Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston Rankin-Josh | Judge: Holland
The Executive branch of the United States federal government should restrict the authority of the President of the United States to_and implement this through self-binding mechanisms including, but not limited to independent commissions to review and ensure compliance with the order and transparency measures that gives journalists access to White House decision making.

CP solves and doesn’t link to politics
Posner and Vermeule, University of Chicago professor and Harvard Law School professor, 6
(Eric and Adrian, 9/19/6, “The Credible Executive,” Social Science Network, accessed 9/14/13, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=931501, kns)

IV. Executive Signaling... to use those mechanisms.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 8 | Opponent: George Mason Ghanem-Wiseman | Judge: Kurr
Advantage I Terrorism

No Harm.  Their Bayoumy evidence concedes that the AQAP is dispersed into the mountains. Our evidence indicates that is good because it effectively contains terrorism recruitment in Yemen
Wolff, Birmingham International Security Professor, ‘13
(Stefan, “Drone Warfare: Effective or counter-productive?” 4-28-13 http://www.stefanwolff.com/files/Drone20Warfare~-~-effective20or20counter-productive.pdf accessed: 8-8-13 mlb)

 The picture is more …recruits for AQAP. 

Alt cause to terrorist recruitment– econ
Swift, UVA Center for National Security Law Fellow, 12
(Christopher, “The Drone Blowback Fallacy” July 1, 12 http://christopher-swift.com/publications/the-drone-blowback-fallacy accessed: 7-26-13 mlb)

These men had … poverty and corruption.” 

We have successful anti-terrorism cooperation now. Status quo U.S.-Yemen counter-terror cooperation is high and will increase in the future
Barnes, Wall Street Journal Reporter, 12-6-13
(Julian, “U.S. General Seeks More Pressure on Militants in Yemen,” WSJ, accessed 1-18-14, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303497804579242214135561176)

The U.S. has … Gen. Austin said.

Four reasons nuclear terrorism is unlikely and predictions are alarmist – empirics
Fay, PhD Student at Temple University, 13
(Matt, 7-18-13, “The Ever-Shrinking Odds of Nuclear Terrorism,” accessed 9-29-13, webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HoItCUNhbgUJ:hegemonicobsessions.com/3Fp3D902+andcd=1andhl=enandct=clnkandgl=usandclient=firefox-a, hec)

For over a … indicate it should.

Turn--Their Terrill 2011 impact concedes that a US invasion of Yemen would be devastating.  Only the affirmative forces that invasion to occur.   
Byman, Brookings Fellow, 13
(Daniel, “Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington's Weapon of Choice,” July/August 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman, accessed 7-28-13, hec)

So drone warfare … to eliminate them.

Advantage II Yemen Legitimacy

Alternate cause—poverty and the ecomony are the biggest threats to Yemeni stability not US drone attacks.  Their own evidence concedes this.
Public Radio International, 9-26-13
(“Al-Qaeda is the least of Yemen's problems,” accessed 1-18-14, http://www.pri.org/stories/2013-09-26/al-qaeda-least-yemens-problems)

Western media coverage … struggling to get by.”

Turn—plan makes Hadi perceived as weak and giving in to AQAP
Sharp, International Policy Digest, 1-12-14
(Robert, “Revisiting the Use of Drones in Yemen,” accessed 1-18-14, http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2014/01/12/revisiting-use-drones-yemen/) 

President Hadi … to Afghanistan, pre-2001.

Solvency
Congress and the courts cannot effectively constrain presidential power due to informational asymmetries, rapid changes in the policy environment, quick executive action, and constant emergencies
Scheuerman, Indiana Univ. Political Science Professor, 12
(William, “REVIEW ESSAY: Emergencies, Executive Power, and the Uncertain Future of US Presidential Democracy,” Law and Social Inquiry, Summer 2012, accessed 9-10-13, p. Lexis) 

Eric Posner and … devices remains anachronistic (2010, 154-75; see also Posner 2009).

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 3 | Opponent: George Mason Massa-Caldwell | Judge: Mulholand
The executive will circumvent because the Yemeni government takes the blame for drone strikes and it’s impossible to tell what actually happened
Woods, Reporter for The Guardian, 9-6-12
(Chris, “Who is held to account for deaths by drone in Yemen?,” The Guardian, accessed 1-25-14, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/sep/06/drone-deaths-yemen)

When news flashed of an...back to Yemen's government.

