Tournament: Navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wake Forest Moir-Wu | Judge: Reed
Legal Regimes Advantage – 1AC

US justification of targeted killing create overlap of armed conflict and self-defense legal regimes
Blank, Director of International Humanitarian Law Clinic, ‘12
(Laurie, Director ofInternational Humanitarian Law Clinic at Emory Law School, 2012, “Targeted Strikes: The Consequences of Blurring the Armed Conflict and Self-Defense Justifications,” accessed 1-2-14, http://www.wmitchell.edu/lawreview/Volume38/documents/11.BlankFINAL.pdf, amp)

Targeted killing can be defined as … The result: an  invitation to unregulated warfare.11 

Conflation of self-defense and armed conflict regimes collapses both
Blank, Director of International Humanitarian Law Clinic, ‘12
(Laurie, Director ofInternational Humanitarian Law Clinic at Emory Law School, 2012, “Targeted Strikes: The Consequences of Blurring the Armed Conflict and Self-Defense Justifications,” accessed 1-2-14, http://www.wmitchell.edu/lawreview/Volume38/documents/11.BlankFINAL.pdf, amp)

In contrast, human rights law’s requirement … of force outside  of armed conflict.   
A regime collapse leads to World War III—Aff is key to solve
Barnes, Attorney (J.D.), ‘12
(Beau, J.D. from Boston University, 2012, "REAUTHORIZING THE “WAR ON TERROR”: THE LEGAL AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE AUMF’S COMING OBSOLESCENCE," Accessed 12-30-13, https://www.jagcnet.army.mil/DOCLIBS/MILITARYLAWREVIEW.NSF/20a66345129fe3d885256e5b00571830/b7396120928e9d5e85257a700042abb5/$FILE/By20Beau20D.20Barnes.pdf, CEJ)

Therefore, the more likely result is that, …  but facilitating that rationale’s destabilizing adoption by nations around the world.158
Current drone policy destroys security structure, which leads to war
Martin, Professor of Law, ‘11
(Craig, Associate Professor of Law at Washburn University School of Law, 11-07-11, " GOING MEDIEVAL: TARGETED KILLING, SELF?DEFENSE AND THE JUS AD BELLUM REGIME " accessed 10-30-13, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1956141, CEJ)

The United States has been engaging in … serious in the grand scheme of things. 

Causes escalation everywhere
Bradford, Assistant Professor of Law at Indiana University School of Law, 04
(Willaim, “The Duty to Defend Them: A Natural Law Justification for the Bush Doctrine of Preventive War” 07/04, Date Acessed: 1/13/14, CEJ)

For restrictivists, 67 anticipatory self-defense, … suspicion of threats emanating from every corner.
Unchecked drone use breaks down nuclear deterrence between Great Powers, makes accidents more likely, and undermines due process of law
Boyle, Assistant Professor of Political Science ‘13
(Michael J. Boyle, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University in Philadelphia. He was previously a Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St. Andrews. He is also an alumnus of the Political Science Department at La Salle, research interests are on terrorism and political violence, with particular reference to the strategic use of violence in insurgencies and civil wars, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, Accessed: 12-19-1, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/doi/10.1111/1468-2346.12002/pdf) AMP

 A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of … difficulties associated with giving them a fair trial.147  

Executive uncertainty causes accident and escalatory wars
Dean, Chapter Officer of Young Americans for Liberty, ‘13
(Adriana, degree from the University of Southern California in Philosophy, Politics and Law, Chapter Officer of Young Americans for Liberty, an organization with over 125,000 members nationwide, “Targeted Killings Behind the Veil of Ignorance,” Accessed: 12-19-2013, http://www.academia.edu/3832442/Targeted_Killings_Behind_the_Veil_of_Ignorance) AMP

While there are some justifiable points for the targeted killing … back to haunt not only the executive, but the United States as a whole.    

