1NC Restrict Spec Iran Politics XO Counterplan Andropocentrism K
Northeastchampionship
2
Opponent: West Virginia Dorsey-Ejimofor | Judge: Glass
1AC Presidentialism Legal Regimes
1NC security
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Cites
Entry
Date
Geography - AFF 1AC - Special Forces
Tournament: Adanationals | Round: 3 | Opponent: Boston College Pressman-Sie | Judge: Gayetsky Shifting Special Forces focus to creating capable partners and building relations is the only way to sustainability combat instability, terrorism, and create the lasting partnerships and global influence that is vital to hegemony Robinson, Council on Foreign Relations Senior Fellow, 12 (Linda, “The Future of Special Operations,” Foreign Affairs, Nov/Dec. 2012, accessed 3-12-14, p. Academic Search Complete)
Dramatic raids and … of fiscal austerity.
Special Forces are a scarce resource and our need for them to achieve key national security objectives will only increase. Plan is key to ensure they are not over-stretched and focus on creating capable partners Robinson, Council on Foreign Relations Senior Fellow, 13 (Linda, “The Future of U.S. Special Operations Forces,” April 2013, accessed 3-12-14, i.cfr.org/.../Special_Operations_CSR66.pdf?)
Ensuring Special Forces focus on nonlethal activities is key to building alliances and partnerships Robinson, Council on Foreign Relations Senior Fellow, 13 (Linda, “The Future of U.S. Special Operations Forces,” April 2013, accessed 3-12-14, i.cfr.org/.../Special_Operations_CSR66.pdf?)
Finally, special operations … aim to achieve.
U.S. hegemony is the only check on global instability and wars Kaplan, Chief Geopolitical Analyst at Stratfor, 4-17-13 (Robert, “Anarchy and Hegemony,” accessed 3-13-14, http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/anarchy-and-hegemony)
Everyone loves equality.. without American hegemony
3/16/14
Geography - AFF 2AC add on - Afghanistan
Tournament: Adanationals | Round: 3 | Opponent: Boston College Pressman-Sie | Judge: Gayetsky Drones key to successful afghan strat post withdrawal Bengali and Cloud, LA Times writers, ‘13 (Shashank Bengali and David S. Cloud – LA Times writers, “U.S. drone strikes up sharply in Afghanistan” February 21, 2013, Los Angeles Times) CBC
The U.S. military … some serious steps."
Strong U.S. presence key to prevent Pakistani collapse and terrorist and international escalation Sale, Pulitzer Prize Journalist, ‘13 (Richard, pulitzer prize journalist citing interviews with a wide Afghan exports from DoD, RAND, and Brookings, “Afghanistan: A Dark and Fragile Future” 22 March 2013, Truthout; News and Analysis) CBC
Whatever the result … ideological scores will begin."
This leads to global nuclear war Morgan 7 (Stephen, Former Member of the British Labour Party Executive committee, “Better another Taliban Afghanistan, than a Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan!?” http://www.electricarticles.com/display.aspx?id=639)
However, events may … against the US.
3/16/14
Geography Aff - 1AC - India-Pakistan Advantage
Tournament: Navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: Clarion Pierotti-Sorenson | Judge: Benedict Race for drones increases - US precedent is key to prevent India from striking Pakistan Siddique, Researcher and Policy Advisor, 13 (Qandeel, 4-8-13, “The United States’ Drone Program in Pakistan: An Analysis of the Efficacy and the Pakistani Government’s Complicity,” accessed 12-26-13, http://strategiskanalyse.no/publikasjoner202013/2013-04-08_SISA4_DroneProgram_QandeelS.pdf, ebb)
Tournament: Navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: Clarion Pierotti-Sorenson | Judge: Benedict US methods for justification of targeted killing create authority overlap of armed conflict and self-defense legal regimes Blank, Director of International Humanitarian Law Clinic, ‘12 (Laurie, Director ofInternational Humanitarian Law Clinic at Emory Law School, 2012, “Targeted Strikes: The Consequences of Blurring the Armed Conflict and Self-Defense Justifications,” accessed 1-2-14, http://www.wmitchell.edu/lawreview/Volume38/documents/11.BlankFINAL.pdf, amp)
Targeted killing can be defined as...an invitation to unregulated warfare.
