Opponent: James Madison Hadi-Pereira | Judge: Hennigan
1NC T-Authority T-Restrictions Court CP Tao K (Piglet) Politics-Debt Ceiling
2NR K
Clarion
Octas
Opponent: George Mason Hoey-Upton | Judge: Kimball, OGorman, Patrice
1AC Same as round 4 1NC XO CP Politics T-Restrictions 2NR Case
Clarion
4
Opponent: George Mason Melton-Thomas | Judge: Patrice
1AC New Plan Norms - New Scenario Pak - New Scenario 1NC Cap Politics T-Restriction XO 2NR Cap
GSU
2
Opponent: Wake Forest BrHe | Judge: Arnett, David
Plan The United States Congress should require the President to brief and receive authorization from the Congressional Intelligence committees on the mechanisms and decisions for targeted killing Adv 1 Pakistan Adv 2 Proliferation
1NC OLC CP Agamben K Debt Ceiling
2NR OLC CP K
GSU
2
Opponent: Wake Forest BrHe | Judge: Arnett, David
Plan The United States Congress should require the President to brief and receive authorization from the Congressional Intelligence committees on the mechanisms and decisions for targeted killing Adv 1 Pakistan Adv 2 Proliferation
1NC OLC CP Agamben K Debt Ceiling
2NR OLC CP K
Gsu
Octas
Opponent: New York Itliong-Trench | Judge: Davis, Repko, Roberts
1AC Same
1NC Transparency CP Terrorism DA
Gsu
4
Opponent: Kansas City Kansas CC Glanzman-Miles | Judge: Sandoz
1AC Same
1NC Queer Theory
2NR Queer Theory
Gsu
6
Opponent: West Georgia Mauro-Zapata | Judge: Hart
1AC Same
1NC Security
2NR Security
JMU
Quarters
Opponent: George Mason Melton-Thomas | Judge: 0Brossmann, Kurr
1NC T-Restrictions Debt Ceiling Court CP First Priority K
2NR T DA
JMU
2
Opponent: James Madison Montiero-Yim | Judge: Nelson
The fact remains that by using drones... to civilians before ordering a strike.
A non-executive framework of transparency and accountability spills over globally Brooks, Georgetown Law Prof, 13 (Rosa, 4-23-13, “The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing,” accessed 10-4-13, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf, hec)
5. Setting Troubling International Precedents Here is an additional reason to worry.... of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?
Scenario 1 is Deterrence
Drone prolif erodes norms of war and destroys deterrence capabilities- miscalc, international standards, and increased aggression – US setting a precedent key Boyle, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, 13 (Michael J, Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, January, 15, 2013, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare”, accessed 9/4/13, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf, vc)
The emergence of this arms race for drones... associated with giving them a fair trial.147
Deterrence is the art of producing....making the powder keg more likely to blow.
Scenario 2 is Turkey
Turkey has opted to follow US precedent on strikes – transparency key to prevent strike against the PKK – it’d collapse negotiations Stein, PhD Candidate at King’s College-London, 13 (Aaron, Nonproliferation Program Director at the Center for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies, 2-26-13, “Turkey’s Negotiations with the Kurdistan Workers’ Party and Armed Drones,” accessed 10-4-13, hec)
Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan has... help them grow their voter base.
That’s key to Turkish model – solves middle east instability Kirisci, Brookings Senior Fellow, 13 (Kemal, TÜS?AD senior fellow and director of the Center on the United States and Europeand#39;s Turkey Project at Brookings, 8-15-13, “The Rise and Fall of Turkey as a Model for the Arab World,” accessed 10-4-13, hec)
As the Arab Spring spread from Tunisia...pluralist democracy, consensus building and tolerance.
Middle East instability goes nuclear Russell, Senior Lecturer, National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, 9 (James A., Spring 2009, “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East,” accessed 10-4-13, http://www.ifri.org/downloads/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf, hec)
Strategic stability in the region...with substantial risk for the entire world.
2/18/14
1 - Intelligence Drones Aff - Pakistan Advantage
Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake Forest BrHe | Judge: Arnett, David Scenario 1 is Relations:
The major actions which irked …. also cause many civilian deaths.
Transparency key to boost relations Khan, Stanford Journal of International Relations, 11 (Raiyan, Fall 2011, “Drone Strikes in Pakistan: Mitigating Bloodshed or Amplifying it?,” accessed 9-5-13, http://sjir.stanford.edu/13-1/drone20strikes.pdf, hec)
In the past three years, dronology in the US has … continue to be met with criticism and protest.
US/Pakistan relations key to Afghan stability Rezaie, Daily Outlook Afghanistan permanent writer, 11 Mehdi, and#34;US-Pakistan Relations and its Impact on Afghanistan,and#34; 7-10-11, outlookafghanistan.net/topics.php?post_id=1181, accessed 7-26-11, mss
No peace in Afghanistan without better … of the insurgency on the battlefields.
Because NATO has chosen to supply its … invite Taliban actions on their territories.
Nuclear war Blank, Strategic Studies Institute’s Russia Expert, 2k (Stephen, Ph.D. in History from the University of Chicago, former Maxwell Air Force Base Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education Soviet Studies associate professor, has taught at the University of Texas, San Antonio, and at the University of California, Riverside, and#34;U.S. Military Engagement with Transcaucasia and Central Asia,and#34; June 2000, www.bits.de/NRANEU/docs/Blank2000.pdf, accessed 10-23-11, mss)
In 1993 Moscow even threatened World War III to … of unilateral advantage and reintegration. 75
Scenario 2 is Stability:
Effective drone strikes key to prevent militancy and terrorism Foust, American Prospect, ‘13 (Joshua “Do Drones Work?” 5-15-13 http://prospect.org/article/do-drones-work accessed: 7-29-13 mlb)
In Pakistan, it’s clear that drones have dramatically… incompetent leaders who cannot be as effective.
Terrorism causes extinction Hellman, Stanford Engineering Prof, 8 (Martin E., emeritus prof of engineering at Stanford, Spring 2008, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” accessed 8-26-13, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf, hec)
The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in … preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option.
In an allusion to Pakistanand#39;s growing sectarian strife, … with the federal government against terrorism.
Pakistan collapse causes global nuclear war Rosenbaum, Slate columnist, 11 (Ron, How the End Begins: The Road to a Nuclear World War III, March 2011, google books, pg16-19, accessed 10-25-11, mss)
Pakistan has long been a regional …. flashpoint we face. Unless you count…
AND triggers Indo-Pak war Kagan, AEI Critical Threats Project director, and Kagan, Institute for the Study of War president, 9 Frederick, 10/3, Weekly Standard contributing editor, American Enterprise Institute, and Kimberly, and#34;Donand#39;t Go Wobbly on Afghanistan,and#34; http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/017/024cuejv.asp?pg=2, mss
The collapse of Pakistan, or even … safe-havens along the Afghan border.
Any war between India and Pakistan would …the largest possible nuclear “wargasm.”
2/18/14
1 - Intelligence Drones Aff - Plan
Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake Forest BrHe | Judge: Arnett, David The United States Congress should require the President to brief, and receive authorization from, the Congressional Intelligence committees on the mechanisms and decisions for targeted killing.
The fact remains that by using drones so much, … considers the law and the risks to civilians before ordering a strike.
Lack of standards causes nuclear great power war Boyle, Postdoctoral Fellow at Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard, 13 (Michael, Boyle is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University has a Ph.D. from University of Cambridge a M.P.P. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, M.Phil, from University of Cambridge, 1999 BA from La Salle University and is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, 1-15-13, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare”, accessed 8-9-13, http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/ia/archive/view/188363, aaw)
A second consequence of the spread of drones … material like a dirty bomb if they crash.144
Lack of oversight sets a dangerous international precedent – plan key to prevent other countries from misusing tech Alston, NYU Law School Prof, 11 (Philip, September 2011, “The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders,” accessed 9-15-13, PDF, hec)
(c) Self-interest: setting prudent precedents for others … needs to provide the evidence.
Scenario 1 is Deterrence
Drone prolif erodes norms of war and destroys deterrence capabilities- miscalc, international standards, and increased aggression – US setting a precedent key Boyle, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, 13 (Michael J, Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, January, 15, 2013, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare”, accessed 9/4/13, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf, vc)
The emergence of this arms race for drones … associated with giving them a fair trial.147
Deterrence is the art of producing in the … powder keg more likely to blow.
Scenario 2 is China
China drone development inevitable – plan solves multiple scenarios for Asian war Gertz, Senior Editor of the Washington Free Beacon, 13 (Bill, 3-26-13, “Game of Drones,” accessed 9-14-13, http://freebeacon.com/game-of-drones/, hec)
China’s military is expanding … which to attack the United States.”
US-China war goes nuclear Hunkovic, American Miltiary University professor, 2009 (Lee, “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict: Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America,” http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf, ldg)
A war between China, Taiwan and the … will not be considered in this study.
Critics of Team Obamaand#39;s targeted , as James Madison assumed they would.
Intelligence committees key to effectiveness Anderson, Brookings Senior Fellow, 9 (Kenneth, professor of law at Washington College of Law, American University; a visiting fellow of the Hoover Institution and member of its Task Force on National Security and Law; and a non-resident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution, 5-11-13, “Targeted Killing in U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy and Law,” accessed 8-25-13, PDF, hec)
Even as it defends targeted killings against those who would … reflect their new importance.
Aff solves – key modeling, transparency, and accountability Zenko, Council on Foreign Relations Fellow, 13 (Micah, “Reforming US Drone Strike Policies,” January 2013, accessed 8-6-13, hec)
History shows that how states adopt and … specific policy recommendations.
