Tournament: Clarion | Round: 1 | Opponent: George Mason Hoey-Upton | Judge: Patrice
Won’t pass – demographics ensure GOP won’t get on board
Burlington County Times, 11-3
(“Reversing the GOP 'death spiral',” 11-3-13, http://www.burlingtoncountytimes.com/opinion/op-ed/reversing-the-gop-death-spiral/article_981b10ed-3acf-54c9-8184-f5e3dc620b30.html, DOA: 11-3-13, ara)

This trend poses an enormous problem for Republicans...blemishing the Republican reputation as well. 

Won’t pass – no scheduled vote
Mitchell, Star Tribune staff writer, 11/2
(Corey, “Minnesota Hotdish politics: Clock ticks on immigration reform,” accessed: 11/3/2013, http://www.startribune.com/local/230360111.html, ADC)

But with only 19 scheduled legislative days left in 2013...come out in favor of full-blown reform.  

CIR won’t pass this year and Obama push triggers link
Lerer and Tiron, Bloomberg News reporters, 10-31
(Lisa and Roxana, 10-31-13, “Who's Afraid of Immigration Reform?”, accessed 10-31-13, http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-10-31/immigration-reform-unlikely-amid-congresss-partisan-ill-will#r=rss, aaw) 

After the government shutdown ended, President Obama...destroy the Republican Party and not to get good policies.”  

Farm bill thumps
National Journal, 10-30
(“Farm Bill Conference Begins With Members Determined to 'Show How to Govern',” accessed 11-1-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/daily/farm-bill-conference-begins-with-members-determined-to-show-how-to-govern-20131030, hec)

House and Senate farm bill conferees used the first and possibly ...many Americans face as food consumers.

No Impact—immigration isn’t key to relations
Montealegre, Diplomatic Courier Contributor, 2-23-13
(Oscar, “U.S.-Mexico Relations: Love Thy Neighbor,” Diplomatic Courier, accessed 2-23-13, http://www.diplomaticourier.com/news/regions/latin-america/1331-us-mexico-relations-love-thy-neighbor)

It is not common knowledge that Mexico is the United States...dictate the terms between the neighboring countries.

No overall economic benefit to legalization
Hill et al., Public Policy Institute research fellow, 2010
(Laura, “Immigrant Legalization Assessing the Labor Market Effects”, www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_410LHR.pdf#ppic, DOA: 2-9-13, ldg)

Legalization of the estimated 12 million unauthorized immigrants...among the formerly unauthorized would be modest.

Plan not controversial – SASC proves
Perera, Executive editor of the FierceGovernment, 13
(David is executive editor of the FierceMarkets Government Group, which includes FierceGovernment, FierceGovernmentIT, FierceHomelandSecurity, and FierceMobileGovernment and a freelance reporter and editor and has a MIA from Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs, 6-26-13, “SASC calls for new oversight of Cyber Command”, accessed 9-18-13, http://www.fiercegovernmentit.com/story/sasc-calls-new-oversight-cyber-command/2013-06-26, aaw)

The Senate Armed Services Committee says it has concerns that oversight of Cyber Command...physical terrain have always been to military campaigns."

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 1 | Opponent: George Mason Hoey-Upton | Judge: Patrice
XO doesn’t allow for proper reporting requirements – can’t solve for transparency
Brecher, J.D. candidate at the University of Michigan law school, 13
(Aaron,  J.D. Candidate at the University of Michigan Law School, May 2013, “Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperations”, accessed 9-15-13, http://www.michiganlawreview.org/assets/pdfs/111/3/Brecher.pdf, aaw) 

 I. The Covert Action and Military Regimes Explored  It is first useful to delineate...timely report to the committees, as well as give reasons for the delay.32  

Perm – do both – CP alone fails – only risk solvency from the perm – gitmo proves
Corcoran, New Hampshire School of Law Prof, 11
(Erin M., March 2011, “Obama's Failed Attempt to Close Gitmo: Why Executive Orders Can't Bring About Systemic Change,” accessed 9-18-13, hec)

Finally, this example highlights that issuing unilateral executive orders...advancing the President's future controversial policy changes.

CP links to politics hard
Hallowell, The Blaze Writer, 13
(Billy, 2-11-13, “Here’s How Obama Is Using Executive Power To Bypass Legislative Process,” accessed 9-15-13, http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/02/11/heres-how-obamas-using-executive-power-to-bylass-legislative-process-plus-a-brief-history-of-executive-orders/, hec)

“In an era of polarized parties and a fragmented Congress...complaints coming from the incumbent president’s opponents.”

