the Congress create a new "cause of
AND
but we'd be no closer to accountability for the drone-strike decision.

Doesn’t create a deterrent – the fine is so low the president would just pay it.
Vladecck, American University law professor, 2013
Steve, “Why a “Drone Court” Won’t Work–But (Nominal) Damages Might…” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/, accessed 9-22-13, TAP

As I explain (in rather painful length) below the fold, I think
AND
(and tribunal) that would raise as many questions as it answers.

They will LOSE THE CASES—turns the aff
Murphy, Professor of Law, Texas Tech University School of Law and Radsan, Professor, William Mitchell College of Law, 9
(Richard and Afsheen, “ARTICLE: DUE PROCESS AND TARGETED KILLING OF TERRORISTS,” 32 Cardozo L. Rev. 405, lexis, accessed 9-27-13, CMM)

In addition, the doctrine of qualified immunity requires dismissal of actions against officials if a court
AND
these egregious cases, a judicial check on executive authority is most necessary.

Tournament: Dartmouth Round Robin | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Jarrod Atchison
Links to terrorism DA.
Somin, George Mason University law professor, 2013
Ilya, TESTIMONY BEFORE THE UNITED STATES SENATE JUDICIARY SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE CONSTITUTION, CIVIL RIGHTS, AND HUMAN RIGHTS,  “HEARING ON “DRONE WARS: THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND COUNTERTERRORISM IMPLICATIONS OF TARGETED KILLING”” http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13SominTestimony.pdf, p.7, accessed 1-23-14, TAP

What we can hope to achieve is an oversight system that greatly diminishes the risk
AND
it is reasonable to hope that we can improve on the status quo.

3. Congressional clarification key to norms – nothing gets clarified post-CP.
Maxwell, US Army colonel and judge advocate with the Army, 2012
Mark David, National Defense University, Joint Force Quarterly, “Targeted killing, the law, and terrorists: feeling safe?” http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Targeted+killing,+the+law,+and+terrorists3A+feeling+safe3F-a0289724330, accessed 12-17-13, TAP

The weakness of this theory is that it is not codified in U.S
AND
eschews what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law.

AND Mistrust overwhelms CP solvency.
Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, 5-1-13
Jack, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror” http://www.newrepublic.com/node/112964/print, accessed 9-29-13, TAP

These are unhappy developments for the president who in his first inaugural address pledged with
AND
more about the way of the knife through Freedom of Information Act requests.
A related sin is the Obama administration's surprising failure to secure formal congressional support.
AND
, even if it means that secret war abroad is harder to conduct.

7. Doesn’t solve accountability – there will never be a case in the Courts AND the executive circumvents.
Epps, University of Baltimore law professor, 2-16-13
Garrett, “Why a Secret Court Won't Solve the Drone-Strike Problem” http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/02/why-a-secret-court-wont-solve-the-drone-strike-problem/273246/, accessed 9-4-13, TAP

Finally, some scholars have suggested that the Congress create a new "cause of
AND
but we'd be no closer to accountability for the drone-strike decision.

Links to politics.
Wakeman, Georgetown J.D. candidate, and Chong, Yale J.D. candidate, 13
 (Raffaela, project manager at the Brookings Institution, raduated with a B.S. and M.S. in political science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2009, Jane, she is an editor of the Yale Law Journal, 7-19-13, “A Recap of Friday’s Oral Arguments in Al-Aulaqi v. Panetta,” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/07/a-recap-of-fridays-oral-arguments-in-al-aulaqi-v-panetta/, accessed 9-26-13, CMM)

Despite the day (TGIF!), the weather (95 degrees and rising), and
AND
and then assessed using the test set forth in Baker v. Carr.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: UGA DG | Judge: Stephen Weil
And Congress is critical to preventing ambiguity.
Anderson, American University law professor, 2009
Kenneth, 5-11-09, “Targeted Killing in U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy and Law”  http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2009/5/1120counterterrorism20anderson/0511_counterterrorism_anderson.pdf, p.31-3, accessed 9-22-13, TAP

What Should Congress Do? ¶ Does this analysis offer any practical policy prescriptions for
AND
a certain ¶ deformation of the IHL concept of hostilities and armed conflict.

3. Doesn’t solve – Group think – inter-branch process is key to effective drone use – they solve none of the Pakistan advantage.
Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012
Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.22-5, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

The argument put forth here, therefore, is that in light of the protections
AND
and cause executive officials to avoid making them in the first place.”111

6. No solvency – Obama will ignore the CP.
Friedersdorf, The Atlantic, 5-24-13
Conor, “A Skeptical Celebration of President Obama's Shifty Terrorism Speech” http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/05/a-skeptical-celebration-of-president-obamas-shifty-terrorism-speech/276205/, accessed 7-6-13, TAP

All things considered, Thursday's developments were an improvement on the status quo. Obama
AND
if only in the ways that Obama says that he has constrained himself.

9. Links to politics.
Cooper, University of Vermont political science professor, 99
(Phillip J., Federal News Service, October 28, 1999, “Prepared Testimony of Phillip J. Cooper Gund Professor of Liberal Arts Department of Political Science University of Vermont before the House Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law, p. Lexis)

There is certainly the danger that excessive use of broad application of executive orders can
AND
to be maintained throughout if the tasks of government are to be accomplished.

Tournament: ADA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty BM | Judge: Dan Bagwell

1. Perm – do both – shields the link
   Chesney et al., University of Texas law professor, 2013
   Robert, Brookings Institute senior fellow, Jack Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, Matthew Waxman, Columbia University law professor and CFR senior fellow, and Benjamin Wittes, Brookings Institution governance studies senior fellow, 2-25-13, “A Statutory Framework for Next-Generation Terrorist Threats,” http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/Statutory-Framework-for-Next-Generation-Terrorist-Threats.pdf, p.8-9, accessed 9-26-13, TAP

Congress could authorize the president to use force that is consistent with his ¶ extant
AND
defense regime is ¶ politically and legally more stable when backed by Congress.

3. Congressional codification is key to norms – CP accesses none of the prolif adv.
Maxwell, US Army colonel and judge advocate with the Army, 2012
Mark David, National Defense University, Joint Force Quarterly, “Targeted killing, the law, and terrorists: feeling safe?” http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Targeted+killing,+the+law,+and+terrorists3A+feeling+safe3F-a0289724330, accessed 12-17-13, TAP

The weakness of this theory is that it is not codified in U.S
AND
eschews what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law.

4. Congressional codification is key drone program legitimacy – CP does not solve rollback.
Anderson, professor of international law at Washington College of Law, American University, 10-18-13
(Kenneth, “No Safe Havens?,” Hoover Digest, No. 4, Fall 2013 by Hoover Institution http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/159096, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

Without a hardheaded effort on the part of Congress and the executive¶ branch to
AND
Jack¶ Goldsmith have repeatedly warned, they might well be miscalculating now.
U.S. counterterrorism policy overall needs to be embedded in policies,¶ processes
AND
framework for the¶ long run, but effectively to outlaw the practice.
Republicans should not be enablers in this effort. They should not¶ mimic the
AND
future presidents,¶ among whom there will surely be a Republican or two.

AND Mistrust overwhelms CP solvency.
Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, 5-1-13
Jack, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror” http://www.newrepublic.com/node/112964/print, accessed 9-29-13, TAP

These are unhappy developments for the president who in his first inaugural address pledged with
AND
more about the way of the knife through Freedom of Information Act requests.
A related sin is the Obama administration's surprising failure to secure formal congressional support.
AND
, even if it means that secret war abroad is harder to conduct.

12. Links to politics.
Posner, University of Chicago law professor, 2011
Eric, “Deference to the Executive in the United States after 9/11: Congress, the Courts, and the Office of Legal Counsel” http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1084andcontext=public_law_and_legal_theory, p.11-13, accessed 10-4-13, TAP

These two events neatly encapsulate the dilemma for OLC, and indeed all the president’s
AND
¶ for adverse reactions from the courts, Congress, and the public.
Can OLC constrain the executive? That is the position taken by many scholars,
AND
accomplish. It is more accurate to say that OLC enables than constrains.
A. Background on OLC ¶ OLC is a small office in the Justice Department
AND
General has ¶ delegated to it much of his advice-giving role.
Most matters that come before OLC are routine. OLC provides legal analysis of bills
AND
White ¶ House may put pressure on OLC to rubber stamp the action.
B. OLC as a Constraint on the Executive ¶ A number of scholars have argued that OLC can serve as an important constraint on ¶ executive power. I will argue that OLC cannot act as a constraint on executive power. Indeed, its ¶ only function is the opposite—as an “enabler” (as I will put it) or extender of executive power.
A president must choose a course of action. He goes to OLC for advice
AND
, and the president will gratefully accept it although not necessarily follow it.
If the story ended here, then it would be hard to see what the
AND
constraints ¶ on executive power that are imposed from outside the executive branch.
However, there is an important twist that complicates the analysis. The president may
AND
, and they have in this way given OLC quasi-judicial status.
But if the president publicizes OLC opinions, he takes a risk. The risk
AND
. At a minimum, OLC raises the political cost of the action.
I have simplified greatly, but I believe that this basic logic has led some scholars to ¶ believe that OLC serves as a constraint on the president. But this is a mistake. OLC strengthens ¶ the president’s hand in some cases and weakens them in others; but overall it extends his ¶ power—it serves as enabler, not constraint.
To see why, consider an example in which a president must choose an action
AND
political opposition to L ¶ will be greater than it would be otherwise.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNT MQ | Judge: Cat Duffy
AND should means desirability
American Heritage, 2009,
“should,” http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should

Like the rules governing the use of shall and will on which they are based
AND
spoken contraction should've. See Usage Notes at if, rather, shall.

This is distinct from shall, which means mandatory – this means we don’t have to defend certainty and proves perm – do the counterplan – is not severance
Atlas Collaboration, 1999
“Use of shall, should, may can,” http://rd13doc.cern.ch/Atlas/DaqSoft/sde/inspect/shall.html

'shall' describes something that is mandatory. If a requirement uses 'shall', then that
AND
to be stated anywhere (to say nothing of defining what  'thoroughly' means). 

CP doesn’t solve – certainty is critical to shaping norms and pressure.
Byman, Georgetown University security studies professor, 2013
Daniel, Brookings Institution Saban Center for Middle East Policy senior fellow, foreign affairs, Jul/Aug 2013, Vol 92 Issue 4, “Why Drones Work” Ebsco, accessed 7-1-13, TAP

The spread of drones cannot be stopped, but the United States can still influence
AND
carefully considers the law and the risks to civilians before ordering a strike.

Certainty is critical to prevent massive crackdown on drones that gut their effectiveness – they solve none of the Pakistan advantage.
Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, 2013
Micah, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”http:www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=full p.3, accessed 6-20-13, TAP

Existing practices carry two major risks for U.S. interests that are¶
AND
U.S. officials to openly address concerns and¶ counter misinformation.

Links to politics
PCAST ‘10
(President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, “R EPORT TO THE PR ESIDENT ON¶ ACCELER ATING THE PACE OF ¶ CH ANGE IN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES ¶ THROUGH AN INTEGR ATED ¶ FEDER AL ENERGY POLICY,” November 2010, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-energy-tech-report.pdf , accessed 10-3-12) PM

A QER process would, in some sense, formulate an integrated energy policy for
AND
key to the development of a sound product that can gain wide support.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: Georgetown LP | Judge: Nick Brown
Links to politics.
McNeal, Pepperdine University law professor, 3-14-13
Gregory, “The Politics of Accountability for Targeted Killings” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/the-politics-of-accountability-for-targeted-killings/#.Ut69FtIo7tQ, accessed 1-21-14, TAP

Does any member of Congress actually care?  It seems that the targeted killing policy
AND
change is possible absent sufficient energy to overcome the current state of affairs.

Links to terrorism.
Bashir, Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a graduate of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, 12
(Omar, 9-24-12, “Who Watches the Drones?,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones, accessed 10-6-13, CMM)

First, imagine that the government opted for full transparency in its drone programs.
AND
the courts that might render one of its most potent counterterrorism weapons unusable.

3. Congressional codification is key to norms – CP accesses none of the prolif adv.
Maxwell, US Army colonel and judge advocate with the Army, 2012
Mark David, National Defense University, Joint Force Quarterly, “Targeted killing, the law, and terrorists: feeling safe?” http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Targeted+killing,+the+law,+and+terrorists3A+feeling+safe3F-a0289724330, accessed 12-17-13, TAP

The weakness of this theory is that it is not codified in U.S
AND
eschews what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law.

4. Congressional codification is key drone program legitimacy – CP does not solve rollback.
Anderson, professor of international law at Washington College of Law, American University, 10-18-13
(Kenneth, “No Safe Havens?,” Hoover Digest, No. 4, Fall 2013 by Hoover Institution http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/159096, accessed 10-19-13, CMM)

Without a hardheaded effort on the part of Congress and the executive¶ branch to
AND
Jack¶ Goldsmith have repeatedly warned, they might well be miscalculating now.
U.S. counterterrorism policy overall needs to be embedded in policies,¶ processes
AND
framework for the¶ long run, but effectively to outlaw the practice.
Republicans should not be enablers in this effort. They should not¶ mimic the
AND
future presidents,¶ among whom there will surely be a Republican or two.

AND Mistrust overwhelms CP solvency.
Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, 5-1-13
Jack, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror” http://www.newrepublic.com/node/112964/print, accessed 9-29-13, TAP

These are unhappy developments for the president who in his first inaugural address pledged with
AND
more about the way of the knife through Freedom of Information Act requests.
A related sin is the Obama administration's surprising failure to secure formal congressional support.
AND
, even if it means that secret war abroad is harder to conduct.

No deterrent effect.
McNeal, Pepperdine University law professor, 4-23-13
Gregory, “Five Ways to Reform the Targeted Killing Program” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/04/five-ways-to-reform-the-targeted-killing-program/#.Ut7DXtIo7tQ, accessed 1-21-14, TAP

The transparency related accountability reforms specified above have the ability to expose wrongdoing; however
AND
details that are currently held deep within the files of the targeting bureaucracy.

No sufficiency framing.
Daskal, Georgetown Center on national security and the law professor, 2013
Jennifer, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, “The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside the 'Hot' Conflict” http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1252andcontext=facsch_lawrev
Zone, p.1225, accessed 12-16-13, TAP

In the absence of such a system, the President ought to, at a
AND
the stakes, a clear and¶ convincing evidentiary standard is warranted.195

10. Perm – do the CP – CP is a way the plan could be done.
Daskal, Georgetown Center on national security and the law professor, 2013
Jennifer, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, “The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside the 'Hot' Conflict” http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1252andcontext=facsch_lawrev
Zone, p.1218-21, accessed 12-16-13, TAP

4. Procedural Requirements¶ Currently, officials in the executive branch carry out all
AND
is no equivalent¶ effort in areas outside the active conflict zone.164
Meanwhile, the degree of ex post review of detention decisions depends¶ on the location of detention as opposed to the location of capture. Thus, Guantanamo detainees are entitled to habeas review, but detainees held in¶ Afghanistan are not, even if they were captured far away and brought to¶ Afghanistan to be detained.165
Enhanced ex ante and ex post procedural protections for both detention¶ and targeting, coupled with transparency as to the standards and processes¶ employed, serve several important functions: they can minimize error and¶ abuse by creating time for advance reflection, correct erroneous deprivations¶ of liberty, create endogenous incentives to avoid mistake or abuse, and¶ increase the legitimacy of state action.
a. Ex Ante Procedures¶ Three key considerations should guide the development of ex
AND
must be transparent¶ and sufficiently credible to achieve the desired legitimacy gains.
These considerations suggest the value of an independent, formalized,¶ ex ante review system. Possible models include the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC),168 or a FISC-like entity composed of military¶ and intelligence officials and military lawyers, in the mode of an executive¶ branch review board.169

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: Hays Watson
Vladeck, American University law professor, 2009
Stephen, “The Long War, the Federal Courts, and the Necessity / Legality Paradox” http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002andcontext=facsch_bkrev, p.922-3, accessed 10-5-13, TAP 

Moreover, even if one believes that suspensions are unreviewable, there is a critical
AND
comply with a Supreme Court decision. But perhaps I am naïve.184

The president perceives legal constraints as working.
Prakash, University of Virginia law professor, and Ramsey, University of San Diego law professor, 2012
Saikrishna and Michael, “The Goldilocks Executive” http://www.texaslrev.com/wp-content/uploads/Prakash-Ramsey-90-TLR-973.pdf, p.994-5, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

6. The Executive’s Perception of Legal Constraint.—A final feature of ¶ modern
AND
act or refrain from acting, as implicitly required ¶ by the Constitution.
But also of significance is the Executive Branch’s internal recognition ¶ of legal constraints.
AND
unbound by law, why expend resources dealing with the law’s nonexistent bounds?
We accept that the President’s lawyers search for legal arguments to justify presidential action,
AND
law would ¶ trigger censure from Congress, courts, and the public.

Tournament: Wake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: MoState BR | Judge: Herndon, Stone, Malsin, Deming, Galloway
Designs for seabasing capabilities don’t even exist-and can’t support full combat operations
Sabnis, Lt Cdr, Indian Navy, 2004
Amol M, CSC 2004 Subject Area National Military Strategy“Concept of Sea Basing and its Effect on Indo-US Relations: The Way Ahead” https://www.google.com/search?q=Concept+of+Sea+Basing+and+its+Effect+on+Indo+-US+Relations3A+The+Way+Aheadandoq=Concept+of+Sea+Basing+and+its+Effect+on+Indo+-US+Relations3A+The+Way+Aheadandaqs=chrome..69i57.179j0j4andsourceid=chromeandespv=210andes_sm=122andie=UTF-8#es_sm=122andespv=210andq=Concept+of+Sea+Basing+and+its+Effect+on+Indo-US+Relations3A+The+Way+Aheadandsafe=off, p.21, accessed 11-12-13, TAP

Sea Basing as a concept is bound to develop further and take a more concrete
AND
¶ operation of the magnitude of Operation Iraqi Freedom without host nation support.
Yet, the current capabilities of ships and aircraft are inadequate to meet the¶
AND
at least fifteen more years to mature into a full-fledged system.

No way to refurbish or refuel – and sea-basing precludes BMD – that means they don’t solve naval power.
Ellison, Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance founder and chairman, 2011
Riki, “Unstable Momentum in Middle East Causes More US Need for Missile Defense” http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/unstable-momentum-in-middle-east-causes-more-us-need-for-missile-defense-116674494.html, accessed 11-12-13, TAP

Today, for the first time in thirty years Iran is sending two naval war
AND
volatile region and preventing an escalation. Missile defense makes our world safer.

Seabasing collapses ally support – that collapses heg.
Sabnis, Lt Cdr, Indian Navy, 2004
Amol M, CSC 2004 Subject Area National Military Strategy“Concept of Sea Basing and its Effect on Indo-US Relations: The Way Ahead” https://www.google.com/search?q=Concept+of+Sea+Basing+and+its+Effect+on+Indo+-US+Relations3A+The+Way+Aheadandoq=Concept+of+Sea+Basing+and+its+Effect+on+Indo+-US+Relations3A+The+Way+Aheadandaqs=chrome..69i57.179j0j4andsourceid=chromeandespv=210andes_sm=122andie=UTF-8#es_sm=122andespv=210andq=Concept+of+Sea+Basing+and+its+Effect+on+Indo-US+Relations3A+The+Way+Aheadandsafe=off, p.25, accessed 11-12-13, TAP

Sea basing will give the US the capability to quickly deploy its forces in any
AND
US relies more on its military power vice other elements of national power.

Tournament: Kentucky Round Robin | Round: 6 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: James Herndon
Strict scrutiny
Guiora, University of Utah law professor, 2012
Amos, Case Western Reserve Journal of Internal Law, vol 45, “Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion” http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1and2.13.Article.Guiora.pdf, p.239, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

The solution to this search for an actionable guideline is the strict ¶ scrutiny standard
AND
balance enabling the ¶ state to act sooner but subject to significant restrictions.

_ No link – the Court has eliminated the prospect of ATS suits – and this evidence disproves the impact because there have been a flood of ATS claims in the past

Posner, professor at the University of Chicago Law School, 4-24-13 Eric, The United States Can’t Be the World’s Courthouse: Why the Supreme Court just killed off a whole category of human rights suits. http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/04/the_supreme_court_and_the_alien_tort_statute_ending_human_rights_suits.single.html

Two things America is known for—its love of lawsuits and its delight in
AND
be the world’s policeman. It cannot be the world’s courthouse, either.

_ And “state secrets” solves the risk

Rosen, Professor of Law and Director, Center for Military Law and Policy, Texas Tech, ’11 Richard, Drones and the US Courts, 37 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 5280, http://apps.law.georgetown.edu/state-secrets-archive/resourcedocuments/DRONESANDTHEUSCOURTS_202.docx.

Assuming a complaint survives the jurisdictional, justiciability, immunity, and other hurdles to
AND
to the means, methods, and circumstances under which drones are employed.

Tournament: Kentucky Round Robin | Round: 6 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: James Herndon
Would not crush legitimacy – link empirically denied.
Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012
Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.26-7, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

The creation of the Covert Operations Against American Citizens Court (COAACC) would help
AND
the use of electronic eavesdropping in the context of foreign intelligence gathering.121

Would not hurt legitimacy – just a small carve-out.
Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012
Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.29, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

While in Hamdi, Justice O’Connor allowed for a presumption in favor of the government
AND
focus exclusively on the targeted individual and whether targeting is necessary and legal.

No link – controversy doesn’t risk capital.
Fontana, George Washington associate law professor, 2008
David, “The Supreme Court: Missing in Action” http://dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=1165, accessed 9-20-13, TAP 

Second, Court decisions do not necessarily create the backlash that many on the left
AND
even when the Court issues controversial decisions such as Bush v. Gore.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Harrigan, Moczulsk, Watson
3. No link uniqueness – Syria – and more backlash coming.
Rothkopf, Foreign Policy CEO, 8-31-13
David, “The Gamble” https://www.google.com/search?q=rothkopfandoq=rothkopfandaqs=chrome..69i57j0l3.1891j0andsourceid=chromeandie=UTF-8, accessed 9-16-13, TAP

Obama has reversed decades of precedent regarding the nature of presidential war powers -- and
AND
the imperial presidency than anything his predecessors or Congress have done for decades.
No deal coming – hard liners, Khameni, and lack of concessions block.
Pollack, Brookings Institution senior fellow, 9-22-13
Kenneth, former CIA analyst and NSA official, “Short of a Deal, Containing Iran Is the Best Option” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/23/opinion/short-of-a-deal-containing-iran-is-the-best-option.html?emc=edit_tnt_20130922andtntemail0=yand_r=0andpagewanted=print, accessed 9-22-13, TAP

WASHINGTON — THIS week, Iran’s new president, Hassan Rouhani, will address the
AND
recent statements from the leadership offer hope that their position may be softening.

No deal – US negotiating fails.
Mousavian, Guardian, 9-18-13
(Hossein, “US-Iran talks are an opportunity for reconciliation that must not be wasted,” 9-18-13, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/18/us-iran-talks-opportunity-reconciliation, accessed 9-23-13) PM

At the same time there is room for doubt. While Iran played a constructive
AND
The Missed Opportunities of the Rouhani and Obama Years".

No deal – Israel spoils.
Reuters 9-20-13
(“No time left for negotiations with Iran: Israeli minister,” 9-20-13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/20/us-iran-nuclear-israel-idUSBRE98J08Y20130920, accessed 9-23-13) PM

Steinitz said Netanyahu had learned a lesson from Syria, where the world
AND
 Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon," he said.