“For far too long, Congress has failed … Counterterrorism Center Director Matt Olsen.
Establishing HVT norms solves blowback and establishes international norms – doing it publicly is key Boyle, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University,13 (Michael J, Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, January, 15, 2013, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare”, accessed 9-14-13, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf, hec)
In his second term, President Obama has an opportunity … morally accountable for its behaviour. 156
ONLY congressional action solves Daskal, Adjucnt Georgetown Prof, 13 (Jennifer, fellow and adjunct prof at Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law at Georgetown University Law Center, April 2013, and#34;The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside of the ’Hot’ Conflict Zone,and#34; accessed 9-14-13, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, hec)
The objections to such a proposal are many. In the context of … and time.
2/18/14
1 - Intelligence Drones Aff - Warming Add-On
Tournament: Westpoint | Round: 4 | Opponent: Vanderbilt Potter-Hollis | Judge: Warner Squo strikes destroy cred on a global scale Cavallaro et al, 12 (James-Stanford prof of law, Stephan Sonnenberg-Stanford Clinical Lecturer in the International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic, Sarah Knuckey-professor of international law at NYU’s Global Justice Clinic in the NYU Law School, Sept 2012, “Living Under Drones: Death, Injury, And Trauma To Civilians From Us Drone Practices In Pakistan,” accessed 10-11-13, http://livingunderdrones.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Stanford-NYU-LIVING-UNDER-DRONES.pdf, hec)
The significant global opposition...tackle pressing global challenges.
The national security implications of GCC...cooperation while beginning to anticipate some GCC effects.
Extinction Bushnell, NASA Langley Research Center chief scientist, 10 (Dennis M. has a MS in mechanical engineering, won the Lawrence A. Sperry Award, AIAA Fluid and Plasma Dynamics Award, the AIAA Dryden Lectureship, and is the recipient of many NASA Medals for outstanding Scientific Achievement and Leadership, "Conquering Climate Change," The Futurist 44. 3, May/Jun 2010, ProQuest, accessed 10-3-12, mtf)
Unless we act, the next century...sound, they're actually conservative.
2/19/14
2 - Geography Oversight Aff - Plan
Tournament: Navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: Clarion Baker-Fines | Judge: Barnes The United States Federal Government should restrict the authority to use targeted killing outside of areas of active hostilities by requiring congressional pre-authorization for those areas.
WASHINGTON -- After a CIA Predator drone...by becoming an American citizen?
Impacts – Afghanistan stability, NATO alliance, Pakistan collapse, Iran and Russian aggression, and Asian stability Miller, 12 (Paul D., served as director for Afghanistan on the National Security Council staff under Presidents Bush and Obama, March/April 2012, “It’s Not Just Al-Qaeda: Stability in the Most Dangerous Region,” accessed 1-10-14, http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/itE28099s-not-just-al-qaeda-stability-most-dangerous-region, hec)
Neither President Barack Obama...interest of the United States.
Asia conflict goes nuclear Landay, National Security and Intelligence Correspondent, 2K (Jonathan, 3-10-00, “Top Administration Officials Warn Stakes for U.S. Are High in Asian Conflicts,” accessed 1-10-14, Lexis, hec)
Few if any experts think...according to the Commerce Department.
Pakistan collapse causes global nuclear war Rosenbaum, Slate columnist, 11 (Ron, How the End Begins: The Road to a Nuclear World War III, March 2011, google books, pg16-19, accessed 10-25-11, mss)
Pakistan has long been a regional...nuclear flashpoint we face.
That causes great power war – traditional checks don’t apply Posner, University of Chicago Law School Prof, 13 (Eric, 5-15-13, "The Killer Robot War is Coming," accessed 11-1-13, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/05/drone_warfare_and_spying_we_need_new_laws.html, hec)
Turkey has opted to follow US precedent on strikes – norms key to prevent strike against the PKK – it’d collapse negotiations Stein, PhD Candidate at King’s College-London, 13 (Aaron, Nonproliferation Program Director at the Center for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies, 2-26-13, “Turkey’s Negotiations with the Kurdistan Workers’ Party and Armed Drones,” accessed 10-4-13, hec)
Prime Minister Recep... their voter base.
That collapses the Turkish model Kirisci, Brookings Senior Fellow, 13 (Kemal, TÜS?AD senior fellow and director of the Center on the United States and Europe's Turkey Project at Brookings, 8-15-13, “The Rise and Fall of Turkey as a Model for the Arab World,” accessed 10-4-13, hec)
3 - Geography Aff - Norms Advantage - Russia Scenario
Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 4 | Opponent: Florida Daskalakis-Persico | Judge: OGorman Russia models US self-defense precedent with drones – causes regional escalation Fisk and Ramos, 13 (Kerstin-PhD in Political Science, Jennifer M.-PhD in Political Science, 4-15-13, “Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm,” accessed 1-30-14, lexis, hec)
Russia In January 2000, Russia updated...norm of preventive self-defense.
Nuclear war Blank, Strategic Studies Institute former Soviet states expert, 2k (Stephen, "U.S. Military Engagement with Transcaucasia and Central Asia," 2000, http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/docs/Blank2000.pdf, pg. 24-5)
In 1993 Moscow even threatened...almost everywhere else.
Tournament: Adanationals | Round: 2 | Opponent: Miami George-Silverman | Judge: Webster Dunn Credible restraint key – increases willingness of allies to join security coop and allows norm development Bashir, Princeton PhD Candidate in Department of Politics, 12 (Omar, “Who Watches the Drones?” accessed 3-13-14, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones, hec)
Aside from enabling accountability...disregard for humanitarian concerns.
Greater security cooperation will allow the US to export drones to Pacific allies – will solidify alliance, expand ISR, and deter China and North Korea Axe, Medium.com National Security Editor, 13 (David, “Drone coalition: Key to U.S. security,” accessed 3-13-14, http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2013/04/01/a-spy-plane-alliance/?print=1andr=, hec)
The recent activation of Chinese...conceived at the outset.
US-Japan ISR cooperation key to USAF effectiveness Schanz, Senior Editor of Air Force Magazine, 13 (Marc, “ISR After Afghanistan,” accessed 3-13-14, ww.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/.../0113ISR.pdf, hec)
Another area of interest...USAF global vigilance.
Collapse of Air Force ISR kills heg – unleashes global conflict Thompson, PhD, 13 (Loren, “Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance,” accessed 3-13-14, www.lexingtoninstitute.org/library/resources/documents/Defense/AirDominance-ISR.pdf, hec)
This does not necessarily... unrivalled US primacy.
3/16/14
3 - Geography Aff - North Korea Advantage
Tournament: Navy | Round: 7 | Opponent: George Mason Jalbuena-Nijjar | Judge: Pointer Congressional action key to flexible approach to threats – executive action fails Holmes, NYU Law Prof, 9 (Stephen, April, “The Brennan Center Jorde Symposium on Constitutional Law: In Case of Emergency: Misunderstanding Tradeoffs in the War on Terror,” California Law Review, 97 Calif. L. Rev. 301, hec)
Conclusion. Far from being a carefully..evolving, and still deadly serious threat.
Specifically, oversight is necessary for crisis situations Holmes, NYU Law Prof, 9 (Stephen, April, “The Brennan Center Jorde Symposium on Constitutional Law: In Case of Emergency: Misunderstanding Tradeoffs in the War on Terror,” California Law Review, 97 Calif. L. Rev. 301, hec)
The most persuasive argument...more tenuous and open to question.
Declarations of war prove that congressional authorization sends a strong signal to allies that we provide credibility behind threats – increases deterrence capabilities Sidak, Stanford University JD, 91 (J. Gregory, September, “To Declare War,” accessed 11-17-13, Duke Law Review, JSTOR, hec)
The experience of the twentieth century...it declares its intention to resort to war.
This does not necessarily mean that...will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.
Scenario 2 is North Korea:
Syria proves North Korea shifting towards confrontation – weakness in credibility of US threats cause war Ryall, The Daily Telegraph Japan Correspondent, 13 (Julian, 9-10-13, “Back to business as usual for North Korea,” accessed 11-1-13, www.dw.de/back-to-business-as-usual-for-north-korea/a-17077430, hec)
"President Barack Obama is fluctuating... another two years."
Only credible threats from the US solve North Korea’s threats of war Rogan, MSc in Middle East Politics, 13 (Tom, 2-11-13, “North Korea nuclear test,” accessed 11-1-13, www.tomroganthinks.com/2013/02/north-korea-nuclear-test.html, hec)
North Korea is threatening...North Korea can be deterred.
Today, North Korea is the...things have happened in statecraft.
2/18/14
3 - Geography Aff - Plan
Tournament: Navy | Round: 7 | Opponent: George Mason Jalbuena-Nijjar | Judge: Pointer The United States Federal Government should have congress restrict the authority to use targeted killing outside of areas of active hostilities.
2/18/14
3 - Geography Aff - Solvency
Tournament: Navy | Round: 7 | Opponent: George Mason Jalbuena-Nijjar | Judge: Pointer The plan legally codifies executive practice – facilitates norm development Daskal, Adjucnt Georgetown Prof, 13 (Jennifer, fellow and adjunct prof at Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law at Georgetown University Law Center, April 2013, "The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside of the ’Hot’ Conflict Zone," accessed 10-31-13, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, hec)
C. Implementation and Security Benefit...killings outside the conflict zone.
Executive clarification doesn’t set the same precedent Dworkin, European CFR Senior Fellow, 13 (Anthony, July 2013, “Drones and Targeted Killing: Defining a European Position,” accessed 10-31-13, hec)
Two further points are worth noting...undertake the following specific policy recommendations.