Status quo solves—the U.S. is greatly decreasing drone strikes in Yemen
Roggio, Writer for The Long War Journal, 1-15-14
(Bill, “US drone strike accidentally kills civilian in eastern Yemen,” accessed 1-18-14, http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/01/us_drone_strike_acci.php#ixzz2qlAril00)

The pace of...attacks in both Yemen and Pakistan.

Unchecked presidential use of drones decreases congressional power; plan solves
Griffin, Peace Action West Political Director, 1-11-13
(Rebecca, “Will Congress take on drones in 2013?,” accessed 8-30-13, http://blog.peaceactionwest.org/2013/01/11/will-congress-take-on-drones-in-2013/)

Since President Obama...f armed conflict.

A strong Congress is like a “Mack Truck” that undermines presidential flexibility and power, weakening US global leadership
Scowcroft and Kanter, 93
(Brent and Arnold, Fmr National Security Adviser + Fmr Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs under Bush I, Wash Post, 10/20, lexis)

Maneuvering in the...simply a bad idea.

Terrorism

Turn—drone strikes on the AQAP leadership is key to keep it in check and there’s no better real world option
Cilluffo, Homeland Security Policy Institute, 9-18-13
(“Understanding the Threat to the Homeland from AQAP,” accessed 1-18-14, http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/policy/Testimony_Cilluffo_September18_2013.pdf) 

The bulwark of our...term Yemen strategy...”.

Turn—foreign aid to Yemen doesn’t do anything due to corruption and lack of absorptive capacity and only further entrenches Yemen’s economic crisis
Peter, Christian Science Monitor Reporter, 3-23-12
(Tom, “US eager to send foreign aid to Yemen, a land battling poverty and Al Qaeda,” CSM, accessed 1-26-14, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0323/US-eager-to-send-foreign-aid-to-Yemen-a-land-battling-poverty-and-Al-Qaeda)

But Yemen, with its...Yemen, we need a plan.”

Feeling of marginalization in the south ensures grassroots support for AQAP remains post plan
Zimmerman, AEI Scholar, 10-19-12
(Katherine, “Al Qaeda in Yemen: Countering the Threat from the Arabian Peninsula,” accessed 1-25-14, http://www.criticalthreats.org/yemen/zimmerman-qaeda-yemen-countering-threat-arabian-peninsula-october-19-2012) 

America’s Yemen counter-terrorism...is far from assured.

There are many alternate causes to AQAP strength inside Yemen
Baron, Christian Science Monitor Reporter, 8-7-13
(Adam, “With AQAP's strategy unclear, Yemen struggles to respond,” CSM, accessed 1-18-14, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2013/0807/With-AQAP-s-strategy-unclear-Yemen-struggles-to-respond) 

As most Yemenis... host of US policies.

Plan doesn’t solve alternate causes to decreased U.S.-Yemeni counter terrorism cooperation like the North/South divide
Barnes, Wall Street Journal Reporter, 12-6-13
(Julian, “U.S. General Seeks More Pressure on Militants in Yemen,” WSJ, accessed 1-18-14, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303497804579242214135561176)

Gen. Austin praised...elections next year. 

Legitimacy

Yemeni national reconciliation is doomed to fail; the Houthi movement just quit the talks
Press TV, 1-21-14
(“Yemen’s Houthis quit national reconciliation talks,” accessed 1-26-14, http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/01/21/346934/houthis-quit-yemen-reconciliation-talks/)

Yemen’s Houthi movement...in November 2013.

Turn—plan increases the likelihood that the U.S. invades Yemen because using drones are a substitute for ground troops and invasions; which would be worse than the status quo
Freedberg, Breaking Defense Reporter, 8-21-12
(Sydney, “Drone Strikes: ‘Least Horrible’ Choice In Pakistan, Yemen,” accessed 1-26-14, http://breakingdefense.com/2012/08/drone-strikes-the-least-worst-choice-in-pakistan-yemen/)

An American ground...and political critics.

AQAP is the least of Yemen’s problems concerning stability
Public Radio International, 9-26-13
(“Al-Qaeda is the least of Yemen's problems,” accessed 1-18-14, http://www.pri.org/stories/2013-09-26/al-qaeda-least-yemens-problems)

Western media coverage... They’re just struggling to get by.”