Deal fails – Iran will cheat.
Pace and Jakes, AP, 9-20-13
(Julie and Lara, “U.S., Iran Talk Nicely, but Nuke Progress Uncertain,” 9-20-13, http://swampland.time.com/2013/09/20/u-s-iran-talk-nicely-but-nuke-progress-uncertain/m accessed 9-23-13) PM

U.S. officials have also said that enrichment would need to be suspended
AND

“These Iranians are not going to be pushovers in the negotiations.”

No impact – containment solves.
Zenko, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Cohen, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 12
(Micah, and Michael, “Clear and Present Safety: The United States Is More Secure Than Washington Thinks,”
Foreign Affairs. New York: Mar/Apr 2012. Vol. 91, Iss. 2; pg. 79, 15 pgs, accessed 3-2-12, CMM)

Of course, the gravest concerns about Iran focus on its nuclear activities.Those
AND
of the Cold War, the risk of a nuclear attack has increased."

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNT MQ | Judge: Cat Duffy
No link – it can handle requests quickly.
It is fast
It can handle a lot of requests
McKelvey, Vanderbilt University JD Candidate, 2011
Benjamin, Vanderbilt journal of transnational law editorial board executive development editor, Vol 44, “Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power” http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/mckelvey-pdf.pdf, p.1379-80, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

FISA is an existing legislative model that is applicable both in ¶ substance and structure
AND
of managing real-time executive ¶ decisions that affect national security.219
The motivation for passing FISA makes this an obvious choice ¶ for a legislative model
AND
is conducted only in lawful circumstances ¶ after a demonstration of sufficient evidence. 

No link – judges have expertise with sensitive information.
Adelsberg, Yale University JD candidate, 2012
Samuel, 6 Harv. L. and Pol'y Rev. 437, “SHORT ESSAYS: Bouncing the Executive's Blank Check: Judicial Review and the Targeting of Citizens” Lexis, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

 *445  Rather, as recognized by the Founders in the Fourth Amendment
AND
ideal candidates to ensure that the executive exercises constitutional restraint when targeting citizens.

Sequestration devastates readiness.
Terkel, Huffington Post, 7-23-13
Amanda, “Sequestration Damaging To Military Readiness, Chuck Hagel Says” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/22/sequestration-military- readiness_n_3635686.html?utm_hp_ref=politics, accessed 8-15-13, TAP

Sequestration will quietly chip away at the military's readiness capabilities, Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel
AND
addresses sequestration, there will be "a dramatic impact in our readiness."

Tournament: USC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Whitman LT | Judge: Dave Strauss
No deference link.
Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012
Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.29, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

While in Hamdi, Justice O’Connor allowed for a presumption in favor of the government
AND
focus exclusively on the targeted individual and whether targeting is necessary and legal.

5. No uniqueness – prez powers low and more Congressional backlash coming.
Rothkopf, Foreign Policy CEO, 8-31-13
David, “The Gamble” https://www.google.com/search?q=rothkopfandoq=rothkopfandaqs=chrome..69i57j0l3.1891j0andsourceid=chromeandie=UTF-8, accessed 9-16-13, TAP

Obama has reversed decades of precedent regarding the nature of presidential war powers -- and
AND
the imperial presidency than anything his predecessors or Congress have done for decades.

6. No link uniqueness – Obama is restraining himself.
Goldsmith, Professor at Harvard Law School, 10
(Jack, 11-16-10, “The Virtues and Vices of Presidential Restraint,” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2010/11/the-virtues-and-vices-of-presidential-restraint/, accessed 9-13-13, CMM)

I think there is something to this.  In part in reaction to the excesses
AND
unprecedented restrictions on the President’s power to transfer enemy prisoners; and more.

7. No link to the plan.
Daskal, Georgetown Center on national security and the law professor, 2013
Jennifer, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, “The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside the 'Hot' Conflict” http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1252andcontext=facsch_lawrev
Zone, p.1223-4, accessed 12-16-13, TAP

Conversely, some object to the use of courts or court-like review as
AND
, the judges would be issuing a warrant to kill rather than surveil.
While this is significant, it should not fundamentally alter the legal analysis.187
AND
deal with¶ exceptional cases where ex ante approval is not possible.191

8. No link – strikes still get approved.
Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012
Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.30, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

Although not a required form of analysis, these factors nonetheless suggest a rigorous review
AND
of American efforts to target alleged terrorists and reduce likelihood of collateral damage.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Harrigan, Moczulsk, Watson
2. Non-unique – large-scale crackdown is inevitable – that crushes flexibility – only the plan solves.
Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, 2013
Micah, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”http:www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=full p.3, accessed 6-20-13, TAP

Existing practices carry two major risks for U.S. interests that are¶
AND
U.S. officials to openly address concerns and¶ counter misinformation.

3. Presidential powers low and more Congressional backlash coming.
Rothkopf, Foreign Policy CEO, 8-31-13
David, “The Gamble” https://www.google.com/search?q=rothkopfandoq=rothkopfandaqs=chrome..69i57j0l3.1891j0andsourceid=chromeandie=UTF-8, accessed 9-16-13, TAP

Obama has reversed decades of precedent regarding the nature of presidential war powers -- and
AND
the imperial presidency than anything his predecessors or Congress have done for decades.

4. No unique link – the legwork for strikes already exists.
Adelsberg, Yale University JD candidate, 2012
Samuel, 6 Harv. L. and Pol'y Rev. 437, “SHORT ESSAYS: Bouncing the Executive's Blank Check: Judicial Review and the Targeting of Citizens” Lexis, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

A major concern for the military and intelligence community would likely be the effect of
AND
that list could be put through the GTP with hearings before the CTRC.

5. Legal challenges to drone use are inevitable – drone court confirms flexibility.
Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012
Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.22-5, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

Judges are also both knowledgeable in the vagaries of the law and accustomed to dealing
AND
reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114

Tournament: Texas | Round: 7 | Opponent: MSU BS | Judge: Hays Watson
Obama’s legal rationale is unclear.
Dworkin, European Council on Foreign Relations senior policy fellow, 13
Anthony, policy brief, July 2013, “Drones and Targeted Killing: Defining a European Position” http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR84_DRONES_BRIEF.pdf, p.5, accessed 12-27-13, TAP

At times, however, administration officials have appeared¶ to add an additional or
AND
targeted state to use force against that¶ group as a collective entity.
Because the administration has not been clear about the¶ precise justification for the strikes
AND
-Qaeda grouping responsible for the¶ September 11 attacks has no presence.
The significance of the distinction between the armed conflict¶ and self-defence justifications
AND
the distinction is not in practice a hard-and-fast one.

Targeted killing by drones undermines the distinction between self-defense and loac.
Anderson, American University international law professor, 11
Kenneth, Washington College of Law Research Paper No. 2011-16, “TARGETED KILLING AND DRONE WARFARE: HOW WE CAME TO DEBATE WHETHER THERE IS A ‘LEGAL GEOGRAPHY OF WAR’” http://ssrn.com/abstract=1824783, p.1-3, accessed 12-18-13, TAP

Targeted killing using armed drones has¶ raised profound anxieties in legal, policy,¶
AND
that they have irresistible¶ attractions in a war of humanitarian¶ intervention.
The concerns run particularly high given¶ that the Obama administration has made¶ the
AND
safe haven¶ and protected locales in which to hide and¶ regroup.
Critics of the practice are naturally most¶ concerned where it appears to involve relatively
AND
is so, despite the uncorroborated¶ nature of much of the information.
Even if collateral damage to civilians is¶ significantly less, however, important concerns
AND
-the-ground local intelligence but¶ rather depends vitally on it.
Moving beyond the issue of civilian collateral¶ damage, the most salient anxiety¶
AND
¶ might not apply. The laws of war might apply¶ instead.
In earlier times, these boundaries did not¶ need to be specified in a
AND
under way and where not for¶ purposes of the laws of war.
The emergence of technologies for targeted¶ killing using drones seems to alter¶ that
AND
¶ to the laws of war: an implied geography¶ of war.

No link to the plan.
Daskal, Georgetown Center on national security and the law professor, 2013
Jennifer, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, “The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside the 'Hot' Conflict” http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1252andcontext=facsch_lawrev
Zone, p.1223-4, accessed 12-16-13, TAP

Conversely, some object to the use of courts or court-like review as
AND
, the judges would be issuing a warrant to kill rather than surveil.
While this is significant, it should not fundamentally alter the legal analysis.187
AND
deal with¶ exceptional cases where ex ante approval is not possible.191

They need to win a link to a “limited” drone court.
Weinberger, University of Puget Sound political science professor, 2013
Seth, Global Security Studies Review, May 2013, Volume I, Issue 2, “Enemies Among Us: The Targeted Killing of American Members of al Qaeda and the Need for Congressional Leadership” https://www.academia.edu/4033328/Enemies_Among_Us_The_Targeted_Killing_of_American_Members_of_al_Qaeda_and_the_Need_for_Congressional_Leadership, p.20, accessed 1-23-14, TAP

Several people have voiced objections to the creation of a FISA-¶ style “drone
AND
nature of the armed conflict against al Qaeda, they become less compelling.
First, if properly defined, the new court could be limited solely to questions
AND
¶ individuals believed to be agents of a foreign power without a warrant.
Second, given the definition of imminent threat in the Department of Justice’s¶ white
AND
made in the process of long investigations and in light of much intelligence.

Restrictions key to human rights credibility.
Daskal, Georgetown Center on national security and the law professor, 2013
Jennifer, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, “The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside the 'Hot' Conflict” http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1252andcontext=facsch_lawrev
Zone, p.1232, accessed 12-16-13, TAP

Fourth, such self-imposed restrictions are more consistent with the¶ United States’ long-standing
AND
applicable¶ human rights and domestic law enforcement norms.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 8 | Opponent: Georgia CS | Judge: John Katsulas
Would not hurt legitimacy – just a small carve-out.
Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012
Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.29, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

While in Hamdi, Justice O’Connor allowed for a presumption in favor of the government
AND
focus exclusively on the targeted individual and whether targeting is necessary and legal.

No spill over – limited jurisdiction means it doesn’t set a precedent for the judicial branch – only this court.
Opderbeck, Seton Hall University law professor, 2013
David, 8-2013, “Drone Courts” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2305315, p.56-7, accessed 8-28-13, TAP

The age of the drones has dawned. Rapid technological¶ development will soon permit
AND
an important¶ independent measure of accountability over the use of killer drones.

The review process is ex parte.
Wittes, Brookings Institution governance studies senior fellow, 2-18-13
Benjamin, “Carrie Cordero on FISA Court Lessons for a “Drone Court”” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/carrie-cordero-on-fisa-court-lessons-for-a-drone-court/, accessed 10-6-13, TAP

Carrie Cordero, Georgetown’s Director of National Security Studies and a former Justice Department national
AND
to just how extensive court involvement in national security operational matters can be.

No unique link – courts rejected state secrets
Savage, NYT 13
Charlie, 3-15-13, New York Times, “Court Orders the C.I.A. to Disclose Drone Data,” Charlie Savage, March 15, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/16/us/court-says-cia-must-yield-some-data-on-drones.html?_r=0, accessed 10-27-13, AFB

WASHINGTON — A federal appeals court held Friday that the Central Intelligence Agency must disclose
AND
memorandums related to the killing of both citizens and to targeted killings generally.

No internal link to a complete collapse of the State Secret Privilege – those are straw args
Greenwald, Salon, 9
Glenn, Salon, 2-10-9“The 180-degree reversal of Obama’s State Secrets position”, Feb 10, http://www.salon.com/2009/02/10/obama_88/, accessed 10-27-13, AFB

Nobody — not the ACLU or anyone else — argues that the State Secrets privilege
AND
moronic strawmen advanced by people who have no idea what they’re talking about.

Sequestration devastates readiness.
Terkel, Huffington Post, 7-23-13
Amanda, “Sequestration Damaging To Military Readiness, Chuck Hagel Says” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/22/sequestration-military- readiness_n_3635686.html?utm_hp_ref=politics, accessed 8-15-13, TAP

Sequestration will quietly chip away at the military's readiness capabilities, Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel
AND
addresses sequestration, there will be "a dramatic impact in our readiness."

Drones solve overstretch.
Rushforth, University of Arizona JD candidate, 12
Elinor, 29 Ariz. J. Int'l and Comp. Law 623, “NOTE: THERE'S AN APP FOR THAT: IMPLICATIONS OF ARMED DRONE ATTACKS AND PERSONALITY STRIKES BY THE UNITED STATES AGAINST NON-CITIZENS, 2004-2012” Lexis, accessed 9-28-13, TAP

The drone program is a fixture in the Obama administration's fight against terror n163 and
AND
that its full focus is on protecting and growing our nation at home.

Naval power is trending up
Drum, Mother Jones, 12
(Kevin, 10-23-12, “How Strong Is the American Navy?,” http://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2012/10/how-strong-american-navy, accessed 2-2-13, CMM)

Mitt Romney says the American Navy is smaller than it was in 1916. In
AND
, American naval strength today is greater than it's ever been in history.
*Crisher – PhD candidate in the Department of Political Science at Florida State University
Souva - Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Florida State University

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: UGA DG | Judge: Chung, Lee, Reed
Naval power is trending up
Drum, Mother Jones, 12
(Kevin, 10-23-12, “How Strong Is the American Navy?,” http://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2012/10/how-strong-american-navy, accessed 2-2-13, CMM)

Mitt Romney says the American Navy is smaller than it was in 1916. In
AND
, American naval strength today is greater than it's ever been in history.
*Crisher – PhD candidate in the Department of Political Science at Florida State University
Souva - Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Florida State University
Would not hurt legitimacy – just a small carve-out.
Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012
Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.29, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

While in Hamdi, Justice O’Connor allowed for a presumption in favor of the government
AND
focus exclusively on the targeted individual and whether targeting is necessary and legal.

No unique link – courts rejected state secrets
Savage, NYT 13
Charlie, 3-15-13, New York Times, “Court Orders the C.I.A. to Disclose Drone Data,” Charlie Savage, March 15, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/16/us/court-says-cia-must-yield-some-data-on-drones.html?_r=0, accessed 10-27-13, AFB

WASHINGTON — A federal appeals court held Friday that the Central Intelligence Agency must disclose
AND
memorandums related to the killing of both citizens and to targeted killings generally.

Tournament: Dartmouth Round Robin | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Jarrod Atchison
Drone strikes are decreasing – Obama is exercising self-restraint now.
Ackerman, The Guardian, 12-31-13
Spencer, “Fewer deaths from drone strikes in 2013 after Obama policy change” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/31/deaths-drone-strikes-obama-policy-change, accessed 1-2-14, TAP

President Barack Obama’s mid-year decision to wind down drone strikes has accounted for
AND
signature strikes,” Zenko said, “because it acknowledges they’ve done them.”

No uniqueness – AQ is strong.
Fantz, CNN, 12-28-13
Ashley, “Still out there and growing -- al Qaeda on the rebound, experts say” http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/28/world/meast/al-qaeda-growing/index.html?c=worldandpage=4, accessed 12-29-13, TAP

(CNN) -- Two years after the end of the Iraq war, the
AND
United States or against Western targets all around the world," he said.

No internal link – drones aren’t key.
Gilbreath, US Army War College MA candidate, 2013
Gregory, US air force colonel, March 2013, “America’s Targeted Killing Policy: Is it Right? Is it Working?” https://publicportal.carlisle.army.mil/sites/mobile/201320SRPs/Gilbreath20Gregory20SRPA.pdf, p.11-2, accessed 12-23-13, TAP

The policy of targeted killing has yielded tangible short-term results. The ramped
AND
it positively contributes to the long-term strategy of eliminating terrorism’s root ca
Further evaluation reveals that the policy potentially counters long-term goals because it breeds
AND
“removes any trace of a campaign to win hearts and minds.”55
Similar doubts about the effectiveness of a counterterrorism strategy without a complementary counterinsurgency strategy surfaced
AND
meet its long-term goals when terrorism’s roots are left in place.
Another measure that illuminates if a counterterrorism strategy is working is whether the targeted group
AND
more difficult and costly process of helping “local leaders marginalize militants.”64

No link to the plan.
Daskal, Georgetown Center on national security and the law professor, 2013
Jennifer, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, “The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside the 'Hot' Conflict” http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1252andcontext=facsch_lawrev
Zone, p.1223-4, accessed 12-16-13, TAP

Conversely, some object to the use of courts or court-like review as
AND
, the judges would be issuing a warrant to kill rather than surveil.
While this is significant, it should not fundamentally alter the legal analysis.187
AND
deal with¶ exceptional cases where ex ante approval is not possible.191

They need to win a link to a “limited” drone court.
Weinberger, University of Puget Sound political science professor, 2013
Seth, Global Security Studies Review, May 2013, Volume I, Issue 2, “Enemies Among Us: The Targeted Killing of American Members of al Qaeda and the Need for Congressional Leadership” https://www.academia.edu/4033328/Enemies_Among_Us_The_Targeted_Killing_of_American_Members_of_al_Qaeda_and_the_Need_for_Congressional_Leadership, p.20, accessed 1-23-14, TAP

Several people have voiced objections to the creation of a FISA-¶ style “drone
AND
nature of the armed conflict against al Qaeda, they become less compelling.
First, if properly defined, the new court could be limited solely to questions
AND
¶ individuals believed to be agents of a foreign power without a warrant.
Second, given the definition of imminent threat in the Department of Justice’s¶ white
AND
made in the process of long investigations and in light of much intelligence.

They would all be granted.
Johnson, former Pentagon general counsel, 3-18-13
Jeh Charles, “Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A “Drone Court”: Some Pros and Cons” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/, accessed 9-3-13, TAP

But, we must be realistic about the degree of added credibility such a court
AND
“drone court” operating in secret is criticized in the same way?

3. No Pakistani collapse – internal checks
Dasgupta, director of UMBC's Political Science Program and a senior fellow at Brookings, 13
(Sunil, 2/25/13, "How will India respond to civil war in Pakistan," East Asia Forum, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/25/how-will-india-respond-to-civil-war-in-pakistan/, accessed 9-29-13, CMM)
India is not likely to initiate an intervention that causes the Pakistani state to fail
AND
out a Pakistani civil war while covertly coordinating policy with the United States.

No risk of nuclear terrorism
Mueller, Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science at Ohio State University, and Stewart, Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle in Australia, 12
(John, Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies, and Mark, Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow, “The Terrorism Delusion,” International Security, Volume 37, Number 1, Summer 2012, project muse, accessed 7-14-13, CMM)

Over the course of time, such essentially delusionary thinking has been internalized and institutionalized
AND
on small explosives or contemplating planting a hand grenade in a trash bin.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: UGA DG | Judge: Chung, Lee, Reed
Drone strikes are decreasing – Obama is exercising self-restraint now.
Ackerman, The Guardian, 12-31-13
Spencer, “Fewer deaths from drone strikes in 2013 after Obama policy change” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/31/deaths-drone-strikes-obama-policy-change, accessed 1-2-14, TAP

President Barack Obama’s mid-year decision to wind down drone strikes has accounted for
AND
kill people and strikes are going down. There’s been a policy decision,

 and I think they’ve been correct to emphasize that.”¶ A number of counterterrorism
AND
signature strikes,” Zenko said, “because it acknowledges they’ve done them.”

Syria is a safe haven.
Schmitt, NYT, 3-25-14
Eric, “Qaeda Militants Seek Syria Base, U.S. Officials Say” http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/26/world/middleeast/qaeda-militants-seek-syria-base-us-officials-say.html?hpwandrref=world, accessed 3-27-14, TAP

Dozens of seasoned militant fighters, including some midlevel planners, have traveled to Syria from Pakistan in recent months in what American intelligence and counterterrorism officials fear is an effort to lay the foundation for future strikes against Europe and the United States.¶ “

We are concerned about the use of Syrian territory by the Al Qaeda organization to
AND
due to the potential for Syria to be the next jihadist safe haven.”

No internal link – drones aren’t key.
Gilbreath, US Army War College MA candidate, 2013
Gregory, US air force colonel, March 2013, “America’s Targeted Killing Policy: Is it Right? Is it Working?” https://publicportal.carlisle.army.mil/sites/mobile/201320SRPs/Gilbreath20Gregory20SRPA.pdf, p.11-2, accessed 12-23-13, TAP

The policy of targeted killing has yielded tangible short-term results. The ramped
AND
it positively contributes to the long-term strategy of eliminating terrorism’s root ca
Further evaluation reveals that the policy potentially counters long-term goals because it breeds instability and increases recruits. The U.S. will continue to yield short-term gains by primarily only employing airstrikes, but without an effective and complementary counterinsurgency campaign, particularly in Pakistan and Yemen, the environment left behind will spur more instability and mistrust, which are key ingredients to producing more terrorists.

 A recent study by the Middle East Policy Council concluded that strikes in Yemen
AND
“removes any trace of a campaign to win hearts and minds.”55
Similar doubts about the effectiveness of a counterterrorism strategy without a complementary counterinsurgency strategy surfaced
AND
meet its long-term goals when terrorism’s roots are left in place.
Another measure that illuminates if a counterterrorism strategy is working is whether the targeted group
AND
more difficult and costly process of helping “local leaders marginalize militants.”64

No link to the plan.
Daskal, Georgetown Center on national security and the law professor, 2013
Jennifer, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, “The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside the 'Hot' Conflict” http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1252andcontext=facsch_lawrev
Zone, p.1223-4, accessed 12-16-13, TAP

Conversely, some object to the use of courts or court-like review as
AND
, the judges would be issuing a warrant to kill rather than surveil.
While this is significant, it should not fundamentally alter the legal analysis.187
AND
deal with¶ exceptional cases where ex ante approval is not possible.191

They would all be granted.
Johnson, former Pentagon general counsel, 3-18-13
Jeh Charles, “Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A “Drone Court”: Some Pros and Cons” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/, accessed 9-3-13, TAP

But, we must be realistic about the degree of added credibility such a court
AND
“drone court” operating in secret is criticized in the same way?

No risk of nuclear terrorism
Mueller, Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science at Ohio State University, and Stewart, Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle in Australia, 12
(John, Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies, and Mark, Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow, “The Terrorism Delusion,” International Security, Volume 37, Number 1, Summer 2012, project muse, accessed 7-14-13, CMM)

Over the course of time, such essentially delusionary thinking has been internalized and institutionalized
AND
a fancy, super-high-technology facility to fabricate a bomb. 

This is a process that requires trusting corrupted foreign collaborators and other criminals, obtaining
AND
on small explosives or contemplating planting a hand grenade in a trash bin.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: UGA DG | Judge: Chung, Lee, Reed
Drone strikes are decreasing – Obama is exercising self-restraint now.
Ackerman, The Guardian, 12-31-13
Spencer, “Fewer deaths from drone strikes in 2013 after Obama policy change” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/31/deaths-drone-strikes-obama-policy-change, accessed 1-2-14, TAP

President Barack Obama’s mid-year decision to wind down drone strikes has accounted for
AND
kill people and strikes are going down. There’s been a policy decision,

 and I think they’ve been correct to emphasize that.”¶ A number of counterterrorism
AND
signature strikes,” Zenko said, “because it acknowledges they’ve done them.”

Syria is a safe haven.
Schmitt, NYT, 3-25-14
Eric, “Qaeda Militants Seek Syria Base, U.S. Officials Say” http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/26/world/middleeast/qaeda-militants-seek-syria-base-us-officials-say.html?hpwandrref=world, accessed 3-27-14, TAP

Dozens of seasoned militant fighters, including some midlevel planners, have traveled to Syria from Pakistan in recent months in what American intelligence and counterterrorism officials fear is an effort to lay the foundation for future strikes against Europe and the United States.¶ “

We are concerned about the use of Syrian territory by the Al Qaeda organization to
AND
due to the potential for Syria to be the next jihadist safe haven.”