AND
Conflation of self-defense and armed conflict legal regimes eradicates both Blank, Director of International Humanitarian Law Clinic, ‘12 (Laurie, Director ofInternational Humanitarian Law Clinic at Emory Law School, 2012, “Targeted Strikes: The Consequences of Blurring the Armed Conflict and Self-Defense Justifications,” accessed 1-2-14, http://www.wmitchell.edu/lawreview/Volume38/documents/11.BlankFINAL.pdf, amp)
In contrast, human rights law’s...of armed conflict
AND
Current drone policy destroys security structure, which leads to war Martin, Professor of Law, ‘11 (Craig, Associate Professor of Law at Washburn University School of Law, 11-07-11, " GOING MEDIEVAL: TARGETED KILLING, SELF?DEFENSE AND THE JUS AD BELLUM REGIME " accessed 10-30-13, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1956141, CEJ)
The United States has...the grand scheme of things
Therefore, the more likely...nations around the world
AND
Self-defense norms are modeled globally Fisk and Ramos, Fisk -~-- PhD in Political Science focusing on interstate war and Ramos-- PhD in Political science focusing on norms and foreign policy, 13 (Kerstin -~-- PhD in Political Science focusing on interstate war @ Claremont Graduate University and Jennifer -- PhD in Polisci and Professor @ Loyola Marymount focusing on norms and foreign policy, including drone warfare and preventative use of force, “Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm” 4/15/13, Date Acessed: 1/13/14, CEJ)
Preventive self-defense...to do the same
AND
Causes escalation everywhere Bradford, Assistant Professor of Law at Indiana University School of Law, 04 (Willaim, “The Duty to Defend Them: A Natural Law Justification for the Bush Doctrine of Preventive War” 07/04, Date Acessed: 1/13/14, CEJ)
For restrictivists, anticipatory...emanating from every corner.
AND
Precedent of Unrestricted drone use causes war in caucuses and heightens Israel-Iran tension Clayton 12 (Nick Clayton, Worked in several publications, including the Washington Times the Asia Times and Washington Diplomat. He is currently the senior editor of Kanal PIK TV's English Service (a Russian-language channel), lived in the Caucuses for several years,10/23/2012, "Drone violence along Armenian-Azerbaijani border could lead to war",www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/121022/drone-violence-along-armenian-azerbaijani-border-could-lead-war) CBC
Armenian and Azerbaijani...thing I’m sure of
AND
Caucus wars escalate to nuclear war, most likely impact Blank, 2k (Stephen, Prof. Research at Strategic Studies Inst. @ US Army War College, “U.S. Military Engagement with Transcaucasia and Central Asia”, www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub113.pdf) CBC
Tournament: Navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: Clarion Pierotti-Sorenson | Judge: Benedict Plan: The United States Federal Government should restrict the President’s war powers authority for targeted killing as a first resort outside zones of active hostilities.
2/8/14
Geography Aff - 1AC - Presidentialism Advantage
Tournament: Northeastchampionship | Round: 2 | Opponent: West Virginia Dorsey-Ejimofor | Judge: Glass Each reduction in presidential power is key to check presidentialism and empower the people Nelson, Vanderbilt Univ. English Professor, 08 (Dana, Bad for Democracy: How the President Undermines the Power of the People, 2008, Univ. of Minnesota Press, accessed 1-31-14, ebook, page 10)
The present book...and name as such).
AND
Plan solves for presidentialism via the plans statutory limits, which don’t focus on one specific president Nelson, Vanderbilt Univ. English Professor, 08 (Dana, Bad for Democracy: How the President Undermines the Power of the People, 2008, Univ. of Minnesota Press, accessed 1-31-14, ebook, page 1-4)
But this is not...our framers created
AND
Democracy is our job and engaging in political debates that de-centers the president from democracy allows us to overcome our obsession with presidentialism and allows us to reclaim our political agency Nelson, Vanderbilt Univ. English Professor, 06 (Dana, “The President and Presidentialism,” The South Atlantic Quarterly, Winter 2006, Volume 105, Issue 1, p. Ebsco)
The convergence of such...for political change.
AND
Reducing the presidents war powers authority is key to limiting the mystique of the commander in chief; this militarization of domestic politics creates climates of fear that encourage authoritarianism, disempowers our agency and activism, and crowds out key insights and alternatives Nelson, Vanderbilt Univ. English Professor, 08 (Dana, Bad for Democracy: How the President Undermines the Power of the People, 2008, Univ. of Minnesota Press, accessed 1-31-14, ebook, page 133-143)
What is the mystique...vital, enriching insights.