Geographical Limitations solve while retaining executive’s military flexibility Brooks ’13 (Rosa Brooks is a law professor at Georgetown University and a Schwartz senior fellow at the New America Foundation. She served as a counselor to the U.S. defense undersecretary for policy from 2009 to 2011 and previously served as a senior advisor at the U.S. State Department, 2013, “The Law of Armed Conflict, the Use of Military Force, and the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force, May 16 2013 Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services”, DOA: 12/15/13, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Brooks_05-16-13.pdf, JAW)
Expressly limiting the AUMF’s...principles of self-defense rather than by the law of armed conflict
The broad geographic scope of...perpetual asymmetric war.
2/18/14
3 - Geography Aff - Terrorism Advantage
Tournament: Adanationals | Round: 9 | Opponent: George Mason Melton-Thomas | Judge: Atchison, Bagwell, Foley The plan is key to prevent an escalating public backlash against future drone use Zenko, CFR, 13 (Micah, “US Drone Strike Policies,” accessed 2-21-14, i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Drones_CSR65.pdf?, hec)
In his Nobel Peace Prize...in the ways suggested below.
Public backlash culminates in a legal crackdown that hemorrhages the targeted killing program Goldsmith, Harvard Law Prof, 12 (Jack, “Power and Constraint,” P. 199-201, hec)
For the GTMO Bar and...of U.S. national security.
Only the plan can retain allied cooperation on counter-terrorism Kris, Assistant Attorney General for National Security at the US DOJ, 11 (David, “Law Enforcement as a Counterterrorism Tool,” accessed 2-21-14, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/01_David-Kris.pdf, hec)
On the other side of the...tools here in the United States.84
CNN should not have been...Ogaden National Liberation Front.
Drones have damaged Al-Qaeda’s leadership – but they’re still a threat Simpson, The Globe and Mail national affairs columnist, 13 (Jeffrey, “The long war against al-Qaeda isn't over,” lexis, hec)
Just how serious is the al-Qaeda...Sunni jihadis in al-Qaeda.
Drones solve safe havens – prevents an attack in the US Johnston, Associate Political Scientist at RAND, 12 (Patrick, “Drone Strikes Keep Pressure on al-Qaida,” accessed 2-21-14, www.rand.org/blog/2012/08/drone-strikes-keep-pressure-on-al-qaida.html, hec)
Should the U.S. continue...after his ouster from Sudan.
But, the aff’s geographical boundaries are uniquely key Daskal, Adjucnt Georgetown Prof, 13 (Jennifer, fellow and adjunct prof at Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law at Georgetown University Law Center, April 2013, "The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside of the ’Hot’ Conflict Zone," accessed 10-31-13, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, hec)
It remains somewhat arbitrary...criteria described in Section III.B.
Terrorism causes extinction Hellman, Stanford Engineering Prof, 8 (Martin E., emeritus prof of engineering at Stanford, Spring 2008, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” accessed 8-26-13, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf, hec)
The threat of nuclear...necessity—not an option.
3/19/14
4 - Endless War Aff - 2AC Overview
Tournament: Northeastchampionship | Round: 2 | Opponent: New Trevett-Oakley | Judge: Carrasco Specific demands are critical to solve – we must fight every instance of militarism Nagler, Co-Founded the Peace and Conflict Studies Program at Berkeley, 11 (Michael, 11-1-11, “Their Weapons Don’t Scare Us,” accessed 1-10-14, http://wagingnonviolence.org/feature/their-weapons-dont-scare-us/, hec)
I have long argued...added advantage of being true.
Movements are more likely to succeed when individuals feel they can connect to the cause Heaney and Rojas, 12 (Michael-organizational studies prof at Michigan, Fabio-sociology prof at Indiana, “Antiwar Politics and Paths of Activist Participation on the Left,” accessed 2-20-14, http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/papers/rojas_working20paper.pdf, hec)
Social movement theorists...with the cause.
2/25/14
4 - Endless War Aff - Moving Past Just War
Tournament: Northeastchampionship | Round: 2 | Opponent: New Trevett-Oakley | Judge: Carrasco The affirmatives interruption of the sphere breaks away from the cycle that governs national security policy AND exposing the hidden circuits of imperial violence rooted in militarism is key McClintock, University of Wisconsin Prof of English and Women’s and Gender Studies, 9 (Anne, “Paranoid Empire: Specters from Guantánamo and Abu Ghraib,” accessed 1-10-14, Google Books in States of Emergency, hec)
By now it is fair to say ...were a kind of solution.
The aff interrogates state killing by highlighting the issue of drone warfare – exposing the history behind target killing is an important mechanism for challenging war on terror Noble, Activist with the Upstate Coalition to Ground the Drones, 12 (Doug, 7-12-12, “Assassination Nation,” accessed 10-1-13, http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/07/19/assassination-nation/, hec)
This striking new transparency...by our Assassination Nation.
The 1AC causes us to move beyond debates over morality and legality and focus on a plan that can challenge structural violence. Just war theory is an obstacle in asking IF WAR because it focuses on WHICH WARS CMSM, 13 (CMSM is an association of the leadership of men in religious and apostolic institutes in the United States, 5-30-13, “Armed Drones: Do They Make us Better People?,” accessed 10-7-13, http://www.cmsm.org/documents/05-30-13_CMSM_Statement_Armed_Drones.pdf, hec)
Focusing on the “just...we should attend to.
Antiwar activism is a critical starting point for leftist activists – war’s ubiquity means that it is the biggest entry into social justice Heaney and Rojas, 12 (Michael-organizational studies prof at Michigan, Fabio-sociology prof at Indiana, “The Distinctiveness of Antiwar Activism: Paths of Activist Participation in a Multi-Movement Environment,” accessed 1-10-14, http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/papers/rojas_working20paper.pdf, hec)
Charles Tilly (1985) famously ...it recruits to other movements.
Worst-case scenario planning creates bad decision making – causes framing biases that camouflages poor policies in good framing and ignores other causes and solutions AND causes weighting bias which guarantees that low probability, high impact events are over-valued McDermott, political science professor, Brown University, 98 (Rose, PhD in political science from Stanford, MA in experimental social psychology from Stanford, Risk-Taking in International Politics: Prospect Theory in American Foreign Policy, 1998, http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/0472108670-02.pdf, DOA: 12-29-13, ara)
Framing, or editing, is...does in a psychological laboratory.
Policy details are critical to preventing abuses of state power where the state can justify killing anyone – the aff is an instance of when reformation within the state can be good Guiora, University of Utah Law Prof, 12 (Amos, Fall 2012, “Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion,” accessed 12-21-13, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1and2.13.Article.Guiora.pdf, hec)
The U.S. drone policy...and those who do not.
Tracing the history of just war in relationship to militarism has to be the starting point – otherwise academia is ceded to the military Moore, 1 (Thomas, War, Ethics and Justice: New Perspectives on a Post-9/11 World,” accessed 1-11-14, google books, hec)
Alternatively, perhaps...White House opposition.80
A non-executive framework spills over globally Brooks, Georgetown Law Prof, 13 (Rosa, 4-23-13, “The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing,” accessed 10-4-13, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf, hec)
5. Setting Troubling...or unwanted minorities?
2/25/14
4 - Endless War Aff - Moving Past Just War vs 1 Off
Tournament: Northeastchampionship | Round: 3 | Opponent: Binghamton Kurihara-Smith | Judge: Imes The affirmatives interruption of the sphere breaks away from the cycle that governs national security policy AND exposing the hidden circuits of imperial violence rooted in militarism is key McClintock, University of Wisconsin Prof of English and Women’s and Gender Studies, 9 (Anne, “Paranoid Empire: Specters from Guantánamo and Abu Ghraib,” accessed 1-10-14, Google Books in States of Emergency, hec)
By now it is fair to say ...were a kind of solution.
The aff interrogates state killing by highlighting the issue of drone warfare – exposing the history behind target killing is an important mechanism for challenging war on terror Noble, Activist with the Upstate Coalition to Ground the Drones, 12 (Doug, 7-12-12, “Assassination Nation,” accessed 10-1-13, http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/07/19/assassination-nation/, hec)
This striking new transparency...by our Assassination Nation.
The 1AC causes us to move beyond debates over morality and legality and focus on a plan that can challenge structural violence. Just war theory is an obstacle in asking IF WAR because it focuses on WHICH WARS CMSM, 13 (CMSM is an association of the leadership of men in religious and apostolic institutes in the United States, 5-30-13, “Armed Drones: Do They Make us Better People?,” accessed 10-7-13, http://www.cmsm.org/documents/05-30-13_CMSM_Statement_Armed_Drones.pdf, hec)
Focusing on the “just...we should attend to.
Antiwar activism is a critical starting point for leftist activists – war’s ubiquity means that it is the biggest entry into social justice Heaney and Rojas, 12 (Michael-organizational studies prof at Michigan, Fabio-sociology prof at Indiana, “The Distinctiveness of Antiwar Activism: Paths of Activist Participation in a Multi-Movement Environment,” accessed 1-10-14, http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/papers/rojas_working20paper.pdf, hec)
Charles Tilly (1985) famously ...it recruits to other movements.
Worst-case scenario planning creates bad decision making – causes framing biases that camouflages poor policies in good framing and ignores other causes and solutions AND causes weighting bias which guarantees that low probability, high impact events are over-valued McDermott, political science professor, Brown University, 98 (Rose, PhD in political science from Stanford, MA in experimental social psychology from Stanford, Risk-Taking in International Politics: Prospect Theory in American Foreign Policy, 1998, http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/0472108670-02.pdf, DOA: 12-29-13, ara)
Framing, or editing, is...does in a psychological laboratory.