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 5 | Opponent: Georgia State Hanks-Kim | Judge: Cramer
Solvency
Congress blocks court intervention on force-feeding
Savage, NY Times, 13
(Charlie, Judge Urges President to Address Prison Strike, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/09/us/judge-urges-president-to-address-prison-strike.html, 7/9/13, Accessed 1/27/14, CJB)

In a four-page ruling...jurisdiction to do.”

Torture
Force feeding at Guantanamo is not torture; the UN has done it, 345,000 Americans do it every day, and it’s a common and non-controversial medical procedure
Thiessen, American Enterprise Institute Fellow, 7-15-13
(Marc, “Force-feeding is not torture,” Washington Post, accessed 1-30-14, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/marc-thiessen-force-feeding-guantanamo-detainees-is-not-torture/2013/07/15/269dab3a-ed5c-11e2-a1f9-ea873b7e0424_story.html) 

Officials at Guantanamo...terrorists at Guantanamo Bay.

Turn—Many Guantanamo detainee hunger strikers are not doing so voluntarily; they are being coerced by Al-Qaeda leadership and the plan allows them to be forced to starve to death
Thiessen, American Enterprise Institute Fellow, 7-15-13
(Marc, “Force-feeding is not torture,” Washington Post, accessed 1-30-14, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/marc-thiessen-force-feeding-guantanamo-detainees-is-not-torture/2013/07/15/269dab3a-ed5c-11e2-a1f9-ea873b7e0424_story.html) 

The truth is...Just ask young Natalie.

The plan doesn’t resolve the catch 22; allowing the hunger strikers to die opens up the U.S. to calls of torture as well
Tuttle, National Review Editorial Intern, 7-11-13
(Ian, “Mos Def’s Force-Feeding Agitprop,” National Review, accessed 1-30-14, http://www.nationalreview.com/article/353152/mos-defs-force-feeding-agitprop-ian-tuttle) 

It’s a cunning thing...torture and pen an op-ed for the Times.
ROL
Force feeding doesn’t violate U.S. law and is upheld by courts
Spencer, former medical director of the New Mexico Corrections Department, 5-2-13
(Steven, “Officials Are Responsible for Prisoners’ Care,” NYT, accessed 1-30-14, http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/05/01/the-ethics-of-force-feeding-inmates/officials-are-responsible-for-prisoners-care)

In some jurisdictions... interventions in such instances.

Force feeding doesn’t violate international law
Stacy, Georgia Political Review, 8-30-13
(Darrian, “The Blurred Line Between Treatment and Torture,” accessed 1-30-14, http://georgiapoliticalreview.com/the-blurred-line-between-treatment-and-torture/) 

Legally, force-feeding...to force-feed Serbian Warlord Vojislav Seselj in 2006.

Medical Ethics
Turn—hunger striking prisoners may not be able to provide true informed consent for their actions; and since officials are responsible for the care of detainees,  not force feeding prisoners would violate medical ethics
Spencer, former medical director of the New Mexico Corrections Department, 5-2-13
(Steven, “Officials Are Responsible for Prisoners’ Care,” NYT, accessed 1-30-14, http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/05/01/the-ethics-of-force-feeding-inmates/officials-are-responsible-for-prisoners-care)

The ethical guidelines...the norms of medical ethics.

Turn—force feeding isn’t torture and doesn’t violate medical ethics; allowing prisoners to die via suicide is the bigger violation of medical ethics
Tuttle, National Review Editorial Intern, 7-11-13
(Ian, “Mos Def’s Force-Feeding Agitprop,” National Review, accessed 1-30-14, http://www.nationalreview.com/article/353152/mos-defs-force-feeding-agitprop-ian-tuttle) 

The National Library...the prisoners alive.

Discourse is worthless—other structures trump
Tuathail, geography professor Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 1996
(Gearoid, “The critical geopolitics constellation: problematizing fusions of geographical knowledge and power”, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct, ldg)

While theoretical debates... is  human history.

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston Rankin-Josh | Judge: Holland
Solvency
Congressional No First Use policy will be ignored by the president in crisis situations
Miller and Cox, Constitutional Law Expert and Legal Historian, 86
(Arthur and H. Bart, “Congress, the Constitution, and First Use of Nuclear Weapons,” The Review of Politics, Summer 1986, accessed 8-12-13, p. JSTOR)

Should Congress...allies and partners.”