2/27/14
Geography Aff - 1AC - Solvency
Tournament: Navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: Clarion Pierotti-Sorenson | Judge: Benedict The plan legally codifies executive practice – facilitates norm development Daskal, Adjucnt Georgetown Prof, 13 (Jennifer, fellow and adjunct prof at Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law at Georgetown University Law Center, April 2013, "The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside of the ’Hot’ Conflict Zone," accessed 10-31-13, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, hec)
C. Implementation and Security...outside the conflict zone.
Alternatively, perhaps the Neustadt...White House opposition
AND
Geographical Limitations solve while retaining executive’s military flexibility Brooks ’13 (Rosa Brooks is a law professor at Georgetown University and a Schwartz senior fellow at the New America Foundation. She served as a counselor to the U.S. defense undersecretary for policy from 2009 to 2011 and previously served as a senior advisor at the U.S. State Department, 2013, “The Law of Armed Conflict, the Use of Military Force, and the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force, May 16 2013 Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services”, DOA: 12/15/13, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Brooks_05-16-13.pdf, JAW)
Expressly limiting the AUMF’s...law of armed conflict
AND
Current U.S. policy uses circular logic for strikes taking place outside of active hostilities – aff’s legal framework solves Brooks, 13 (Rosa, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow, New America Foundation “The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights”, DOA: 12-18-13, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf, 4-26-13, JAW)
Executive clarification doesn’t set the same precedent Dworkin, European CFR Senior Fellow, 13 (Anthony, July 2013, “Drones and Targeted Killing: Defining a European Position,” accessed 10-31-13, hec)
Two further points...wish to claim it.
2/8/14
NFU - 1AC - Miscalc Advantage
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison Adowei-Hobbelman | Judge: Picardi The president has the authority to launch a nuclear strike for any reason; this unchecked power risks war via Presidential incapacitation; and U.S. action to check executive powers on nuclear weapons is modeled globally Wilbur, Member of the Dean’s International Council at the Univ. of Chicago, 12-31-09 (E. Packer, “Presidential Authority to Launch a Nuclear Attack,” accessed 8-12-13, http://epwilbur.com/2009/12/31/presidential-authority-to-launch-a-nuclear-attack/)
With a single order …..rethink these policies.
Launch on Warning posture forces hasty nuclear launch decisions that lead to accidental nuclear war. Starr, Senior Scientist at PSR, 11 (Steven, 6-24-11, “U.S. and Russian Launch-Ready Nuclear Weapons: A Threat to All Nations and Peoples”, DOA 08-26-13, http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/pdfs/2011_06_24_starr.pdf, ELM)
Launch-ready …..warning of attack. ` U.S. first use policy encourages strategic instability, which leads to multiple scenarios for accidents and miscalculations resulting in nuclear conflict Gerson, Research Analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses, 10 (Michael, “No First Use: The Next Step for U.S. Nuclear Policy,” International Security, Fall 2010, accessed 8-23-13, p. Ebsco)
Even a limited nuclear exchange results in a global agricultural disaster that kills billions of human and nonhuman animals Robock and Toon, Rutgers Univ. Environmental Sciences Prof. and Univ. of Colorado Atmospheric Sciences Prof., 10 (Alan and Owen Brian, “Local Nuclear War, Global Suffering,” accessed 8-27-13, http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/RobockToonSciAmJan2010.pdf)
Why discuss this…regional nuclear powers.
2/8/14
NFU - 1AC - Plan Text
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison Adowei-Hobbelman | Judge: Picardi The United States Congress should enact a declaratory policy of no nuclear first use.
2/8/14
NFU - 1AC - Prolif Advantage
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison Adowei-Hobbelman | Judge: Picardi U.S. NFU policy is key to revitalize the international non-proliferation regime Perkovich, Vice President for Studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 4-1-13 (George, “Do Unto Others: Toward a Defensible Nuclear Doctrine,” accessed 8-11-13, http://m.ceip.org/2013/04/01/do-unto-others-toward-defensible-nuclear-doctrine/fvw8andlang=en)
Meanwhile, a significant …in this direction.