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 1 | Opponent: George Mason Hoey-Upton | Judge: Patrice
Plan Text: The United States Federal Government should amend the 1947 National Security Act to include offensive cyber operations as covert action

*International Law*

US cyberattacks cause cyber prolif that risks response – it’ll be considered an attack and spiral
Benavides, MA in Economic Theory from Texas University, 13
(Stephen, Benavides is a policy analyst and union organizer from Dallas and Lead Organizer Garcia for Congress Campaign  and holds a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of North Texas and has an MA in Economic Theory at the University of Texas , 7-30-13, “The Coming Cyber-Cold War: US Pioneering Online Attacks”, accessed 8-19-13, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/17714-the-coming-cyber-cold-war, aaw)  

The US government is openly and actively engaged...or maybe has always been, an agent of the state. 

Likely response goes nuclear
Lawson, Contributor to the Forbes.com security blog, 09
(Sean, assistant professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Utah and received my Ph.D. from the Department of Science and Technology Studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a contributor to the Forbes.com security blog and worked as an Associate National Security Analyst with DynCorp Systems and Solutions, LLC and has an MA in Arab Studies from Georgetown University and a BA in History from California State University, 5-13-09, “ Cross-Domain Response to Cyber Attacks and the Threat of Conflict Escalation”, accessed 9-14-13, http://www.seanlawson.net/?p=477, aaw) 

 Non-unique, Dangerous, and In-credible?...government contracts for cybersecurity work.  

Now is key - US restraint key to establishing international norms
Neve, School of Law, UNC Chapel Hill, 13
(Brett M., North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, “Moving Towards International Norms in Cyberwarfare,” 3-24-13, http://blogs.law.unc.edu/ncilj/2013/03/24/moving-towards-international-norms-in-cyberwarfare/, DOA: 8-18-13, ara)

In an October 12, 2012, meeting with Time magazine...use of cyberweapons, the more secure U.S. interests will be. 

Countries look to US for leadership – Congressional failure makes the US look reckless
Westby, Chairwoman of the American Bar Association’s Privacy and Computer Crime Committee, 12
(Jody, is the Global Cyber Risk CEO she regularly consults with governments, private sector executives, and operational personnel on the development of enterprise security programs that dovetail the technical, legal, operational, and managerial considerations she is an internationally recognized attorney and works at a security consulting firm, and is the chairwoman of the American Bar Association’s Privacy and Computer Crime Committee, 6-4-12, “U.S. Administration's Reckless Cyber Policy Puts Nation at Risk”, accessed 9-14-13, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jodywestby/2012/06/04/u-s-administrations-reckless-cyber-policy-puts-nation-at-risk/, aaw)

No country is an island on the Internet...demonstrates cyber irresponsiblity, not cyber leadership.  

International law key to US heg– allows US directing of global norms while checking against worst abuses of power
Koskenniemi,  International Law professor, University of Helsinki, 4
(Martti, Director of the Erik Castrén Institute of International Law and Human Rights, former member of the International Law Commission, written for the Cambridge Review of International Affairs, “International Law And Hegemony: A Reconfiguration,” 2004, http://www.helsinki.fi/eci/Publications/Koskenniemi/MHegemony.pdf, DOA: 8-18-13, ara)

The developments surveyed above do not give much reason to expect international law...claims about rights and duties that are universalisable, that is, claims of law. 

International norms and institutions only exist because of U.S. hegemony—reduced U.S. power means these norms and institutions will collapse
Kagan, Brookings Institute Senior Fellow, 12
(Robert, The World America Made, page 98-99)

The irony is that the success of the American world order...which is what existed before the American world order came into being. 

Heg key to international stability- Global leadership encourages positive multilateral activity
Flournoy former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy of the United States, 12
(“Michèle and Dr. Janine Davidson is an Assistant Professor in the School of Public Policy at George Mason University, “A Plea for Smart, Forward U.S Military Engagemen”t, 7-10-12, http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/07/10/a-plea-for-smart-forward-u-s-military-engagement/, accessed 8-4-12, srg)

The recent global economic downturn...domestic economic prosperity and to shaping the future security environment. 

Every credible measure of study shows violence is down because of everything consistent with the aff---heg, democracy, liberal trade---it’s only a question of sustaining current dynamics and preventing shocks to the system
Pinker, Harvard psychology professor, 2011
(Steven, “Violence Vanquished”, 9-24, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904106704576583203589408180.html, DOA; 10-9-11, ldg)

Believe it or not, the world of the past was much worse...rights revolutions coincided with the electronic global village. 

*US-China relations adv.*
Obama’s efforts at solving Chinese relations have failed
Sanger, adjunct professor of public policy and the first senior fellow in The Press and National Security at Harvard school of government, 13
(David E., Graduate of Harvard University and Chief Washington Correspondent of the New York Times and is one of the newspaper's senior writersand has been part of 2 teams that have won a Pulitzer Prize and another finalist, 9-1-13, “Documents detail U.S. cyber-espionage plans”, accessed 10-3-13, http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/documents-detail-us-cyberespionage-plans/article5083012.ece, aaw)

Newly disclosed budget documents for America’s intelligence agencies...possible to secretly enter and manipulate data.  