No internal link – drones aren’t key.
Gilbreath, US Army War College MA candidate, 2013
Gregory, US air force colonel, March 2013, “America’s Targeted Killing Policy: Is it Right? Is it Working?” https://publicportal.carlisle.army.mil/sites/mobile/201320SRPs/Gilbreath20Gregory20SRPA.pdf, p.11-2, accessed 12-23-13, TAP

The policy of targeted killing has yielded tangible short-term results. The ramped
AND
it positively contributes to the long-term strategy of eliminating terrorism’s root ca
Further evaluation reveals that the policy potentially counters long-term goals because it breeds instability and increases recruits. The U.S. will continue to yield short-term gains by primarily only employing airstrikes, but without an effective and complementary counterinsurgency campaign, particularly in Pakistan and Yemen, the environment left behind will spur more instability and mistrust, which are key ingredients to producing more terrorists.

 A recent study by the Middle East Policy Council concluded that strikes in Yemen
AND
“removes any trace of a campaign to win hearts and minds.”55
Similar doubts about the effectiveness of a counterterrorism strategy without a complementary counterinsurgency strategy surfaced
AND
meet its long-term goals when terrorism’s roots are left in place.
Another measure that illuminates if a counterterrorism strategy is working is whether the targeted group
AND
more difficult and costly process of helping “local leaders marginalize militants.”64

No link to the plan.
Daskal, Georgetown Center on national security and the law professor, 2013
Jennifer, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, “The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside the 'Hot' Conflict” http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1252andcontext=facsch_lawrev
Zone, p.1223-4, accessed 12-16-13, TAP

Conversely, some object to the use of courts or court-like review as
AND
, the judges would be issuing a warrant to kill rather than surveil.
While this is significant, it should not fundamentally alter the legal analysis.187
AND
deal with¶ exceptional cases where ex ante approval is not possible.191

They would all be granted.
Johnson, former Pentagon general counsel, 3-18-13
Jeh Charles, “Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A “Drone Court”: Some Pros and Cons” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/, accessed 9-3-13, TAP

But, we must be realistic about the degree of added credibility such a court
AND
“drone court” operating in secret is criticized in the same way?

No risk of nuclear terrorism
Mueller, Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science at Ohio State University, and Stewart, Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle in Australia, 12
(John, Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies, and Mark, Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow, “The Terrorism Delusion,” International Security, Volume 37, Number 1, Summer 2012, project muse, accessed 7-14-13, CMM)

Over the course of time, such essentially delusionary thinking has been internalized and institutionalized
AND
a fancy, super-high-technology facility to fabricate a bomb. 

This is a process that requires trusting corrupted foreign collaborators and other criminals, obtaining
AND
on small explosives or contemplating planting a hand grenade in a trash bin.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgetown ErMc | Judge: Leah Moczulski
No nuclear terrorism – newest ev – won’t get a bomb, loose nukes unlikely, and dirty bombs not possible.
Mearsheimer, University of Chicago distinguished political science professor, 1-2-14
John, “America Unhinged” http://nationalinterest.org/article/america-unhinged-9639?page=show, accessed 1-6-14, TAP

Am I overlooking the obvious threat that strikes fear into the hearts of so many
AND
AND
encourage and help other states to place nuclear materials in highly secure custody.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: NU OS | Judge: Carly Wunderlich
Terrorists won’t be able to steal nuclear weapons – Pakistan’s weapons are secure.
Hundley, Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting senior editor, 2012
Tom, 9-5-12, “Pakistan and India: Race to the End” http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/pakistan-nuclear-weapons-battlefield-india-arms-race-energy-cold-war, accessed 9-11-13, TAP

With both sides armed to the teeth, it is easy to exaggerate the fears
AND
secure against internal threats, according to those who know the country best.

Restrictions inevitable---only a question of whether they are deliberate or haphazard
Wittes, Brookings Institution public law senior fellow, 2009
Benjamin, “Legislating the War on Terror: An Agenda for Reform” http://www.amazon.com/Legislating-War-Terror-Agenda-Reform/dp/0815703104, p.2-3, accessed 10-26-13, TAP

A new administration now confronts the same hard problems that plagued its ideologically opposite predecessor
AND
past several years and will likely continue sparring over the next several years.

Strikes still get approved.
Chehab, Georgetown Law Center, 2012
Ahmad, 3-30-12, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572, p.30, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

Although not a required form of analysis, these factors nonetheless suggest a rigorous review
AND
of American efforts to target alleged terrorists and reduce likelihood of collateral damage.

4. No unique link – the legwork for strikes already exists.
Adelsberg, Yale University JD candidate, 2012
Samuel, 6 Harv. L. and Pol'y Rev. 437, “SHORT ESSAYS: Bouncing the Executive's Blank Check: Judicial Review and the Targeting of Citizens” Lexis, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

A major concern for the military and intelligence community would likely be the effect of
AND
that list could be put through the GTP with hearings before the CTRC.

Plan solves – reduces the risk of operational errors that trigger the internal link, while allowing effective counter-terror – expert concludes aff would strengthen effective self-defense
Guiora, University of Utah Law professor and Jurist contributing editor, 13
Amos, 3-4-13, “Drone Policy: A Proposal Moving Forward”, accessed 10-26-13, AFB

Targeted killing sits at the intersection of law, morality, strategy and policy. I am a proponent of targeted
AND
troubling paradigm established by the Obama administration in the DOJ white paper.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: IrvineSFSU AP | Judge: Smelko, Lowry, Hall

1. Argument quality – our interpretation increases it substantially – rigorous testing is key to argument improvement – disclosure is key
   Torvalds, Linux creator, and Diamond, New York Times contributor, 1
   Linus (Creator of Linux) and David (freelance contributor to the New York Times and Business Week); November/December; Educause Review; “Why Open Source Makes Sense”; http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/erm01613.pdf, p. 71-2, accessed 2-6-14, AFB 

It's the best illustration of the limitless benefits to be derived from the open
AND
an operating system for web servers, and in its unexpectedly generous IPOs.
What was inspired by ideology has proved itself as technology and is working in the
AND
another context: With a million eyes, all software bugs will vanish.)
It's a wrinkle on how academic research has been conducted for years, but one
AND
available, people realise the tight-fisted approach is becoming increasingly outmoded.
The theory behind open source is simple. In the case of an operating system
AND
speedily and successfully than if the work were being conducted behind closed doors.
That's what we experienced with Linux. Imagine: Instead of a tiny cloistered development
AND
a technology popular. When the money rolls in, people get convinced.
One of the least understood pieces of the open source puzzle is how so many
AND
earn the esteem of their peers. That's got to be highly motivating.

3. Fairness—open source reduces entry barriers and solves resource disparities
Antonucci, debate coach, 5
Michael, 12-8-5, Edebate, “eDebate open source? resp to Morris”; December 8; http://cedadebate.org/pipermail/mailman/2005-December/060990.html, accessed 2-6-14, AFB

a. Open source systems are preferable to the various punishment proposals in circulation.
AND
-cutter's work than send the KGB after specific counter-revolutionary teams.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: IrvineSFSU AP | Judge: Smelko, Lowry, Hall

1. Argument quality – our interpretation increases it substantially – rigorous testing is key to argument improvement – disclosure is key
   Torvalds, Linux creator, and Diamond, New York Times contributor, 1
   Linus (Creator of Linux) and David (freelance contributor to the New York Times and Business Week); November/December; Educause Review; “Why Open Source Makes Sense”; http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/erm01613.pdf, p. 71-2, accessed 2-6-14, AFB 

It's the best illustration of the limitless benefits to be derived from the open
AND
an operating system for web servers, and in its unexpectedly generous IPOs.
What was inspired by ideology has proved itself as technology and is working in the
AND
another context: With a million eyes, all software bugs will vanish.)
It's a wrinkle on how academic research has been conducted for years, but one
AND
available, people realise the tight-fisted approach is becoming increasingly outmoded.
The theory behind open source is simple. In the case of an operating system
AND
speedily and successfully than if the work were being conducted behind closed doors.
That's what we experienced with Linux. Imagine: Instead of a tiny cloistered development
AND
a technology popular. When the money rolls in, people get convinced.
One of the least understood pieces of the open source puzzle is how so many
AND
earn the esteem of their peers. That's got to be highly motivating.

3. Fairness—open source reduces entry barriers and solves resource disparities
Antonucci, debate coach, 5
Michael, 12-8-5, Edebate, “eDebate open source? resp to Morris”; December 8; http://cedadebate.org/pipermail/mailman/2005-December/060990.html, accessed 2-6-14, AFB

a. Open source systems are preferable to the various punishment proposals in circulation.
AND
-cutter's work than send the KGB after specific counter-revolutionary teams.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: IrvineSFSU AP | Judge: Smelko, Lowry, Hall
Reject the totalizing pessimism of the alt – optimism is the only starting point that solves.
Hooks, City Univeristy New York English professor, 1996
bell, “Killing Rage: Ending Racism” http://books.google.com/books?id=3JlNFYKLheUCandq=unitary+representations#v=snippetandq=unitary20representationsandf=false, p.249-50, accessed 3-21-14, TAP

269More than ever before in our history, black Americans are succumbing to and internalizing
AND
tance will emerge everywhere. That is where we must go from here.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: IrvineSFSU AP | Judge: Smelko, Lowry, Hall
Reject the totalizing pessimism of the alt – optimism is the only starting point that solves.
Hooks, City Univeristy New York English professor, 1996
bell, “Killing Rage: Ending Racism” http://books.google.com/books?id=3JlNFYKLheUCandq=unitary+representations#v=snippetandq=unitary20representationsandf=false, p.249-50, accessed 3-21-14, TAP

269More than ever before in our history, black Americans are succumbing to and internalizing
AND
tance will emerge everywhere. That is where we must go from here.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: OU BC | Judge: Whit Whitmore
Switch side debate uniquely solves critical thinking through deliberation that solves oppression.
Lundberg, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill communications professor, 2010
Christian, Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century by Allan Louden, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” http://books.google.com/books?id=ntHxX_9J7gYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandq=complex20worldandf=false, p.311-3, accessed 8-8-12, TAP

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
their time and political energies toward policies that matter the most to them.
The merits of debate as a tool for building democratic capacity-building take on
AND
concrete work to realize and expanded commitment to debate at colleges and universities.

5. Good is good enough – method focus never results in action.
Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State  IR Professor, 2002
James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68

It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method
AND
, but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.

6. The absolutism of their alternative results in tunnel vision – evaluate consequences.
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

7. Future oriented politics are critical to end oppressive policies and create a better future
Kurasawa, York University Assistant Sociology Professor and Yale University Cultural Sociology Center Associate Faculty, December 2004,
(Fuyuki, “Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight,” Volume 11 Issue 4 Page 453-475)

None of this is to disavow the international community’s rather patchy record of avoiding foreseeable
AND
public spaces; prevention is a public practice, and a public responsibility.
To believe otherwise is, I would argue, to leave the path clear for
AND
must be made, starting with us, in the here and now.

Turn – the alt makes authoritarianism and oppression inevitable.
Boyle, La Salle University political science assistant professor, 2013
Michael, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf, p.25-6, accessed 9-8-13, TAP 

Fourth, there is a distinct danger that the world will divide into two camps
AND
or even national liberation claims, including just ones, upon ¶ them.

Their steadfast opposition to x fosters a culture of radical skepticism that makes any change impossible – the perm is the best middle ground
Berman, University of Connecticut Law School Associate Professor, 2001
Paul Schiff, “APPROACHES TO THE CULTURAL STUDY OF LAW: TELLING A LESS SUSPICIOUS STORY: NOTES TOWARD A NON-SKEPTICAL APPROACH TO LEGAL/CULTURAL ANALYSIS,” 13 Yale J.L. and Human. 95, Lexis

The second drawback of the hermeneutics of suspicion is perhaps even more important. As
AND
normative scholarship cannot extricate scholars from the fundamental questions that I am discussing.

Perm solves their social death arguments
Sexton, University of California Irvine, 2011
Jared, “The Social Life of Social Death” http://www.yorku.ca/intent/issue5/articles/pdfs/jaredsextonarticle.pdf, p.33-7, accessed 3-26-12, TAP

29 As a way of stepping into it, again, and of
AND
-pessimism is “not but nothing other than” black optimism.xvii
They’re wrong about ontological freedom
Macedo, University of Massachusetts Boston Applied Linguistics Master of Arts program graduate program director, 2000
Donaldo, writes the new introduction to the anniversary edition to Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, p.32-3, TAP

Freire is able to do this because he operates on one basic assumption: that
AND
right to say his or her own word, to name the world.
We don’t endorse any gender language within this card
Their ontological framing of blackness dooms the aff. Placing Blackness as oppositional denies it any existence independent of white supremacy and makes identity reliant on oppression
Pinn, Macalester College Professor of Religious Studies, 4
(Anthony, Dialog: A Journal of Theology, Volume 43, Number 1, Spring 2004, '‘‘Black Is, Black Ain’t’’: Victor Anderson, African American Theological Thought, and Identity', pg.57-58, Wiley online Library, accessed 11-10-12 TAT)

This connection between ontological blackness and¶ religion is natural because: ‘‘ontological blackness
AND
foster¶ balance while embracing difference as positive?¶ Anderson looks to Nietzsche.
Social death overlooks resistance in black culture
Bâ, Race and Postcolonial theorist, 11
(Saer Maty, “The US decentered: From Black Social Death to Cultural Transformation,” Cultural Studies Review 17(2), September p. 385-387, TAT)

And yet Wilderson's highlighting is problematic because it overlooks the 'Diaspora' or 'African Diaspora',
AND
? The coffle approaches with its answers in tow.' (340)

Threshold frame – all we need to do to win a link turn is win ONE instance of the USFG doing something good. The burden for them winning this link has to be that the state is ALWAYS bad, which it isn’t
Jensen, Texas University Journalism Professor, Nowar Collective Founder, 2005
Robert, The Heart of Whiteness, p. 91-96

That's the question for which this country has never quite found an answer: What
AND
to civilize others. The real White People's Burden is to civilize ourselves.

12. Learning policy making discourse is the only way to challenge the dogmatic assumptions of elites – their interpretation of radical acts is too rigid and absolute – using the state can solve oppression.
David E. McClean, New School University Professor, and Society for the Study of Africana Philosophy President, 2001, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm

Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our Country
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

Our use of nuclear fear and discourse is necessary to check extinction- it provides the consciousness to ensure peace in the face of nuclear war and worse
JAH Futterman, former US Nuclear Weapons Scientist, 1994
“Obscenity and Peace: Meditations on the Morality of Nuclear Weapons Work,” http://www.dogchurch.org/scriptorium/nuke.html 

But the inhibitory effect of reliable nuclear weapons goes deeper than Shirer's deterrence of adventurer
AND
peace movement with a needed sense of urgency that it might otherwise lack.

Debate is fundamentally a competition – the adversarial structures means there is no spillover.
Deborah Tannen, Ph.D., Georgetown University professor of linguistics and University Professor, 1998, “The Argument Culture,” p. 174

Another scholar who questions the usefulness of opposition as the sole path to truth is
AND
usually attributes that loss to poor performance or to an adversary's unfair tactics. 

1. 1. Performative politics is a private act that doesn’t challenge systemic oppression – two implications. A- all your offense on framework is solved by reading a book and B- you don’t solve your impacts, your speech act is an act of nihilism.
      Nussbaum, University of Chicago law professor, 1999
      Martha, “The Professor of Parody” http://www.akad.se/Nussbaum.pdf, accessed 2-9-13, TAP

The idea of gender as performance is Butler's most famous idea, and so it
AND
for what, in Excitable Speech, Butler calls "an ironic hopefulness."

Coal emissions disproportionately affect minorities and people of low-income – causes death and serious health problems – only the aff solves.
Earthjustice, Environmental non-profit, ‘11
(“Communities of Color, Poverty Bear Burden of Air Pollution,” 5-27-11, http://earthjustice.org/news/press/2011/communities-of-color-poverty-bear-burden-of-air-pollution, accessed 9-30-12) PM

ATLANTA - Earthjustice and the Environmental Justice Research Center at Clark Atlanta University have collaborated
AND
Atlanta today to be no different. Americans want and deserve clean air."

Attempting to solve warming challenges white male privilege.
Mooney, DeSMOG, 2011
Chris, ranked top 25 blog by Time Magazine, “What’s Up With Conservative White Men and Climate Change Denial?” http://www.desmogblog.com/what-s-conservative-white-men-and-climate-change-denial, accessed 9-29-12, TAP

They come at you at public events, wanting to argue. They light up
AND
their default. ¶ Oh: And they're maybe a little too defensive.

No root cause of warming.
Atkisson, President and CEO of environmental sustainability group, ‘1
(Alan, The Atkisson Group, international sustainability group that advises governments and corporations, “Sustainability is Dead – Long Live Sustainability,” 10-18-01, http://www.rrcap.unep.org/uneptg06/course/Robert/SustainabilityManifesto2001.pdf, accessed 9-10-10) PM

Our economies and technologies are changing certain basic structures of planetary life, such as
AND
with relatively minor risks to the greater whole associated with their inevitable collapse.

Constructing prior questions doesn’t disprove the aff – it results in generalizations and inaction – err toward specificity of aff claims.
Owen, University of Southampton political theory professor, 2002
David, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol 31 No 3, “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Practical Reason” Sagepub, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a¶
AND
AND
first¶ and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
5. Their violence impacts don’t escalate.
Hinde and Pulkkinnen, Cambridge psychology professor and University of Jyväskylä psychology professor, 2000
Robert and Lea,  DRAFT Background Paper for Working Group 1: HUMAN AGGRESSIVENESS AND WAR, 50th Pugwash Conference On Science and World Affairs: "Eliminating the Causes of War" Queens' College, Cambridge , UK, 3-8 August http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/pac256/WG1draft1.htm

People are capable of perpetrating the most terrible acts of violence on their fellows.
AND
multiple causes, and the interactions between the causal factors remain largely unexplored.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: UNT CS | Judge: Taylor Hahn
15. Cap key to warming – we are passed the tipping point, only tech can solve.
Atkisson, President and CEO of environmental sustainability group, ‘1
(Alan, The Atkisson Group, international sustainability group that advises governments and corporations, “Sustainability is Dead – Long Live Sustainability,” 10-18-01, http://www.rrcap.unep.org/uneptg06/course/Robert/SustainabilityManifesto2001.pdf, accessed 9-10-10) PM

Our economies and technologies are changing certain basic structures of planetary life, such as
AND
with relatively minor risks to the greater whole associated with their inevitable collapse.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Oklahoma LM | Judge: Patrick Kennedy
China reps k wrong.
Callahan, University of Manchester politics professor, 2005
William, Review of International Studies / Volume 31 / Issue 04 / October 2005, “How to understand China: the dangers and opportunities of being a rising power” Cambridge Journals Online, p.711-2, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

Although ‘China threat theory’ is ascribed to the Cold War thinking of foreigners who
AND
more interesting to examine the debates that produced the threat/opportunity dynamic.

No self-fulfilling prophecy
Blumenthal, current commissioner and former vice chairman of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 10-3-11
(Dan, “The Top 10 Unicorns of China Policy,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/10/03/the_top_ten_unicorns_of_china_policy?page=full, accessed 10-5-11, CMM)

Here are my own top 10 China-policy unicorns:  The self-fulfilling prophecy. This is the argument that has the
AND
most fantastical claim about China policy and thus the No. 1 unicorn. 

Drone proliferation destabilizes the Senkakus and the South China Sea.
Stein, Royal United Services Institute associate fellow, 12-19-13
Aaron, King’s College international relations PhD candidate, “Drone Decrees: Setting Rules For Unmanned Aerial Vehicles” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140584/aaron-stein/drone-decrees, accessed 1-22-14, TAP

Drone technology and drone use have also proliferated in other countries. And even more
AND
rules would need to apply to all parties, including the United States.

Tournament: USC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Whitman LT | Judge: Dave Strauss
Evaluate consequences
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

No war impact.
Hinde and Pulkkinnen, Cambridge psychology professor and University of Jyväskylä psychology professor, 2000
Robert and Lea,  DRAFT Background Paper for Working Group 1: HUMAN AGGRESSIVENESS AND WAR, 50th Pugwash Conference On Science and World Affairs: "Eliminating the Causes of War" Queens' College, Cambridge , UK, 3-8 August http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/pac256/WG1draft1.htm

People are capable of perpetrating the most terrible acts of violence on their fellows.
AND
multiple causes, and the interactions between the causal factors remain largely unexplored.

Turn – global drone use is inevitable – only the plan creates a framework for use.
Boyle, La Salle University political science assistant professor, 2013
Michael, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf, p.28-9, accessed 9-8-13, TAP 

A final, and crucial, step towards mitigating the strategic consequences of drones ¶
AND
architecture which might avert ¶ some of the worst consequences of their use.

Legal reforms dampen emergency powers – proves NO IMPACT and the PERM solves.
O’Cinneide, University College London senior law lecturer, 2008
Colm, “‘Dampening’: How Legal Mechanisms Can Offer a Partial Respite from the Counter-Terrorism Cycle” http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

However, certain legal processes appear to have some capacity to slow down the excesses
AND
repression: the need for mobilisation in response may therefore also be diluted.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty BM | Judge: Mike Davis
Complexity theory has little predictive value which makes it useless for politics and its assumptions are too sweeping – some uncertainty is inevitable but predictions are possible.
Keating, Foreign Policy associate editor, 5-23-13
Joshua, “Can chaos theory teach us anything about international relations?” http://ideas.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/05/23/can_chaos_theory_teach_us_anything_about_international_relations, accessed 8-4-13, TAP

In more recent times, ideas from chaos and its related subfield complexity theory influenced
AND
way Lorenz did in the months and years following his fateful coffee break.  

Linear predictions are feasible – empirically evidence proves
Chernoff, Prof. IR and Dir. IR – Colgate U, 9  
(Fred,., European Journal of International Relations, “Conventionalism as an Adequate Basis for Policy-Relevant IR Theory”, 15:1, Sage, accessed 10-22-12, CMM)

For these and other reasons, many social theorists and social scientists have come to
AND
and the social sciences, leaders are able to choose the courses of action

 (e.g. more stringent earthquake-safety building codes, or
AND
(3) that are not possible even in some natural sciences.15

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: UNT CS | Judge: Taylor Hahn
Drives don’t match reality – no impact.
Carel, University of the West of England philosophy senior lecturer, 2006
Havi, “Life and Death in Freud and Heidegger” http://books.google.com/books/about/Life_and_Death_in_Freud_and_Heidegger.html?id=Z3Q-HdiGYTEC, p.39-40, accessed 1-19-13, TAP

Secondly, the constancy principle on which these ideas are based is incompatible with observational
AND
support for discarding the Nirvana principle and reconstructing the death drive as aggression.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: OU BC | Judge: Hester, Lundeen, Parker
2. Method focus fails – never results in action.
Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State  IR Professor, 2002
James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68

It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method
AND
, but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.

C. Switch side debate uniquely solves critical thinking through deliberation that solves oppression.
Lundberg, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill communications professor, 2010
Christian, Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century by Allan Louden, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” http://books.google.com/books?id=ntHxX_9J7gYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandq=complex20worldandf=false, p.311-3, accessed 8-8-12, TAP

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
their time and political energies toward policies that matter the most to them.
The merits of debate as a tool for building democratic capacity-building take on
AND
concrete work to realize and expanded commitment to debate at colleges and universities.