Policy details are critical to preventing abuses of state power where the state can justify killing anyone – the aff is an instance of when reformation within the state can be good Guiora, University of Utah Law Prof, 12 (Amos, Fall 2012, “Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion,” accessed 12-21-13, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1and2.13.Article.Guiora.pdf, hec)
The U.S. drone policy...and those who do not.
Tracing the history of just war in relationship to militarism has to be the starting point – otherwise academia is ceded to the military Moore, 1 (Thomas, War, Ethics and Justice: New Perspectives on a Post-9/11 World,” accessed 1-11-14, google books, hec)
The revival of...to international law.
Enacting change in the world is key to subjectivity and value to life—social and political action is good, creates shared meaning, and overcomes subject/object dualisms. May, Clemson University Philosophy Professor, 2005 (Todd, "To change the world, to celebrate life," Philosophy Social Criticism 31, pg. 519-531, cab)
To change the world ...to take your world up for you.
The aff is a way to better deal with problems post-debate through total immersion simulations Donohue, Associate Professor of Law at Georgetown Law, 2013 (“2013 National Security Pedagogy: The Role of Simulations,” Online, Written in 2013, Accessed 10/03/2013, AJH)
CONCLUDING REMARKS The legal academy...starting point for moving forward.
Incrementalist solutions can solve and create a context for more progressive methodologies. The aff solves and provides a space for further critiques of status quo governmentality. Hirokawa, University of Connecticut Law Professor, 02 (Keith, June 2002, Stanford Environmental Law Journal, 21 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 225, 9/19/12, atl)
Under this reinterpretation ... of environmental protection.
2/25/14
4 - Endless War Aff - Plan
Tournament: Northeastchampionship | Round: 2 | Opponent: New Trevett-Oakley | Judge: Carrasco The United States Federal Government should have Congress pass legislation to ban the authority to engage in targeted killing.
2/25/14
4 - Endless War Aff - The Endless Cycle
Tournament: Northeastchampionship | Round: 2 | Opponent: New Trevett-Oakley | Judge: Carrasco The US currently justifies its targeted killing operations with “just war theory,” the idea that there can be moral ways to wage war. The US has opened a space to challenge the foundation of state killing. Interrogating justifications exposes contradictions that exist in just war theory. Provost-Smith, History PhD, 13 (Patrick, former Assistant Professor of the History of Christianity at Harvard Divinity School, Spring 2013, “A Drone’s Eye View: Global Anti-Terrorism and the Existential Crisis of Just War Theory,” accessed 10-2-13, in Journal for Cultural and Religious Theory vol. 12 no. 3, hec)
As drones become...writings on the topic.14
Displaying violence involved in drone warfare challenges the status quo narrative that there is no such thing as just war. Theorizing that drone warfare is a better alternative silences activism and legitimizes war. Terrell, Co-Coordinator of Voices for Creative Nonviolence, 13 (Brian, “Drones and Gadflies,” accessed 10-1-13, http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/09/13/drones-and-gadflies/, hec)
My own anti-drone...haunting them falls to us.
Just war theory creates a cycle of endless war and legitimizes violence Provost-Smith, History PhD, 13 (Patrick, former Assistant Professor of the History of Christianity at Harvard Divinity School, Spring 2013, “A Drone’s Eye View: Global Anti-Terrorism and the Existential Crisis of Just War Theory,” accessed 10-2-13, in Journal for Cultural and Religious Theory vol. 12 no. 3, hec)
Swirling in the circularity...proclaiming the obvious.
Tournament: Jvnovicenationals | Round: 2 | Opponent: George Mason Melton-Thomas | Judge: Glass Current debate and academia polices difference as a way to securitize the debate space—the aff is a radical rejection of the logic of security. Dantley, Miami educational leadership professor, 2002 (Michael, “Uprooting And Replacing Positivism, The Melting Pot, Multiculturalism, And Other Impotent Notions In Educational Leadership Through An African American Perspective”, Education and Urban Society, 34.3, SAGE, ldg)
The cultural thought is...were a kind of solution.
Vote affirmative to free ourselves of the presumption towards war and advocate to stop militarism Demenchonok, Fort Valley State University Prof of Foreign Languages and Philosophy, 9 (Edward, “Philosophy After Hiroshima: From Power Politics to the Ethics of Nonviolence and Co-Responsibility,” accessed 3-3-14, http://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-195672662/philosophy-after-hiroshima-from-power-politics-to, hec)
Where, then, does the future... we should attend to.
Antiwar activism is a critical starting point for leftist activists – war’s ubiquity means that it is the biggest entry into social justice Heaney and Rojas, 12 (Michael-organizational studies prof at Michigan, Fabio-sociology prof at Indiana, “The Distinctiveness of Antiwar Activism: Paths of Activist Participation in a Multi-Movement Environment,” accessed 1-10-14, http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/papers/rojas_working20paper.pdf, hec)
Charles Tilly (1985) famously argued...those who do not.
Tracing the history of just war in relationship to militarism has to be the starting point – otherwise academia is ceded to the military Moore, 1 (Thomas, War, Ethics and Justice: New Perspectives on a Post-9/11 World,” accessed 1-11-14, google books, hec)
The revival of just...White House opposition.80
A non-executive framework spills over globally Brooks, Georgetown Law Prof, 13 (Rosa, 4-23-13, “The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing,” accessed 10-4-13, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf, hec)
5. Setting Troubling.... unwanted minorities?
3/13/14
5 - Endless War - Plan 2
Tournament: Jvnovicenationals | Round: 2 | Opponent: George Mason Melton-Thomas | Judge: Glass The United States Federal Government should restrict the War Powers Authority of the President by passing legislation to ban the authority to engage in hostilities.
3/13/14
5 - Endless War - The Endless Cycle 2
Tournament: Jvnovicenationals | Round: 2 | Opponent: George Mason Melton-Thomas | Judge: Glass The War Powers have created the legal framework for the state of exception. The logic of security depoliticizes the people and manufactures consent for the state of exception. The 1AC act is the foundation of coercive power and spills over into violent exclusion—only institutional and rhetorical desecuritization can solve. Newell and Mitzen, Doctoral Student at Syracuse University and Ph.D. from University of Chicago, 2011 (Michael E. and Dr. Jennifer, T.A. at Syracuse and Associate Professor at Ohio State University, respectively, “Crisis Authority, the War on Terror and the Future of Constitutional Democracy,” JUROS, Online, Pages 65-67, Written in 2011, Accessed 08/01/2013, AJH)
The state of exception...brought about by desecuritization.
The US currently justifies operations with “just war theory,” the idea that there can be moral ways to wage war. The US has opened a space to challenge the foundation of state killing. Interrogating justifications exposes contradictions that exist in just war theory. Provost-Smith, History PhD, 13 (Patrick, former Assistant Professor of the History of Christianity at Harvard Divinity School, Spring 2013, “A Drone’s Eye View: Global Anti-Terrorism and the Existential Crisis of Just War Theory,” accessed 10-2-13, in Journal for Cultural and Religious Theory vol. 12 no. 3, hec)
As drones become the new...writings on the topic.14
Displaying violence involved in warfare challenges the status quo narrative that there is no such thing as just war. Theorizing that warfare is a better alternative silences activism and legitimizes war. Terrell, Co-Coordinator of Voices for Creative Nonviolence, 13 (Brian, “Drones and Gadflies,” accessed 10-1-13, http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/09/13/drones-and-gadflies/, hec)
My own anti-drone activism...haunting them falls to us.
Just war theory creates a cycle of endless war and legitimizes violence Provost-Smith, History PhD, 13 (Patrick, former Assistant Professor of the History of Christianity at Harvard Divinity School, Spring 2013, “A Drone’s Eye View: Global Anti-Terrorism and the Existential Crisis of Just War Theory,” accessed 10-2-13, in Journal for Cultural and Religious Theory vol. 12 no. 3, hec)
Swirling in the circularity...proclaiming the obvious.
War kills life – including non-human animals – ONLY the aff takes concrete action to the future of stopping wars SGR 2003 (Scientists for Global Responsibility, “Does anybody remember the Nuclear Winter?”, 7-27, http://www.sgr.org.uk/climate/NuclearWinter_NL27.htm, DOA: 10-24-11, ldg)
Obviously, when a nuclear...on a massive scale.
3/13/14
Endless War Aff - A2 Affirm the Story of the Soldier K
Tournament: Northeastchampionship | Round: 2 | Opponent: New Trevett-Oakley | Judge: Carrasco 3) The neg must connect their alternative to policy concerns and institutional practices – absent these questions shifts in knowledge production are useless – governments obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decision-making Wight, University of Sydney Prof of IR, 6 (Colin, “Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology,” pgs. 48-50, googlebooks, hec)
One important aspect...constants and its variables’.
4) Don’t view the 1AC as non-falsifiable – they don’t present evidence about our specific scenarios, default to specificity Whitt, Washington Telecom and Media Counsel at Google, 9 (Richard, 6-1-09, “Adaptive Policymaking: Evolving and Applying Emergent Solutions for U.S. Communications Policy,” accessed 12-21-13, http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1538andcontext=fclj, hec)
Emergence Economics tells...to such possibilities.
Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty...undermines political effectiveness.
Only way to achieve true change is through policy relevance. Gunnng, deputy director of the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence at the University of Wales 2007 (Jeroen, “A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?” Government and Opposition Volume 42 Issue 3, ebsco, ldg)
The notion of emancipation.... its 'critical' commitment.
Alt cedes the political-people don’t think criticism is useful. Gitlin, PhD in sociology from UC Berkeley, 2005 (Todd, The Intellectuals and the Flag, pg 1-2, ldg)
This book assumes...initiative—resistance is its negative pole.