Chinese actors express concerns over US position in cyber – creating a sense of distrust
Kenneth and Singer, Senior director for Asia on the National Security Council and Director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence at the Brookings Institute, 12
(Kenneth and Singer, Lieberthal is director of the John L. Thornton China Center and senior fellow in Foreign Policy and Global Economy and Development at Brookings and was a professor at the University of  Michigan and he also served as special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior  director for Asia on the National Security Council and his government responsibilities encompassed U.S.  policy toward Northeast and East Asia and has a Ph.D. from Columbia University an M.A. from Columbia University and a B.A. from Dartmouth College, Singer is Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence at the Brookings Institution and served as coordinator of the Obama-08 campaign’s defense policy task force and has also worked as a consultant for the US Department of Defense and FBI and is considered one of the world's leading experts on changes in 21st century warfare and named by the President to the US Military’s Transformation Advisory Group he also received a Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University and a BA from the Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, 2-23-12, “cybersecurity and u.s.-china relations”, accessed 8-24-13, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/2/2320cybersecurity20china20us20singer20lieberthal/0223_cybersecurity_china_us_lieberthal_singer_pdf_english.pdf, aaw) 

Finally, Chinese actors often express a sense of unfairness...major issues we collectively face in a changing world. 

Cyber-attacks are cause to relations break- overcomes all other tensions
Fisher, Washington Post writer, 2-19
(Max, “Chinese hacking: Obama admin. signals it will elevate issue with Beijing,” 2-19-13, Washington Post, da 2-23-13, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/02/19/chinese-hacking-obama-admin-signals-it-will-elevate-issue-with-beijing/, mee)

There are signs that the Obama administration is elevating the hacking issue...regional territorial disputes or human rights.

Plan would take risky actions “off the table”
Kenneth and Singer, Senior director for Asia on the National Security Council and Director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence at the Brookings Institute, 12
(Kenneth and Singer, Lieberthal is director of the John L. Thornton China Center and senior fellow in Foreign Policy and Global Economy and Development at Brookings and was a professor at the University of  Michigan and he also served as special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior  director for Asia on the National Security Council and his government responsibilities encompassed U.S.  policy toward Northeast and East Asia and has a Ph.D. from Columbia University an M.A. from Columbia University and a B.A. from Dartmouth College, Singer is Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence at the Brookings Institution and served as coordinator of the Obama-08 campaign’s defense policy task force and has also worked as a consultant for the US Department of Defense and FBI and is considered one of the world's leading experts on changes in 21st century warfare and named by the President to the US Military’s Transformation Advisory Group he also received a Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University and a BA from the Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, 2-23-12, “cybersecurity and u.s.-china relations”, accessed 8-24-13, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/2/2320cybersecurity20china20us20singer20lieberthal/0223_cybersecurity_china_us_lieberthal_singer_pdf_english.pdf, aaw) 

focus on the attribution problem The centrality of the attribution problem...Soviet nuclear strategy was to  U.S. leaders at the time. 

US-China political relations are key to economic relations- key to the global economy
Kynge, former Financial Times China bureau chief, 2007
James, journalist in Asia for over two decades, he is a Beijing resident fluent in Mandarin and has visited every Chinese province, China Shakes the World: A Titan’s Rise and Troubled Future, 236, mss

Of course, none of this means that a conflict between China and the United States...and goodwill can rapidly unravel.

Economic crash causes nuclear world war III
O'Donnell, 2-26-2009
Sean, Baltimore Republican Examiner writer and Squad Leader in the Marine Corps Reserve, the Baltimore Examiner, "Will this recession lead to World War III?," http://www.examiner.com/x-3108-Baltimore-Republican-Examiner~y2009m2d26-Will-this-recession-lead-to-World-War-III

Could the current economic crisis affecting this country...However sometimes history repeats itself.

*Solvency*
Perception of presidential power in cyber ops cause attacks
Rothschild, BA in Social Studies at Harvard, 13
(Matthew, BA in Social Studies at Harvard University and Editor of the Progressive Magazine, “The Dangers of Obama’s Cyber War Power Grab”, 2-5-13, http://readersupportednews.org/opinion2/266-32/15881-the-dangers-of-obamas-cyber-war-power-grab, accessed 7-9-13, aaw)

When our founders were drafting the Constitution...They, too, worry about the temptations of a President.