Proliferation

Turn—the plan’s lack of prior consultation with key allies ensures loss of hegemony due to allied backlash
Perkovich, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 4-1-13
(George, “Do Unto Others: Toward a Defensible Nuclear Doctrine,” accessed 9-6-13, http://m.ceip.org/2013/04/01/do-unto-others-toward-defensible-nuclear-doctrine/fvcbandlang=en)

The merit of...allies and partners.”

U.S. hegemony is vital to preventing great power war and decreasing overall levels of conflict and violence globally
Kagan, Brookings Institute Senior Fellow, 12
(Robert, The World America Made, page 48-51) 

We now know this...hegemonies by force. 

The status quo solves; the 1AC Perkovich 13 evidence says passing the Fissile Materials Cit-Off Treaty would solve for U.S. non-proliferation credibility and that will happen soon because only Pakistan is blocking it and their opposition is unsustainable
Asghar, Daily Times Columnist, 12-4-13
(Rizwan, “Pakistan and the FMCT: a realist approach,” accessed 1-29-14, http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/opinion/04-Dec-2013/pakistan-and-the-fmct-a-realist-approach)

Despite limited success... implementing its agreed agenda. 

Lack of progress on a Middle East nuclear free zone dooms the 2015 NPT review conference
Erasto and Fikenscher, Managing the Atom, 5-18-13
(Tytti and Sven, “Why a Middle East Role is Essential for the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime,” accessed 1-29-14, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/23128/why_a_middle_east_role_is_essential_for_the_nuclear_nonproliferation_regime.html)

The meeting of the...nuclear arms control agenda.

Lack of progress on a Middle East nuclear free zone dooms the 2015 NPT review conference
Salsabili, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 6-21-13
(Mansour, “Fixing a process in jeopardy,” accessed 1-29-14, http://thebulletin.org/hope-disappointment-E280A6-and-hope-banning-wmd-middle-east/fixing-process-jeopardy) 

The cancellation of...grow yet more intense.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: James Madison Hobbelman-Gambino | Judge: Love
Terrorism
There’s no functional difference between CIA and DOD drone strikes in the minds of Pakistanis as long as they continue and the plan’s legitimization of the program ensures strikes continue post plan
Gosztola, Journalist Specializing in National Security Policy, 5-3-12
(Kevin, “It Doesn’t Matter if CIA or Military Control US Drone Program,” accessed 9-23-13, http://dissenter.firedoglake.com/2012/05/03/it-doesnt-matter-if-cia-or-military-control-us-drone-program/)

Madiha Tahir, an … violates human rights.

People in the Middle East don’t care under what authority a drone strike was conducted under
Chesney, Univ. of Texas Law School Prof., 12
(Robert, “Military-Intelligence Convergence and the Law of the Title 10/Title 50 Debate,” Journal of National Security Law and Policy, accessed 9-26-13, p. Lexis) 

How significant are … that do matter. 

Transparency
Turn—Transparency 

A) Moving the drone program to the DOD net increases secrecy and decreases transparency due to compartmentalization
Caruso, Former Navy Command Security Manager, 12
(Robert, “Time-Sensitive Targeting, The Crush on Drones and the Fallacy of ‘Transparency’ in Covert Operations,” accessed 9-23-13, http://robertandrewcaruso.tumblr.com/post/12604690718/time-sensitive-targeting-the-crush-on-drones-and-the)

Now, some people …be together! Transparency!

B) Cross apply their 1AC evidence that lack of transparency causes attacks and makes an abusive government more powerful 

Discursively constructing China as a threat to U.S. security essentializes and totalizes the Other, ensuring the maintenance of a security paradigm and war.
Pan, Department of Political Science and International Relations, 04
(Chengxin Pan, Faculty of Arts, Australian National University, Canberra, 2004, “The ‘China Threat’ in American Self-Imagination: The Discursive Construction of Other as Power Politics,” Alternatives (29) 2004)

Having examined how …enemy of America is unpredictability.
Solvency

TURN - The aff whitewashes drone discourse—Any defense of drones relies on a securitized view of war and a risk-management paradigm for political decision-making.

Magnusson, Dissertation at Uppsala Universitet, 2012
(Jacob, Department of Government at Uppsala Universitet, “Death from Above: Securitization, Risk management, and the Framing of the U.S. Drone Strikes by the Obama Administration,” Online, Written in Fall 2012, Accessed 08/07/2013, AJH)

The ‘Global War …debates would indicate. 