NFU policy dramatically increases U.S. nonproliferation credibility Korb and Rothman, Center for American Progress Senior Fellow and Univ. of Minnesota Prof., 12 (Lawrence and Alexander, “No first use: The way to contain nuclear war in South Asia,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March 2012, accessed 8-23-13, p. Ebsco)
A US decision …a nuclear deterrent.
Proliferation causes nuclear war-crisis escalation, aggression, saving face, delegation and launch on warning guarantee it. Kroenig, Georgetown University Government assistant professor, 12 (Matthew, Assistant Professor of Government at Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at Council on Foreign Relations, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?,” 5-26-12, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2, accessed 10-2-12, mtf)
The proliferation optimist …opponents to back down.
2/8/14
NFU - 1AC - Solvency
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison Adowei-Hobbelman | Judge: Picardi Congress should reclaim its war powers authority by enacting a declaratory policy of no nuclear first use Cox, Legal Historian, 89 (Bartholomew, “Raison d'Etat and World Survival: Who Constitutionally Makes Nuclear War?,” The George Washington Law Review, August 1989, accessed 8-12-13, p. Lexis)
The power of …outside the judiciary.
U.S. NFU policy is modeled by other nuclear states Gerson, Research Analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses, 10 (Michael, “No First Use: The Next Step for U.S. Nuclear Policy,” International Security, Fall 2010, accessed 8-23-13, p. Ebsco)
Fifth, an NFU …in 2010 and beyond.”
Nuclear policy experts objections to an NFU policy are based on flawed, securitized methodology and should be disregarded Perkovich, Vice President for Studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 4-1-13 (George, “Do Unto Others: Toward a Defensible Nuclear Doctrine,” accessed 8-11-13, http://m.ceip.org/2013/04/01/do-unto-others-toward-defensible-nuclear-doctrine/fvw8andlang=en)
The conditions under …essential last resort.
2/8/14
NFU - 1AC - US China Relations Advantage
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison Adowei-Hobbelman | Judge: Picardi U.S. –Sino nuclear relations tense because of U.S. first use stance AND NFU key to improve nuclear relations Spies, research intern for the Project on Nuclear Issues at Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2011 Stephanie, China’s Nuclear Policy: (No) First Use? http://csis.org/blog/chinas-nuclear-policy-no-first-use Date Accessed: August 29, 2013) AMP
Despite over a decade of negotiations….. its own nuclear policy.
Improved U.S.-Sino nuclear relations are key to preventing nuclear conflict Warden, CSIS Research Assistant, 4-8-13 (John, “Nuclear Weapons and U.S.-China Relations: A Way Forward,” accessed 8-13-13, http://cogitasia.com/nuclear-weapons-and-u-s-china-relations-a-way-forward/) Maintaining stability in ….of the Pacific.
Accidental nuclear launch triggers a full scale war that kills billions of human and nonhuman animals PR Newswire, 4-29-98 (“NEJM Study Warns of Increasing Risk of Accidental Nuclear Attack; Over 6.8 Million Immediate U.S. Deaths Possible,” accessed 8-27-13, p. Lexis)
An 'accidental' nuclear ….of casualties worldwide.
2/8/14
UGA - Octas - A2 Cap
Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 7 | Opponent: George Mason Massa-Caldwell | Judge: Butt, Lehrich, Lyle Rejection and withdrawal does nothing to challenge capitalism Herod, American University social activist, 2007 (James, Getting Free: Creating an Association of Democratic Autonomous Neighborhoods, March 2007, http://site.www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/GetFre/05.htm, ldg)
We cannot destroy...will be no freedom for anyone.
Some securitizations are good—it is a better moral framework for challenging power structures and it is comparatively better at solving problems in contemporary policymaking—means we solve the MPX of the K. Floyd, British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow, 2007 (Rita, "Towards a consequentialist evaluation of security," Review of International Studies 33, pg. 348-389) cab
It was the purpose...they were legally required to do anyway.
Some real existential threats exist—a desecuritization policy cannot morally accommodate or react to these types of threats—only the aff provides space for some desecuritization while providing a limited security practice to solve residual threats. Floyd, British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow, 2011 (Rita, Ph.D. Warwick University, "Can securitization theory be used in normative analysis? Towards a just securitization theory," Security Dialogue 42, pg. 436) cab
Desecuritization as a normative...in security mode.