Specifically- Armenian and Caucasus conflicts- draws i

Tournament: Navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wake Forest Moir-Wu | Judge: Reed
A2 Circumvention:
All relevant officials will comply
Goldsmith, 12
(Jack Goldsmith is a Harvard Law professor and a member of the Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law. He served in the Bush administration as assistant attorney general in charge of the Office of Legal Counsel, “Fire When Ready,” 3-19-12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/19/fire_when_ready?page=full, March 19, 2012) CBC

When the Obama administration . . . armed services committees through less formal means.

The president will comply, deep seated Constitutional principles prevent circumvention
Barron ‘8
(Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center (David J. Barron, “The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb -- A Constitutional History”, Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis) CBC

In addition to offering . . . place in the constitutional structure.

A2 OLC CP:
A major problem with the OLC is the lack of transparency
Pillard, Georgetown Law Center Faculty Director of Supreme Court Institute, 5
(Cornelia T., February 2005, “The Unfulfilled Promise of the Constitution in Executive Hands,” accessed 9-30-13, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/189/, hec)

The SG's Office now has . . . of OLC constitutional advice remains spotty.

K
Suffering outweighs- only concrete action solves
Ling, New School International Affairs professor, 2001
(LHM, Post-Colonial International Relations: Conquest and Desire Between Asia and the West, pg 59-60, ldg)

Without concrete action for change . . . moral obligation to do anything about it' (Spegele, 1992:
Only way to achieve true change is through policy relevance.
Gunnng, deputy director of the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence at the University of Wales 2007
(Jeroen, “A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?” Government and Opposition Volume 42 Issue 3, ebsco, ldg)

The notion of emancipation also . . . without betraying its 'critical' commitment.
Ethical decisions must be grounded in consequences
Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002
(Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)

Power is not a dirty word . . . undermines political effectiveness.

Extinction outweighs the K
Wapner, professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, 2003
(Paul, “Leftist Criticism of "Nature" Environmental Protection in a Postmodern Age,” Dissent Winter 2003 http://www.dissentmagazine. org/menutest/archives/2003/ wi03/wapner.html, ldg)

All attempts to listen to . . . compromise their fundamental moral commitment.
A2 PTX-CIT
Won’t pass- immigration, NSA, health care all subject to massive gridlock
Rogers, TIME Washington Bureau, 1/16
(Alex, 1-16-13, “Don’t Be Fooled, it’s Gridlock Time in Washington”, DA: 1-16-14, http://swampland.time.com/2014/01/16/dont-be-fooled-its-gridlock-time-in-washington/#ixzz2qdYrRRkV, CEJ)
Get ready for gridlock. . . provision more palatable for Democrats. 

CIR won’t pass—the Anti-Immigration Reps still have control of the GOP
Cohen, Writer for CNN, 1/15
(Tom, 1-15-13, “Election year makes Washington even more confusing”, DA: 1-17-14, http://www.cnn.com/2014/01/15/politics/election-year-politics/index.html?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=feedandutm_campaign=Feed3A+rss2Fcnn_allpolitics+28RSS3A+Politics29, CEJ)
Obama and Democrats want the House . . . will pass the Senate measure.

Immigration fails- implementation problems, lack of oversight, and fraud
Stiles, National Review political reporter, 1/17
(Andrew, 1/17/14, “Immigration Reform Reborn?” accessed 1/17/13, http://www.nationalreview.com/article/368691/immigration-reform-reborn-andrew-stiles, kns) 

Other Republicans, including Senator . . . especially in an election year.

States solve immigration
Matza, Inquirer Staff Writer, 1/14
(Michael, “States Taking the Lead in Immigration Reform,” The Inquirer, accessed 1/17/13, http://articles.philly.com/2014-01-14/news/46153184_1_immigration-ref

Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: George Mason Oliver-Kaye | Judge: Murray
A2 Cap cards on-case:
Neo-lib Kritiks fail--people politically immobile due to lack of vision. Perm solves best because it pragmatically incorporates neoliberal elements for social good AND our framework is superior because it promotes experimentation over theoretical rejection (also a reason to default to specificity)
Ferguson, Stanford anthropology chair and professor, 2010
(James, “Toward a left art of government: from ‘Foucauldian critique’ to Foucauldian politics”,History of the Human Sciences 2011 24: 61, SAGE, ldg)

One of the founding premises . . . even as we speak. 