Simulating of threats is important in an academic setting – their alt may be true but not in the context of debate.
Donohue, Georgetown University law professor, 2013
Laura, “Nation al Security Pedagogy: The Role of Simulations” http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2172andcontext=facpub, p.48-9, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

The legal academy has, of late, been swept up in concern about the
AND
the ¶ expression of government authority and the effort to limit the same.
The one-size fits all approach currently dominating the conversation in legal education,
AND
suggest a greater nuance with regard to how ¶ the pedagogical skills present.
With this approach in mind, I have here suggested six pedagogical goals for national
AND
¶ ensuring that they will be most effective when they enter the field.
The problem with the current structures in legal education is that they fall short,
AND
other areas of experiential education, such as clinics and moot ¶ court.
It is in an effort to address these concerns that I developed the simulation model
AND
necessary, it suggests one potential direction for ¶ the years to come.

Don’t prioritize certain knowledge.
Conway, Penn State University philosophy professor, 1997
Daniel, “Nietzsche and the political” http://www.amazon.com/Nietzsche-Political-Thinking-Daniel-Conway/dp/0415100682, p.135-6, accessed 1-6-14, TAP

This preference is clearly political in nature, and Haraway makes no pretense of aspiring
AND
at the expense of the greater objectivity that they might otherwise have gained. 

They attribute motives. Defense – each decision’s complex. Offense – assuming bad motives cements disastrous politics.
Robson ‘13
Geoff – full-time Staff at the University of Canterbury, “How to poison your relationships in one easy step: Always assume the worst” – Every Thought Captive – April 17, 2013 – http://geoffrobson.com/2013/04/17/how-to-poison-your-relationships-in-one-easy-step-always-assume-the-worst/

Why assuming the worst about other people’s motives is so deadly – and how we
AND
. A cycle of destruction and hurt that feeds on itself is created.

Narratives and experience from people’s social locations should be combined with policy, not separated from it – this solves all their offense because it proves our FW interp doesn’t exclude lived experience.
Magee, University of San Francisco law professor, 2009
Rhonda V, 43 U.S.F. L. Rev. 777, “Symposium: Deconstructing Race: When Reasonable Minds Differ: Article: Competing Narratives, Competing Jurisprudences: Are Law Schools Racist? and the Case for an Integral Critical Approach to Thinking, Talking, Writing, and Teaching About Race” Lexis, accessed 1-15-14, TAP

The narratives I call for each of us to include in analyses of law-
AND
of law, and thus, help us to better understand law itself.

6. The absolutism of their alternative results in tunnel vision – evaluate consequences.
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

Debates can’t create mindset shifts – proves the alt can’t solve BUT doesn’t not apply to our education arguments because that is garnered in the research process.
Deborah Tannen, Ph.D., Georgetown University professor of linguistics and University Professor, 1998, “The Argument Culture,” p. 174

Another scholar who questions the usefulness of opposition as the sole path to truth is
AND
usually attributes that loss to poor performance or to an adversary's unfair tactics. 

Personal experience shuts down dialogue – that makes deliberation impossible.
Subotnik, Touro College law professor, 1998
Daniel, Cornell journal of law and public policy, Spring 1998, 7 Cornell J. L. and Pub. Pol'y 681, “ARTICLE: WHAT'S WRONG WITH CRITICAL RACE THEORY?: REOPENING THE CASE FOR MIDDLE CLASS VALUES” Lexis, accessed 10-28-12, TAP

Having traced a major strand in the development of CRT, we turn now to
AND
to faculty offices and, more generally, the streets and the airwaves.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: UNT CS | Judge: Taylor Hahn
Never results in action.
Fish, professor of humanities and law at Florida International University, 8
(Stanley, Floersheimer Distinguished Visiting Professor of Law at Cardozo School of Law, “French Theory in America”,  The New York Times Opinionator, 4-6-8, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/04/06/french-theory-in-america/, accessed 9-11-8 TAT)

If “presences” — perspicuous and freestanding entities — are made by discursive forms
AND
cannot be criticized, only that it cannot be criticized for being one.
Criticizing something because it is socially constructed (and thus making the political turn)
AND
point it is no longer deconstruction, but just another position awaiting deconstruction.

Tournament: ADA | Round: 3 | Opponent: GMU BW | Judge: Jordan Foley
No tradeoff – perm solves.
Hardt, Duke University literature professor, and Negri, Collège International de Philosophie professor, 2000
Michael, phd in comparative literature from the Univ Washington, and Antonio, Univ Vincennes, “Empire” p.44-5, TAP

We are well aware that in affirming this thesis we are swimming against the current
AND
the problem rests on a false dichotomy between the global and the local,

 assuming that the global entails homogenization and undifferentiated identity whereas the local preserves heterogeneity
AND
some sense outside and protected against the global flows of capital and Empire.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Harrigan, Moczulsk, Watson
Evaluate consequences
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Only the perm solves – legal reform is key
Lobel, Assistant Law Prof at Univ. of San Diego, ‘7
(Orly, “THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS,” 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, accessed 9-23-13) PM

In all of these cases, it is the act of engagement, not law
AND
, and in turn serve to facilitate and ¶ stabilize the process.185

Cooption and alt fails
Lobel, Assistant Law Prof at Univ. of San Diego, ‘7
(Orly, “THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS,” 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, accessed 9-23-13) PM
NOTE – They use globalization activism as an example of extra-legal resistance

A similar process can be described with regard to the literature on ¶ globalization.
AND
— may ¶ bring about its own destruction by fracture and diffusion.184

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: OU BC | Judge: Hester, Lundeen, Parker
You can endorse the aff without endorsing liberalism.
McCormick, Yale University political science professor, 1999
John, “Three Ways of Thinking “Critically” about the Law” JSTOR, p.418-9, accessed 1-19-14, TAP

Drawing on Dworkin, Habermas claims that the¶ supposed indeterminacy of liberal democratic law
AND
is far less pervasive than¶ CLS or Schmitt would have it.20
For Habermas, the de facto strategy of reducing all¶ cases to "exceptions
AND
¶ made specific in interpretation and application (pp.¶ 172, 208).
Rules may collide in irreconcilable ways, but they do¶ not constitute the broader
AND
¶ examined to see whether another better conforms to a¶ particular case.
There is, for Habermas, an intimate relationship¶ between rules and principles,
AND
which is therefore suspendable in the name of a¶ sovereign popular will.

Liberalism is contingently racist – that means the perm solves.
Mills, Northwestern University moral and intellectual philosophy professor, No Date
Charles, presumably 2010 given that he cites a work of his from 2009, “Rawls, Ideal Theory, And Racial Justice” http://ptw.uchicago.edu/Mills10handout.pdf, p.1-2, accessed 1-16-14, TAP

Radicals and progressives are generally skeptical if not outright contemptuous of liberalism, which they
AND
a racial white liberalism? That the opacity is structural rather than accidental?

Doesn’t export violence.
Chandler, University of Westminster international relations professor, 2010
David, “The uncritical critique of ‘liberal peace’” http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/journal_articles/RIS20Critiques20of20Liberal20Peace.pdf, p.144-9, accessed 3-19-14, TAP

In the critiques of the liberal peace, this growing consensus on the problematic¶
AND
regard to a shift away from the policy emphasis of liberal¶ peace.
In a recent article, Endre Begby and Peter Burgess argue that the majority of
AND
practices of intervention as much as the classical¶ assumptions of liberalism itself.
The critique of liberalism as a set of assumptions and practices seems to be¶
AND
of course, facilitated¶ by the ambiguous nature of the concept itself.
It is this ambiguity which enables liberalism to be critiqued from opposing¶ directions,
AND
the critique of the¶ ‘liberalism’ of intervention tells us very little.
The mechanism through which these liberal framings have been facilitated and¶ critiqued is that
AND
as actively) policy practices which may otherwise have¶ been less problematic.
Rather than a critique of liberalism for its inability to overcome social,¶ economic and
AND
the¶ relationship between the liberal West and the non-liberal Other.
The rock on which the liberal peace expectations are held to crash is that of
AND
expectations¶ need to be substantially lowered or changed to account for difference.
International statebuilding and the critique of liberalism¶ It would appear that the assumptions held
AND
liberal transformation and the discourse of ‘liberating’ societies economically¶ and politically.
In fact, it is the consensus of opinion on the dangers of democracy,
AND
which it is assumed¶ needs external or international frameworks for its production).
The focus on institutionalism does not stem from a critique of liberal peace¶ programmes
AND
ensure that the¶ population learnt civic values to make democracy viable.39
It was through the engagement with ‘transition’ and the problematic negotiation¶ of EU
AND
dominant a framing as their radical and policy¶ critics have claimed.41
Rather than attempting to transform non-Western societies into the liberal¶ self-
AND
of the mechanisms of governance,¶ removing substantive autonomy rather than promoting it.
While it is true that the reconstruction or rebuilding of states is at the centre
AND
self-standing actor in¶ so-called ‘Westphalian’ terms.44

No tradeoff – perm solves.
Hardt, Duke University literature professor, and Negri, Collège International de Philosophie professor, 2000
Michael, phd in comparative literature from the Univ Washington, and Antonio, Univ Vincennes, “Empire” p.44-5, TAP

We are well aware that in affirming this thesis we are swimming against the current
AND
some sense outside and protected against the global flows of capital and Empire.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: IrvineSFSU AP | Judge: Smelko, Lowry, Hall
Focus on space juxtaposes Indigenous sovereignty to the West – this devalues the fundamental basis of Indigenous sovereignty.
Calderón, UCLA School of Education and Information Studies PhD candidate, 2006
Dolores, J.D., UCLA Journal of Education and Information Studies, 2(1), “Review: Red Pedagogy: Native American Social and Political Thought by Sandy Grande” http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3qp8c635, p.3, accessed 2-5-13, TAP

To illustrate, Grande’s indigenous theory of subjectivity presented in¶ Chapter Four is both
AND
observation, and¶ thus the best and primary foundations for tribal sovereignty.

You are rendering Natives knowable objects – that just allows for colonial power to reassert itself.
Smith, University of California Riverside cultural studies professor, 12-13-13
Andrea, “The Problem with Privilege” http://andrea366.wordpress.com/author/andrea366/, accessed 3-18-14, TAP

The presupposition is that Indigenous peoples are oppressed because they are not sufficiently known or
AND
and analyses that speak to a beyond settler colonialism and are hence unknowable.

Voting neg is the equivalent to reparations – that doesn’t serve justice to Natives.
Tillotson, Old Dominion University, 2002
Tammy, “Reparation for Native Americans: Another Trail of Tears” http://bolesblogs.com/2002/01/16/reparation-for-native-americans-another-trail-of-tears/#more-1515, accessed 3-19-14, TAP

Native Americans were here first. We took their land while generously doling out reservations
AND
they should have nothing else to complain about, when indeed they do.

No terminal uniqueness – living conditions are improving.
Adamson, First Peoples Worldwide founder and president, 2009
Rebecca, “Challenges to Native American Advancement: The Recession and Native America” https://www.google.com/search?q=native+american+poverty2C+decreasingandaq=fandoq=native+american+poverty2C+decreasingandaqs=chrome.0.57.4413andsourceid=chromeandie=UTF-8#hl=enandsafe=offandsclient=psy-abandq=22native+american+lives+are+improving22+twenty-first+centuryandoq=22native+american+lives+are+improving22+twenty-first+centuryandgs_l=serp.3...84617.103587.0.103881.53.43.9.0.0.0.238.4248.26j14j3.43.0...5.0...1c.1.7.psy-ab.yhXfw9o1HOEandpbx=1andbav=on.2,or.r_cp.r_qf.andfp=ee43abfe2c3d4bbcandbiw=1304andbih=683, p.5, accessed 3-31-13, TAP

These are exciting times to be a Native American.¶ The century-old movement
AND
that harness the power of the sun and¶ wind to produce electricity.

Corporations fill in – that’s uniquely worse
Mary Christina Wood, Oregon Law Professor, 1994
(“Protecting the Attributes of Native Sovereignty” Utah Law Review, p. L/N)

A barrage of recent development proposals directed to tribes starkly demonstrates an intense modern pressure
AND
dynamics and deference to tribes ushered in by the Self-Determination era.
The aff leads to transition wars and collapses heg.
James Aune, Texas AandM Communications Professor, 2000
Selling the Free Market: the Rhetoric of Economic Correctness 

Strangely enough, if taken seriously as a prescription for policy, the essay contradicts
AND
the bourgeoisie – to implement its proposals in the teeth of popular resistance.

They’ve called us "settlers". That term offends many Native People because of what it implies about their Native ancestors. Means we can win a net turn within the Neg Framework.
Johansen, University of Nebraska Omaha communication professor, 2007
Bruce Elliott, “The Praeger Handbook on Contemporary Issues in Native America: Linguistic, Ethnic, and Economic Revival” http://books.google.com/books?id=zl8b2Pt0hdICandpg=PR12andlpg=PR12anddq=bruce+elliott+johansen,+22Language+has+meaning22andsource=blandots=_MCE5hIrtGandsig=LWDsr9v9mVsfpgsZcJeCGZdbAjAandhl=enandsa=Xandei=oTAqU879AefI0AG-mIGgCgandved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepageandq=bruce20elliott20johansen2C2022Language20has20meaning22andf=false, p.xii, accessed 3-19-14, TAP

Language has meaning, although we often speak as a matter of assumption without forethought
AND
often fits, however, and I use the term under those conditions.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: IrvineSFSU AP | Judge: Smelko, Lowry, Hall
Focus on space juxtaposes Indigenous sovereignty to the West – this devalues the fundamental basis of Indigenous sovereignty.
Calderón, UCLA School of Education and Information Studies PhD candidate, 2006
Dolores, J.D., UCLA Journal of Education and Information Studies, 2(1), “Review: Red Pedagogy: Native American Social and Political Thought by Sandy Grande” http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3qp8c635, p.3, accessed 2-5-13, TAP

To illustrate, Grande’s indigenous theory of subjectivity presented in¶ Chapter Four is both
AND
observation, and¶ thus the best and primary foundations for tribal sovereignty.

You are rendering Natives knowable objects – that just allows for colonial power to reassert itself.
Smith, University of California Riverside cultural studies professor, 12-13-13
Andrea, “The Problem with Privilege” http://andrea366.wordpress.com/author/andrea366/, accessed 3-18-14, TAP

The presupposition is that Indigenous peoples are oppressed because they are not sufficiently known or
AND
and analyses that speak to a beyond settler colonialism and are hence unknowable.

Voting neg is the equivalent to reparations – that doesn’t serve justice to Natives.
Tillotson, Old Dominion University, 2002
Tammy, “Reparation for Native Americans: Another Trail of Tears” http://bolesblogs.com/2002/01/16/reparation-for-native-americans-another-trail-of-tears/#more-1515, accessed 3-19-14, TAP

Native Americans were here first. We took their land while generously doling out reservations
AND
they should have nothing else to complain about, when indeed they do.

No terminal uniqueness – living conditions are improving.
Adamson, First Peoples Worldwide founder and president, 2009
Rebecca, “Challenges to Native American Advancement: The Recession and Native America” https://www.google.com/search?q=native+american+poverty2C+decreasingandaq=fandoq=native+american+poverty2C+decreasingandaqs=chrome.0.57.4413andsourceid=chromeandie=UTF-8#hl=enandsafe=offandsclient=psy-abandq=22native+american+lives+are+improving22+twenty-first+centuryandoq=22native+american+lives+are+improving22+twenty-first+centuryandgs_l=serp.3...84617.103587.0.103881.53.43.9.0.0.0.238.4248.26j14j3.43.0...5.0...1c.1.7.psy-ab.yhXfw9o1HOEandpbx=1andbav=on.2,or.r_cp.r_qf.andfp=ee43abfe2c3d4bbcandbiw=1304andbih=683, p.5, accessed 3-31-13, TAP

These are exciting times to be a Native American.¶ The century-old movement
AND
that harness the power of the sun and¶ wind to produce electricity.

Corporations fill in – that’s uniquely worse
Mary Christina Wood, Oregon Law Professor, 1994
(“Protecting the Attributes of Native Sovereignty” Utah Law Review, p. L/N)

A barrage of recent development proposals directed to tribes starkly demonstrates an intense modern pressure
AND
dynamics and deference to tribes ushered in by the Self-Determination era.
The aff leads to transition wars and collapses heg.
James Aune, Texas AandM Communications Professor, 2000
Selling the Free Market: the Rhetoric of Economic Correctness 

Strangely enough, if taken seriously as a prescription for policy, the essay contradicts
AND
the bourgeoisie – to implement its proposals in the teeth of popular resistance.

They’ve called us "settlers". That term offends many Native People because of what it implies about their Native ancestors. Means we can win a net turn within the Neg Framework.
Johansen, University of Nebraska Omaha communication professor, 2007
Bruce Elliott, “The Praeger Handbook on Contemporary Issues in Native America: Linguistic, Ethnic, and Economic Revival” http://books.google.com/books?id=zl8b2Pt0hdICandpg=PR12andlpg=PR12anddq=bruce+elliott+johansen,+22Language+has+meaning22andsource=blandots=_MCE5hIrtGandsig=LWDsr9v9mVsfpgsZcJeCGZdbAjAandhl=enandsa=Xandei=oTAqU879AefI0AG-mIGgCgandved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepageandq=bruce20elliott20johansen2C2022Language20has20meaning22andf=false, p.xii, accessed 3-19-14, TAP

Language has meaning, although we often speak as a matter of assumption without forethought
AND
often fits, however, and I use the term under those conditions.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Oklahoma LM | Judge: Patrick Kennedy
Change and survival are critical to affirming life – permutation solves.
May, Clemson University philosophy professor, 2005
Todd, Philosophy and Social Criticism, Vol. 31, No. 5-6, “To change the world, to celebrate life” http://www.jcu.edu/education/dshutkin/fys/ChangeWorldBody.pdf, p.519-20, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

For those among us who seek in philosophy a way to grapple with our lives
AND
question then becomes one of how to choose both¶ sides at once.

C. Saving life is a prerequisite to celebrating it
Michael and Caldwell, senior philosophy lecturer University of New South Wales and lecturer in social inquiry at the University of Technology Sydney, 04
Michaelis and Peter, The Consolations of Optimism. In Life Death and Meaning: Key Philosophical Readings on Big Questions. Pg 385

It aligns with Nietzsche’s injunction about the ultimate and ineliminable ground of joy being the AND
 to embrace. It has direct implications for the reasonableness of optimism itself.

The alt leads to genocide
Wolin, 06 (The Seduction of Unreason: The Intellectual Romance with Fascism from Nietzsche to Postmodernism, Richard Wolin, Professor of History and Comparative Literature at the Graduate Center, City University).
How might one translate the conviction that hierarchy is beneficial and equality symptomatic of weakness
AND
excess of life on earth from which the Dionysian state will grow again." 

VTL is subjective.
Tännsjö, Stockholm University philosophy professor, 2011
Torbjörn, “Shalt Thou Sometimes Murder? On the Ethics of Killing” https://www.google.com/search?q=Shalt+Thou+Sometimes+Murder3F+On+the+Ethics+of+Killingandoq=Shalt+Thou+Sometimes+Murder3F+On+the+Ethics+of+Killingandaqs=chrome..69i57.227j0j4andsourceid=chromeandespv=210andes_sm=122andie=UTF-8, accessed 11-10-13, TAP

I suppose it is correct to say that, if Schopenhauer is right, if
AND
this is a sacrifice, not too heavy, I should make in the best interest of my dear ones.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Oklahoma LM | Judge: Patrick Kennedy
Norms have a wealth of literature backing them – they are mutual, not colonial.
Fisk, Claremont Graduate University, and Ramos, Loyola Marymount University, 2013
Kerstin and Jennifer, International Studies Perspectives, “Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm” Wiley, p.3-4, accessed 12-27-13, TAP

Since the end of the Cold War, scholars have devoted increasing attention to¶
AND
behave in specified ways” (Kegley and¶ Raymond 2003:390).
Within this common definition, several different types of norms have been¶ identified (
AND
indicates certain powers that this designation brings in accordance with that¶ identity.
Thus, norms provide an important foundation for international relations and¶ are thought to
AND
use of nuclear and chemical¶ weapons taboos (Price and Tannenwald 1996).
Still, as states operate within a social international system, the norms that¶
AND
norms (in which all forms of intervention¶ are viewed as illegitimate).

AND their K doesn’t account for the aff – the US is setting bad norms – their K assumes the US enforces norms.
Fisk, Claremont Graduate University, and Ramos, Loyola Marymount University, 2013
Kerstin and Jennifer, International Studies Perspectives, “Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm” Wiley, p.4-6, accessed 12-27-13, TAP

We adopt this basic framework in our analysis, but build on it to account
AND
¶ behavior in their community” (Finnemore and Sikkink 1998:896).
However, other actors in the international system are critical observers of the¶ United
AND
be more likely¶ to be internalized by elite learning (Checkel 1997).
With regard to the norm of preventive self-defense, we argue that the
AND
“slippery slope”¶ between preemptive and preventive war (Crawford 2003).6
While the debate focused mainly on preventive war, the underlying idea about¶ the
AND
.” Second, the norm stems from a powerful, successful¶ state:
How the United States acts is an enormous influence on the behavior of others.¶
AND
become rules for behavior. (Kegley and¶ Raymond 2003:391)
Third, the norm of preventive self-defense exists within a normative structure¶ that supports it. The erosion of traditional sovereignty norms, brought on by a¶ rise in human rights norms and globalization, among others, allows for the further¶ redefinition of states’ rights and obligations.
Fourth, the post-9/11 context provides an environment with heightened security
AND
¶ a trifecta of capabilities: precision, reconnaissance, and surveillance.8

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: UNT CS | Judge: Taylor Hahn
Even if they win a link – the perm is life-affirming – embrace excess.
White, Williams College philosophy professor, 1990
Alan, “Within Nietzsche’s Labyrinth” http://sites.williams.edu/awhite/files/2013/01/White-1990-Within-Nietzsches-Labyrinth.pdf, p.140, accessed 11-11-13, TAP

That there is shit in the world – in all worlds, on our earth
AND
is of gold.” Does he thereby acknowledge a categorical agreement with being?

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty BM | Judge: Mike Davis
Alt doesn’t solve – can think of the future without heteronomativity – the K is an overgeneralization and the alt is a bad strategy.
Feit, Georgia State University political science professor, 2005
Mario, Theory and Event, Vol 8 No 3, “Extinction anxieties: same-sex marriage and modes of citizenship” Project Muse, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

Warner is thus concerned with the purity of the queer alternative, which he sees
AND
more complex awareness of the challenges of political strategies for plural queer communities.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: UNT CS | Judge: Taylor Hahn
There is progress in alleviating racial inequality – society isn’t perfect but it proves pragmatic change from within the system is possible and materially beneficial.
Feldscher, Harvard School of Public Health, 9-19-13
Karen, “Progress, but challenges in reducing racial disparities,” http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/progress-but-challenges-in-reducing-racial-disparities/, accessed 11-5-13, TAP

Disparities between blacks and whites in the U.S. remain pronounced—and
AND
the health profile of minorities in this country, we’re in trouble economically.”

Trends all point toward equality – the world is getting better even if it isn’t getting perfect.
Currie, American Enterprise Institute The American Magazine managing editor, 2008
Duncan, “The Long March of Racial Progress” http://www.american.com/archive/2008/november-11-08/the-long-march-of-racial-progress/, accessed 10-23-13, TAP

The story of race relations in America is one of extraordinary change and transformation.¶
AND
, about 14 percent of young black husbands were married to white women.”