U.S. transition from cap sparks great power wars and omnicide Nyquist, WorldNetDaily contributing editor, 2005 (JR, “The Political Consequences of a Financial Crash”, 2-4, www.financialsense.com/stormw...2005/0204.html, DOA: 9-12-11, ldg)
Should the United States...what they can produce best at home.
Cap solves warming-allows the greatest adaptive capacity and improves human wellbeing that overwhelms negative effects. Goklany, Assistant Director for Science and Technology Policy, 2007 (Indur, “IS A RICHER-BUT-WARMER WORLD BETTER THAN POORER-BUT-COOLER WORLDS?”, http://www.ce.cmu.edu/~gdrg/readings/2006/02/14/Goklany_160.pdf, DOA: 8-17-12, ldg)
Ethical decisions must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty word...undermines political effectiveness.
2/8/14
UGA - Round 1 - A2 Death Cult
Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 1 | Opponent: James Madison Buchholz-Hatahet | Judge: grellinger Apocalyptic rhetoric is a key tool for powerless groups to resist forms of oppression Berger 96 (James, George Mason Univ., " Ends and Means: Theorizing Apocalypse in the 1990's, Postmodern Culture, http://www.iath.virginia.edu/pmc/text-only/issue.596/review-1.596 )
Like the Foucault of...most necessary step.
Representations of war are key to prevent it – ignoring the reality of war makes is what makes war possible Futterman, 94 J.A.H Futterman, US National Lab employee, theorist in general relativity, 1994 (“Meditations on the Bomb”)
But the inhibitory...might otherwise lack.
Alt. Fails – rejection of conflict representations embraces the status quo nuclear referents Solomon, PhD, UCLA, Oklahoma Project for Discourse and Theory, 88 (J. Fisher DISCOURSE AND REFERENCE IN THE NUCLEAR AGE, 1988, p. 102)
But to insist...of subjective speculations.
Preventing Nuclear War Requires Considering Scenarios For How It Might Start Harvard Nuclear Study Group, 83 LIVING WITH NUCLEAR WEAPONS, 1983, p.47. (MHSOLT2226)
The question is... they have not been foreseen.
Representations aren’t transformative – it only reflects preexisting changes in the objective world Mearsheimer, Professor of political science at the University of Chicago, 1995 (John, The False Promise of International Institutions”; International Security; Vol. 19, No. 3;lexis, ldg)
Critical theory maintains... they are challenging.
Turn, Giroux essentializes suffering by speaking for undimensional notions of violence Gur-Ze’ev (Ilan, Professor at University of Haifa, “Toward a Non-Repressive Critical Pedagogy,” 98, Accessed 1/20/14, CJB)
The postmodern and... “verbalism”, according toFreire
Negotiations cause Israel strikes – sanctions are key to signal our support of Israel and prevent attack Carafano, Vice President, Foreign and Defense Policy Studies, Heritage, 13 (James Jay, adjunct professor at Georgetown University and the Institute of World Politics and has served as a visiting professor at National Defense University. He previously served as an assistant professor at the U.S. Military Academy, Director of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, master's degree and a doctorate from Georgetown University as well as a master's degree in strategy from the U.S. Army War College, “Negotiations with Iran could start a war,” 10-17-13, http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2013/10/negotiations-with-iran-could-start-a-war, DOA: 11-15-13, ara)
War is a great leap...compelled to run that course.
A unilateral Israeli...ultimately spark World War III.
2/8/14
UGA - Round 1 - A2 T Restrict
Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 1 | Opponent: James Madison Buchholz-Hatahet | Judge: grellinger Counter Interpretation - “Restrictions” are put on time, place, and manner – includes tactics, armed forces, and geography Lobel, Law Professor at the University of Pittsburgh, 08 (Jules, 2008, “Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War,” accessed 12-28-13, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/oslj/files/2012/04/69.3.lobel_.pdf, ebb)
Throughout American history...the conduct of warfare.
2/8/14
UGA - Round 1 - A2 XO CP
Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 1 | Opponent: James Madison Buchholz-Hatahet | Judge: grellinger ONLY the power of congress can solve credibility, signal, and modeling Maxwell, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the US Army, 12 (Mark David, Winter 2012, “Targeted Killing, The Law, And Terrorists,” accessed 10-2-13, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html, hec)
“In an era of polarized...the incumbent president’s opponents.”