Extinction inevitable without politics – must have political participation to solve Boyte, PhD in political and social thought the Union Institute, 2003 (Harry, “A Different Kind of Politics John Dewey and the Meaning of Citizenship in the 21st Century”, The Good Society 12.2 (2003) 1-15, project muse, ldg)
Sometimes there is an...transform the equation.21
2/25/14
Endless War Aff - A2 Anarchy
Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindenwood Warma-Johnson | Judge: Ziegler 3) The neg must connect their alternative to policy concerns and institutional practices – absent these questions shifts in knowledge production are useless – governments obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decision-making Wight, University of Sydney Prof of IR, 6 (Colin, “Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology,” pgs. 48-50, googlebooks, hec)
One important aspect of this...its constants and its variables’.
4) Don’t view the 1AC as non-falsifiable – they don’t present evidence about our specific scenarios, default to specificity Whitt, Washington Telecom and Media Counsel at Google, 9 (Richard, 6-1-09, “Adaptive Policymaking: Evolving and Applying Emergent Solutions for U.S. Communications Policy,” accessed 12-21-13, http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1538andcontext=fclj, hec)
Emergence Economics tells us...closed off to such possibilities. Note: edited for language
Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty word... undermines political effectiveness.
Only way to achieve true change is through policy relevance. Gunnng, deputy director of the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence at the University of Wales 2007 (Jeroen, “A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?” Government and Opposition Volume 42 Issue 3, ebsco, ldg)
The notion of emancipation...betraying its 'critical' commitment.
Don’t fear cooption—it prevents from changing the system Zizek, Institute of Social Sciences, University of Ljubjiana, 1998 (Slavoj, Law and the Postmodern Mind, pg 91-92, ldg)
Finally, the point about...can have large unforeseen catastrophic consequences.)
Reformism solves-it changes the systems of power for the better. Dixon, Activist and founding member of Direct Action Network, 2005 (Chris, “Reflections on Privilege, Reformism, and Activism”, 3-6-05, http://www.geocities.com/kk_abacus/ioaa/dixon2.html, ldg)
Evidently sasha doesn't...they give me hope.
And our political strategy must include the state- standing outside risks exclusion Krause et al., Oxford philosophy professor, 1997 (Keith, “Critical security studies: concepts and cases”, xv-xvi, ldg)
These and other critical...contemporary world politics
Their impacts about the state are hype. Claude, UVA IR professor, 1988 (Inis, “Myths about the State”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Jan., 1986), pp. 1-11, JSTOR, ldg)
The state has a widespread...whether the doer is an individual or a collectivity.
State is inevitable – human nature ensures state creation and its key to agency – means the aff internal link turns the agency args Wendt, Ohio State University Political Science professor, 03 (Alexander, “Why a World State is Inevitable,” European Journal of International Relations 2003 9: 491, accessed: 1/23/2014, Sage, ADC)
Against the perpetual war...their own subjectivity.
All their reasons the state is bad are a reason to vote affirmative—engaging means we know the tactics of the oppressor Williams, Civil Rights leader, 70 (Robert F., NAACP North Carolina chapter former president, author of Negroes with Guns, May, “The Black Scholar Interviews: Robert F. Williams,” The Black Scholar, Vol. 1, No. 7, accessed: 2/16/2014, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41163455, ADC)
Williams: It is erroneous...the man's institutions.
Systems of power are inevitable and universal—resistance from inside the system is possible and is the only possibility for transformative potential. Weberman, Central European University Philosophy Professor, 2000 (David, "are freedom and anti-humanism compatible? the case of foucault and butler" Constellations: an international journal of critical and democratic theory, 7.22, gek)
One might well wonder...the existence of freedom.
Fiat is good – key to educational strategy and real world change Streeten, Boston University economics professor, 1999 (Paul, Development, v. 42, n. 2, p 118, ebsco, ldg)
First, Utopian thinking...preserve the status quo.
It is shocking to me how..."pre-fiat" and "post-fiat."
Concrete ethical action like the aff is necessary and good—this precedes ontology and theory, is a necessary condition of subjectivity, and is key to destroy the ideology of genocide. Arnett, Duquesne University Communication Professor, 2003 (Ronald C., "The Responsive 'I': Levinas's Derivative Argument," Argumentation and Advocacy 40.1, pg. 39-43, cab)
Emmanuel Levinas, considered the...of philosophy, but first philosophy" (Levinas, Totality and Infinity 304).
Ontology is a destructive historical fiction – any gateway claims are just tricks based on how we shelve books Shirky, NYU Interactive Telecommunications Program Professor 5 (Clay, March 15, 2005, “Ontology is Overrated”, http://www.itconversations.com/shows/detail470.html, 10/4/12, atl)
There are many ways...locate individual books.
Critiques of law and governmentality fail—they misunderstand the nature of power and pragmatic action trumps theory. Schotel, University of Amsterdam Law Professor, 2005 (Bas, “Defending our legal practices: A legal Critique of Giorgio Agamben's state of exception”, Assistant professor in legal theory, Faculty of Law, University of Amsterdam, Ph.D. Vrije Universiteit Brussel, LLM Columbia University http://dare.uva.nl/document/191053, accessed 1-3-12-AT)
According to Agamben we are...in an open space of human praxis.
Their criticism is a retreat from political change – while kritik can be valuable disconnecting it from policy solutions creates the Left as mere spectators talking philosophy while suffering continues – challenging institutions is the only way to create a better world. McClean, 2001 (David E., Professor of Philosophy Molloy College Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy. http://www.americanphilosophy.org/archives/) gek
Yet for some reason...so-called "managerial class."
Alt cedes the political-people don’t think criticism is useful. Gitlin, PhD in sociology from UC Berkeley, 2005 (Todd, The Intellectuals and the Flag, pg 1-2, ldg)
This book assumes that...is its negative pole.
Extinction inevitable without politics – must have political participation to solve Boyte, PhD in political and social thought the Union Institute, 2003 (Harry, “A Different Kind of Politics John Dewey and the Meaning of Citizenship in the 21st Century”, The Good Society 12.2 (2003) 1-15, project muse, ldg)
Sometimes there is an...transform the equation.21
3/21/14
Endless War Aff - A2 Cap K
Tournament: Jvnovicenationals | Round: 3 | Opponent: James Madison Cooper-Perez | Judge: Waldinger 3) The neg must connect their alternative to policy concerns and institutional practices – absent these questions shifts in knowledge production are useless – governments obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decision-making Wight, University of Sydney Prof of IR, 6 (Colin, “Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology,” pgs. 48-50, googlebooks, hec)
One important aspect of... its constants and its variables’.
4) Don’t view the 1AC as non-falsifiable – they don’t present evidence about our specific scenarios, default to specificity Whitt, Washington Telecom and Media Counsel at Google, 9 (Richard, 6-1-09, “Adaptive Policymaking: Evolving and Applying Emergent Solutions for U.S. Communications Policy,” accessed 12-21-13, http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1538andcontext=fclj, hec)
Emergence Economics tells...off to such possibilities. Note: edited for language
Only way to achieve true change is through policy relevance. Gunnng, deputy director of the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence at the University of Wales 2007 (Jeroen, “A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?” Government and Opposition Volume 42 Issue 3, ebsco, ldg)
The notion of emancipation...its 'critical' commitment.
Capitalism isn’t the root cause- their alt won’t solve Aberdeen, activist and owner of Freedom Tracks Records, 2003 (Richard, “the way: a theory of root cause and solution” http://freedomtracks.com/uncommonsense/theway.html, ldg)
A view shared by many modern... perceived economic “class”.
Critics of cap are wrong- lack of a viable alternative Carden, Rhodes College economics professor, 2004 (Art, "Mistaken Identity,", The Mises Institute Monthly, vol. 24, no. 6, June, www.mises.org/freemarket_detail.asp?control=497andsortorder=articledate, ldg)
It is always the fashion among...can take that to the bank.
U.S. transition from cap sparks great power wars and omnicide Nyquist, WorldNetDaily contributing editor, 2005 (JR, “The Political Consequences of a Financial Crash”, 2-4, www.financialsense.com/stormw...2005/0204.html, DOA: 9-12-11, ldg)
Should the United States experience...and now we must die.”
3/13/14
Endless War Aff - A2 Flex DA
Tournament: Northeastchampionship | Round: 2 | Opponent: New Trevett-Oakley | Judge: Carrasco Obama’s decisions are hurting presidential powers now, even setting the precedent for lower powers in the future – their author Yoo, law professor at the University of California at Berkeley, 13 (John, January 2013, “John Yoo: Diminishing the Presidency”, accessed 9/18/13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323375204578271681410646810.html, vc)
A year ago this month...he changes course.
Flex link is completely illegitimate AND Yoo is wrong Streichler, Adjunct Faculty at Seattle Univ School of Law, 8 (Stuart, PhD at Johns Hopkins, “Mad about Yoo, or Why Worry about the Next Unconstitutional War”, accessed 10-2-13, http://faculty.washington.edu/sstreich/documents/madaboutyoo.pdf, hec)
When Yoo discusses the...been roundly criticized.237
Unipolarity will end-3 reasons. Haass, President of the council on foreign relations, 2008 (Richard, “The Age of Nonpolarity”, Foreign Affairs, May/June Vole 87 Issue 3, ebsco, ldg)
But even if great-power...than a recession.