Congress needs a provision of the 1947 NSA to define the scope of the president’s cyber-warfare powers
Goldsmith, Professor at Harvard Law School, 13
(Jack, Goldsmith is a former assistant attorney general in the George W. Bush administration, is a professor at Harvard Law School and a member of the Hoover Institution task force on national security and law, 2-6-13, “Stealth Wars Require Rules, Too”, accessed 8-15-13, lexus, aaw)

"A decade of war is now ending," President Obama proclaimed in his second inaugural address...at home and globally - of unilateral, lethal, secret warfare. 

Congress needs to set a national policy to set limits to the president’s cyber attack abilities
Dycus, Founding chair of the National Security Law Section of the Association of American Law Schools, 10
(Stephen, Stephen is an internationally recognized authority on national security law and environmental law and earned his BA degree in 1963 and his LLB degree in 1965 from Southern Methodist University. He served as a bank trust officer in Texas and then as assistant dean at Southern Methodist University Law School. He earned his LLM degree in 1976 from Harvard University and He was founding chair of the National Security Law Section of the Association of American Law Schools, “Congress’s Role in Cyber Warfare”, 8-11-10, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf, accessed 7-9-13, aaw)

V. AFIRM CONGRESSIONAL HANDSHAKE WITH THE EXECUTIVE Congress obviously cannot act alone to develop a cyber warfare policy ...together to meet these challenges, as the Framers intended.

Tournament: Navy | Round: Octas | Opponent: George Mason Jalbuena-Nijjar | Judge: Johnson, Patrice, Webster Dunn
Plan Text: The United States federal government should statutorily restrict the president's ability to use offensive cyber operations by requiring an ex ante Congressional review of all operations.

Scenario 1- Hacker Recruitment

Congressional oversight key to hacker recruitment
Kar, Staff Writer at SiliconANGLE covering social and mobile news, 13
(Saroj, 8-5-13, “US Government Wants to Win Hackers for Data Collection at Black Hat” accessed 12-18-13, http://siliconangle.com/blog/2013/08/05/us-government-wants-to-win-hackers-for-data-collection-at-black-hat/, aaw) 

The head of the… about his perception of hackers.)  

Without oversight squo policy costs the government 15,000 recruits
Wyler, Former politics editor of Business Insider, 13
(Grace, journalist based in New York based journalist who work has appeared on the Atlantic, VICE, and Motherboard, 7-19-13, “Without Def Con, the Feds Have a Hacker Recruitment Problem”, accessed 12-18-13, http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/without-def-con-the-feds-have-a-hacker-recruitment-problem/, aaw) 

In addition to unveiling wholesale data …cyberterrorism and catch criminals."  

This creates hasty hiring of recruits that leads to bad and corrupt hirings
Michaels, USA Today Reporter, 13
(Jim, 6-13-13, “Tech hiring binge may pose security risks for government”, accessed 12-20-13, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/06/12/hackers-cyber-nsa-intelligence/2413183/, aaw) 

Among the more curious …You don't think of yourself as a U.S. citizen."  

Cyber espionage leads to economic collapse
O’Hara, Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law J.D., 10
(Gerald, “Cyber-Espionage: A Growing Threat to the American Economy,” accessed: 8/9/2013, http://commlaw.cua.edu/res/docs/articles/v19/19-1/11-v19-1-O-Hara-Final.pdf, ADC)

 The American economy is currently …response to protect American economic interests.

Decline cause miscalculation and conflict – prefer statistically significant evidence
Royal 10
(Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213–215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline…–security debate and deserves more attention. 

Economy key to heg
Eiras, senior analyst at Heritage Foundation, 2004
(Isabel, “The United States is No Longer the Champion of Economic Freedom”, July 23, http://www.heritage.org/research/tradeandeconomicfreedom/bg1781.cfm) 

Losing economic freedom has important implications …power in the world decline as well.

Heg key to international stability- Global leadership encourages positive multilateral activity
Flournoy former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy of the United States, 12
(“Michèle and Dr. Janine Davidson is an Assistant Professor in the School of Public Policy at George Mason University, “A Plea for Smart, Forward U.S Military Engagemen”t, 7-10-12, http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/07/10/a-plea-for-smart-forward-u-s-military-engagement/, accessed 8-4-12, srg)

The recent global economic downturn …shaping the future security environment. 

Recruits key to National Mission Force – solves cyber defense
Hayes, Free Society columnist, 13
(Patrick, London-based political journalist and commentator and works for the online current affairs magazine spiked and for think-tank the Institute of Ideas, 2-6-13, “Seeking Hackers: The Military Aims to Recruit More Cyber Soldiers”, accessed 12-18-13, http://www.fedtechmagazine.com/article/2013/02/seeking-hackers-military-aims-recruit-more-cyber-soldiers, aaw)

 The U.S. Cyber Command (Cybercom) …information superhighway as well.  