Collapse is worse for all their impacts-~--causes extinction of every other species and then humans
Monbiot, visiting Environmental Policy professorship at Oxford, 2009
(George, “Is there any point in fighting to stave off industrial apocalypse?”, 8-17, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cif-green/2009/aug/17/environment-climate-change, DOA: 8-16-12, ldg)

The interesting question, and . . . because you think it isn't. 

Neolib’s inevitable – no alternative economic system
Jones, Centre for Labour and Social Studies Policy and Media advisor, 11
(Owen, The Independent columnist, author of Chavs: The Demonisation of the Working Class.’ 10-21. http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/owen-jones-protest-without-politics-will-change-nothing-2373612.html. Accessed: 1/11/2013. ADC)

My first experience of police . . . give it direction and purpose.
A2 Virilio K: 

Their theory can’t describe military technology
Thommesen, PhD Student Center University of Denmark, 03
(Jacob, “Virilio: From Space to Time, From Reality to Image,” date accessed: 10-29-13, http://www.ephemerajournal.org/contribution/virilio-space-time-reality-image, LMM)

It seems appropriate to close . . . having to subscribe to all of his theses.

Their trajectory of technology arguments is wrong
Kellner, Chair in the Philosophy of Education at UCLA, 99
(Douglas, “Virilio, War, and Technology: Some Critical Reflections," Theory, Culture and Society, Vol. 16(5-6), 1999: 103-125, date accessed: 10-29-13, http://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/Illumina20Folder/kell29.htm, LMM)

In _Speed and Politics_ (1986 1977), Virilio undertakes his first sustained attempt . . . aspect of our social and everyday life. 

Locating executive authority as the source of democratic failures is wrong and counterproductive
Grove, Professor at the University of Hawaii, 8
(Jairus, “A Schmittian Century?: From Nuclear Leviathan to Nuclear-Sovereign-Assemblage,” date accessed: 10-29-13, http://becomingwar.blogspot.com/2008/03/chapter-1-schmittian-century-from.html, LMM)

Initially nuclear weapons seemed . . . can be engaged or reterritorialized. 

Virilio over-emphasizes the military paradigm – that overhwhelmes your internal link – but it also causes him to overlook the potential benefits of speed – democracy checks the impacts.
Connolly, Johns Hopkins University Political Theory Professor, 02
(William, “Neuropolitics: Thinking, Culture, Speed”, date accessed: 10-29-13, pg 176-77, LMM)

Sheldon Wolin seeks to save . . . in the late-modern time.
Perm advocate both – The plan and the alternative are not mutually exclusive – oppositional strategies must include the state as well as individual responses.
Kirsch, professor comparative studies Florida Atlantic, 2000
(Max H, QUEER THEORY AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 117-118) 

Strategy in this context consists of in the realm of social and productive power. 

A2 Queer Theory:

Queer theory’s overemphasis on denaturalization pits itself against sexual identities – giving it no epistemological foundation or critical legitimacy
Green, assistant professor of sociology at the University of Toronto, 02
(Adam Isaiah, Gay but Not Queer: Toward a Post-Queer Study of Sexuality, Theory and Society, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Aug., 2002), pp. 521-545, 9/1/11, atl)

In its current incarnation . . . a consistent set of characteristics.