Alt cause- Syria kills US heg Leverett, Penn State Prof and American University Senior Lecturer, 13 (Flynt, professor of international affairs at Pennsylvania State University’s School of International Affairs, Ph.D. in politics from Princeton University and is a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the International Institute for Strategic Studies, and Hillary Mann, CEO of STRATEGA, 8-30-13, “Syria and the Waning of American Hegemony,” da 9-5-13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/flynt-and-hillary-mann-leverett/syria-and-the-waning-of-a_b_3844292.html, mee)
With these positions...the United States.
Hegemony collapses the economy-creates systemic imbalances – turns their Zhang card Mastanduno, government professor at Dartmouth, 2009 (Michael, “System Maker and Privilege Taker U.S. Power and the International Political Economy”, World Politics, Volume 61 Number 1, project muse, ldg)
The ability of the United...of adjustment on the others.
Hegemony causes imperial violence – there are no global threats – violence is inevitable because US scenario planning is grounded in pursuing constructed threats – causes error replication that culminate in eternal warfare Engelhardt, Nation Institute fellow, 2012 (Tom, “Overwrought empire: The discrediting of US military power”, 10-12, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/20121010104331399712.html, DOA: 2-17-13, ldg)
And here's the odd...they can't help themselves.
2/25/14
Endless War Aff - A2 Heg DA
Tournament: Jvnovicenationals | Round: 3 | Opponent: James Madison Cooper-Perez | Judge: Waldinger Unipolarity will end-3 reasons. Haass, President of the council on foreign relations, 2008 (Richard, “The Age of Nonpolarity”, Foreign Affairs, May/June Vole 87 Issue 3, ebsco, ldg)
But even if great-power...things than a recession.
Hegemony causes imperial violence – violence is inevitable because US scenario planning is grounded in pursuing constructed threats – causes error replication that culminate in eternal warfare Engelhardt, Nation Institute fellow, 2012 (Tom, “Overwrought empire: The discrediting of US military power”, 10-12, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/20121010104331399712.html, DOA: 2-17-13, ldg)
And here's the odd thing...they can't help themselves.
Empirically, heg doesn’t solve conflict Hachigan and Sutphen 2008 (Nina and Monica, Stanford Center for International Security, The Next American Century, p. 168-9, ldg)
In practice, the strategy...China is modernizing its military.
Are the Republicans...ride his vetoes. That is unless weak Democrats cave. Could happen.) Instead, they will work toward regaining the White House in 2016. Why is the GOP-led Congress so against this administration?
But there’s one more argument...wallets rather than our own.
3/13/14
Endless War Aff - A2 Monster K
Tournament: Jvnovicenationals | Round: 9 | Opponent: George Mason Brown-Kostiuk | Judge: Leeson-Schatz, Shook, Warne 3) The neg must connect their alternative to policy concerns and institutional practices – absent these questions shifts in knowledge production are useless – governments obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decision-making Wight, University of Sydney Prof of IR, 6 (Colin, “Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology,” pgs. 48-50, googlebooks, hec)
One important aspect of...its constants and its variables’.
4) Specificity outweighs generic epistemology indicts-generic critique doesn’t discount acquired knowledge. Kratochwil, European University Institute IR professor, 2009 (Friedrich, The Puzzle of Politics, pg 200-3, ldg)
In what follows, I claim...of familiar products.
Ethical decisions must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty word...undermines political effectiveness.
Suffering outweighs- only concrete action solves Ling, New School International Affairs professor, 2001 (LHM, Post-Colonial International Relations: Conquest and Desire Between Asia and the West, pg 59-60, ldg)
Without concrete action for...to do anything about it' (Spegele, 1992: 174).
Only way to achieve true change is through policy relevance. Gunnng, deputy director of the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence at the University of Wales 2007 (Jeroen, “A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?” Government and Opposition Volume 42 Issue 3, ebsco, ldg)
The notion of emancipation...challenge to critical security studies.
Political game-playing and simulative engagement is the only way to radical agonism Tally, Texas State University Professor of English, 07 (Robert T, “The Agony of the Political,” Post Modern Culture 17.2, Review of: Chantal Mouffe, On the Political. London: Routledge, 2005, 9/30/12, atl)
Mouffe's image of a we/they...It must change the game.
No root cause. Blaming systems of thought or action is pointless. Violence is always proximately caused. Cutler, Southwest State philosophy professor, 1997 (Hugh Mercer, “Rediscovering values: coming to terms with Postmodernism”, Netlibrary, p. 164-165)
At the same time, we must beware... problems with postmodernism, however.
The kritik assumes that power structures are diffuse and pervasive and cannot be identified in specific or concrete ways. An analysis of and engagement with the political economy is necessary to an identification and understanding of power relations—the aff is a pre-requisite to the kritik. Best, University of Texas El Paso Philosophy Professor, 1991 (Steven, Postmodern Theory: Critical Investigations, Guilford Press, pg. 124-125) cab
For Baudrillard, the mutation...one-sided perspectives on contemporary society (see Chapter 8).
The criticism reduplicates simulation at a deeper and more dangerous level—hiding it from view and entrenching it in uniquely worse ways than the aff and the status quo Cole, Alberta University Sociology Instructor, 2009 (Steven James, Ph.D., "Sound Judgments: An Aural Critique of Jean Baudrillard," Ph.D. Dissertation at University of Alberta, accessed from UMI database, pg. 208-212) cab
While methodology thwarts..."better" theories that are nonetheless fallible.
They confuse truth with claims of truth – the fact that some truth claims are wrong just proves that we should search harder to find the real truth. Sokal, NYU physics professor, 1997 (Alan, “A Plea for Reason, Evidence and Logic”, New Politics 6(2), Winter, http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/nyu_forum.html, ldg)
Too many academics, secure... not in spite of it.
Their method amounts to sloppy thinking—objecitve reality exists, there are some universal udnrestanadings about the way it works, and denying that means that we can never engage socially or politically to solve stuff Sokal, NYU physics professor, 1996 (Alan, “A Physicist Experiments With Cultural Studies”, http://www.physics.nyu.edu/sokal/lingua_franca_v4/lingua_franca_v4.html, ldg)
Why did I do it? While... truth and falsity.
3/13/14
Endless War Aff - A2 Neolib
Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 1 | Opponent: Capital Council-Lawson | Judge: Scher 3) The neg must connect their alternative to policy concerns and institutional practices – absent these questions shifts in knowledge production are useless – governments obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decision-making Wight, University of Sydney Prof of IR, 6 (Colin, “Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology,” pgs. 48-50, googlebooks, hec)
One important aspect of...its constants and its variables’.
4) Don’t view the 1AC as non-falsifiable – they don’t present evidence about our specific scenarios, default to specificity Whitt, Washington Telecom and Media Counsel at Google, 9 (Richard, 6-1-09, “Adaptive Policymaking: Evolving and Applying Emergent Solutions for U.S. Communications Policy,” accessed 12-21-13, http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1538andcontext=fclj, hec)
Emergence Economics tells...closed off to such possibilities. Note: edited for language
Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty...undermines political effectiveness.
Only way to achieve true change is through policy relevance. Gunnng, deputy director of the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence at the University of Wales 2007 (Jeroen, “A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?” Government and Opposition Volume 42 Issue 3, ebsco, ldg)
The notion of emancipation...betraying its 'critical' commitment.
Masking link is wrong Double-bind- either Obama makes masking inevitable OR its always see-through and doesn’t matter Martin, World Socialist Web Site, 9 (Patrick, published by the International Committee of the Fourth International, "Obama in Cairo: A New Face for Imperialism," 6-5-9, www.wsws.org/articles/2009/jun2009/pers-j05.shtml, accessed 11-18-11, mss)
Obama in Cairo: a new face for...image of the United States.
Discount their impacts-prior assumptions dispose them to pessimism-better to adapt globalization for the better and prefer specificity. Aisbett, Crawford School of Economics and Government lecturer, 2007 (Emma, “Why Are the Critics So Convinced That Globalization Is Bad for the Poor?”, March, http://www.nber.org/chapters/c0113.pdf, DOA: 8-17-12, ldg)
My first experience of...it direction and purpose.
No root cause to neolib Larrivee, Mount St. Mary’s Economics professor, 10 (John, University of Wisconsin Economics Ph.D. “A Framework for Moral Analysis of Markets.” 2010. http://www.teacheconomicfreedom.org/files/larrivee-paper-1.pdf. Accessed: 1/11/2013. ADC)
The Second Focal Point...the degree theorized.
Collapse is worse for all their impacts---causes extinction of every other species and then humans Monbiot, visiting Environmental Policy professorship at Oxford, 2009 (George, “Is there any point in fighting to stave off industrial apocalypse?”, 8-17, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cif-green/2009/aug/17/environment-climate-change, DOA: 8-16-12, ldg)
The interesting question...because you think it isn't.
Neolib solves warming-allows the greatest adaptive capacity and improves human wellbeing that overwhelms negative effects. Goklany, Assistant Director for Science and Technology Policy, 2007 (Indur, “IS A RICHER-BUT-WARMER WORLD BETTER THAN POORER-BUT-COOLER WORLDS?”, http://www.ce.cmu.edu/~gdrg/readings/2006/02/14/Goklany_160.pdf, DOA: 8-17-12, ldg)
Table 10 indicates...exacerbated by climate change (Goklany, 2005, 2007a).
Failure to solve warming causes extinction – geological history proves Bushnell, NASA Langley Research Center chief scientist, 10 (Dennis M. has a MS in mechanical engineering, won the Lawrence A. Sperry Award, AIAA Fluid and Plasma Dynamics Award, the AIAA Dryden Lectureship, and is the recipient of many NASA Medals for outstanding Scientific Achievement and Leadership, "Conquering Climate Change," The Futurist 44. 3, May/Jun 2010, ProQuest, accessed 10-3-12, mtf)
Unless we act, the next... they're actually conservative.