State action is necessary to fight racism.
Jensen, Texas University Journalism Professor, Nowar Collective Founder, 2005
Robert, The Heart of Whiteness, p.78-87

I'm all for diversity and its institutional manifestation, multiculturalism. But we should be
AND
in the United States. It certainly has been true in my life.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 8 | Opponent: Towson JR | Judge: Shree Awsare
Legalese key to black feminism.
Austin, University of Pennsylvania law professor, 1989
Regina, 1989 Wis. L. Rev. 539, “ARTICLE: SAPPHIRE BOUND!” Lexis, accessed 11-10-13, TAP

Looking at legal problems against the context of non-legal perspectives has its dangers
AND
, sexist, and class-stratified society without its hearing from me.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: NU OS | Judge: Carly Wunderlich
The academy isn’t wrong – our authors would get fired if they produced wrong studies – our studies are real and create actionable knowledge
Earl C. Ravenal 9, distinguished senior fellow in foreign policy studies @ Cato, is professor emeritus of the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service. He is an expert on NATO, defense strategy, and the defense budget. He is the author of Designing Defense for a New World Order. What's Empire Got to Do with It? The Derivation of America's Foreign Policy.” Critical Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Politics and Society 21.1 (2009) 21-75
The underlying notion of “the security bureaucracies . . . looking for new enemies
AND
or to a lack of sufficient imagination to exploit opportunities for personal profit.

Reps don’t cause war
Reiter, Emory University political science professor, 1995
Dan, International Security, Vol. 20, No. 2, “Exploding the Powder Keg Myth: Preemptive Wars Almost Never Happen” JSTOR, p.15-16, accessed 10-7-13, TAP

A criticism of assessing the frequency of preemptive wars by looking only at wars themselves
AND
cancer, this is not demonstrated by the results of such a test.

No impact and the alt fails – it can’t explain the world adequately and trigger points are necessary.
Rodwell, Manchester Metropolitan University foreign policy PhD candidate, 2005
Jonathan, “Trendy But Empty: A Response to Richard Jackson” http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/rodwell1.htm, accessed 9-22-13, TAP

However, having said that, the problem is Jackson’s own theoretical underpinning, his
AND
analysis provides us with is a set of universals and a heuristic model.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: UGA DG | Judge: Stephen Weil
2. Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

?
Changing representational practices won’t alter policy, looking to structures and politics is more vital
Tuathail, Department of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 96 (Gearoid Tuathail, Department of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), 664 )

While theoretical debates at academic conferences  are important to academics, the discourse and concerns
AND
needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is  human history.

A. Perm solves – rejection fails, the plan is key – declaring alternative approaches to security do not challenge status quo mentalities, political actions are necessary
Huysmans, Open University Politics Lecturer, March 1999
(Jef, “LANGUAGE AND THE MOBILISATION OF SECURITY EXPECTATIONS. THE NORMATIVE DILEMMA OF SPEAKING AND WRITING SECURITY,” www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/events/jointsessions/paperarchive/mannheim/w18/huysmans.pdf, accessed 9-11-9)

Thus, the critical quality rests on the assumption that representations of the world make
AND
Are they possibly a constitutive part of the mastery of the dominant construction? 

Terror rhetoric necessary- term key to create new forms of knowledge
Gunning, University of Wales Aberystwyth international politics professor, 2007
Jeroen, “Babies and Bathwaters: Reflecting on the Pitfalls of Critical Studies on Terrorism” 2007, http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/media/departmental/interpol/csrv/babies-and-bathwaters~-~~-~-isa2007.pdf, p.5-6, accessed 9-22-13, TAP

Usage of the term ‘terrorism’ also poses serious security problems for those conducting fieldwork
AND
earmarked for studying ‘terrorism’ should similarly not be left simply to others.

Threat con doesn’t apply – SCS is unique
Kaplan, senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, 11
(Robert D., national correspondent for the Atlantic, and a member of the U.S. Defense Department's Defense Policy Board, Sept/Oct, Foreign Policy, “The South China Sea Is the Future of Conflict,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/15/the_south_china_sea_is_the_future_of_conflict, accessed 9-5-11, CMM)

JUST AS GERMAN SOIL constituted the military front line of the Cold War, the
AND
nationalism, has a geographical home, it is the South China Sea.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: UGA DG | Judge: Chung, Lee, Reed
6. The absolutism of their alternative results in tunnel vision – evaluate consequences.
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

Constructing prior questions doesn’t disprove the aff – it results in generalizations and inaction.
Owen, University of Southampton political theory professor, 2002
David, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol 31 No 3, “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Practical Reason” Sagepub, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a¶
AND
helped to promote the IR theory wars by motivating this¶ philosophical turn.
The first danger with the philosophical turn is that it has an inbuilt tendency to
AND
it¶ is, in contrast, wholly dependent on these philosophical commitments.¶

 Thus, for example, one need not be sympathetic to rational choice theory
AND
it¶ is not the only or even necessarily the most important kind.
The second danger run by the philosophical turn is that because prioritisation of ontology and
AND
the promotion of the pursuit of generality over that of empirical¶ validity.
The third danger is that the preceding two combine to encourage the¶ formation of
AND
first¶ and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Perm solves – experts not mutually exclusive with the alt – also the aff is a prerequisite because transparency is necessary for the alt to solve AND the aff solves because groupthink precludes effective screening of experts.
Cole, Georgetown University law professor, 2012
David, 44 Conn. L. Rev. 1627, “COMMENTARY: NATIONAL SECURITY: RESPONSE: Confronting the Wizard of Oz: National Security, Expertise, and Secrecy” Lexis, accessed 1-20-14, TAP

The issue, in other words, is not whether to rely on experts,
AND
faith, the inevitable result is that their actions are increasingly insulated from scrutiny 

by others and immune from democratic checks. Virtually everyone who has had access to
AND
survival of our polity, but its survival in the form we choose.
All IR is partial – the permutation is best.
Lake, University of California San Diego political science professor, 2011
David, International Studies Quarterly, “Why ’’isms’’ Are Evil: Theory, Epistemology, and Academic Sects as Impediments to Understanding and Progress” Wiley, p.467, accessed 3-19-14, TAP

This diverse range of research traditions reflects the complex state of world¶ politics and
AND
accept these limits with humility and grace and,¶ indeed, embrace partiality.

Threats are real.
Earl C. Ravenal 9, distinguished senior fellow in foreign policy studies @ Cato, is professor emeritus of the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service. He is an expert on NATO, defense strategy, and the defense budget. He is the author of Designing Defense for a New World Order. What's Empire Got to Do with It? The Derivation of America's Foreign Policy.” Critical Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Politics and Society 21.1 (2009) 21-75

The underlying notion of “the security bureaucracies . . . looking for new enemies
AND
- ity in the derivation of policy at every functional level; and objectivity

 in the treatment of parameters, especially external parameters such as “threats”
AND
or to a lack of sufficient imagination to exploit opportunities for personal profit.

Tournament: Kentucky Round Robin | Round: 8 | Opponent: Emory JS | Judge: Aaron Hardy
2. Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

Constructing prior questions doesn’t disprove the aff – it results in generalizations and inaction.
Owen, University of Southampton political theory professor, 2002
David, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol 31 No 3, “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Practical Reason” Sagepub, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a¶
AND
first¶ and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Perm solves – can’t abandon the notion of security BUT it can be reframed – also no impact.
Nunes, University of Warwick research fellow, 2012
João, Security Dialogue 2012 43: 345, “Reclaiming the political: Emancipation and critique in security studies” Sagepub, p.349-50, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

In the works of these authors, one can identify a tendency to see security
AND

address these limitations, the next section revisits emancipatory¶ understandings of security.

They are good – key to prevent genocide – the alt collapses on itself.
Reinhard, University of California Los Angeles English and comparative literature professor, 2005
Kenneth, The Neighbor: Three Inquiries into Political Theology, “Toward a political theology of the neighbor” http://books.google.com/books?id=4BPpfkNnsBECandpg=PA14andlpg=PA14anddq=Towards+a+Political+Theology+of+the+Neighborandsource=blandots=HwXQX9wIRWandsig=TsAuQgWofTcQbLdJcUi3zFPTGGQandhl=enandsa=Xandei=Y_RJUsCyLIP64AP7jIH4Cgandved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageandq=Towards20a20Political20Theology20of20the20Neighborandf=true, p.16-7, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

One problem with this account of the political, where we divide the world into
AND
declare war on him is to attempt to resuscitate the enemy’s failing animus.

Tournament: Dartmouth Round Robin | Round: 7 | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: Rashad Evans
6. The absolutism of their alternative results in tunnel vision – evaluate consequences.
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

Constructing prior questions doesn’t disprove the aff – it results in generalizations and inaction.
Owen, University of Southampton political theory professor, 2002
David, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol 31 No 3, “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Practical Reason” Sagepub, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a¶
AND
helped to promote the IR theory wars by motivating this¶ philosophical turn.
The first danger with the philosophical turn is that it has an inbuilt tendency to
AND
it¶ is not the only or even necessarily the most important kind.
The second danger run by the philosophical turn is that because prioritisation of ontology and
AND
the promotion of the pursuit of generality over that of empirical¶ validity.
The third danger is that the preceding two combine to encourage the¶ formation of
AND
first¶ and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Perm solves – experts not mutually exclusive with the alt – also the aff is a prerequisite because transparency is necessary for the alt to solve AND the aff solves because groupthink precludes effective screening of experts.
Cole, Georgetown University law professor, 2012
David, 44 Conn. L. Rev. 1627, “COMMENTARY: NATIONAL SECURITY: RESPONSE: Confronting the Wizard of Oz: National Security, Expertise, and Secrecy” Lexis, accessed 1-20-14, TAP

The issue, in other words, is not whether to rely on experts,
AND
survival of our polity, but its survival in the form we choose.

Alt fails – public apathy.
Margulies, Northwestern University law professor, and Herrine, New York University JD candidate, 2012
Joseph and Luke, 44 Conn. L. Rev. 1491, “COMMENTARY: NATIONAL SECURITY: RESPONSE: Republican Virtue and Expert Discourse: A Response to Professor Rana” Lexis, accessed 1-20-14, TAP

Aziz Rana's analysis of the elitist turn in American security discourse could not be timelier
AND
respective heads, of which only the briefest sampling can be offered here.

Threats are real.
Earl C. Ravenal 9, distinguished senior fellow in foreign policy studies @ Cato, is professor emeritus of the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service. He is an expert on NATO, defense strategy, and the defense budget. He is the author of Designing Defense for a New World Order. What's Empire Got to Do with It? The Derivation of America's Foreign Policy.” Critical Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Politics and Society 21.1 (2009) 21-75

The underlying notion of “the security bureaucracies . . . looking for new enemies
AND
or to a lack of sufficient imagination to exploit opportunities for personal profit.

Framing is irrelevant.
Reiter, Emory University political science professor, 1995
Dan, International Security, Vol. 20, No. 2, “Exploding the Powder Keg Myth: Preemptive Wars Almost Never Happen” JSTOR, p.15-16, accessed 10-7-13, TAP

A criticism of assessing the frequency of preemptive wars by looking only at wars themselves
AND
cancer, this is not demonstrated by the results of such a test.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: OU BC | Judge: Hester, Lundeen, Parker
Sexton’s entire K is de-contextual and based on poor evidence.
Spickard, University of California Santa Barbara history and Asian American studies professor, 2009
Paul, American Studies Volume 50, Number 1/2, Spring/Summer 2009, “Amalgamation Schemes: Antiblackness and the Critique of Multiracialism. Jared Sexton. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 2008.” Project Muse, accessed 3-20-14, TAP

Sexton does point out, as do many writers, the flawed tendencies in multiracial
AND
personal lives of the writers themselves. It is a pretty tawdry exercise.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 6 | Opponent: OU LM | Judge: Patrick Kennedy
Constructing prior questions doesn’t disprove the aff – it results in generalizations and inaction.
Owen, University of Southampton political theory professor, 2002
David, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol 31 No 3, “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Practical Reason” Sagepub, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a¶
AND
helped to promote the IR theory wars by motivating this¶ philosophical turn.
The first danger with the philosophical turn is that it has an inbuilt tendency to
AND
it¶ is not the only or even necessarily the most important kind.
The second danger run by the philosophical turn is that because prioritisation of ontology and
AND
the promotion of the pursuit of generality over that of empirical¶ validity.
The third danger is that the preceding two combine to encourage the¶ formation of
AND
first¶ and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

No impact and ontology doesn’t come first – it is impossible to lose a sense of being.
Latour, Sciences Po Paris sociology professor, 1993
Bruno, “We Have Never Been Modern” http://www.scribd.com/doc/93338653/Bruno-Latour-We-Have-Never-Been-Modern, p.66-7, accessed 10-3-12, TAP

Who has forgotten Being? No one, no one ever has, otherwise Nature
AND
a surer guide than Heidegger: ‘Einai gar kai entautha theous.’

The alt leads to nuclear war, which outweighs the K
Santoni, philosophy professor at Denison, ‘85
(Ronald, Nuclear War, 1985 edition edited by Fox and Groarke, p156-157)

To be sure, Fox sees the need for our undergoing “certain fundamental changes
AND
will ultimate violence be removed as the final arbiter of our planet’s fate.

Completely destroying TK authority means the president exercises worse forms of militarism – this card is about Vietnam.
Anderson, Washington University law professor, 2009
Kenneth, “Targeted Killing in U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy and Law” http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2009/5/1120counterterrorism20anderson/0511_counterterrorism_anderson.pdf, p.9, accessed 12-22-13, TAP

The United States has long accepted a legal, political, and policy space for
AND
. domestic law quietly and intentionally preserved the category while strengthening the oversight.
This category of force is now an obvious means by which to confront non-
AND
military activity against terrorists or taking no very meaningful action at all.36

Aff is in the direction of the alt.
Anderson, American University international law professor, 2013
Kenneth, June 2013, “The Case for Drones” http://ssrn.com/abstract=2047537, p.21, accessed 12-18-13, TAP

A second observation is to look across the history¶ of precision weapons in the
AND
advance in precision that has cut zeroes off¶ collateral-damage figures.
Those who see only the snapshot of civilian harm¶ today are angered by civilian
AND
villages,¶ left hundreds of thousands without homes, and¶ killed hundreds.
But critics do not typically evaluate drones¶ against the standards of the artillery barrage
AND
¶ of whether one ought to use force in counterterrorism¶ at all.
The critique misreads institutions – the political incentives have already normalized violence – the plan contains the use of that violence.
Anderson, Washington University law professor, 2009
Kenneth, “Targeted Killing in U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy and Law” http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2009/5/1120counterterrorism20anderson/0511_counterterrorism_anderson.pdf, p.8, accessed 12-22-13, TAP

The same criticism is offered of evolving robotic technology that increasingly allows targeted uses of
AND
up the list, with each upward step making war more likely.”32
Whatever the critics say, however, is unlikely to sway U.S.
AND
much less destructive and so discriminating as to be too easy to undertake.
The result is a strategic and moral incentive for targeted killing and for increasing the quality of technology to make targeted killings both more precision-targeted and more standoff. Precision targeting and standoff delivery are each independently desirable and, in combination, considerably increase this incentive.

Global war does not result from a Western desire for control---it results from lack of clearly defined strategic imperatives---the aff is necessary to reclaim the political
Chandler, University of Westminster international relations professor, 2009
David, Security Dialogue, “War Without End(s): Grounding the Discourse of `Global War'” http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/journal_articles/Security20Dialogue20-20War20without20End(s).pdf, p.257-9, accessed 10-7-13, TAP

Western governments appear to portray some of the distinctive characteristics that Schmitt attributed to ‘
AND
lack of clear contestation involving the strategic accommodation of diverse powers and interests. 

The alternative is utopian – this means it fails because it is infinitely deferrable.
Rasch, Indiana University Germanic studies professor, 2003
William, Cultural Critique No. 54 Spring, “Human Rights as Geopolitics: Carl Schmitt and the Legal Form of American Supremacy” Jstor, p.143-4, accessed 5-12-12, TAP

But while affirmative theorists like Habermas and Rawls are busy constructing the ideological scaffolding that
AND
the negative image of the relentless search for the "inhuman" other.

The alternative does nothing in the face of what it critiques – it reveals a disavowed desire to allow things to remain the same.
Prozorov, University of Helsinki international relations professor, 2007
Sergei, “The World Community and the Closure of the Political: How to Overcome Carl Schmitt” http://turin.sgir.eu/uploads/Prozorov-prozorov_world_community_2007.pdf, p.1, accessed 5-15-12, TAP

Contemporary political theory exhibits a curious attachment to its central concepts, which increasingly function
AND
, insofar as no end to this process is visible or even imaginable.

1) The environment is indestructible and resilient
Gregg Easterbrook, Brookings Economic and Governance Studies Fellow, ‘95
A Moment on the Earth, 25-26

In the aftermath of events such as Love Canal or the Exxon Valdez oil spill
AND
anything approaching the environmental damage nature inflicts on itself on a recurrent basis.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Vermont BB | Judge: Sherry Hall
2ac
C. Switch side debate uniquely solves critical thinking through deliberation that solves oppression.
Lundberg, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill communications professor, 2010
Christian, Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century by Allan Louden, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” http://books.google.com/books?id=ntHxX_9J7gYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandq=complex20worldandf=false, p.311-3, accessed 8-8-12, TAP

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
their time and political energies toward policies that matter the most to them.
The merits of debate as a tool for building democratic capacity-building take on
AND
concrete work to realize and expanded commitment to debate at colleges and universities.

3. Most of our claims are contingent – they have to answer each one specifically.
Price, University of Minnesota anthropology professor, and Reus-Smit, Monash Unversity, 1998
Richard and Christian, “Dangerous Liaisons? Critical International Theory and Constructivism” http://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf, p.271-2, accessed 1-6-13, TAP

One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism¶ is the view
AND
the interpretive ethos of critical¶ international theory than does critical theory itself.

6. The alt is vague – that’s a reason to reject the team because it makes them a moving target that we can’t test to determine if it is true, and vague alts fail.
Farber, City University of New York Brooklyn College political science professor, 9-13-12
Samuel, “Occupy Wall Street and the Art of Demanding” http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/11507-occupy-wall-street-and-the-art-of-demanding, accessed 9-15-12, TAP

The OWS reluctance to formulate demands might have been beneficial initially in that it might
AND
where they are – to point B – where they want to be.

7. Good is good enough – method focus never results in action.
Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State  IR Professor, 2002
James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68

It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method
AND
, but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.

8. The absolutism of their alternative results in tunnel vision – evaluate consequences.
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

9. Turn – alt doesn’t stop global drone use – only the plan creates a framework for use that prevents state-based repression.
Boyle, La Salle University political science assistant professor, 2013
Michael, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf, p.28-9, accessed 9-8-13, TAP 

A final, and crucial, step towards mitigating the strategic consequences of drones ¶
AND
architecture which might avert ¶ some of the worst consequences of their use.

10. Turn – the alt makes authoritarianism and oppression inevitable.
Boyle, La Salle University political science assistant professor, 2013
Michael, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf, p.25-6, accessed 9-8-13, TAP 

Fourth, there is a distinct danger that the world will divide into two camps
AND
or even national liberation claims, including just ones, upon ¶ them.

1. 1. Our use of nuclear fear and discourse is necessary to check extinction- it provides the consciousness to ensure peace in the face of nuclear war and worse
      JAH Futterman, former US Nuclear Weapons Scientist, 1994
      “Obscenity and Peace: Meditations on the Morality of Nuclear Weapons Work,” http://www.dogchurch.org/scriptorium/nuke.html 

But the inhibitory effect of reliable nuclear weapons goes deeper than Shirer's deterrence of adventurer
AND
peace movement with a needed sense of urgency that it might otherwise lack.

12. Learning policy making discourse is the only way to challenge the dogmatic assumptions of elites – their interpretation of radical acts is too rigid and absolute – using the state can solve oppression.
David E. McClean, New School University Professor, and Society for the Study of Africana Philosophy President, 2001, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm

Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our Country
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

13. State action can fight racism.
Jensen, Texas University Journalism Professor, Nowar Collective Founder, 2005
Robert, The Heart of Whiteness, p.78-87

I'm all for diversity and its institutional manifestation, multiculturalism. But we should be
AND
in the United States. It certainly has been true in my life. 

14. Using the state can fight oppression against indigenous people.
Grande, Connecticut College education associate professor, 2007
Sandy, Critical Pedagogy: Where are we now? By Peter McLaren, “Red Lake Woebegone: Pedagogy, Decolonization, and the Critical Project” http://books.google.com/books?id=M97YKJdkJbcCandq=sandy+grande#v=onepageandq=grammar20of20empireandf=false, p.330, accessed 2-6-13, TAP

Audre Lorde’s essay, The Master’s Tools Will Not Dismantle the Master’s House, is
AND
is it possible to engage the grammar of empire without replicating its effects?  

15. Using the state can fight sexism.
Catherine MacKinnon, University of Michigan Law School Elizabeth A. Long Law Professor, 2005, “Women’s Lives, Men’s Laws, p. 42-3

There is a legitimate question, though, about the relation between law and the
AND
recognize that women live here, too. Every day of our lives. 

16. Debate is fundamentally a competition – the adversarial structures means there is no spillover.
Deborah Tannen, Ph.D., Georgetown University professor of linguistics and University Professor, 1998, “The Argument Culture,” p. 174

Another scholar who questions the usefulness of opposition as the sole path to truth is
AND
usually attributes that loss to poor performance or to an adversary's unfair tactics. 

18. Performative politics is a private act that doesn’t challenge systemic oppression – two implications. A- all your offense on framework is solved by reading a book and B- you don’t solve your impacts, your speech act is an act of nihilism.
Nussbaum, University of Chicago law professor, 1999
Martha, “The Professor of Parody” http://www.akad.se/Nussbaum.pdf, accessed 2-9-13, TAP

The idea of gender as performance is Butler's most famous idea, and so it
AND
for what, in Excitable Speech, Butler calls "an ironic hopefulness."

19. Being subversive has no intrinsic value absent pre-conceived norms – that flips subversion on its head.
Nussbaum, University of Chicago law professor, 1999
Martha, “The Professor of Parody” http://www.akad.se/Nussbaum.pdf, accessed 2-9-13, TAP

Butler departs in this regard from earlier social-constructionist feminists, all of whom
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we have to articulate those norms--and this Butler refuses to do.

The alt creates distancing from all of these solutions – voting neg let’s you wipe your hands clean instead of pursue actual change.
Johnston, Emory University, 2004
Adrian, "The Cynic's Fetish: Slavoj Zizek and the Dynamics of Belief," http://www.scribd.com/doc/20244451/Johnston-a-The-Cynic-s-Fetish-Slavoj-Zizek-and-the-Dynamics-of-Belief, 1/1

However, the absence of this type of Lacan-underwritten argument in Žiž
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whose underlying complicity with the present state of affairs he describes so well. 

It is necessary to learn the language of the state- their form of opposition will always be transitory, getting co-opted by the government or society. It may be necessary but is not sufficient
Sullivan, the New Republic – editor, 1995 (Andrew, Virtually Normal, pg. 91-93)

Moreover, mere cultural redeployment in a free society is always subject to a cultural
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or projects for turning the cage into something more like a human home.” 