Embracing the absolute negative queerness rejects all identity
Fontenot, professor of literature at UC Santa Barbara 2006
(Andrea, “No Future:

Tournament: Navy | Round: 3 | Opponent: Miami Park-Puodzius | Judge: Patrice
A2 Con-Con CP
CP can’t solve without procedures for the convention – perm would solve and avoids runaway
Schlafly, Political Science Masters from Harvard, 96
(Phyllis, May 1996, “Is a Con Con Hidden in Term Limits?,” accessed 9-16-13, http://www.eagleforum.org/psr/1996/may96/psrmay96.html, hec)

Nobody can predict what the rules . . . convention without limits – history proves
Greenley, The New American Writer, 9
(Larry, 7-23-9, “Dangers of a Constitutional Convention,” accessed 9-16-13, http://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/constitution/item/7653-dangers-of-a-constitutional-convention, hec)

Although attempting to get the federal . . . intentions of radically revising the Constitution.

A2 Fem K:

Suffering outweighs- only concrete action solves
Ling, New School International Affairs professor, 2001
(LHM, Post-Colonial International Relations: Conquest and Desire Between Asia and the West, pg 59-60, ldg)

Without concrete action for change, . . . that we have a moral obligation to do anything about it' (Spegele, 1992: 174).

Perm: do the plan and the alt

Perm do the plan and all noncompetitive parts of the alt – alt alone fails
Donnelly et al., Denver political science professor, 2005
(Jack, “Feminism and International Relations: Which way(s) Forward?”, http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p71431_index.html, DOA: 10-24-11, ldg)

Over the past two decades . . . seems to be empirically inadequate.

The alt won’t be adopted
Keohane, Princeton Political science professor, 1998
(Robert, “Beyond Dichotomy: Conversations Between International Relations And Feminist Theory”, International Studies Quarterly, 42.1, ebsco, ldg)

The absence of sustained responses . . . attempt to discuss real issues. 

A2 Heg DA:

Obama’s decisions are hurting presidential powers now, even setting the precedent for lower powers in the future
Yoo, law professor at the University of California at Berkeley, 2013
(John, January 2013, “John Yoo: Diminishing the Presidency”, accessed 9/18/13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323375204578271681410646810.html, vc) 

A year ago this month . . . legacy unless he changes course.

Plan makes the process for authorizing the use of force more credible and deters the executive from proposing to initiate risky wars  
Ackerman and Hathaway, Yale Law School Professors, 11
(Bruce and Oona, “LIMITED WAR AND THE CONSTITUTION: IRAQ AND THE CRISIS OF PRESIDENTIAL LEGALITY,” Michigan Law Review, February 2011, p. Lexis) 

But the new rules will not . . . moves into its later phases.

Syria tanked Obama’s war powers – proves congress is needed
Rothkopf, Foreign Policy Editor, 13
(David, “Rothkopf: 5 consequences of President Obama's Syria decision,” accessed 10-3-13, http://www.newsday.com/opinion/oped/rothkopf-5-consequences-of-president-obama-s-syria-decision-1.5993890, hec)

He's now boxed in for . . . or similar congressional gamesmanship.

More clearly establishing the political aims of a potential use of force and taking measures to increase political support for it are key to successfully prosecute modern wars
Gallagher, U.S. Marine Corps Officer, 11
(Joseph, “Unconstitutional War: Strategic Risk in the Age of Congressional Abdication,” Parameters, Summer 2011, accessed 8-14-13, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/articles/2011summer/gallagher.pdf)

In other words, success at the . . . Congress to support the war.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: George Mason Oliver-Kaye | Judge: Murray
Inherency

Fundamental changes concerning the U.S. drone policy inside Pakistan are inevitable but the U.S. has already ruled out increased meaningful Pakistani cooperation concerning target selection
Khan, Pakistani Journalist, 8-27-13
(Aasim Zafar, “The bravery of being out of range,” accessed 8-5-13, http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-9-192723-The-bravery-of-being-out-of-range)

Things, however, have changed . . . no-go area for the Americans so far.

Pakistan Drones Affirmative—Pakistan Instability Advantage—1AC 

Unilateral drone strikes cause domestic unrest and instability
Khan, INEGMA Senior Analyst, 10-23-12
(Sabahat, “Unilateral US Drone Strikes In Pakistan: The Beginning Of The End?,” accessed 8-5-13, http://www.eurasiareview.com/23102012-unilateral-us-drone-strikes-in-pakistan-the-beginning-of-the-end-analysis/)

Unilateral U.S. drone strikes in Pakistan . . . Islamabad for any future government.