Securitizing logic allows for the “othering” of all bodies deemed as problematic or threatening to the global order—this forms the psychological and political foundation for genocide and annihilation.  This precedes and underlies other forms of discrimination.

Ahmed, Institute for Policy Research and Development director, 2012
(Nafeez, “The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society”, Global Change, Peace and Security, SAGE, accessed 2/15/13, soap)

Consequently, for the …forms of violence.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 3 | Opponent: James Madison Palmer-Webb | Judge: Susko
Solvency 

Congress and the courts cannot effectively constrain presidential power due to informational asymmetries, rapid changes in the policy environment, quick executive action, and constant emergencies
Scheuerman, Indiana Univ. Political Science Professor, 12
(William, “REVIEW ESSAY: Emergencies, Executive Power, and the Uncertain Future of US Presidential Democracy,” Law and Social Inquiry, Summer 2012, accessed 9-10-13, p. Lexis) 

Eric Posner and … devices remains anachronistic (2010, 154-75; see also Posner 2009).

The Office of Legal Counsel is a rubber stamp for presidents—giving the executive branch legal cover to circumvent statutory limits set up by congress and the courts
Ackerman, Yale Law School Professor, 2-23-10
(Bruce, “How to keep future John Yoos under control—A Commentary by Bruce Ackerman ’67,” accessed 9-10-13, http://www.law.yale.edu/news/11292.htm)

During the long … Yoos under control.
China won’t use drones offensively
Erickson, Naval War College associate professor, 13
(Andrew, 5-23-13, “China Has Drones. Now What?”, DOA: 1-8-14, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136600/andrew-erickson-and-austin-strange/china-has-drones-now-what, llc)

Beijing, however, is … own drone program.

Drone Neg – Turn – Executive Key - Conflict
Effective executive response is key – solves Russian aggression and Senkaku conflict
Ghitis. The Miami herald producer and correspondent, 13
(Frida, 1-22-13, “World to Obama: You Can’t Ignore Us”, DOA: 1-9-14, http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/22/opinion/ghitis-obama-world, llc)

And while Obama … his inaugural speech.

Terrorism
There’s no functional difference between CIA and DOD drone strikes in the minds of Pakistanis as long as they continue and the plan’s legitimization of the program ensures strikes continue post plan
Gosztola, Journalist Specializing in National Security Policy, 5-3-12
(Kevin, “It Doesn’t Matter if CIA or Military Control US Drone Program,” accessed 9-23-13, http://dissenter.firedoglake.com/2012/05/03/it-doesnt-matter-if-cia-or-military-control-us-drone-program/)

Madiha Tahir, an …violates human rights.

People in the Middle East don’t care under what authority a drone strike was conducted under
Chesney, Univ. of Texas Law School Prof., 12
(Robert, “Military-Intelligence Convergence and the Law of the Title 10/Title 50 Debate,” Journal of National Security Law and Policy, accessed 9-26-13, p. Lexis) 

How significant are … that do matter. 

Status quo drone strikes are key to ensure Al Qaeda remains weak and disorganized
Moreau and Yousafzai, Newsweek Reporters, 1-2-12
(Ron and Sami, “Al Qaeda on the Ropes: One Fighter’s Inside Story,” Newsweek, accessed 7-9-13, http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/01/01/al-qaeda-on-the-ropes-one-fighter-s-inside-story.html)

Is it still too … trying to survive.”

Drones are the best option for counterterrorism efforts
Byman, Georgetown Security Studies Prof, 13
(Daniel L., Brookings Institute, “Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington's Weapon of Choice,” http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman, accessed 7-11-13, hec)

The Obama administration … against militant groups.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake Forest Moir-Wu | Judge: Paqueo
Yemen Drones Negative—Solvency—1NC 

Status quo solves—the U.S. is greatly decreasing drone strikes in Yemen
Roggio, Writer for The Long War Journal, 1-15-14
(Bill, “US drone strike accidentally kills civilian in eastern Yemen,” accessed 1-18-14, http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/01/us_drone_strike_acci.php#ixzz2qlAril00)

The pace of …Yemen and Pakistan.