Knowing the policy details are critical to preventing abuses of state power where the state can justify killing anyone.
Guiora, University of Utah law professor, 2012
Amos, Case Western Reserve Journal of Internal Law, vol 45, “Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion” http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1and2.13.Article.Guiora.pdf, p.254, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

The U.S. drone policy raises profoundly important questions ¶ regarding the very
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between the individuals who pose a threat and those who ¶ do not.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Rutgers RS | Judge: Jason Russell
C. Clash key to critical thinking – solves oppression.
Lundberg, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill communications professor, 2010
Christian, Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century by Allan Louden, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” http://books.google.com/books?id=ntHxX_9J7gYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandq=complex20worldandf=false, p.311-3, accessed 8-8-12, TAP

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
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their time and political energies toward policies that matter the most to them.
The merits of debate as a tool for building democratic capacity-building take on
AND
concrete work to realize and expanded commitment to debate at colleges and universities.

5. Good is good enough – method focus never results in action.
Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State  IR Professor, 2002
James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68

It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method
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, but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.

6. The absolutism of their alternative results in tunnel vision – evaluate consequences.
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
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not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

7. Future oriented politics are critical to end oppressive policies and create a better future
Kurasawa, York University Assistant Sociology Professor and Yale University Cultural Sociology Center Associate Faculty, December 2004,
(Fuyuki, “Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight,” Volume 11 Issue 4 Page 453-475)

None of this is to disavow the international community’s rather patchy record of avoiding foreseeable
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public spaces; prevention is a public practice, and a public responsibility.
To believe otherwise is, I would argue, to leave the path clear for
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must be made, starting with us, in the here and now.

Constructing prior questions doesn’t disprove the aff – it results in generalizations and inaction.
Owen, University of Southampton political theory professor, 2002
David, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol 31 No 3, “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Practical Reason” Sagepub, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a¶
AND
helped to promote the IR theory wars by motivating this¶ philosophical turn.
The first danger with the philosophical turn is that it has an inbuilt tendency to
AND
it¶ is not the only or even necessarily the most important kind.
The second danger run by the philosophical turn is that because prioritisation of ontology and
AND
the promotion of the pursuit of generality over that of empirical¶ validity.
The third danger is that the preceding two combine to encourage the¶ formation of
AND
first¶ and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Best evidence says modernity solves violence
Pinker, psychology professor at Harvard University, ‘12
Steven, Current History, Jan, Ebsco EJS

The decline of violence may be the most significant and least appreciated development in the
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and knowledge, we can add its role in the reduction of violence.

9. Permutation – endorse the strategy of the aff as well as the strategy of the neg – solves all their offense – any risk that the aff strategy is good is a net benefit.

Their steadfast opposition to x fosters a culture of radical skepticism that makes any change impossible – the perm is the best middle ground
Berman, University of Connecticut Law School Associate Professor, 2001
Paul Schiff, “APPROACHES TO THE CULTURAL STUDY OF LAW: TELLING A LESS SUSPICIOUS STORY: NOTES TOWARD A NON-SKEPTICAL APPROACH TO LEGAL/CULTURAL ANALYSIS,” 13 Yale J.L. and Human. 95, Lexis

The second drawback of the hermeneutics of suspicion is perhaps even more important. As
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normative scholarship cannot extricate scholars from the fundamental questions that I am discussing.

They’re wrong about ontological freedom
Macedo, University of Massachusetts Boston Applied Linguistics Master of Arts program graduate program director, 2000
Donaldo, writes the new introduction to the anniversary edition to Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, p.32-3, TAP

Freire is able to do this because he operates on one basic assumption: that
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right to say his or her own word, to name the world.
We don’t endorse any gender language within this card

Their ontological framing of blackness dooms the aff. Placing Blackness as oppositional denies it any existence independent of white supremacy and makes identity reliant on oppression
Pinn, Macalester College Professor of Religious Studies, 4
(Anthony, Dialog: A Journal of Theology, Volume 43, Number 1, Spring 2004, '‘‘Black Is, Black Ain’t’’: Victor Anderson, African American Theological Thought, and Identity', pg.57-58, Wiley online Library, accessed 11-10-12 TAT)

This connection between ontological blackness and¶ religion is natural because: ‘‘ontological blackness
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foster¶ balance while embracing difference as positive?¶ Anderson looks to Nietzsche.

Social death overlooks resistance in black culture
Bâ, Race and Postcolonial theorist, 11
(Saer Maty, “The US decentered: From Black Social Death to Cultural Transformation,” Cultural Studies Review 17(2), September p. 385-387, TAT)

And yet Wilderson's highlighting is problematic because it overlooks the 'Diaspora' or 'African Diaspora',
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? The coffle approaches with its answers in tow.' (340)

1. Threshold frame – all we need to do to win a link turn is win ONE instance of the USFG doing something good. The burden for them winning this link has to be that the state is ALWAYS bad, which it isn’t
   Jensen, Texas University Journalism Professor, Nowar Collective Founder, 2005
   Robert, The Heart of Whiteness, p. 91-96

That's the question for which this country has never quite found an answer: What
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to civilize others. The real White People's Burden is to civilize ourselves.

12. Learning policy making discourse is the only way to challenge the dogmatic assumptions of elites – their interpretation of radical acts is too rigid and absolute – using the state can solve oppression.
David E. McClean, New School University Professor, and Society for the Study of Africana Philosophy President, 2001, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm

Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our Country
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critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

Tournament: NDT | Round: Doubles | Opponent: OU LM | Judge: Crowe, Foley, Harris, P Kennedy, Kurr
Case

2ac – Solvency EXTN – AT: Rubber Stamp
Creation of the court is sufficient to solve credibility and shape norms.
Wexler, University of Illinois law professor, 2013
Lesley, 5-8-13, “The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2262412, p.1-2, accessed 5-14-13, TAP

Critics of the status quo would like greater transparency and accountability in regards to tar
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proposed the use of courts to foster either transparency or accountability or both.

Plan still solves.
Daskal, Georgetown Center on national security and the law professor, 2013
Jennifer, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, “The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside the 'Hot' Conflict” http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1252andcontext=facsch_lawrev
Zone, p.1222, accessed 12-16-13, TAP

That said, there is a reasonable fear that any such court or review board
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features in and of themselves can lead to increased¶ reflection and restraint.
Additional accountability mechanisms, such as civil or criminal sanctions¶ in the event of material misrepresentations or omissions, the granting of¶ far-reaching authority to the relevant Inspectors General, and meaningful¶ ex post review by Article III courts,182 are also needed to help further¶ minimize abuse.
No impact to rubber stamping.
Guiora, University of Utah law professor, 2012
Amos, Case Western Reserve Journal of Internal Law, vol 45, “Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion” http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1and2.13.Article.Guiora.pdf, p.240, accessed 9-15-13, TAP

While the model is different—a defense attorney cannot question ¶ state witnesses—
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an ¶ independent judiciary as a precursor to engaging in operational ¶ counterterrorism.

2ac – China Reps K :45
China reps k wrong.
Callahan, University of Manchester politics professor, 2005
William, Review of International Studies / Volume 31 / Issue 04 / October 2005, “How to understand China: the dangers and opportunities of being a rising power” Cambridge Journals Online, p.711-2, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

Although ‘China threat theory’ is ascribed to the Cold War thinking of foreigners who
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more interesting to examine the debates that produced the threat/opportunity dynamic.

All IR is partial – the permutation is best.
Lake, University of California San Diego political science professor, 2011
David, International Studies Quarterly, “Why ’’isms’’ Are Evil: Theory, Epistemology, and Academic Sects as Impediments to Understanding and Progress” Wiley, p.467, accessed 3-19-14, TAP

This diverse range of research traditions reflects the complex state of world¶ politics and
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accept these limits with humility and grace and,¶ indeed, embrace partiality.

Framing is irrelevant.
Reiter, Emory University political science professor, 1995
Dan, International Security, Vol. 20, No. 2, “Exploding the Powder Keg Myth: Preemptive Wars Almost Never Happen” JSTOR, p.15-16, accessed 10-7-13, TAP

A criticism of assessing the frequency of preemptive wars by looking only at wars themselves
AND
cancer, this is not demonstrated by the results of such a test.

2ac – Heg – Impact Overview – Yes Turns
Heg has reduced violence – it also checks nuclear great power war.
Thayer, University of Utah international relations professor, 2013
Bradley, International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, within The Forum: The Decline of War, “Humans, Not Angels: Reasons to Doubt the Decline of War Thesis” Wiley, p.409-10, accessed 1-21-14, TAP

Accordingly, while Pinker is sensitive to the importance of power in a domestic¶
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and has¶ four major positive consequences for international politics (Thayer 2006).
In addition to ensuring the security of the United States and its allies, American
AND
reduce war’s likelihood—particularly¶ the worst form—great power wars.
Second, American power gives the United States the ability to spread democracy¶ and
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likely to want to resolve things amicably¶ in concurrence with US leadership.
Third, along with the growth of the number of democratic states around the world has been the growth of the global economy. With its allies, the United¶ States has labored to create an economically liberal worldwide network characterized¶ by free trade and commerce, respect for international property rights,¶ mobility of capital, and labor markets. The economic stability and prosperity that¶ stems from this economic order is a global public good.
Fourth, and finally, the United States has been willing to use its power
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the world’s police, the global paramedic, and the planet’s fire department.
There is no other state, group of states, or international organizations that can
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¶ relative power changes and not to the benefit of the United States.

EXTN – Lashout
Decline causes overreaction and lashout.
Beckley, Tufts University political science professor, 2012
Michael, Harvard Kennedy School international security research fellow, “The Unipolar Era: Why American Power Persists and China’s Rise Is Limited” http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/item/ac:146399, p.194-5, accessed 3-20-14, TAP

One danger is that declinism could prompt trade conflicts and immigration ¶ restrictions. The
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by cutting themselves off from a potentially ¶ vital source of American power.
Another danger is that declinism may impair foreign policy decision-making. ¶ If top government officials come to believe that China is overtaking the United ¶ States, they are likely to react in one of two ways, both of which are potentially ¶ disastrous.
The first is that policymakers may imagine the United States faces a closing ¶ “
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inadvertently promote the type of violent ¶ overreaction that they seek to prevent.
The other potential reaction is retrenchment – the divestment of all foreign ¶ policy obligations save those linked to vital interests, defined in a narrow and ¶ national manner. Advocates of retrenchment assume, or hope, that the world will ¶ sort itself out on its own; that whatever replaces American hegemony, whether it be ¶ a return to balance-of-power politics or a transition to a post-power paradise, will ¶ naturally maintain international order and prosperity.
But order and prosperity are unnatural. They can never be presumed. When ¶
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may fester without a ¶ leader to rally collective action.   

LIfton
Lifton wrong on every substantive question while generally lacking on analytical precision and logic – his framing of Al-Qaeda independently wrecks solvency and leads to otherization of the Muslim community.
Chernus, University of Colorado Boulder religious studies professor, 2004
Ira, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 72, No. 4, “Review: Superpower Syndrome: America’s Apocalyptic Confrontation with the World” JSTOR, p.1050-2, accessed 3-21-14, TAP

For four decades Robert Jay Lifton has practiced the art of psychohistory in¶ the
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the George W. Bush administration's reaction to the 9/11 attack.
All of the hallmarks of Lifton's work are here: careful research, deft interweaving
AND
is a somewhat frustrating mix of sharp insight and murky overall¶ argument.
Lifton's master trope here is "apocalypticism"(h ence the subtitle:" America's¶
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purify some¶ part of the world of evil and thereby renew it.
Although Lifton always places acts of apocalyptic violence in their particular¶ historical contexts,
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Then they set out to erase their doubts by¶ destroying that other.
Apocalypticists also battle their death anxiety by identifying themselves with¶ God or some equally
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they wield their violence to bring history to a purified,¶ perfect end.
This is all very thought-provoking stuff (though perhaps familiar to specialists¶ in apocalyptic studies). And Lifton hangs numerous smaller insights on his¶ overall structure. But when he comes to the meat of his subject- the conflict¶ between the U.S. government and "Islamic terrorists" as represented by Osama¶ bin Laden and Al-Qaeda- the structure sometimes seems to run too quickly¶ past demonstrable facts.
For Lifton, the violent form of jihad practiced by Al-Qaeda and other
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returned to us so that Islam will reign¶ again" (79).
Although Lifton is usually quite respectful of empirical political facts, here¶ he barely
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and generalized model of¶ apocalypticism, Lifton may inadvertently reinforce that error.

AT: Heg Bad – Offshore Balancing
Offshore balancing fails – cannot access alliance structure that provides security guarantees – that makes global war inevitable.
Brooks et al., Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, 12
(Stephen, John Ikenberry, Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth, Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College, “Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment,” International Security, Volume 37, Number 3, Winter 2012, “Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment,” project muse, accessed 7-13-13, CMM)

Balancing.¶ Some advocates of retrenchment suggest that deep engagement in the security affairs of
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analyses find no evidence of external or internal balancing by major powers.38

Offshore balancing doesn’t solve – physical presence not key.
Nye, Harvard University international relations professor, 2008
Joseph, “Recovering American Leadership” http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00396330801899447, p.61-2, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

In light of these new circumstances, how will the only superpower guide ¶ its
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. Turning inward does no good if ¶ the problems follow you home.

No offshore strategy coming.
Kagan, Brookings Institution foreign policy senior fellow, 1-24-11
Robert, Weekly Standard, Vol 16 Number 18, “The Price of Power” http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/price-power_533696.html?page=3, accessed 2-16-11, TP

In theory, the United States could refrain from intervening abroad. But, in
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allow the United States to make do with a substantially smaller force structure. 

AT: Heg Bad – Imperialism

Empire is a misnomer.
Ikenberry, Princeton University international relations, 2004
John, Foreign Affairs, March/April, “Illusions of Empire: Defining the New American Order” Lexis, accessed 1-21-14, TAP

Is the United States an empire? If so, Ferguson's liberal empire is a
AND
of international institutions that have limited and legitimated U.S. power.

K

2ac – Nietzsche
Constructing prior questions doesn’t disprove the aff – it results in generalizations and inaction.
Owen, University of Southampton political theory professor, 2002
David, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol 31 No 3, “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Practical Reason” Sagepub, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a¶
AND
helped to promote the IR theory wars by motivating this¶ philosophical turn.
The first danger with the philosophical turn is that it has an inbuilt tendency to
AND
it¶ is not the only or even necessarily the most important kind.
The second danger run by the philosophical turn is that because prioritisation of ontology and
AND
the promotion of the pursuit of generality over that of empirical¶ validity.
The third danger is that the preceding two combine to encourage the¶ formation of
AND
first¶ and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Threats are real.
Earl C. Ravenal 9, distinguished senior fellow in foreign policy studies @ Cato, is professor emeritus of the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service. He is an expert on NATO, defense strategy, and the defense budget. He is the author of Designing Defense for a New World Order. What's Empire Got to Do with It? The Derivation of America's Foreign Policy.” Critical Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Politics and Society 21.1 (2009) 21-75

The underlying notion of “the security bureaucracies . . . looking for new enemies
AND
or to a lack of sufficient imagination to exploit opportunities for personal profit.

Death is bad – it is an ontological evil.
Paterson, Providence College philosophy department, 2003
Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1029225, p.19, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se¶
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of participating in a full array of¶ the goods of life.81

1. Fear of death is good – it is key restore meaning to life and mobilize political action.
   Miriam Greenspan, Internationally Recognized Psychotherapist and Author, 2003
   "An Excerpt from Healing through the Dark Emotions: The Wisdom of Grief, Fear, and Despair," Spirituality and Health, Available Online at http://www.spiritualityhealth.com/newsh/excerpts/bookreview/excp_5513.html, Accessed 10-15-2004 

"Fear is a very powerful emotion. When you feel fear in your body
AND
just you and I but all of us can live together without fear."

C. Saving life is a prerequisite to celebrating it
Michael and Caldwell, senior philosophy lecturer University of New South Wales and lecturer in social inquiry at the University of Technology Sydney, 04
Michaelis and Peter, The Consolations of Optimism. In Life Death and Meaning: Key Philosophical Readings on Big Questions. Pg 385

It aligns with Nietzsche’s injunction about the ultimate and ineliminable ground of joy being the mere fact of being—that is, that existing itself for a conscious rational being can be viewed as a triumph over the absurdity of existence and, therefore, a reason to congratulate oneself and rejoice. This can he considered a practical take on stoicism and is a valuable one to embrace. It has direct implications for the reasonableness of optimism itself.

Change and survival are critical to affirming life – permutation solves.
May, Clemson University philosophy professor, 2005
Todd, Philosophy and Social Criticism, Vol. 31, No. 5-6, “To change the world, to celebrate life” http://www.jcu.edu/education/dshutkin/fys/ChangeWorldBody.pdf, p.519-20, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

For those among us who seek in philosophy a way to grapple with our lives
AND
speak in words worth hearing. Why else would we read¶ Foucault?
We seek to conceive what is wrong in the world, to grasp it in
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for offering it a new face, or at least a new expression.
There is struggle in this, struggle against ideas and ways of thinking¶ that present themselves to us as inescapable. We know this struggle from¶ Foucault’s writings. It is not clear that he ever wrote about anything¶ else. But this is not the struggle I want to address here.
For there is, on the other hand, another search and another goal.
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.¶ In short, we would like our thought to celebrate our lives.
To change the world and to celebrate life. This, as the theologian¶ Harvey Cox saw, is the struggle within us.1¶ It is a struggle in which one¶ cannot choose sides; or better, a struggle in which one must choose both¶ sides. The abandonment of one for the sake of the other can lead only¶ to disaster or callousness.
Forsaking the celebration of life for the sake of changing the world¶ is the
AND
attends to it should be evident¶ to all of us by now.
The alternative is surely not to shift one’s allegiance to the pure¶ celebration of
AND
by an equally expansive disregard¶ for those we place in harm’s way.
This is the struggle, then. The one between the desire for lifecelebration and
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question then becomes one of how to choose both¶ sides at once.

Ressentiment is wrong – no basis for it – it is an outdated generalization.
Foot, University of California Los Angeles philosophy professor, 2001
Philippa, in Nietzsche by John Richardson and Brian Leiter, “Nietzche: the Revaluation of Values” http://www.amazon.com/Nietzsche-Oxford-Readings-Philosophy-Richardson/dp/0198752709, p.219-20, accessed 3-19-14, TAP

The conclusion of this discussion must be that Nietzsche’s “revaluation of values” is
AND
and could see inhumanity on its present scale and inits present blatant forms.

People should be allowed the CHOICE of deciding for themselves how to determine their own approach to life. Foreclosing this IS a denial of life—should be rejected.
Hamilton, Kings College philosophy of religion lecturer, 2000
Christopher, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, Vol. 3, No. 2, “Nietzsche on Nobility and the Affirmation of Life” JSTOR, p.192, accessed 3-19-14, TAP

If this line of reflection is right, then we can make sense of a
AND
of life which is any more than an affirmation of one's own life.

Ressentiment doesn’t trigger state lashout.
Kaufman, University of Delaware international relations professor, 2009
Stuart , “Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case,” Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434 

Even when hostile narratives, group fears, and opportunity are strongly present, war
AND
chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma.

VTL is subjective.
Tännsjö, Stockholm University philosophy professor, 2011
Torbjörn, “Shalt Thou Sometimes Murder? On the Ethics of Killing” https://www.google.com/search?q=Shalt+Thou+Sometimes+Murder3F+On+the+Ethics+of+Killingandoq=Shalt+Thou+Sometimes+Murder3F+On+the+Ethics+of+Killingandaqs=chrome..69i57.227j0j4andsourceid=chromeandespv=210andes_sm=122andie=UTF-8, accessed 11-10-13, TAP

I suppose it is correct to say that, if Schopenhauer is right, if
AND
suffering (in their lives) than I avoid (in my life).
Going on with my life in spite of the fact that it lacks meaning (
AND
heavy, I should make in the best interest of my dear ones.

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: JMU LM | Judge: Ken Strange
No link – GOP will not shift focus from HC.
Beutler, Salon, 1-2-14
Brian, “GOP’s 2014 horror strategy: Exploit Americans’ misfortune, drum up fake outrage” http://www.salon.com/2014/01/02/gops_2014_horror_strategy_exploit_americans_misfortune_drum_up_fake_outrage/, accessed 1-2-14, TAP

But in the least shocking news you’ll hear all year, Republicans lack both the
AND
do so for as long as they sense it’s to their political advantage.

Obama takes blame – not Boehner.
Roberts, The Guardian, 5-24-13
Dan, “Obama drone oversight proposal prompts concern over 'kill courts'” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/24/obama-drone-vetting-kill-courts, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

The president has asked Congress to consider establishing a special court or oversight board to
AND
but raises serious constitutional issues about presidential and judicial authority," he said.

Congress won’t fight the plan.
Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, 2012
Jack, 11-9-12, “Counterterrorism Legal Policy in Obama’s Second Term” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/11/counterterrorism-legal-policy-in-obamas-second-term/, accessed 9-29-13, TAP

One important consequence of President Obama’s re-election will be the further entrenchment,
AND
entrenched as a result of Obama’s election, compared to a Romney presidency.

Turn – the plan is popular.
Hosenball, Reuters, 2-8-13
Mark, “Support grows for U.S. "drone court" to review lethal strikes” http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/09/us-usa-drones-idUSBRE91800B20130209, accessed 9-4-13, TAP

During a fresh round of debate this week over President Barack Obama's claim that he
AND
. citizen alleged to be a "senior operational leader of Al Qaeda."

Uniqueness doublebind – either it is a sure thing.
Lopez, Latin Times, 1-1-14
(Oscar, “New Year 2014: 4 Reasons Immigration Reform Will Pass In 2014,” http://www.latintimes.com/new-year-2014-4-reasons-immigration-reform-will-pass-2014-141778, accessed 1-2-14, CMM)

Immigration reform is set to be the key issue of 2014. Following Mitt Romney's
AND
, comprehensive legislation is one thing we can be sure of in 2014.

Or Boehner is all rhetoric and not spending PC.
Munro, The Daily Caller, 12-4-13
(Neil, “BACK FROM THE DEAD: Will Boehner resurrect Obama’s campaign for more immigration?,” http://dailycaller.com/2013/12/04/back-from-the-dead-will-boehner-resurrect-obamas-campaign-for-more-immigration/, accessed 1-1-14, CMM)

But Boehner’s true purpose is unclear, said Mark Krikorian, the director or the
AND
tell his donors that he gave it his best shot, said Krikorian.

Boehner PC fails.
Haraldsson PoliticsUSA, 1-2-14
(Hrafnkell, “Don’t Expect 2014 to Bring Any Meaningful Change in Immigration Reform,” http://www.politicususa.com/2014/01/02/expect-2014-bring-meaningful-change-immigration-reform.html, accessed 1-2-14, CMM)

If you’re taking stock of the year just past, you would have to say
AND
we’re dealing with these issues in a thoughtful way and a deliberative way.

GOP won’t touch immigration in an election year
Llorente, Fox News Latino, 12-24-13
(Elizabeth, “Immigration Reform: Pessimism And Optimism Alike On Prospects For 2014,” latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2013/12/24/immigration-reform-pessimism-and-optimism-alike-on-passing-law-in-2014/, accessed 1-1-14, CMM)

Others think the elections in 2014 may be a reason political leaders and candidates stay away from
AND
spot. No matter how they vote, it will lose them votes.”

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Harrigan, Moczulsk, Watson
Either a last minute deal resolves or debt default inevitable – Obama not key
Marcus, Real Clear Politics, 9-20-13
(Ruth, “On Debt Ceiling, a Different Feel,” http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/09/20/on_debt_ceiling_a_different_feel_120005.html, accessed 9-21-13, CMM)

Be afraid. Be very, very afraid.¶ This is my chilling, and
AND
existent. The ability to quickly concoct a mini-bargain is limited.