Future presidents will roll back Harvard Law Review, 12 ("Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority," accessed 9-15-13, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf, hec)
Tournament: Northeastchampionship | Round: 3 | Opponent: West Virginia Abe-Fiore | Judge: Johnson Turn—Rejection alts embrace the logic of presidentialism and winner takes all politics; this system of thinking ensures bad decisions, less knowledge, and less transformation; only the permutation can capture the 1AC Nelson, Vanderbilt Univ. English Professor, 08 (Dana, Bad for Democracy: How the President Undermines the Power of the People, 2008, Univ. of Minnesota Press, accessed 1-31-14, ebook, page 198-199)
I’m not saying...round of exclusions.
AND
The kind of democracy the plan promotes checks the violence assumed by the 1NC impacts Diamond, Hoover Institute Senior Fellow, 08 (Larry, “Preventing Genocide: Interview with Larry Diamond,” accessed 2-5-14, https://lib.stanford.edu/files/PG_Diamond.pdf)
What does democracy...protected and enforced.
AND
Defer to consequentialism and evaluate individual instances of security. Floyd, postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick, 2007 (Rita “Towards a consequentialist evaluation of security: bringing together the Copenhagen and the Welsh Schools of security studies”, Review of International Studies)
Towards a consequentialist...they be honoured
AND
We must solve large-scale violent conflicts before we can ever hope to solve for everyday forms of violence—they’re a key barrier to global peace Goldstein 03 (Joshua, Prof of Int'l Relations @ American University, War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa, p. 412)
Survival key to value to life Kacou 2008 (Amien, “Why Even Mind? -- On The A Priori Value Of “Life”, Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, Vol 4, No 1-2, http://cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/92, DOA: 3-5-12, ldg)
Furthermore, that manner...a bit more complex.
AND
It is impossible to judge when life of someone else has value because the value to life is subjective – we must always avoid letting others die Patterson, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2003 (Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics 2003; 16; 1, Sage Journals, ldg)
Appeals to a thoroughgoing...of meaningful value
2/27/14
West Conn - Round 5 - A2 Andropocentrism
Tournament: Northeastchampionship | Round: 5 | Opponent: George Mason Ghanem-Wiseman | Judge: Merkle Turn—Rejection alts embrace the logic of presidentialism and winner takes all politics; this system of thinking ensures bad decisions, less knowledge, and less transformation; only the permutation can capture the 1AC Nelson, Vanderbilt Univ. English Professor, 08 (Dana, Bad for Democracy: How the President Undermines the Power of the People, 2008, Univ. of Minnesota Press, accessed 1-31-14, ebook, page 198-199)
I’m not saying...new round of exclusions
AND
The kind of democracy the plan promotes checks the violence assumed by the 1NC impacts Diamond, Hoover Institute Senior Fellow, 08 (Larry, “Preventing Genocide: Interview with Larry Diamond,” accessed 2-5-14, https://lib.stanford.edu/files/PG_Diamond.pdf)
What does democracy...protected and enforced.
AND
Presidentialism encourages people to believe their democratic agency depends on presidential power; this trades off with a focus on local politics, civic agency, civic activism and local democratic deliberation Nelson, Vanderbilt Univ. English Professor, 08 (Dana, Bad for Democracy: How the President Undermines the Power of the People, 2008, Univ. of Minnesota Press, accessed 1-31-14, ebook, page 4-5)
Tournament: Northeastchampionship | Round: 5 | Opponent: George Mason Ghanem-Wiseman | Judge: Merkle Won’t pass – AIPAC now pushing for no new sanctions and 100 Congress people signed a letter pledging not to pass it JTA, 2-13 (The Global Jewish News Source, 2-13-14, “House Letter Against Iran Sanctions Garners Half of Democrats”, DOA: 2-20-14, http://www.jta.org/2014/02/13/news-opinion/politics/house-letter-against-iran-sanctions-garners-half-of-democrats, llc)
No Solvency and Turn—The counter-plan is an example of presidentialism in action Nelson, Vanderbilt Univ. English Professor, 08 (Dana, Bad for Democracy: How the President Undermines the Power of the People, 2008, Univ. of Minnesota Press, accessed 1-31-14, ebook, page 16-17)