Their impacts about the state are hype. Claude, UVA IR professor, 1988 (Inis, “Myths about the State”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Jan., 1986), pp. 1-11, JSTOR, ldg)
The state has a widespread...an individual or a collectivity.
All their reasons the state is bad are a reason to vote affirmative—engaging means we know the tactics of the oppressor Williams, Civil Rights leader, 70 (Robert F., NAACP North Carolina chapter former president, author of Negroes with Guns, May, “The Black Scholar Interviews: Robert F. Williams,” The Black Scholar, Vol. 1, No. 7, accessed: 2/16/2014, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41163455, ADC)
Williams: It is erroneous...the man's institutions.
Alt cedes the political-people don’t think criticism is useful. Gitlin, PhD in sociology from UC Berkeley, 2005 (Todd, The Intellectuals and the Flag, pg 1-2, ldg)
This book assumes that political...initiative—resistance is its negative pole.
Extinction inevitable without politics – must have political participation to solve Boyte, PhD in political and social thought the Union Institute, 2003 (Harry, “A Different Kind of Politics John Dewey and the Meaning of Citizenship in the 21st Century”, The Good Society 12.2 (2003) 1-15, project muse, ldg)
Sometimes there is an intractable...transform the equation.21
3/21/14
Endless War Aff - A2 Patent Politics
Tournament: Jvnovicenationals | Round: 3 | Opponent: James Madison Cooper-Perez | Judge: Waldinger No impact to patents – impacts are industry-fueled hype, not outside historical trends, don’t cost society, and don’t slow tech Merbeth, chief policy counsel, Intellectual Ventures, 2-18 (Russ,“Five Fairy Tales To Quash in 2014,” 2-18-14, http://www.intellectualventures.com/insights/archives/five-fairy-tales-to-quash-in-2014, DOA: 2-22-14, ara)
As Congress and regulators... big corporate infringers.
Now that the smoke has...against them politically.
Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war Jervis, Columbia University Political Science and International and Public Affairs Professor, 2011 (Robert, December, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425, d/a 2-8-13, ads)
Even if war is still seen...it will not make war thinkable.
3/13/14
Endless War Aff - A2 Queer Theory
Tournament: Jvnovicenationals | Round: 2 | Opponent: George Mason Melton-Thomas | Judge: Glass 3) The neg must connect their alternative to policy concerns and institutional practices – absent these questions shifts in knowledge production are useless – governments obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decision-making Wight, University of Sydney Prof of IR, 6 (Colin, “Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology,” pgs. 48-50, googlebooks, hec)
One important aspect of...its constants and its variables’.
4) Don’t view the 1AC as non-falsifiable – they don’t present evidence about our specific scenarios, default to specificity Whitt, Washington Telecom and Media Counsel at Google, 9 (Richard, 6-1-09, “Adaptive Policymaking: Evolving and Applying Emergent Solutions for U.S. Communications Policy,” accessed 12-21-13, http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1538andcontext=fclj, hec)
Emergence Economics tells...to such possibilities. Note: edited for language
Concrete ethical calls to action precede all theory and ontology—investigations of being, subjectivity, and the self are undecidable and fail to issue in a determinate ethic—only embracing the concrete responsibility to the other ungrounds the modern tyranny of the ego. Davis, University of Texas rhetoric professor, 2010 (Diane, Inessential Solidarity, U. of Pittsburgh Press, pg. 9-15, cab)
"To begin with," Nancy...is first philosophy.
Perm do both – The plan and the alternative are not mutually exclusive – oppositional strategies must include the state as well as individual responses. Kirsch, professor comparative studies Florida Atlantic, 2000 (Max H, QUEER THEORY AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 117-118)
Strategy in this context...productive power.
Embracing the absolute negative queerness rejects all identity Fontenot, professor of literature at UC Santa Barbara 2006 (Andrea, “No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive (review)”, Modern Fiction Studies 52.1 (2006) 252-256, p. Muse)
Lee Edelman's latest...and profoundly disruptive, unintelligibility.
They are the only ones creating the distinction between human and non-human animals in this round. By reifying this binary they kill their alt’s potential to solve and replicate the harms of the 1AC Butler, European Graduate School Philosophy professor, 09 (Judith, “Frames of War,” accessed: 2/19/2014, http://humanities.wisc.edu/assets/misc/Butler.pdf, ADC)
In the same way...not a human animal.
Alternative needs to be situated within the realm of the political, or the alternative crushes individual agency. Kirsch, professor comparative studies Florida Atlantic, 2000 (Max H, QUEER THEORY AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 123)
Because much of Queer... element of political relationships.
Empirically, incremental calls for change can open the space for queer liberation Kirsch, professor comparative studies Florida Atlantic, 2000 (Max H, QUEER THEORY AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 16-17)
Thus gains have not...learn from them remains.
Queer politics requires pragmatic assessment of institutional consequences Phelan, political science professor at New Mexico, 2000 (Shane “Queer Liberalism” American Political Science Review, 94:2, Academic Onefile, ldg)
There is more challenge in... difference in modern democracies.
Their rejection ignores the crucial components of energy and agency for queer strategy. Hall, English professor at West Virginia, 2006 (Donald, Imagining Queer Studies Out of the Doldrums” Chronicle of Higher Education 9-15 53 (4), ebsco, ldg)
But the question remains...actually get us there.
Queer theory identifies with an ideal asexual being that reproduces exclusion Green, assistant professor of sociology at the University of Toronto, 02 (Adam Isaiah, Gay but Not Queer: Toward a Post-Queer Study of Sexuality, Theory and Society, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Aug., 2002), pp. 521-545, 9/1/11, atl)
Yet, despite its laudable...the "social" - in shaping the "sexual.
Their psychoanalytic framing of queerness fails – queerness is not outside of society or the “asymbolic” queer communities have formed alternative communities within society Brenkman, English professor at CUNY, 2002 (John, “Queer Post-Politics”, Narrative 10.2 (2002) 174-180, project muse, ldg)
What I want to question..."logic" or "mechanism" of the psyche.
The decades-long relationship....the possibilities of engagement.
3/13/14
Endless War Aff - A2 Terror DA
Tournament: Northeastchampionship | Round: 2 | Opponent: New Trevett-Oakley | Judge: Carrasco Al Qaeda is finished – affiliate groups don’t have resources or connections – IF we win uniqueness – that proves the aff is key to disrupting the cycle that the US justifies waging war Cortright, Peace Policy Contributor, 3-28-13 (David, “A Conference to Assess Drone Warfare,” http://peacepolicy.nd.edu/2013/03/28/assessing-drone-warfare/, accessed 8-6-13, hec)
THE STATUS OF AL QAEDA Conditions...9/11 terrorist attacks.
Drones cause anti-American sentiment, sectarianism and violence – only completely stopping them solves Ahmed, American University Islamic Studies chair, 13 (Akbar, former Pakistani high commissioner to Britain, “The Drone War is far from over” 5-30-13 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/31/opinion/the-drone-war-is-far-from-over.html?_r=0 accessed: 7-26-13 mlb)
Drone strikes like...I took it quickly.”
Terrorism studies rely on politically motivated expertism that justifies the security state—reject their knowledge claims Raphael, Kingston IR professor, 2009 (Sam, Critical terrorism studies, pg 50-1, ldg)
Bin Ladin’s and al-Zawahiri’s...number of casualties.
Four reasons nuclear terrorism is unlikely and predictions are alarmist – empirics Fay, PhD Student at Temple University, 13 (Matt, 7-18-13, “The Ever-Shrinking Odds of Nuclear Terrorism,” accessed 9-29-13, webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HoItCUNhbgUJ:hegemonicobsessions.com/3Fp3D902+andcd=1andhl=enandct=clnkandgl=usandclient=firefox-a, hec)
For over a decade now... assessments indicate it should.
Terrorism studies are methodologically bankrupt—They refuse to consider the militants perspective, are based on biased secondary information, and consider all civilians as terrorist supporters. Shika, Social Anthropology Ass. Professor, ‘9 (Jeffrey A. PhD from UC Berkeley “The Contribution of Anthropology to critical terrorism studies” Chapter 8 of Critical Terrorism Stuides: Framing a New Research Agenda” accessed: 12-28-12 mlb)
I concluded my ethnography... of anti-state violence.
2/25/14
Endless War Aff - A2 XO CP
Tournament: Jvnovicenationals | Round: 2 | Opponent: George Mason Melton-Thomas | Judge: Glass Executive cannot remedy changes on its own – must have Congressional involvement Bernstein, Univ. of Chicago Law Prof, 12 (Anya, “Congressional Will And The Role Of The Executive In Bivens Actions: What Is Special About Special Factors,” accessed 9-28-13, http://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol45p719.pdf, hec)
Of course, the judiciary...judiciary and the legislature.
Fails – not perceived and doesn’t affect future presidencies Eland, The Independent Institute Director of the Center on Peace and Liberty, 13 (Ivan, 6-4-13, “Dangerous Precedent of Drone Wars,” accessed 9-16-13, http://consortiumnews.com/2013/06/04/dangerous-precedent-of-drone-wars/, hec)
Prior to the 2012 election...as their unfortunate precedent.
The Obama administration has... whom it would be enforced?
Future presidents will roll back Harvard Law Review, 12 ("Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority," accessed 9-15-13, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf, hec)
Judges around the world...courts in modern democracies."
Courts link to politics Harrison, Jenner and Block Litigation associate, 2005 (Lindsay, “Does the Court Act as "Political Cover" for the Other Branches?” 11-18 legaldebate.blogspot.com, ldg)
While the Supreme Court...reason, received the attention of the public.