The focus of recruits is on defense
Perlroth, New York Times Technology Reporter, 13
(Nicole, served as the deputy editor for Forbes and  graduated from Princeton University with a degree in political science and near Eastern studies, 3-25-13, “US looks to recruit student hackers”, accessed 12-20-13, http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/03/24/looks-recruit-student-hackers-help-defend-nation-cyberspace/1YurGnlyEKgVP77zy1MQsK/story.html, aaw) 

He was grounded and got detention. …keeping hackers out, or playing defense.

Defense is key to preventing cyber war
McGraw, Dean’s Advisory Council for the School of Informatics at Indiana University, 10
(Gary McGraw is the CTO of Cigital, Inc and globally recognized authority on software security editor of the Addison-Wesley Software Security series a PhD in Cognitive Science and Computer Science from Indiana University and served on the IEEE Computer Society Board of Governors and produces the monthly Silver Bullet Security Podcast for IEEE Security and Privacy magazine, 6-17-10, “Software Insecurity: Cyber War - Hype or Consequences?”, accessed 12-20-13, http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1597476, aaw) 

In my view, it is fairly easy to see …about cyber war and the alliance.  

US cyberattacks cause WWIII – concerns are legitimate and more then hype
Lawson, Contributor to the Forbes.com security blog, 09
(Sean, assistant professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Utah and received my Ph.D. from the Department of Science and Technology Studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a contributor to the Forbes.com security blog and worked as an Associate National Security Analyst with DynCorp Systems and Solutions, LLC and has an MA in Arab Studies from Georgetown University and a BA in History from California State University, 5-13-09, “ Cross-Domain Response to Cyber Attacks and the Threat of Conflict Escalation”, accessed 9-14-13, http://www.seanlawson.net/?p=477, aaw) 

 At a time when it seems …would be expected to serve the same purpose.” 9

US focus on offense hurts defensive efforts
Rid, King’s College London Department of War Studies reader, 13
(Thomas,  reader at the Department of War Studies, King's College London, 2-4-13, “The Obama administration's lousy record on cyber security”, accessed 12-17-13, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112314/obama-administrations-lousy-record-cyber-security#, aaw) 

Barack Obama is probably America’s most web-savvy …would also be the public's right to know.  

Attack on grid could take out critical military infrastructure and military effectiveness – biggest internal link to flexibility
Tilford, US Army Infantry and Airborne School Graduate, 12
(Robert, Former soldier US Army and Studied Ethics at Phoenix College, 7-27-12, “Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast”, accessed 12-17-13, http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa, aaw) 

In a speech before members of the United States Senate…: Pentagon takes cyber-attacks as "acts of war" - PressTV 110601 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWzWzhk1CFsandfeature=related ). 

Space War

Other countries and hackers gaining capabilities
Coleman, Defense Tech Cyber War Correspondent, 2010
(Kevin, “Cyber War = Space War”, 3-1, http://defensetech.org/2010/03/01/cyber-war-space-war/#ixzz1948Fvj1r , ldg)

While the satellite broadband market slowed in 2009 …communication satellite systems in outer space. 

US infrastructure based on satellites – poses serious threat
Kurtin, Society of Satellite Professionals International Member, 13
(Owen D., American Bar Foundation Sustaining Life Fellow and past co-chair of the Federal Communications Bar Association and has a L.L.B. from McGill University Faculty of Law, 5-8-13, “Satellite hacking and cybersecurity”, accessed 10-5-13, http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=ec0d0039-b7e6-4637-8967-5cbb35b278d5, aaw) 

The growing threat of cyber-… civil implications, as serious as those might be.  

Disruption of satellites have severe economic consequences and accidental nuclear launch
Tyson, Senior Officer for the Global Security Institute, 07
(Rhianna, Former Project Manager of the Reaching Critical Will project of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and was an intern with the Arms Control Association and with the Society for International Development and holds an MSc in Global Politics from the London School of Economics and a BA in International Relations from Hampshire College, May 2007, “Advancing a Cooperative Security Regime in Outer Space”, accessed 10-5-13, http://www.worldacademy.org/files/Advancing20a20Cooperative20Security20Regime20in20Outer20Space.pdf, aaw)

Beyond the severe economic …ASAT weapon on January 11, 2007.   
 

Accidental launch goes nuclear
Coleman, Technology Management Consultant, 2008
(Kevin, “Department of Cyber Defense An organization who’s time has come!” November, Technolytics, www.technolytics.com/Dept_of_Cyber_Defense.pdf, ldg)

Each and every day there are millions of cyber …escalate to the use of weapons of mass destruction! 