Pakistan stability is key to the global economy- trillions in debt, mega-refugee crisis, dirty bombs, and conflict
Walayat, financial analyst, 10
(Nadeem, editor of the Market Oracle, over 20 years’ experience of trading derivatives, portfolio management and analysing the financial markets _{"Pakistan Collapse Could Trigger Global Great Depression and World War III," The Market Oracle, 1-16-10, www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article16543.html, accessed 10-25-11, mss)}

Pakistan Collapse Could Trigger . . . ultimately resulted in the Second World War.

Economic declines increase societal racism and hostility against “the other”
The Economist, 6-13-12
(“Obama’s white-flight problem,” accessed 11-20-12, http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2012/06/economic-stagnation)

IN HIS 2006 book, "The Moral Consequences . . . the outsider, of "the other".
Economic declines cause societal retrenchment
Friedman, Harvard Economist, 11
(Ben, “Growth and Society’s Moral Character,” International Economy, Fall 2011, accessed 11-20-12, http://www.international-economy.com/TIE_F11_Friedman.pdf)

These were the things I had . . . delivers these moral benefits to the society.

Pakistan Drones Affirmative—Racism Advantage—1AC

Unilateral drone strikes inside Pakistan employ the same racial biases inherent in “stand your ground” laws—allowing the CIA to have sole control over targeting decisions ensures dehumanization and racism is perpetuated
Husain, Express Tribune Columnist, 7-25-13
(Waris, “In vigilantes we trust,” accessed 8-5-13, http://tribune.com.pk/story/581866/in-vigilantes-we-trust/)

One of the basic elements of . . . at the hands of prejudiced triggermen.

We have a moral obligation to dismantle racism
Barndt, (co-director of Ministry Working to Dismantle Racism) 1991
("Dismantling Racism" p. 155) 

To study racism is to study walls . . . we dare not allow it to continue.

Government actions threaten human rights protections globally and the civil liberties of US citizens
Fuerth, George Washington Univ. Research Prof., 5/20/04
(Leon, research professor of international affairs at the George Washington University, Financial Times)

The extreme abuses of prisoners . . . action to restore the balance of forces in our government.

Human rights protections are key to human survival
Copelon, CUNY Law Prof., 99
(Rhonda, Professor of Law and Director of the International Women's Human Rights Law Clinic (IWHR) at the City University of New York School of Law, 3 N.Y. City L. Rev. 59, lexis)

The indivisible human rights framework . . . both domestic and foreign policy

Concrete ethical action like the aff is necessary and good—this precedes ontology and theory, is a necessary condition of subjectivity, and is key to destroy the ideology of genocide.

Arnett, Duquesne University Communication Professor, 2003
(Ronald C., "The Responsive 'I': Levinas's Derivative Argument," Argumentation and Advocacy 40.1, pg. 39-43, cab)

Emmanuel Levinas, considered the . . . philosophy" (Levinas, Totality and Infinity 304). 

Enacting change in the world is key to subjectivity and value to life—social and political action is good, creates shared meaning, and overcomes subject/object dualisms.

May, Clemson University Philosophy Professor, 2005
(Todd, "To change the world, to celebrate life," Philosophy Social Criticism 31, pg. 519-531, cab)

To change the world and . . .  those others who would be more than willing to take your world up for you.
Plan Text
We demand that the USFG require all attacks from UAV targeting entities in the area known as Pakistan to have the prior consent of the government of Pakistan.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 7 | Opponent: Capital Gerken-Teminsky | Judge: Eszenyi
A2 Heg Bad  
Heg collapse guarantees great power war
Zhang et al., Carnegie Endowment researcher, 11
(Yuhan, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry”, 1-22-11, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/, DOA: 9-21-11, ldg)

This does not necessarily mean . . . devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Hegemony solves nuke war and extinction – multipolarity is inevitable but absolute US power smooths the transition and is empirically correlated to great-power peace
Barnett, Naval War College Warfare Analysis and Research Department professor, 2011
(Thomas, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads”, 3-7, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads, DOA: 10-9-11, ldg)

Let me be more blunt . . . embedded in the geometry to come.