Shutdown inevitable – that thumps the link.
Linkins, Huff Post, 9-17-13
(Jason, “Boehner's Government Shutdown Calculus: Let Calamity Be The Cure,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/17/john-boehner-government-shutdown_n_3942752.html?utm_hp_ref=politics, accessed 9-19-13, CMM)

The growing clamor around the Beltway is that everyone should batten down the hatches and
AND
, in the end, a shutdown is in Boehner's interest, too.

Disease won’t cause extinction – empirics prove
Posner, senior lecturer at U Chicago Law School, ‘5
(Richard, judge on the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, “Catastrophe: the dozen most significant catastrophic risks and what we can do about them,” 1-1-05, http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4150331/Catastrophe-the-dozen-most-significant.html, accessed 11-15-10) PM

Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has managed to survive every disease to assail it
AND
through gene splicing into a far more lethal pathogen than smallpox ever was.
Obama supports the plan.
Roberts, The Guardian, 5-24-13
Dan, “Obama drone oversight proposal prompts concern over 'kill courts'” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/24/obama-drone-vetting-kill-courts, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

The president has asked Congress to consider establishing a special court or oversight board to
AND
but raises serious constitutional issues about presidential and judicial authority," he said.

Obama is bleeding PC – only wins can right the ship.
Metzler, US News and World Report, 9-13-13
Rebekah, “Obama's Plunging Approval Threatens Fall Agenda: Syria, other crises have sapped Obama's political capital” http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/09/13/obamas-plunging-approval-threatens-fall-agenda, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

Benghazi. The Internal Revenue Service's targeting of tea party groups. The stagnant economy
AND
depends on how quickly he can right the ship, the experts said.

Media spin is wrecking Obama now – only the plan overcomes
Byers, Politico, 9-16-13
 (Dylan, “Media doesn't hold back on President Obama,” http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=159E273B-2B0D-4F6D-96DC-01AB2CE1EF35, accessed 9-19-13, CMM)

President Barack Obama is damaging his presidency, weakening America’s standing in the world,
AND
bad coverage on the merits,” one senior-level Washington reporter said.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: Hays Watson
No Iran strikes – empirically denied
Cook, CFR Senior Fellow for Middle Eastern Studies, 9
(Steven A, 6-8-09, “Why Israel Won’t Attack Iran,”
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/06/07/why_israel_wont_attack_iran, accessed 10-26-11, CMM)

There is no way of knowing for sure what the Israelis will do, but
AND
decides to act, they will not hear about it first on CNBC.

Won’t pass – Boehner wants more budget reforms
Sherman and Bresnahan, Politico, 10-3-13
 (Jake and John, “Government shutdown: John Boehner to allies: I want a fiscal deal,” http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=595E8906-5E01-427C-BFAE-E44727AD6A72, accessed 10-4-13, CMM)

Speaker John Boehner told a small group of his closest congressional allies Thursday afternoon that
AND
budging, and the targeted bills by Republicans shows they are digging in.
The GOP won’t back down – Obama has no leverage.
Hooper, The Hill, 10-4-13
 (Molly, Peter Schroeder and Bernie Becker, “'This isn't some damn game',” http://thehill.com/video/in-the-news/326605-boehner-rallies-his-troops-at-closed-door-conference, accessed 10-4-13, CMM)

Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) urged Republicans to stick together Friday at
AND
as painful and visible as possible in an effort to pressure the GOP.

No perception impact.
O’Toole, CNN Money, 9-30-13
James, “Rating agencies an afterthought in debt ceiling fight” http://money.cnn.com/2013/09/30/news/economy/rating-agencies/index.html, accessed 10-4-13, TAP

The latest fiscal showdown in Washington could spark another downgrade of the U.S
AND
I don't think that would create a cascade of selling," he said.  

Obama will solve.
Weisenthal, Business Insider, 9-30-13
Joe, “It Increasingly Looks Like Obama Will Have To Raise The Debt Ceiling All By Himself” http://www.businessinsider.com/it-increasingly-looks-like-obama-will-have-to-raise-the-debt-ceiling-all-by-himself-2013-9, accessed 10-4-13, TAP

With no movement on either side and the debt ceiling fast approaching, there's increasing
AND
around, again, Clinton is advising Obama to call the GOP's bluff.

Winners win on controversial issues
Hirsh, National Journal, 2-7-13
(Michael, “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207?page=1, accessed 2-7-13, CMM)

Naturally, any president has practical and electoral limits. Does he have a majority
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Obama supports the plan.
Roberts, The Guardian, 5-24-13
Dan, “Obama drone oversight proposal prompts concern over 'kill courts'” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/24/obama-drone-vetting-kill-courts, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

The president has asked Congress to consider establishing a special court or oversight board to
AND
but raises serious constitutional issues about presidential and judicial authority," he said.

But he doesn’t get involved in the fight.
Howell and Pevehouse, University of Chicago public policy professors, 2007
William and Jon, Foreign Affairs. Sep/Oct2007, Vol. 86, “When Congress Stops Wars.” EBSCO, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

After all, when presidents anticipate congressional resistance they will not be able to overcome
AND
Pace, so as to avoid a clash with Congress over his reappointment.

Congress won’t fight the plan.
Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, 2012
Jack, 11-9-12, “Counterterrorism Legal Policy in Obama’s Second Term” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/11/counterterrorism-legal-policy-in-obamas-second-term/, accessed 9-29-13, TAP

One important consequence of President Obama’s re-election will be the further entrenchment,
AND
entrenched as a result of Obama’s election, compared to a Romney presidency.

Turn – the plan is popular.
Hosenball, Reuters, 2-8-13
Mark, “Support grows for U.S. "drone court" to review lethal strikes” http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/09/us-usa-drones-idUSBRE91800B20130209, accessed 9-4-13, TAP

During a fresh round of debate this week over President Barack Obama's claim that he
AND
. citizen alleged to be a "senior operational leader of Al Qaeda."

Tournament: Kentucky Round Robin | Round: 6 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: James Herndon
PC isn’t key
Kopan, Politico, 10-1-13
(Tal, “Robert Gibbs to Obama: ‘Sit back and watch’,” http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/robert-gibbs-obama-government-shutdown-97653.html?hp=lh_b4, accessed 10-1-13, CMM)

Former White House press secretary Robert Gibbs said Tuesday there’s nothing for the administration to
AND
shutdown for five or six days and Republicans will probably evaluate after that.”

Obama isn’t focused on the budget
Brown, Politico, 9-30-13
(Carrie Budoff, “Obama’s shutdown sales pitch,” http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/barack-obama-government-shutdown-sales-pitch-97602.html?hp=l15, accessed 10-1-13, CMM)

Monday morning President Barack Obama met with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
AND
reform in the House, and the start of Obama’s trip through Asia is still scheduled for Saturday.

Obama will lose the shutdown fight – ’95 doesn’t prove anything
*says this prediction is media groupthink
Stevens, The Daily Beast, 10-1-13
(Stuart, “Don’t Listen to Shutdown Predictions,” http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/01/don-t-listen-to-shutdown-predictions.html, accessed 10-1-13, CMM)

There seem to be three basic assumptions governing much of the coverage of the ongoing
AND
, this is likely to be a moment he wish had not happened.

Obama can ignore the debt ceiling
Aaron, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, 9-29-13
(Henry, “Our Outlaw President?,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/opinion/obama-should-ignore-the-debt-ceiling.html, accessed 10-1-13, CMM)

Failure to raise the debt will force the president to break a law — the
AND
and tax laws, the president has no choice but to ignore it.
Winners win on controversial issues
Hirsh, National Journal, 2-7-13
(Michael, “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207?page=1, accessed 2-7-13, CMM)

Naturally, any president has practical and electoral limits. Does he have a majority
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Obama supports the plan.
Roberts, The Guardian, 5-24-13
Dan, “Obama drone oversight proposal prompts concern over 'kill courts'” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/24/obama-drone-vetting-kill-courts, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

The president has asked Congress to consider establishing a special court or oversight board to
AND
but raises serious constitutional issues about presidential and judicial authority," he said.

But he doesn’t get involved in the fight.
Howell and Pevehouse, University of Chicago public policy professors, 2007
William and Jon, Foreign Affairs. Sep/Oct2007, Vol. 86, “When Congress Stops Wars.” EBSCO, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

After all, when presidents anticipate congressional resistance they will not be able to overcome
AND
Pace, so as to avoid a clash with Congress over his reappointment.

Congress won’t fight the plan.
Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, 2012
Jack, 11-9-12, “Counterterrorism Legal Policy in Obama’s Second Term” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/11/counterterrorism-legal-policy-in-obamas-second-term/, accessed 9-29-13, TAP

One important consequence of President Obama’s re-election will be the further entrenchment,
AND
entrenched as a result of Obama’s election, compared to a Romney presidency.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNT MQ | Judge: Cat Duffy
Won’t pass now – long shot – and healthcare thumps.
Kuhnhenn and Cassata, AP, 10-25-13
Jim and Donna, The Associated Press, “Obama calls for immigration law by end of the year”, Lexis, AFB

President Barack Obama made a plea for Republican cooperation on immigration Thursday, seeking AND
many question offering citizenship to people who broke U.S. immigration laws to be in this country.

No deal – pressure won’t force the GOP to act.
Berman, The Hill, 10-25-13
(Russell, “GOP comfortable ignoring Obama pleas for vote on immigration bill,” http://thehill.com/homenews/house/330527-gop-comfortable-ignoring-obama-pleas-to-move-to-immigration-reform, accessed 10-25-13, CMM)

For President Obama and advocates hoping for a House vote on immigration reform this year
AND
-sighted: it made his achieving his real priorities much more difficult.”

Reform inevitable – pc not key.
Gamboa, NBC Latino, 10-25-13
(Suzanne, “GOP is taking immigration step-by-step,” http://nbclatino.com/2013/10/25/gop-our-immigration-approach-in-step-with-americans/, accessed 10-25-13, CMM)

Although the president has some political capital available to push for immigration reform, Republicans
AND
to immigration reform so that the end product is actually workable and enforceable.”

Won’t pass – GOP blocks and Obama won’t spend PC
Miller, Time, 10-24-13
Zeke, “Obama's New Immigration Pivot Isn't About Immigration” swampland.time.com/2013/10/24/obamas-new-immigration-pivot-isnt-about-immigration/, accessed 10-26-13, TAP

President Obama called Thursday on the Republican-controlled House of Representatives to take up
AND
politics in this instance,” Obama added. They certainly are for him.

No immigration this year.
Palmer and Sherman, Politico, 10-25-13
 (Anna and Jake, “House GOP plans no immigration vote in 2013,” http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=C53102C5-C26C-4E4F-80D7-8C8657616AB1, accessed 10-25-13, CMM)

House Republican leadership has no plans to vote on any immigration reform legislation before the
AND
to use his “existing legal authority to alleviate the suffering of immigrants.”

Winners win on controversial issues
Hirsh, National Journal, 2-7-13
(Michael, “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207?page=1, accessed 2-7-13, CMM)

Naturally, any president has practical and electoral limits. Does he have a majority
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

But he doesn’t get involved in the fight.
Howell and Pevehouse, University of Chicago public policy professors, 2007
William and Jon, Foreign Affairs. Sep/Oct2007, Vol. 86, “When Congress Stops Wars.” EBSCO, accessed 9-30-13, TAP

After all, when presidents anticipate congressional resistance they will not be able to overcome
AND
Pace, so as to avoid a clash with Congress over his reappointment.

Congress won’t fight the plan.
Goldsmith, Harvard University law professor, 2012
Jack, 11-9-12, “Counterterrorism Legal Policy in Obama’s Second Term” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/11/counterterrorism-legal-policy-in-obamas-second-term/, accessed 9-29-13, TAP

One important consequence of President Obama’s re-election will be the further entrenchment,
AND
entrenched as a result of Obama’s election, compared to a Romney presidency.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Austin Layton
Uniqueness favors the aff – massive momentum for sanctions
Pecquet, The Hill Global Affairs blog, 11-16-13
Julian, The Hill, “Israel to sustain lobby push on Iran”, http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/middle-eastnorth-africa/190488-israel-to-sustain-lobby-push-on-iran, accessed 11-17-13, AFB

Israel will keep up its lobbying push on Iran next week in a series of congressional briefings with pro-
AND
would undermine diplomatic talks on Iran's nuclear program and could lead to war.

Winners win on controversial issues
Hirsh, National Journal, 2-7-13
(Michael, “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207?page=1, accessed 2-7-13, CMM)

Naturally, any president has practical and electoral limits. Does he have a majority
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Obama supports the plan.
Roberts, The Guardian, 5-24-13
Dan, “Obama drone oversight proposal prompts concern over 'kill courts'” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/24/obama-drone-vetting-kill-courts, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

The president has asked Congress to consider establishing a special court or oversight board to
AND
but raises serious constitutional issues about presidential and judicial authority," he said.

PC is low – polling proves multiple drains to PC now – healthcare, NSA, immigration, Syria, the economy.
Dionne, Washington Post, 11-13-13
EJ, “Obama needs his friends back” http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/ej-dionne-obama-needs-his-friends-back/2013/11/13/5ffe59b8-4c95-11e3-ac54-aa84301ced81_print.html, accessed 11-14-13, TAP

President Obama is furiously fending off those “winter of discontent” stories, and
AND
. He needs to win back the citizens who were once his friends.

Tournament: Dartmouth Round Robin | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Jarrod Atchison
Winners win on controversial issues
Hirsh, National Journal, 2-7-13
(Michael, “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207?page=1, accessed 2-7-13, CMM)

Naturally, any president has practical and electoral limits. Does he have a majority
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Obama supports the plan.
Roberts, The Guardian, 5-24-13
Dan, “Obama drone oversight proposal prompts concern over 'kill courts'” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/24/obama-drone-vetting-kill-courts, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

The president has asked Congress to consider establishing a special court or oversight board to
AND
but raises serious constitutional issues about presidential and judicial authority," he said.

No Israel strikes.
Cook, CFR Senior Fellow for Middle Eastern Studies, 9
(Steven A, 6-8-09, “Why Israel Won’t Attack Iran,”
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/06/07/why_israel_wont_attack_iran, accessed 10-26-11, CMM)

There is no way of knowing for sure what the Israelis will do, but
AND
decides to act, they will not hear about it first on CNBC.

PC fails.
Mascaro, LAT, 1-14-14
(Lisa, “Iran sanctions bill standoff may not amount to much,” http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-iran-senate-20140115,0,4947167.story#axzz2rM04k8iQ, accessed 1-24-14, CMM)

Nevertheless, the White House is not taking any chances, voicing firm opposition to
AND
a march to war, as some critics have suggested," he wrote.

PC not key – Reid is.
Kaper, National Journal, 1-17-14
Stacy, National Journal, “U.S. Senate's Iran Hawks Flounder Against Reid-Obama Coalition”,
http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/us-senates-iran-hawks-flounder-against-reid-obama-coalition/?mgs1=92ebeq5GVx, accessed 1-17-14, AFB

The U.S. Senate's Iran hawks have lots of votes to back their
AND
this is something at this moment that Senator Reid doesn't want to happen."

Details trigger momentum for sanctions.
Global Security Newswire, 1-17-14
“Worries Persist After Release of Iran Nuclear-Pact Terms”, http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/worries-persist-over-iran-nuclear-pact-terms/?mgs1=7f2beq5GUU, accessed 1-17-14, AFB

U.S. lawmaker concerns persisted about talks with Iran following Thursday's circulation of
AND
backer of an Iran-sanctions bill under consideration in the upper chamber.

OR the State of the Union swamps the link and multiple thumpers trigger controversy.
Swanson, The Hill, 1-24-14
Ian, “Five things to watch in Obama’s 2014 State of the Union address” http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/196270-five-questions-for-obamas-state-of-the-union-address, accessed 1-24-14, TAP

President Obama hopes to push the reset button on his second term Tuesday when he
AND
which sounds strikingly familiar to an earlier theme of “change can’t wait.”

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgetown ErMc | Judge: Leah Moczulski
No impact – containment solves – that makes our internal link more probable.
Zenko, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Cohen, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 12
(Micah, and Michael, “Clear and Present Safety: The United States Is More Secure Than Washington Thinks,”
Foreign Affairs. New York: Mar/Apr 2012. Vol. 91, Iss. 2; pg. 79, 15 pgs, accessed 3-2-12, CMM)

Of course, the gravest concerns about Iran focus on its nuclear activities.Those
AND
threat to the U.S. homeland would continue to be minimal.
Overblown fears of a nuclear Iran are part of a more generalized American anxiety about
AND
of the Cold War, the risk of a nuclear attack has increased."

Obama not key – Wasserman Schultz flipping Congress – proves Obama pc irrelevant
Kredo, Washington Free Beacon, 1-7-14
Adam, Washington Free Beacon, “Debbie Wasserman Schultz Blocking Bipartisan Iran Sanctions, Breaks with Pro-Israel Democrats”, http://freebeacon.com/debbie-wasserman-schultz-blocking-bipartisan-iran-sanctions/, accessed 1-7-14, AFB

Rep. Debbie Wasserman Schultz (D., Fla.) has become a major obstacle to a new bipartisan Iran
AND
The measure was to act as a companion to a new Iran sanctions bill currently up for debate in Senate.

Obama can’t block sanctions – fear of Iran.
FoxNews, 12-27-13
(“Top Dem presses Obama on Iran sanctions after centrifuge surprise,” http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/12/27/top-dem-presses-obama-on-iran-sanctions-after-centrifuge-announcement/, accessed 1-1-14, CMM)

President Obama faced mounting bipartisan pressure on Friday to drop his resistance to an Iran
AND
are hoping to reach a 67-member, veto-proof majority. 

Obama supports the plan.
Roberts, The Guardian, 5-24-13
Dan, “Obama drone oversight proposal prompts concern over 'kill courts'” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/24/obama-drone-vetting-kill-courts, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

The president has asked Congress to consider establishing a special court or oversight board to
AND
but raises serious constitutional issues about presidential and judicial authority," he said.
PC is irrelevant – Obama doesn’t have it, he isn’t using it, it isn’t effective, and XOs solve.
Boyer, Washington Times, 12-31-13
Dave, “Obama’s liberal wish list for Congress likely to stall in election year” http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/31/obamas-wish-list-likely-to-stall-in-election-year/print/, accessed 1-2-14, TAP

If President Obama thought 2013 was an unproductive year for his agenda in Congress,
AND
and I would put immigration in that category," Mr. Feehery said.

Immigration thumps.
Fox News, 1-1-14
(“After rough year, Obama looks for 2014 comeback, amid some unsolicited New Year's resolutions,” http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/01/01/after-rough-year-obama-looks-for-2014-comeback-amid-some-unsolicited-new-year/, accessed 1-1-14, CMM)

The president in the closing weeks of last year made clear that he would renew his push in 2014 to
AND
 would likely help him regain some of his political clout.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: Georgetown LP | Judge: Nick Brown
No impact – containment solves – that makes our internal link more probable.
Zenko, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Cohen, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 12
(Micah, and Michael, “Clear and Present Safety: The United States Is More Secure Than Washington Thinks,”
Foreign Affairs. New York: Mar/Apr 2012. Vol. 91, Iss. 2; pg. 79, 15 pgs, accessed 3-2-12, CMM)

Of course, the gravest concerns about Iran focus on its nuclear activities.Those
AND
threat to the U.S. homeland would continue to be minimal.
Overblown fears of a nuclear Iran are part of a more generalized American anxiety about
AND
of the Cold War, the risk of a nuclear attack has increased."

Deal will fail.
Kroenig, Council on Foreign Relations nuclear security fellow, 1-7-14
Matthew, US secretary of Defense former special adviser, “Still Time to Attack Iran: The Illusion of a Comprehensive Nuclear Deal” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140632/matthew-kroenig/still-time-to-attack-iran, accessed 2-1-14, TAP

The successful negotiation of an interim deal between Iran and the United States and its
AND
leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, might be unwilling to make necessary concessions;

or the diplomats might simply fail to come to mutually acceptable terms. If any
AND
could resume its march to a nuclear weapons capability without violating the agreement.

Either sanctions will pass because of GOP pressure
Rogin, Daily Beast, 2-5-14
(Josh, “GOP Will Force Reid to Save Obama’s Iran Policy—Over and Over Again,” http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/05/gop-will-force-reid-to-save-obama-s-iran-policy-over-and-over-again.html, accessed 2-7-14, CMM)

The Republican Senate caucus is planning to use every parliamentary trick in the book to
AND
tools at their disposal to keep this issue front and center for Democrats.

 Since the legislation is already on the Senate’s legislative calendar, any senator can
AND
or fail to agree to a final deal that dismantles its nuclear infrastructure.

OR there will never be a vote.
Benen, MSNBC, 2-7-14
(Steve, “When AIPAC throws in the towel,” http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/when-aipac-throws-the-towel, accessed 2-7-14, CMM)

Over the last week or so, support for the Iranian sanctions bill started collapsing
AND
¶ This turn of events was simply hard to fathom a month ago. 

As we discussed the other day, by the first week in January, the Senate bill had 59 co-sponsors, and the number was growing. The question wasn’t whether the bill would pass the Senate, but rather, whether it could garner a veto-proof super-majority.¶ ¶ Now, the bill isn’t on the House’s to-do list; Senate co-sponsors are walking away; and even AIPAC – AIPAC – has no use for the Republican push for a vote.

Obama supports the plan.
Roberts, The Guardian, 5-24-13
Dan, “Obama drone oversight proposal prompts concern over 'kill courts'” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/24/obama-drone-vetting-kill-courts, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

The president has asked Congress to consider establishing a special court or oversight board to
AND
but raises serious constitutional issues about presidential and judicial authority," he said.

Drones are triggering fights.
Firestone, NYT, 1-22-14
David, “On Drones, Keeping the Public in the Dark” http://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/22/on-drones-keeping-the-public-in-the-dark/, accessed 1-23-14, TAP

We don’t get to say this very often on The Times editorial page, but
AND
the country’s endless secret war against terrorists, and this time it won.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: UGA DG | Judge: Chung, Lee, Reed
All forecasts are converging – landslide win for the GOP.
Bernstein, Bloomberg, 3-24-14
Jonathon, “Nate Silver Predicts Republican Senate Advantage. Is He Right?” http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2014-03-24/nate-silver-predicts-republican-senate-advantage-is-he-right, accessed 3-27-14, TAP

Everyone is all worked up this morning because Nate Silver, over at the new
AND
a slight edge for Republicans and one with a slight edge for Democrats.

Obama popularity key – currently he is down.
King and O’Connor, WSJ, 1-1-14
Neil and Patrick, “Republicans Pin Hopes on Midterm Elections” http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304202204579256691296159568, accessed 1-2-14, TAP

Voters are rarely kind to the occupant of the White House in the middle of
AND
of covering politics. Democrats, however, have 10 months to recover.

Obama supports the plan.
Roberts, The Guardian, 5-24-13
Dan, “Obama drone oversight proposal prompts concern over 'kill courts'” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/24/obama-drone-vetting-kill-courts, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

The president has asked Congress to consider establishing a special court or oversight board to
AND
but raises serious constitutional issues about presidential and judicial authority," he said.