Yemen Drones Negative—Terrorism Advantage—1NC 

Plan doesn’t solve alternate causes to decreased U.S.-Yemeni counter terrorism cooperation like the North/South divide
Barnes, Wall Street Journal Reporter, 12-6-13
(Julian, “U.S. General Seeks More Pressure on Militants in Yemen,” WSJ, accessed 1-18-14, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303497804579242214135561176)

Gen. Austin …elections next year.

Status quo U.S.-Yemen counter-terror cooperation is high and will increase in the future
Barnes, Wall Street Journal Reporter, 12-6-13
(Julian, “U.S. General Seeks More Pressure on Militants in Yemen,” WSJ, accessed 1-18-14, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303497804579242214135561176)

The U.S. has … Gen. Austin said.

There are many alternate causes to AQAP strength inside Yemen
Baron, Christian Science Monitor Reporter, 8-7-13
(Adam, “With AQAP's strategy unclear, Yemen struggles to respond,” CSM, accessed 1-18-14, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2013/0807/With-AQAP-s-strategy-unclear-Yemen-struggles-to-respond) 

As most Yemenis …of US policies.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 3 | Opponent: James Madison Palmer-Webb | Judge: Susko
Heg high now- military strength is key
Kagan, PhD, Brookings Institute fellow, 12
(Robert, 1/17/12, “Not Fade Away: Against the Myth of American Decline,” accessed 9/5/13, http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2012/0117_us_power_kagan.aspx, kins)

Military capacity matters… region of the world. 

Drones maintain heg- military effectiveness
Bruntstetter, University of California Political Science professor, 12
(Daniel, 4/10/12, “Drones: The Future of Warfare?” accessed 9/1/13, www.e-ir.info/2012/04/10/drones-the-future-of-warfare/, kns)

Since President Obama … in all situations.

U.S. hegemonic decline causes global great-power war, collapses trade and spreads economic nationalism and protectionism
Zhang et al., Carnegie Endowment researcher, 2011
(Yuhan, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry”, 1-22, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/, DOA: 9-21-11, ldg)

This does not … unrivalled US primacy.

That causes great power war
Hillebrand, Kentucky diplomacy professor, 2010
(Evan, “Deglobalization Scenarios: Who Wins? Who Loses?”, Global Economy Journal, Volume 10, Issue 2, ebsco, ldg)

A long line … interstate war rises.

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston Rankin-Josh | Judge: Holland
Sanctions won’t pass- Obama push is key and influential Dems are relenting
Jackson, USA Today, 1/30
(David, 1/30/14, “Obama may have beaten back new Iran sanctions,” accessed 1/30/14, http://www.usatoday.com/story/theoval/2014/01/30/obama-iran-sanctions-blumenthal-coons/5050869/, kns)

It sounds like...the risks of war."

Restrictions on the Presidents war powers authority crush his credibility and derail his agenda
Edwards and Howell, Professors of Political Science, 09
(George C., University Distinguished Professor of Political Science and Jordan Chair in Presidential Studies at Texas AandM University, and William G., Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy Studies, “The Oxford Handbook of the American Presidency”, accessed on Google Books)

Yet, manipulating public...power prospects.

Impacts - Sanctions destroy Iran negotiations kills US cred and alliances
Nader, The Hill, ‘13
(Alirez “ Pause on additional Iran sanctions crucial to negotiations” 11-5-13 http://thehill.com/opinion/op-ed/189371-pause-on-additional-iran-sanctions-crucial-to-negotiations accessed: 11-15-13 mlb)

Iran has demonstrated...the right goals. 

Great-power war, collapses trade and spreads economic nationalism and protectionism
Zhang et al., Carnegie Endowment fellow, 2011
(Yuhan, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry”, 1-22, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/, DOA: 9-21-11, ldg)

This does not ...unrivalled US primacy.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake Forest Moir-Wu | Judge: Paqueo
Increasing the minimum wage is at the top of Obama’s agenda, he is focused on the issue, and it has a strong chance of passing in Congress
Martin and Shear, New York Times Reporters, 12-29-13
(Jonathan and Michael, “Democrats Turn to Minimum Wage as 2014 Strategy,” NYT, accessed 1-15-14, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/30/us/politics/democrats-turn-to-minimum-wage-as-2014-strategy.html)

WASHINGTON — Democratic Party leaders, … helping small businesses.