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 1 | Opponent: James Madison Webb-Palmer | Judge: Foley
Plan: The United States Congress should restrict the use of remote controlled aerial vehicle targeted killings outside of geographic locations housing active American combat troops.

Legal Regimes Advantage – 1AC

US justification of targeted killing create overlap of armed conflict and self-defense legal regimes
Blank, Director of International Humanitarian Law Clinic, ‘12
(Laurie, Director ofInternational Humanitarian Law Clinic at Emory Law School, 2012, “Targeted Strikes: The Consequences of Blurring the Armed Conflict and Self-Defense Justifications,” accessed 1-2-14, http://www.wmitchell.edu/lawreview/Volume38/documents/11.BlankFINAL.pdf, amp)

Targeted killing can …to unregulated warfare.11 

Conflation of self-defense and armed conflict regimes collapses both
Blank, Director of International Humanitarian Law Clinic, ‘12
(Laurie, Director ofInternational Humanitarian Law Clinic at Emory Law School, 2012, “Targeted Strikes: The Consequences of Blurring the Armed Conflict and Self-Defense Justifications,” accessed 1-2-14, http://www.wmitchell.edu/lawreview/Volume38/documents/11.BlankFINAL.pdf, amp)

In contrast, human rights …outside  of armed conflict.   
A regime collapse leads to World War III—Aff is key to solve
Barnes, Attorney (J.D.), ‘12
(Beau, J.D. from Boston University, 2012, "REAUTHORIZING THE “WAR ON TERROR”: THE LEGAL AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE AUMF’S COMING OBSOLESCENCE," Accessed 12-30-13, https://www.jagcnet.army.mil/DOCLIBS/MILITARYLAWREVIEW.NSF/20a66345129fe3d885256e5b00571830/b7396120928e9d5e85257a700042abb5/$FILE/By20Beau20D.20Barnes.pdf, CEJ)

Therefore, the more …nations around the world.158

Current drone policy destroys security structure, which leads to war
Martin, Professor of Law, ‘11
(Craig, Associate Professor of Law at Washburn University School of Law, 11-07-11, " GOING MEDIEVAL: TARGETED KILLING, SELF?DEFENSE AND THE JUS AD BELLUM REGIME " accessed 10-30-13, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1956141, CEJ)

The United States has …scheme of things. 

Causes escalation everywhere
Bradford, Assistant Professor of Law at Indiana University School of Law, 04
(Willaim, “The Duty to Defend Them: A Natural Law Justification for the Bush Doctrine of Preventive War” 07/04, Date Acessed: 1/13/14, CEJ)

For restrictivists, 67 anticipatory …from every corner. 

Unchecked drone use breaks down nuclear deterrence between Great Powers, makes accidents more likely, and undermines due process of law
Boyle, Assistant Professor of Political Science ‘13
(Michael J. Boyle, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University in Philadelphia. He was previously a Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St. Andrews. He is also an alumnus of the Political Science Department at La Salle, research interests are on terrorism and political violence, with particular reference to the strategic use of violence in insurgencies and civil wars, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, Accessed: 12-19-1, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/doi/10.1111/1468-2346.12002/pdf) AMP

 A second consequence of …them a fair trial.147  

Executive uncertainty causes accident and escalatory wars
Dean, Chapter Officer of Young Americans for Liberty, ‘13
(Adriana, degree from the University of Southern California in Philosophy, Politics and Law, Chapter Officer of Young Americans for Liberty, an organization with over 125,000 members nationwide, “Targeted Killings Behind the Veil of Ignorance,” Accessed: 12-19-2013, http://www.academia.edu/3832442/Targeted_Killings_Behind_the_Veil_of_Ignorance) AMP

While there are …United States as a whole.    