Winners win on controversial issues
Hirsh, National Journal, 2-7-13
(Michael, “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207?page=1, accessed 2-7-13, CMM)

Naturally, any president has practical and electoral limits. Does he have a majority
AND
, and his ability to get far more done than anyone thought possible, 

given his limited political capital. In the newest volume in his exhaustive study of
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Obamacare is poison.
Trujillo, The Hill, 3-16-14
Mario, “ObamaCare is 'poison' for Dems, Priebus says” http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/house-races/200929-priebus-obamacare-is-poison-for-dems, accessed 3-17-14, TAP

ObamaCare is "poison" to Democratic candidates in the midterm elections, Republican National
AND
, he talked about issues affecting a lot of seniors around the district."

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: UGA DG | Judge: Chung, Lee, Reed
All forecasts are converging – landslide win for the GOP.
Bernstein, Bloomberg, 3-24-14
Jonathon, “Nate Silver Predicts Republican Senate Advantage. Is He Right?” http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2014-03-24/nate-silver-predicts-republican-senate-advantage-is-he-right, accessed 3-27-14, TAP

Everyone is all worked up this morning because Nate Silver, over at the new
AND
a slight edge for Republicans and one with a slight edge for Democrats.

Obama popularity key – currently he is down.
King and O’Connor, WSJ, 1-1-14
Neil and Patrick, “Republicans Pin Hopes on Midterm Elections” http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304202204579256691296159568, accessed 1-2-14, TAP

Voters are rarely kind to the occupant of the White House in the middle of
AND
of covering politics. Democrats, however, have 10 months to recover.

Obama supports the plan.
Roberts, The Guardian, 5-24-13
Dan, “Obama drone oversight proposal prompts concern over 'kill courts'” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/24/obama-drone-vetting-kill-courts, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

The president has asked Congress to consider establishing a special court or oversight board to
AND
but raises serious constitutional issues about presidential and judicial authority," he said.

Winners win on controversial issues
Hirsh, National Journal, 2-7-13
(Michael, “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207?page=1, accessed 2-7-13, CMM)

Naturally, any president has practical and electoral limits. Does he have a majority
AND
, and his ability to get far more done than anyone thought possible, 

given his limited political capital. In the newest volume in his exhaustive study of
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Obamacare is poison.
Trujillo, The Hill, 3-16-14
Mario, “ObamaCare is 'poison' for Dems, Priebus says” http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/house-races/200929-priebus-obamacare-is-poison-for-dems, accessed 3-17-14, TAP

ObamaCare is "poison" to Democratic candidates in the midterm elections, Republican National
AND
, he talked about issues affecting a lot of seniors around the district."

Tournament: USC | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Wayne JS | Judge: Repko, J Miller, Arnett
24 hours is a lifetime in politics.
Page, USA Today, 11-6-13
Susan, “Warning flags for the Tea Party and Democrats in 2014” http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/11/05/warning-flags-for-tea-party-and-democrats-in-2014-midterms/3444207/, accessed 11-14-13, TAP

For yet another election, Obamacare seems to be emerging as the defining issue of
AND
advantage they might have gained has been effectively neutralized" by Obamacare's problems.

No DA –
A. No unique link – Tea Party has zombie powers – and
B. Plan not key – fortunes change quickly and the primaries are still months away
C. Clout on agenda inevitable

Skocpol, Harvard Government and Sociology professor, 14
Theda, Democracy Journal, “Why the Tea Party’s Hold Persists”, http://www.democracyjournal.org/31/why-the-tea-partys-hold-persists.php, accessed 1-4-14, AFB

The demise of the Tea Party was loudly announced right after Congress voted on October
AND
AND
up in disgust on our blatantly manipulated democracy and our permanently hobbled government.

Congressional races are local, not national.
Stanage, The Hill, 1-2-14
Niall, “Dems can't count on economy to save them in midterm elections” http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/economy/194213-obama-dems-cant-count-on-economy-to-save-them-in-midterms, accessed 1-2-14, TAP

President Obama and Democrats may not be able to rely on the economic recovery to
AND
cases, the local economic story is different from the emerging national trend.

Obama supports the plan.
Roberts, The Guardian, 5-24-13
Dan, “Obama drone oversight proposal prompts concern over 'kill courts'” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/24/obama-drone-vetting-kill-courts, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

The president has asked Congress to consider establishing a special court or oversight board to
AND
but raises serious constitutional issues about presidential and judicial authority," he said.

Tournament: ADA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty BM | Judge: Dan Bagwell
Minimum wage doesn’t solve growth.
Tanner, senior fellow at the Cato Institute, 1-1-14  
(Michael, “Obama’s 2014 War on the Poor,” http://www.nationalreview.com/article/367333/obamas-2014-war-poor-michael-tanner, accessed 1-2-14, CMM)

The second part of this one-two punch against employment is an increase in
AND
from seeking those jobs and taking their first step up the economic ladder.

Boehner blocks a vote – ideology and political interests
Hooper and Cusack, The Hill, 2-21-14  
(Molly and Bob, “Boehner: Suicide over minimum wage hike,” http://thehill.com/homenews/house/198856-boehner-id-rather-kill-myself-than-raise-the-minimum-wage, accessed 2-21-14, CMM)

Speaker John Boehner is so against raising the minimum wage that he once said he
AND
members are feeling a lot of pressure in their districts on this issue.”

States and localities fill-in to solve
Fox, CNN Money, 3-6-14
(Emily Jane, “States not waiting for Congress to raise minimum wage,” http://money.cnn.com/2014/03/06/news/economy/minimum-wage-states/, accessed 3-13-14, CMM)

In his State of the Union address, President Obama urged mayors, governors and
AND
, 12 other states and three other cities also raised their wage floors.

Winners win on controversial issues
Hirsh, National Journal, 2-7-13
(Michael, “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207?page=1, accessed 2-7-13, CMM)

Naturally, any president has practical and electoral limits. Does he have a majority
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Obama supports the plan.
Roberts, The Guardian, 5-24-13
Dan, “Obama drone oversight proposal prompts concern over 'kill courts'” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/24/obama-drone-vetting-kill-courts, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

The president has asked Congress to consider establishing a special court or oversight board to
AND
but raises serious constitutional issues about presidential and judicial authority," he said.

No PC – Obama approval rating is down
O’Connor, WSJ, 3-12-14
(Patrick, “WSJ/NBC News Poll: Obama's Approval Rating Hits New Low,” http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304250204579433533118580224?mg=reno64-wsjandurl=http3A2F2Fonline.wsj.com2Farticle2FSB10001424052702304250204579433533118580224.html, accessed 3-12-14, CMM)

President Barack Obama is struggling to overcome widespread pessimism about the economy and deep frustration
AND
, Mr. Obama's support is softening among blacks, Hispanics and women.

Drones are triggering fights.
Firestone, NYT, 1-22-14
David, “On Drones, Keeping the Public in the Dark” http://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/22/on-drones-keeping-the-public-in-the-dark/, accessed 1-23-14, TAP

We don’t get to say this very often on The Times editorial page, but
AND
the country’s endless secret war against terrorists, and this time it won.

Tournament: ADA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wake MQ | Judge: Jackie Poapst
No impact- bio-weapons to difficult to build and disperse- history proves- AND- even if they could be effective the perceived barriers doom motivation
Stratfor, 12-21-2007, "Bioterrorism: Sudden Death Overtime?," http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/bioterrorism_sudden_death_overtime

First, it must be recognized that during the past several decades of the modern
AND
weapons have not been executed: The cost is higher than the benefit.

No impact to patent trolls.
Merritt, EE Times, 3-12-14
Rick, “Patent Data Missing in Troll Debate” http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1321364and_mc=MP_IW_EDT_STUB, accessed 3-15-14, TAP

SAN JOSE, Calif. — While the US Congress debates legislation aimed at addressing
AND
the litigant -- rather than the type of patent -- may be misplaced.

Obama isn’t pushing a bill – he is doing executive action which disproves PC and means XOs solve ALSO congress is gridlocked and reforms will fail.
Mershon and Byers, Politico, 2-19-14
Erin and Alex, “White House pushes forward with patent reforms” http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=02579809-C9C8-4ECD-9E88-3C9419AB5675, accessed 2-21-14, TAP

The White House on Thursday will unveil a handful of new actions designed to improve
AND
legislation through Capitol Hill, they say, is a must-do.

No bill yet – multiple versions and GOP opposition
Hattem, The Hill, 3-5-14
Julian, The Hill, “Congress gets out club for patent ‘trolls’”, http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/199954-lawmakers-look-to-push-patent-troll-bill, accessed 3-15-14, AFB

 “When it comes to a patent bill, they say ‘Oh OK, the president liked it so we’re going to give it a look,’ ” he said at the event, which was sponsored by Politico. “So that sort of opened the door for a lot of members on the Democratic side, where we had stronger vote totals than we were necessarily expecting.”
But the patent reform bill from Leahy and Lee isn’t the only one up for consideration in the Senate.
Sen. Claire McCaskill (D-Mo.) last week introduced a bill that
AND
amid heavy lobbying from opponents, including software giants like Microsoft and Apple.

PC not key – it has been a priority since last June – Obama is all rhetoric.
Mershon, Politico, 1-28-14
Erin, “Obama backs patent reform effort in State of the Union” http://www.politico.com/blogs/politico-live/2014/01/obama-backs-patent-reform-effort-in-state-of-the-union-182139.html, accessed 3-15-14, TAP

Patent reform has been a priority for the president since last June, when he
AND
urged additional hearings to hear the views of universities and other interest groups.

Not pushing – it was one sentence of the SOTU.
Bachman, Ad Week tech news, 1-29-14
Katy, “Obama Promotes Patent Reform in State of the Union Draws lots of cheers from audience” http://www.adweek.com/news/technology/obama-promotes-patent-reform-state-union-155304, accessed 3-15-14, TAP

If you blinked, you might have missed President Obama's flyby support in his State of the Union for AND
to stay focused on innovation, not costly, needless litigation," Obama said Tuesday night.

Winners win on controversial issues
Hirsh, National Journal, 2-7-13
(Michael, “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207?page=1, accessed 2-7-13, CMM)

Naturally, any president has practical and electoral limits. Does he have a majority
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Obama supports the plan.
Roberts, The Guardian, 5-24-13
Dan, “Obama drone oversight proposal prompts concern over 'kill courts'” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/24/obama-drone-vetting-kill-courts, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

The president has asked Congress to consider establishing a special court or oversight board to
AND
but raises serious constitutional issues about presidential and judicial authority," he said.

No PC – Obama approval rating is down
O’Connor, WSJ, 3-12-14
(Patrick, “WSJ/NBC News Poll: Obama's Approval Rating Hits New Low,” http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304250204579433533118580224?mg=reno64-wsjandurl=http3A2F2Fonline.wsj.com2Farticle2FSB10001424052702304250204579433533118580224.html, accessed 3-12-14, CMM)

President Barack Obama is struggling to overcome widespread pessimism about the economy and deep frustration
AND
, Mr. Obama's support is softening among blacks, Hispanics and women.

Major loses now – DOJ appointment
Bolton and Cox, The Hill, 3-5-14
(Alexander and Ramsey, “Senate vote a stinging defeat for Obama,” http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/199979-senate-rejects-obama-nominee-who-defended-convicted-cop-killer, accessed 3-12-14, CMM)

The Senate rejected President Obama’s nominee to lead the Justice Department’s civil rights division on
AND
vote a “travesty” based on “wildly unfair” character attacks. 

Drones are triggering fights.
Firestone, NYT, 1-22-14
David, “On Drones, Keeping the Public in the Dark” http://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/22/on-drones-keeping-the-public-in-the-dark/, accessed 1-23-14, TAP

We don’t get to say this very often on The Times editorial page, but
AND
the country’s endless secret war against terrorists, and this time it won.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: UGA DG | Judge: Stephen Weil
Shutdown inevitable.
Linkins, Huff Post, 9-17-13
(Jason, “Boehner's Government Shutdown Calculus: Let Calamity Be The Cure,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/17/john-boehner-government-shutdown_n_3942752.html?utm_hp_ref=politics, accessed 9-19-13, CMM)

The growing clamor around the Beltway is that everyone should batten down the hatches and
AND
, in the end, a shutdown is in Boehner's interest, too.
No impact to shutdown – and it blocks debt default which is worse.
Klein Washington Post, 9-12-13
(Ezra, “A government shutdown just became a bit more likely. That might be a good thing.,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/12/a-government-shutdown-just-became-a-bit-more-likely-that-might-be-a-good-thing/, accessed 9-12-13, CMM)

We’re a bit closer to a government shutdown today. And that may not be
AND
much better equilibrium by the time the debt ceiling needs to be raised.

Obama supports the plan.
Roberts, The Guardian, 5-24-13
Dan, “Obama drone oversight proposal prompts concern over 'kill courts'” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/24/obama-drone-vetting-kill-courts, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

The president has asked Congress to consider establishing a special court or oversight board to
AND
but raises serious constitutional issues about presidential and judicial authority," he said.

Obama is bleeding PC – only wins can right the ship.
Metzler, US News and World Report, 9-13-13
Rebekah, “Obama's Plunging Approval Threatens Fall Agenda: Syria, other crises have sapped Obama's political capital” http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/09/13/obamas-plunging-approval-threatens-fall-agenda, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

Benghazi. The Internal Revenue Service's targeting of tea party groups. The stagnant economy
AND
depends on how quickly he can right the ship, the experts said.

Media spin is wrecking Obama now – only the plan overcomes
Byers, Politico, 9-16-13
 (Dylan, “Media doesn't hold back on President Obama,” http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=159E273B-2B0D-4F6D-96DC-01AB2CE1EF35, accessed 9-19-13, CMM)

President Barack Obama is damaging his presidency, weakening America’s standing in the world,
AND
bad coverage on the merits,” one senior-level Washington reporter said.

Tournament: USC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Whitman LT | Judge: Dave Strauss
NO TPP even with TPA – it isn’t finished being negotiated.
Schneider, Washington Post, 11-13-13
(Howard, “For controversial trade pact, fire from the left, the right and WikiLeaks,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/for-controversial-trade-pact-fire-from-the-left-the-right-and-wikileaks/2013/11/13/118e5d28-4c9a-11e3-ac54-aa84301ced81_story.html?wprss=rss_business, accessed 11-14-13, CMM)

Despite Froman’s optimism, the opposition Wednesday did bring into focus the hurdles the administration
AND
“I will be voting no if this is not part of it.”

Won’t pass – Obama not pushing, Dems and anti-trade lobbies block
Chicago Tribune (editorial), 12-30-13
(“Editorial: Obama needs fast-track trade authority,” http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-12-30/opinion/ct-give-obama-tpa-fast-track-trade-edit-1230-jm-20131230_1_trade-deals-trade-promotion-authority-tpa, accessed 1-2-14, CMM)

President Barack Obama wants the power to negotiate free-trade treaties on a fast
AND
Hill and, especially, from the White House. Now's the time.
Baucus becoming ambassador kills trade agenda
Levy, Foreign Policy, 12-19-13
(Phil, “Baucus to Beijing Brings TPA, Trade Troubles,” http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/12/19/baucus_to_beijing_brings_tpa_trade_troubles, accessed 12-21-13, CMM)

This fall has been a roller-coaster ride for followers of trade. Against
AND
help with PR operations, but can prove disastrous for the battle itself.
TAA kills a deal
Sracic, professor and chairman of the political science department and Rigelhaupt Pre-Law Center at Youngstown State University, 12-16-13
(Paul, visiting research fellow at Gakushuin Women’s College in Tokyo, “Obama’s Trade Deal With Asia: Not So Fast,” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-16/obama-s-trade-deal-with-asia-not-so-fast.html, accessed 1-2-14, CMM)

Trade Promotion Authority was last granted to President George W. Bush in 2002,
AND
Asia, the TPP may instead make its withering all the more apparent.

Winners win on controversial issues
Hirsh, National Journal, 2-7-13
(Michael, “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207?page=1, accessed 2-7-13, CMM)

Naturally, any president has practical and electoral limits. Does he have a majority
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Obama supports the plan.
Roberts, The Guardian, 5-24-13
Dan, “Obama drone oversight proposal prompts concern over 'kill courts'” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/24/obama-drone-vetting-kill-courts, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

The president has asked Congress to consider establishing a special court or oversight board to
AND
but raises serious constitutional issues about presidential and judicial authority," he said.

Turn – the plan is popular.
Hosenball, Reuters, 2-8-13
Mark, “Support grows for U.S. "drone court" to review lethal strikes” http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/09/us-usa-drones-idUSBRE91800B20130209, accessed 9-4-13, TAP

During a fresh round of debate this week over President Barack Obama's claim that he
AND
. citizen alleged to be a "senior operational leader of Al Qaeda."

PC is irrelevant – Obama doesn’t have it, he isn’t using it, it isn’t effective, and XOs solve.
Boyer, Washington Times, 12-31-13
Dave, “Obama’s liberal wish list for Congress likely to stall in election year” http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/31/obamas-wish-list-likely-to-stall-in-election-year/print/, accessed 1-2-14, TAP

If President Obama thought 2013 was an unproductive year for his agenda in Congress,
AND
and I would put immigration in that category," Mr. Feehery said.

Iran sanctions thumps.
Rafizadeh, president of the International American Council and he serves on the board of Harvard International Review at Harvard University, 12-13-13
(Majid, senior fellow at Nonviolence International Organization based in Washington DC and a member of the Gulf project at Columbia University, “Kerry’s Iranian Appeasement Pitch to Congress,” http://www.frontpagemag.com/2013/majid-rafizadeh/kerrys-iranian-appeasement-pitch-to-congress/, accessed 1-1-14, CMM)

Finally, and more fundamentally, while the unemployment rate is high and economy is not showing AND
domestic economy, the destiny of millions of American youth and unemployment.

Immigration thumps.
Fox News, 1-1-14
(“After rough year, Obama looks for 2014 comeback, amid some unsolicited New Year's resolutions,” http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/01/01/after-rough-year-obama-looks-for-2014-comeback-amid-some-unsolicited-new-year/, accessed 1-1-14, CMM)

The president in the closing weeks of last year made clear that he would renew his push in 2014 to AND
 would likely help him regain some of his political clout.

Gun control thumps.
Goad, The Hill, 1-3-14
Ben, “White House offers new regs on gun control, background checks” http://thehill.com/blogs/regwatch/administration/194371-white-house-unveils-new-gun-control-effort, accessed 1-3-14, TAP

The Obama administration on Friday announced a new set of actions designed to keep weapons
AND
our efforts this year to enact commonsense gun safety laws,” Markey said.

Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgetown BL | Judge: Alex Zendeh
PC is irrelevant – Obama doesn’t have it, he isn’t using it, it isn’t effective, and XOs solve.
Boyer, Washington Times, 12-31-13
Dave, “Obama’s liberal wish list for Congress likely to stall in election year” http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/31/obamas-wish-list-likely-to-stall-in-election-year/print/, accessed 1-2-14, TAP

If President Obama thought 2013 was an unproductive year for his agenda in Congress,
AND
and I would put immigration in that category," Mr. Feehery said.

Iran sanctions thumps.
Rafizadeh, president of the International American Council and he serves on the board of Harvard International Review at Harvard University, 12-13-13
(Majid, senior fellow at Nonviolence International Organization based in Washington DC and a member of the Gulf project at Columbia University, “Kerry’s Iranian Appeasement Pitch to Congress,” http://www.frontpagemag.com/2013/majid-rafizadeh/kerrys-iranian-appeasement-pitch-to-congress/, accessed 1-1-14, CMM)

Finally, and more fundamentally, while the unemployment rate is high and economy is not showing AND
 the destiny of millions of American youth and unemployment.

Immigration thumps.
Fox News, 1-1-14
(“After rough year, Obama looks for 2014 comeback, amid some unsolicited New Year's resolutions,” http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/01/01/after-rough-year-obama-looks-for-2014-comeback-amid-some-unsolicited-new-year/, accessed 1-1-14, CMM)

The president in the closing weeks of last year made clear that he would renew his push in 2014 to AND
 likely help him regain some of his political clout.

Gun control thumps.
Goad, The Hill, 1-3-14
Ben, “White House offers new regs on gun control, background checks” http://thehill.com/blogs/regwatch/administration/194371-white-house-unveils-new-gun-control-effort, accessed 1-3-14, TAP

The Obama administration on Friday announced a new set of actions designed to keep weapons
AND
our efforts this year to enact commonsense gun safety laws,” Markey said.

Doesn’t solve the economy.
Tanner, senior fellow at the Cato Institute, 1-1-14  
(Michael, “Obama’s 2014 War on the Poor,” http://www.nationalreview.com/article/367333/obamas-2014-war-poor-michael-tanner, accessed 1-2-14, CMM)

To put it in today’s standard D.C. terms, Democrats sure must
AND
job and are as much as three times more likely to find jobs. 

Won’t pass without a funding offset – and offset takes out the impact.
Trujillo, The Hill, 1-1-14
(Mario, “WH ups pressure for passage of jobless aid,” http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/194226-white-house-ups-pressure-for-passage-of-jobless-aid, accessed 1-2-14, CMM)

Republicans leaders in the House have not weighed in, but have insisted that any renewal of the
AND
 according to the Congressional Budget Office.

Unemployment benefits won’t pass and other issues come first
Khimm, MSNBC, 12-26-13
(Suzy, “Bye-bye, unemployment benefits,” http://www.msnbc.com/all/bye-bye-unemployment-benefits, accessed 1-2-14, CMM)

With jobless aid poised to expire for 1.3 million Americans this weekend,
AND
the expiring unemployment benefits. “But it’s not too late to act.”

WW
Jackson, USA Today, 12-30-13
David, “McCain: Don’t count out Obama” http://tucsoncitizen.com/usa-today-news/2013/12/30/mccain-dont-count-out-obama/, accessed 1-2-14, TAP

Never discount a sitting president — just ask some of the people who have run
AND
, with confidence in him doing the right thing in world affairs dropping.”
Obama supports the plan.
Roberts, The Guardian, 5-24-13
Dan, “Obama drone oversight proposal prompts concern over 'kill courts'” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/24/obama-drone-vetting-kill-courts, accessed 9-18-13, TAP

The president has asked Congress to consider establishing a special court or oversight board to
AND
but raises serious constitutional issues about presidential and judicial authority," he said.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 8 | Opponent: Georgia CS | Judge: John Katsulas
Won’t pass – vote not coming up, Obama isn’t pushing, and pc isn’t key.
Reuters, 10-23-13
(“Yellen's Senate hearing for Fed chair unlikely before mid-November,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/23/us-usa-fed-yellen-idUSBRE99M1EN20131023, accessed 10-24-13, CMM)

Janet Yellen's Senate confirmation hearing to be the next chair of the Federal Reserve is
AND
policymakers weigh when to start scaling back bond buying and eventually raising rates.

Nomination fights don’t cost political capital – empirically proven
Hutchinson, frequent political commentator on MSNBC, 12-4-12
(Earl Ofari, weekly co-host of the Al Sharpton Show on American Urban Radio Network, the host of the weekly Hutchinson Report on KPFK-Radio and the Pacifica Network, “Rice Nomination Fight Won't Drain President Obama's Political Capital,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/earl-ofari-hutchinson/rice-nomination-fight-obama_b_2229435.html, accessed 12-26-12, CMM)

If the heat on UN Ambassador Susan Rice wasn't intense enough from GOP senators that
AND
the GOP's fulminations about her, will drain any of Obama's political capital.

Yellen AND the Fed aren’t key to economy
Furchtgott-Roth, former chief economist of the U.S. Department of Labor, 10-11-13
(Diana, directs Economics21 at the Manhattan Institute,
http://www.marketwatch.com/story/janet-yellen-cant-fix-the-economy-2013-10-11, accessed 10-27-13, CMM)