Solvency
The plan solves for attacks on system – creates new legal and diplomatic regime
Kesan and Hayes, University of Illinois School of Law research fellows, 12
(Jay P. and Carol M., Kesan is Director of the Program and Intellectual Property and Technology Law at the University of Illinoi School of Law, Carol received her J.D. from University of Illinois and a Science and Technology Policy Graduate Fellow at the National Academy of Sciences, 9-8-12, “MITIGATIVE COUNTERSTRIKING: SELF-DEFENSE AND DETERRENCE IN CYBERSPACE”, accessed 10-4-13, http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v25/25HarvJLTech429.pdf, aaw)

Ideas, computers, and intellectual property have become …in order to  afford these private parties more protection against these threats.  

More US cyber-attacks are coming – congressional authority is key to resolving definitional ambiguities
Starks, Congressional Quarterly Weekly, 12
(Tim, “Sorting Out Rules of Cyberwar,” 6-16-12, http://public.cq.com/docs/weeklyreport/weeklyreport-000004107497.html, DOA: 11-7-13, ara)

Congress has made lots of noise …funding after the fact, it may be too late.” 

Offensive dominance not key-even with strategic decision making the Olympic Games didn’t expand the president’s power
Linsday, Member of the Security Studies program at MIT, 13
(Jon Linsday, Assistant Research Scientist at UC-San Diego and earned a Ph.D. in Political Science from MIT and was a member of the Security Studies Program there and in an MS in computer science and a BS in Symbolic systems from Standford, 8-1-13, “Stuxnet and the limits of cyber warfare”, accessed 8-27-13, https://78462f86-a-6168c89f-s-sites.googlegroups.com/a/jonrlindsay.com/www/research/papers/StuxnetJRLSS.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7cqS959zzzg56i5u8-vuMhp2EFVG62AqJEIxIx5WPi0Wowh5ghOkGg0sI5F-ughxPD8QG4B4NSgjAHzVA74ACwZreaql7WEVdpHRskw6tJB-ysa5zzFzct5crfOUe-GR2jLrrjeD10CWJsHf87zAafPymaNAHcYV8P3fsYP7y93FeX9ZMvXRQEtH3RB0Isy77EJmu1Y7-Rc4k_7DJRX3M8BxVXspl5URjvWBZSBkZP7B1_jcr943Dandattredirects=2, aaw)

Weaponization in cyberspace is a complex project… expand them too much or create too dramatic an outcome. 

Congress can set limits on the president – gives great constitutional legitimacy
Brecher, J.D. candidate at the University of Michigan law school, 13
(Aaron,  J.D. Candidate at the University of Michigan Law School, May 2013, “Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperations”, accessed 9-15-13, http://www.michiganlawreview.org/assets/pdfs/111/3/Brecher.pdf, aaw) 

II. The Covert Action Statute as an Independent  Domestic Legal …and the initiation of conflicts. 

Congress needs to play a large role in all cyber warfare activities
Dycus, Founding chair of the National Security Law Section of the Association of American Law Schools, 10
(Stephen, Stephen is an internationally recognized authority on national security law and environmental law and earned his BA degree in 1963 and his LLB degree in 1965 from Southern Methodist University. He served as a bank trust officer in Texas and then as assistant dean at Southern Methodist University Law School. He earned his LLM degree in 1976 from Harvard University and He was founding chair of the National Security Law Section of the Association of American Law Schools, “Congress’s Role in Cyber Warfare”, 8-11-10, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf, accessed 7-9-13, aaw)

In his celebrated concurring opinion in The Steel Seizure Case, …reporting to the intelligence  committees.44  

No circumvention – but even if there is he’ll model the aff
Huq, University of Chicago Law School assistant professor, 12
(Aziz Z., 5/25, “Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics),” accessed: 10/3/2013, https://lawreview.uchicago.edu/sites/lawreview.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/79_2/0620Huq20BKR.pdf, ADC)

Alternatively, perhaps the Neustadt and Skowronek …even in  the teeth of White House opposition.80  

Congress key – XO’s lack requirements
Brecher, J.D. candidate at the University of Michigan law school, 13
(Aaron,  J.D. Candidate at the University of Michigan Law School, May 2013, “Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperations”, accessed 9-15-13, http://www.michiganlawreview.org/assets/pdfs/111/3/Brecher.pdf, aaw) 

 I. The Covert Action and Military Regimes …give reasons for the delay.32  

Congress needs to initiate – Executive decisions make it easier to sever checks and balances
Hansen and Friedmen, New England School of Law professors, 09
(Victor and Lawrence M., Hansen served as an associate professor of law at The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School and has a J.D. from Lewis and Clark Law School and a L.L.M from the Judge Advocate General’s School, Friedman was a visiting assistant professor of law at Boston College Law School and a lecturer on law at Harvard Law School and served as a law clerk with the New Hampshire Superior Court and has a J.D. from Boston College Law School and a L.L.M from Harvard Law,  2009, “The Case for Congress: Separation of Powers and the War on Terror”, accessed 10-31-13, http://books.google.com/books?id=baH85Uij7IECandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, aaw) 

The problem, of course, …an assertive and aggressive president.