Strong Obama focus is key to successfully implement agenda items, especially concerning income inequality—plan is a new agenda item that diverts his focus
Zelizer, Princeton Univ. Public Affairs Professor, 12-30-13
(Julian, “Five New Year's resolutions for President Obama,” accessed 1-15-14, http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/30/opinion/zelizer-obama-new-years-resolutions/)

Focus, focus, focus: … the White House.
 

Raising the minimum wage is a moral obligation, even if it has negative side effects
McElwee, Huffington Post Staff Writer, 8-8-13
(Sean, “The Moral Case for a Higher Minimum Wage,” accessed 1-16-14, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sean-mcelwee/the-moral-case-for-a-high_b_3719252.html)

The minimum wage … to us today.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: James Madison Hobbelman-Gambino | Judge: Love
DA

U.S. soft power is on the decline now
Barlow, Economy in Crisis Columnist, 8-3-13
(George, “America’s Soft Power is Waning,” accessed 9-3-13, http://economyincrisis.org/content/american-minds-for-sale-chinas-growing-soft-power-in-the-u-s)

It is widely …power over America.

Reducing presidential war powers is vital to an enhanced U.S. image abroad and increases soft power
Schiffer and Currier, TCU Assistant Political Science Professors, 09
(Adam and Carrie Liu, “War Powers, International Alliances, the President, and Congress,” accessed 10-12-13, http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/US_Gov_Balance_of_Power_SF.pdf) 

The president’s advantages …American foreign policy.

Soft power is cultural imperialism and colonization and is the glue that holds empire together
Petras, Binghamton Univ. Sociology Professor, 04
(James, “The challenge of the new colonization of education: ALCA and pedagogy for oppression,” accessed 10-14-13, http://www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=6703)

Imperial Strategies: Soft … “From the USA”.

Cultural imperialism perpetuates structural violence that outweighs war and conflict
Barsh, University of Lethbridge Professor of Native American Studies, 93
(Russel Lawrence, “THE CHALLENGE OF INDIGENOUS SELF-DETERMINATION,” Winter 1993, University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, accessed 10-14-13, p. Lexis)

If there is … can persist indefinitely.

Loss of cultural leads to extinction
Deneen, Georgetown Univ. Associate Government Professor, 08
(Patrick, “Technology, Culture, and Virtue,” Summer 2008, accessed 10-14-13, http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/technology-culture-and-virtue)

This basic and …, to become human.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake Forest Moir-Wu | Judge: Paqueo
A) Uniqueness—Overall threat of terrorism is declining now
Cassidy, Writer for The New Yorker, 4-22-13
(John, “After Boston, a Few Facts About Terrorism,” accessed 7-9-13, http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/johncassidy/2013/04/after-boston-a-few-facts-about-terrorism.html)

According to “Terrorism …to 2,265 in 2011.)

Signature strikes are vital to preventing effective terrorist operational capabilities due to geography, safe havens, killing the infrastructure, and fear factor
Mudd, director of global risk at SouthernSun Asset Management., 5-24-13
(Philip, “Fear Factor,” accessed 10-8-13, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/24/fear_factor_signature_strikes)

The impact of …hunts for leaks.

First—Al Qaeda is still interested in acquiring nuclear weapons
Allison, Harvard Kennedy School of Government, 2-12-13
(Graham, “North Korea’s Lesson: Nukes for Sale,” NYT, accessed 7-11-13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/12/opinion/north-koreas-lesson-nukes-for-sale.html?_r=0) 

Who could be … Hezbollah or Hamas.

A nuclear strike by al Qaeda causes US-China-Russia war, environmental collapse, and extinction
Morgan, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, 2009
(Dennis, World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race Futures, Volume 41, Issue 10, December, ldg)

In a remarkable … of strategic weapons

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 5 | Opponent: Georgia State Hanks-Kim | Judge: Cramer
Drone strikes declining now – Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia prove
Shane, NYT staff writer, 13
(Scott, “Debate Aside, Number of Drone Strikes Drops Sharply,” 5/21, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/22/us/debate-aside-drone-strikes-drop-sharply.html?pagewanted=all, accessed: 8/1/2013, ADC)

 President Obama embraced...the attempted car bombing of Times Square in 2010.