Specifically- Armenian and Caucasus conflicts- draws in Israel/Iran/Russia
Clayton, Global Post Writer, 12
(Nicholas, “Drone violence along Armenian-Azerbaijani border could lead to war” 10/23/12, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/121022/drone-violence-along-armenian-azerbaijani-border-could-lead-war, Date Acessed: 1/13/14, CEJ)

Armenia and Azerbaijan …thing I’m sure of.”  

Strikes cause World War 3 – competing interests draw in major powers
Centre for Research on Globalization, 11
(“If the West Attacks Iran, It Could Lead to World War III,” 11-15-11, http://www.globalresearch.ca/if-the-west-attacks-iran-it-could-lead-to-world-war-iii, DOA: 11-3-13, ara)

The possibility that …World War III. 

Lack of experience and norms lead to Asia drone war
Brimley et al, Foreign Policy, 13
(Shawn, “The Drone War Comes to Asia How, China sparked a dangerous unmanned arms race” 9-24-13, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia#sthash.N5ekF2Hq.xAblSZrq.dpuf, DOA: 12-14-13, ebb) 

It's now been …region into war. 

Senkaku conflict means extinction
Dupont, The Australian Writer, 13
(Alan, 3-12-13, “High stakes tension on the China Seas,” accessed 9-15-13, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/world-commentary/high-stakes-tension-on-the-china-seas/story-e6frg6ux-1226594998182, hec)

IT is clear that …one security concern.

The Middle East will model US policy – leads to unchecked drone use
Zenko, Fellow at the Council of Foreign Relations, 12
(Micah, 7-24-12, “Collateral Damage: The Dangerous Precedents of America's Drone Wars,” accessed 12-26-13, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12195/collateral-damage-the-dangerous-precedents-of-americas-drone-wars, ebb) 

The nearly ubiquitous …or security challenge. 

Unchecked drone use escalates Israel-Hezbollah war
Dreazen, Senior Writer for Foreign Policy, 13
(Yochi, 8-13-13, “On Drones, Fences and Future Wars,” accessed 12-26-13, http://pulitzercenter.org/projects/middle-east-israel-north-america-united-states-military-weaponized-drones-militia-hezbollah, ebb) 

The Obama administration …for nearly a decade? 

India/Pakistan Advantage – 1AC

Race for drones increases - US precedent is key to prevent India from striking Pakistan
Siddique, Researcher and Policy Advisor, 13
(Qandeel,  4-8-13, “The United States’ Drone Program in Pakistan: An Analysis of the Efficacy and the Pakistani Government’s Complicity,” accessed 12-26-13, http://strategiskanalyse.no/publikasjoner202013/2013-04-08_SISA4_DroneProgram_QandeelS.pdf, ebb) 

While only a …of armed UAVs.4 

India drone use leads to conflict with Pakistan
Keck, Associate Editor of The Diplomat, 13
(Zachary, 8-29-13, “India Eyes Drone-Launched Smart Bombs,” accessed 12-26-13, http://thediplomat.com/2013/08/india-eyes-drone-launched-smart-bombs/, ebb) 

Yogesh Joshi, an expert …escalation of conflict.” 

Indo Pak war leads to nuclear exchange and extinction
Cordesman, CSIS Arleigh A. Burke chair, 13
(Anthony H., 3/16, “Red Lines, Deadlines, and Thinking the Unthinkable: India, Pakistan, Iran, North Korea, and China,” accessed: 9/12/2013, ADC)

 Any war between …possible nuclear “wargasm.”

Deterrence fails – leads to loss of control and escalation
Grossman, Special Correspondent for National Journal, 13
(Elaine, 4-3-13, “Pakistan's Military Sanguine on Avoiding Wartime Nuclear Calamity,” accessed 12-28-13, http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/pakistani-military-sanguine-about-avoiding-nuclear-calamity/, ebb)  

After Pakistan first tested… his recent analysis. 