Tournament: Westpoint | Round: 2 | Opponent: Miami George-Silverman | Judge: Stone
Plan Text: The United States Federal Government should amend the 1947 National Security Act to include offensive cyber operations as covert action

Cyber-attack’s coming now---actors are probing US electricity weaknesses
Reed, Foreign Policy contributor, 10-11-12
(John, “U.S. energy companies victims of potentially destructive cyber intrusions”, killerapps.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/10/11/us_energy_companies_victims_of_potentially_destructive_cyber_attacks, DOA: 11-3-12, ldg)

Foreign actors are probing …know there were power plants infected by Stuxnet very far away from Iran," Kaspersky said.

Countries are actively pursuing cyber weapons to target nuclear facilities
Kesler, Institute for Information Infrastructure Protection research coordinator, 11
(Brent, graduated from Dartmouth with a degree in computer science and has written Security in the News and graduated from the Monterey Institute of International Studies with a master's degree in international policy and a focus on terrorism,  9-9-11, “The Vulnerability of Nuclear Facilities to Cyber Attack”, accessed 10-4-13, http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/institutional/newsletters/strategic20insight/2011/SI-v10-I1_Kesler.pdf, aaw)

Stuxnet: a proof of concept  The Stuxnet attack …with intelligence from other sources.   


Cyberattacks risk nuclear meltdowns
Kesler, Institute for Information Infrastructure Protection research coordinator, 11
(Brent, graduated from Dartmouth with a degree in computer science and has written Security in the News and graduated from the Monterey Institute of International Studies with a master's degree in international policy and a focus on terrorism,  9-9-11, “The Vulnerability of Nuclear Facilities to Cyber Attack”, accessed 10-4-13, http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/institutional/newsletters/strategic20insight/2011/SI-v10-I1_Kesler.pdf, aaw)
 

The United States has 104 nuclear power plants …vulnerabilities in a process control system.   

Cyber-attacks on nuclear plants are increasing
Goldman, CNNMoney.com technology editor, 13
(David P. Goldman is Senior Editor of First Things and previously directed research departments at fixed- income research at Bank of America and credit strategy at Credit Suisse where he was elected to Institutional Investor magazine's All-America Fixed Income Research Team and was a columnist for Forbes magazine.  Technology Editor of CNNMoney.com and has a B.A. in American History from Columbia University and a B.A. from the Jewish Theological Seminary, 1-9-13, “Hacker hits on U.S. power and nuclear targets spiked in 2012”, accessed 10-4-13, http://money.cnn.com/2013/01/09/technology/security/infrastructure-cyberattacks/index.html, aaw) 

America's power, water, and nuclear systems …thing can and will happen in the cyber environment."   

Meltdown’s do go global-risks are underestimated
Kunkel et al., Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 2012
(D., “Global risk of radioactive fallout after major nuclear reactor accidents”, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4245–4258, 2012, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/12/4245/2012/acp-12-4245-2012.pdf, DOA: 11-5-12, ldg)

Reactor core meltdowns of nuclear power plants …nuclear reactors will reduce the national risk, though a large risk will still remain from the reactors in neighbouring countries.

Nuclear accidents wreck biodiversity
Mousseau, USC biology professor, 2011
(TA, “Conservation consequences of Chernobyl and other nuclear accidents”, Biological Conservation Volume 144, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 2787–2798, Science Direct, ldg)

The explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant …spread longer distances in species when they are rare. 

Environmental degradation risks extinction
Brown, professor of physiology at West Virginia University, 2006
(Paul, Notes from a Dying Planet, pg 3-4, ldg)

Mechanisms existed to maintain ecological stability …for us to adapt. We will become extinct.

Nuclear meltdowns causes nuclear industry shutdown
USA Today, 11
(12-12-11, “Editorial: Japan's nuke meltdown shouldn't close U.S. plants”, accessed 10-17-13, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/story/2011-12-12/Japan-Nuclear-Regulatory-Commission/51850082/1, aaw)
 There's never a shortage of things for Americans to worry …there's zero margin for major error.  