Ending indefinite detention increases drone strikes
Crandall, U.S. Court of Appeals law clerk, 13
(Carla, Law Clerk to the Honorable Carolyn Dineen King, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit., J.D., J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, previously worked for National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, 4-19-2013, “If You Can't Beat Them, Kill Them: Complex Adaptive Systems Theory and the Rise in Targeted Killing,” Seton Hall Law Review, Vol 43 Issue 2, Article 3, da 9-16-13, http://erepository.law.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1466andcontext=shlr, mee)

This Article fills... of their decision-making processes.

Targeted killing organizes an extreme and racist biopolitics of profiling and preemption by which brown bodies are designated terrorists and eliminated according to the whims of the state
Goh, Harvard University fellow, 6
(Irving, 2006, “Disagreeing Preemptive/Prohpylaxis: From Philip K. Dick to Jacques Ranciere,” Fast Capitalism 2. 1, accessed 10/15/13, http://www.uta.edu/huma/agger/fastcapitalism/2_1/goh.html, kns)

At present, the time...intention of killing" (Dick 1997:329).

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston Rankin-Josh | Judge: Holland
Interpretation - Introduction of “United States Armed Forces” only means personnel
Lorber, J.D. Candidate, 13
(Eric, at University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science, January “Executive Warmaking Authority And Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?”, Accessed 9-16-13, https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/1773-lorber15upajconstl9612013) NJR

As discussed above...War Powers Resolution.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 3 | Opponent: James Madison Palmer-Webb | Judge: Susko
A) Interpretation—Increase means to become larger or make greater
Merriam Webster Online Dictionary, 13
(“Increase,” accessed 9-25-13, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/increase) 

Increase verb \in-?kr?s, ?in-?\ : to become larger … amount, number, etc.

2) Makes the topic bidirectional because the plan gives Obama more authority and power
Zakaria, Political Science PhD candidate at Indiana University, 3-26-13
(Rafia, “President Obama: The drones don't work, they just make it worse,” accessed 9-23-13, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/03/201332685936147309.html) 

Unlike the CIA… over the program.  

Transferring control of drone operations to the DOD increases Obama’s war powers because he didn’t sign off on all CIA strikes but does on all military strikes  
Klaidman, former NEWSWEEK managing editor, 3-19-13
(Daniel, “Exclusive: No More Drones for CIA,” accessed 9-23-13, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/19/exclusive-no-more-drones-for-cia.html)

Another difference is … retained his authority.)

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 5 | Opponent: Georgia State Hanks-Kim | Judge: Cramer
Indefinite detention means detaining an arrested person without a trial
US Legal ‘13
(“Indefinite Detention Law and Legal Definition” http://definitions.uslegal.com/i/indefinite-detention/ accessed: 9-18-13 mlb)

Indefinite detention is...USA Patriot Act.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 3 | Opponent: James Madison Palmer-Webb | Judge: Susko
A. Interp: Restrictions require prohibition
City of Northglenn, ‘73
(http://www.northglenn.org/municode/ch11/content_11-5.html accessed: 9-14-13 mlb)

Restrictions. As used …permit or license.

 “In the area” means all of the activities
United Nations No Date
(http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm accessed: 9-14-13 mlb)

1. For the purposes … of the Area;

Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake Forest Moir-Wu | Judge: Paqueo
Interp: Targeted killing requires an identified target and a name on a kill list – signature strikes are distinct
Uebersax, former RAND military analyst, 12
(John “The Four Kinds of Drone Strikes” 5-23-12 http://satyagraha.wordpress.com/2012/05/23/the-four-kinds-of-drone-strikes/ accessed: 9-18-13 mlb)

 We must begin …mislead the public. 

2. Precision – they conflate drones and targeted killing
Anderson, American University Law Professor, 11
(Kenneth, Brookings Non-Resident Fellow, The Rift Valley Institute senior fellow, “ Distinguishing High Value Targeted Killing and “Signature” Attacks on Taliban Fighters” 8-29-11 http://opiniojuris.org/2011/08/29/distinguishing-high-value-targeted-killing-and-signature-attacks-on-taliban-fighters/ accessed: 9-18-13 mlb)

 From the US…  chapter on SSRN.

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston Rankin-Josh | Judge: Holland
Substantially means the main; most important
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 2009
"Substantially," http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=79480anddict=CALD, mss

substantial (GENERAL)   Show phonetics
adjective before noun FORMAL
relating to the main or most important things being considered:
The committee were in substantial agreement (= agreed about most of the things discussed).