Drone strikes are causing backlash in Pakistan, instability and terrorism
Rohde, investigative journalist for Reuters, 12
(David S., two-time Pulitzer prize winner for investigative reporting in S. Asia, Pakistan, and Afghanistan for The Christian Monitor, New York Times, and Time magazine – escaped 7-months Taliban captivity in Afghanistan, 3-1-13, “How Obama’s drone war is backfiring,” accessed 12-30-13, http://blogs.reuters.com/david-rohde/2012/03/01/how-obamas-drone-war-is-backfiring/, mac)

When Barack Obama …answered that question yet.” 

Terrorism causes extinction
Hellman, Stanford Engineering Prof, 8
Martin E., emeritus prof of engineering at Stanford, Spring 2008, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” accessed 8-26-13, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf, hec)

The threat of nuclear…—not an option. 

Unstable Pakistan threatens the whole world – loose nukes and great power war
Pitt, New York Times bestselling author, 09
(William Rivers, author of bestselling books “War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know” and “The Greatest Sedition Is Silence,” 5-8-09, “Unstable Pakistan threatens the world,” accessed 12-31-13, http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183, mac)

America's attention has …should we all. 

Solvency – 1AC
The plan legally codifies executive practice – facilitates norm development
Daskal, Adjucnt Georgetown Prof, 13
(Jennifer, fellow and adjunct prof at Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law at Georgetown University Law Center, April 2013, "The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside of the ’Hot’ Conflict Zone," accessed 10-31-13, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, hec)

C. Implementation and Security Benefit …the conflict zone.

Self-defense norms are modeled globally
Fisk and Ramos, Fisk --- PhD in Political Science focusing on interstate war and Ramos-- PhD in Political science focusing on norms and foreign policy, 13
(Kerstin --- PhD in Political Science focusing on interstate war @ Claremont Graduate University and Jennifer -- PhD in Polisci and Professor @ Loyola Marymount focusing on norms and foreign policy, including drone warfare and preventative use of force, “Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm” 4/15/13, Date Acessed: 1/13/14, CEJ)

Preventive self-defense …to do the same.

Executive clarification doesn’t set the same precedent
Dworkin, European CFR Senior Fellow, 13
(Anthony, July 2013, “Drones and Targeted Killing: Defining a European Position,” accessed 10-31-13, hec)

Two further points …wish to claim it.

No risk of circumvention—empirics prove Congress shapes national security policy
Huq, University of Chicago Law School assistant professor, 12
(Aziz Z., 5/25, “Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics),” accessed: 10/3/2013, https://lawreview.uchicago.edu/sites/lawreview.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/79_2/0620Huq20BKR.pdf, ADC)

Alternatively, perhaps the …of White House opposition.80  

Geographical Limitations solve while retaining executive’s military flexibility
Brooks ’13
(Rosa Brooks is a law professor at Georgetown University and a Schwartz senior fellow at the New America Foundation. She served as a counselor to the U.S. defense undersecretary for policy from 2009 to 2011 and previously served as a senior advisor at the U.S. State Department, 2013, “The Law of Armed Conflict, the Use of Military Force, and the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force, May 16 2013 Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services”, DOA: 12/15/13, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Brooks_05-16-13.pdf, JAW)

Expressly limiting the …law of armed conflict

Current U.S. policy uses circular logic for strikes outside active hostilities – aff’s legal framework solves
Brooks, 13
(Rosa, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow, New America Foundation “The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights”, DOA: 12-18-13, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf, 4-26-13, JAW)

Here is an additional…, rivals, or unwanted minorities? 

Congress is key to set a new legal precedent, the President agrees
Ellison ’13
(Keith Ellison, “Time for Congress to build a better drone policy”, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-01-13/opinions/36311903_1_drone-strikes-drone-program-drone-policy, January 13, 2013) CBC

An unmanned U.S. …the rule of law.