Coal causes 80 of US warming emissions from power – past studies underestimate particulate effect
Epstein, et al., associate director @ Harvard’s Center for Health and the Global Environment, 11
(Paul R., Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical School, Jonathan J. Buonocore, Environmental Science and Risk Management Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Kevin Eckerle, Accenture, Sustainability Services, Philadelphia, Michael Hendryx, Department of Community Medicine, West Virginia University, Benjamin M. Stout III, Wheeling Jesuit University, Richard Heinberg, Post Carbon Institute, Santa Rosa, California, Richard W. Clapp, Boston University School of Public Health, Beverly May, Kentuckians for the Commonwealth, London, Kentucky, Nancy L. Reinhart, Melissa M. Ahern, Department of Pharmacotherapy, Washington State University, Samir K. Doshi1, Gund Institute for Ecological Economics, University of Vermont, Leslie Glustrom, Clean Energy Action, Boulder, Colorado, “Full cost accounting for the life cycle of coal,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Volume 1219: 73-98, February 2011, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05890.x/full, 6-20-12, ara)

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change …warming potential per volume is 500 times that of CO2.111

Coal decline causing decrease in emissions
Banerjee, Los Angeles Times Energy and Environment Reporter, 11
(Neela, Yale University Graduate, 5-15-13, “EPA: U.S. greenhouse gases drop 1.6 from 2010 to 2011”, accessed 10-17-13, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/apr/15/news/la-pn-us-greenhouse-gases-decrease-20130415, aaw) 

The Environmental Protection Agency …would have to take further steps to meet the 2020 goal.  

Nuclear meltdowns cause trade-off with coal
Loudermilk, National Defense University research associate, 11
Micah J. Loudermilk is a Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University and Masters in International Relations and B.A. in History from Akron University, 5-31-11, “Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs”, accessed 10-17-13, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375, aaw) 

Limitations of renewables Renewable energy technologies …diversification and expansion of the nation’s nuclear energy portfolio.  

Newest and most rigorous studies conclude warming is anthropogenic – no alt causes
Muller, University of California-Berkeley physics professor, 12
(Richard A., former MacArthur Foundation fellow, "The Conversion of a Climate-Change Skeptic," 7-28-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?pagewanted=all, accessed 8-10-12, mtf)

Call me a converted skeptic. Three years ago I …agreeing across the political and diplomatic spectrum about what can and should be done.

Warming runs away and causes extinction
Brandenburg,  member of the NASA Technical Advisory Committee of Technology and Commercialization, 1999
(John, Dead Mars, Dying Earth, pg 70, ldg)

Suddenly, the gradual climb in global temperatures …few hardy microbes surviving.

Congress key to cyber offense and defense
Hickey, Reporter for business insider covering politics, 12
(Walter, reporter for Business Insider covering politics and interests also include statistics, research and data mining and graduated from The College of William and Mary with a degree in Applied Mathematics, 7-10-12, “Pentagon Says Bureaucracy Is Getting In The Way Of Cyber Defense”, accessed 9-14-13, http://www.businessinsider.com/pentagon-says-bureaucracy-is-getting-in-the-way-of-cyber-defense-2012-7#ixzz2etAgmjBS, aaw)

The current head of the Pentagon's cyber attack …the only entity that can solve it is Congress.  

Plan solves for deterrence
Kesan and Hayes, University of Illinois School of Law research fellows, 12
(Jay P. and Carol M., Kesan is Director of the Program and Intellectual Property and Technology Law at the University of Illinoi School of Law, Carol received her J.D. from University of Illinois and a Science and Technology Policy Graduate Fellow at the National Academy of Sciences, 9-8-12, “MITIGATIVE COUNTERSTRIKING: SELF-DEFENSE AND DETERRENCE IN CYBERSPACE”, accessed 10-4-13, http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v25/25HarvJLTech429.pdf, aaw)

Ideas, computers, and intellectual property have become extremely …order to  afford these private parties more protection against these threats.  

Congress needs a provision of the 1947 NSA to define the scope of the president’s cyber-warfare powers
Goldsmith, Professor at Harvard Law School, 13
(Jack, Goldsmith is a former assistant attorney general in the George W. Bush administration, is a professor at Harvard Law School and a member of the Hoover Institution task force on national security and law, 2-6-13, “Stealth Wars Require Rules, Too”, accessed 8-15-13, lexus, aaw)

"A decade of war is now ending," President Obama proclaimed in his second …negative consequences - at home and globally - of unilateral, lethal, secret warfare. 

Countries look to the US for leadership – Congressional failure to develop policy makes the US look reckless and puts infrastructure at risk
Westby, Chairwoman of the American Bar Association’s Privacy and Computer Crime Committee, 12
(Jody, is the Global Cyber Risk CEO she regularly consults with governments, private sector executives, and operational personnel on the development of enterprise security programs that dovetail the technical, legal, operational, and managerial considerations she is an internationally recognized attorney and works at a security consulting firm, and is the chairwoman of the American Bar Association’s Privacy and Computer Crime Committee, 6-4-12, “U.S. Administration's Reckless Cyber Policy Puts Nation at Risk”, accessed 9-14-13, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jodywestby/2012/06/04/u-s-administrations-reckless-cyber-policy-puts-nation-at-risk/, aaw)

No country is an island on the Internet, …cyber irresponsiblity, not cyber leadership.