Drone courts violate the separation of power- interferes with ongoing military operations AND links to heg Vladeck, professor of law at American University Washington College, 13 (Steve Vladeck, J.D., Yale Law School, senior editor of the Journal of National Security Law and Policy, “ Why a “Drone Court” Won’t Work–But (Nominal) Damages Might…”,February 10, 2013 PM, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/, accessed 8/5/13,vc)
In my view, the adversity...competence to do so.
Separation of Powers protects from tyranny Eaton et al., professor of politics at UC Santa Cruz, 2002 (Kent, “Presidentialism And, Or, and Versus Parliamentarism: The State of the Literature and an Agenda for Future Research”, http://www.quezon.ph/wp-content/uploads/2006/09/Samuels-Eaton.pdf, ldg)
The authors of the...less dramatic under presidentialism.
A drone court would...unnecessary and un-American.”
3/19/14
Geography Aff - ADA - A2 LOAC Turn
Tournament: Adanationals | Round: 9 | Opponent: George Mason Melton-Thomas | Judge: Atchison, Bagwell, Foley Plan solves unconstrained geographic war that destroys LOAC Radin, Visiting Research Scholar at the Naval War College, 13 (Sasha, “Global Armed Conflict? The Threshold of Extraterritorial Non-International Armed Conflicts,” accessed 12-19-13, www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/311c6f17-ee69-4870-a00d-b7d845e4387c/Global-Armed-Conflict--The-Threshold-of-Extraterri.aspx, hec)
State sovereignty was another...solution to these issues.
The White House has quietly...public opinion overseas.”
CP links to politics Bennett, Managing Editor of Lawfare, 13 (John, 4-21, “McCain, Feinstein Split Over Shifting Strike UAV Program to Military”, date accessed: 9-16-13, http://mobile.defensenews.com/article/303190025, LMM)
WASHINGTON -- Two influential U.S. senators...carry it out that way."
3/13/14
Geography Aff - Navy - Round 7 - A2 Iran PTX
Tournament: Navy | Round: 7 | Opponent: George Mason Jalbuena-Nijjar | Judge: Pointer Will pass – sanctions key to negotiations, Obama not key, AND if it does pass, Obama plans to veto Terbush, The Week, 1-16 (Jon, “Should Congress stop meddling with the Iranian nuclear talks?,” accessed 1-18-14, http://theweek.com/article/index/255168/should-congress-stop-meddling-with-the-iranian-nuclear-talks, hec)
But many in Congress are trying... to "in any way impede the ongoing negotiation."
Senator Richard Durbin faulted...problems than we’re solving.”
Plan boosts Obama’s credibility without triggering a fight over authority Kriner, Assistant Prof of Political Science at Boston University, 10 (Douglas, “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War,” accessed 9-27-13, pg. 59-60, hec)
Presidents and politicos alike...or the constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution."36
Obama has zero PC for anything Finkel, International Viewpoint, 1-15 (David, editor of Against the Current, “Will the Iran deal hold?” 1-15-14, http://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article3239, DOA: 1-17-14, ara)
The spectacular disaster of...administration’s deal with Iran.
President Barack Obama’s pledge...of the options could require congressional approval.
2/18/14
Geography Aff - Navy - Round 7 - A2 Queer Theory
Tournament: Navy | Round: 7 | Opponent: George Mason Jalbuena-Nijjar | Judge: Pointer Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty word or ...it undermines political effectiveness.
Concrete ethical calls to action precede all theory and ontology—investigations of being, subjectivity, and the self are undecidable and fail to issue in a determinate ethic—only embracing the concrete responsibility to the other ungrounds the modern tyranny of the ego. Davis, University of Texas rhetoric professor, 2010 (Diane, Inessential Solidarity, U. of Pittsburgh Press, pg. 9-15, cab)
"To begin with," Nancy writes...them both. Rhetoric, I submit, is first philosophy.
Perm do both – The plan and the alternative are not mutually exclusive – oppositional strategies must include the state as well as individual responses. – takes out state link Kirsch, professor comparative studies Florida Atlantic, 2000 (Max H, QUEER THEORY AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 117-118)
Strategy in this context consists...daily existence and in the realm of social and productive power.
Don’t view the 1AC as non-falsifiable – they don’t present evidence about our specific scenarios, default to specificity Whitt, Washington Telecom and Media Counsel at Google, 9 (Richard, 6-1-09, “Adaptive Policymaking: Evolving and Applying Emergent Solutions for U.S. Communications Policy,” accessed 12-21-13, http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1538andcontext=fclj, hec)
Emergence Economics tells us that...deal with change than a mind closed off to such possibilities. Note: edited for language
No root cause. Blaming systems of thought or action is pointless. Violence is always proximately caused. Cutler, Southwest State philosophy professor, 1997 (Hugh Mercer, “Rediscovering values: coming to terms with Postmodernism”, Netlibrary, p. 164-165)
At the same time, we must beware...problems with postmodernism, however.
Alternative needs to be situated within the realm of the political, or the alternative crushes individual agency. Kirsch, professor comparative studies Florida Atlantic, 2000 (Max H, QUEER THEORY AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 123)
Because much of Queer theory...element of political relationships.
Empirically, incremental calls for change can open the space for queer liberation Kirsch, professor comparative studies Florida Atlantic, 2000 (Max H, QUEER THEORY AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 16-17)
Thus gains have not been...learn from them remains.
Queer politics requires pragmatic assessment of institutional consequences Phelan, political science professor at New Mexico, 2000 (Shane “Queer Liberalism” American Political Science Review, 94:2, Academic Onefile, ldg)
There is more challenge in Steven...difference in modern democracies.
Their psychoanalytic framing of queerness fails – queerness is not outside of society or the “asymbolic” queer communities have formed alternative communities within society Brenkman, English professor at CUNY, 2002 (John, “Queer Post-Politics”, Narrative 10.2 (2002) 174-180, project muse, ldg)
What I want to question here is the idea..."logic" or "mechanism" of the psyche.
A study of drone strike ..., "Sunlight is the best disinfectant."
2/18/14
Geography Aff - UGA - Round 4 - A2 Security K
Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 4 | Opponent: Florida Daskalakis-Persico | Judge: OGorman Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty word...undermines political effectiveness.
Don’t view the 1AC as non-falsifiable – they don’t present evidence about our specific scenarios, default to specificity Whitt, Washington Telecom and Media Counsel at Google, 9 (Richard, 6-1-09, “Adaptive Policymaking: Evolving and Applying Emergent Solutions for U.S. Communications Policy,” accessed 12-21-13, http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1538andcontext=fclj, hec)
Emergence Economics tells us that...deal with change than a mind closed off to such possibilities. Note: edited for language
The critical securitization analyst...potentially positive securitizing moves.
Security is good—means the aff solves the K. Booth, Wales International Politics professor, 2005 (Ken, Critical Security Studies and World Politics, pg 22, ldg)
The best starting point for...itself beyond the merely biological.
Reps don’t come first and don’t cause violence Rodwell, Manchester Metropolitan University PhD candidate, 2005 (Jonathan, “Trendy But Empty: A Response to Richard Jackson”, http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/rodwell1.htm, DOA: 11-8-12, ldg)
In this response I wish... and a heuristic model.
Some real existential threats exist—a desecuritization policy can’t solve Floyd, British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow, 2011 (Rita, Ph.D. Warwick University, "Can securitization theory be used in normative analysis? Towards a just securitization theory," Security Dialogue 42, pg. 436) cab
Desecuritization as a normative...threats are best addressed in security mode. .
Realism is inevitable Lipshutz, professor at UC Sanra Cruz, 1998 (Ronnie D., Ph.D. in political science., On Security, this is the introductory chapter to the book of the same name, Colombia University Press, 1998, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/lipschutz/lipschutz11.html). Jt
In the most basic sense...self-defense and, if necessary, war.
Implementation must precede discourse – it’s the most effective way to challenge power, prevent conflict Taft-Kaufman, Professor of Speech at CMU, 1995 (Jill, “Other Ways”; Southern Communication Journal; Spring; Vol. 60, No. 3, ebsco, ldg)
The postmodern passwords of...and the budgets that fuel them.
Alt cedes the political-people don’t think criticism is useful. Gitlin, PhD in sociology from UC Berkeley, 2005 (Todd, The Intellectuals and the Flag, pg 1-2, ldg)
This book assumes that political...is its negative pole.
The decline of the public sphere...that had vanished from civil society. 75
2/18/14
Geography Aff - UGA - Round 4 - A2 Vagueness
Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 4 | Opponent: Florida Daskalakis-Persico | Judge: OGorman And/or means “or” in a legal context Duhaime Legal Dictionary, no date (Duhaime’s Law Dictionary is researched and written by Canadian barrister and solicitor Lloyd Duhaime, "And/Or Definition," http://www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/A/AndOr.aspx, accessed 8-3-12, mtf)
And/Or Definition: Any combination of two options... "monstrous linguistic abomination".
Do you know why we, as humans... and their eyes will be very quickly useless.
2/18/14
Geography Aff - UGA - Round 5 - A2 Callahan
Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 5 | Opponent: West Virginia Flora-Pruden | Judge: Brass Depicting scenarios for extinction creates a fear that drives people to act to stop them – the alt breeds indifference and irresponsibility Grinspoon, Harvard Medical School psychiatry professor, 1986 (Alan, Introduction” The Long Darkness: Psychological and Moral Perspectives on Nuclear Winter pg. 3-6
The late Archibald MacLeish...work for a change.
Callahan concludes survival is a prerequisite to ethics Callahan, Hastings Center Philosopher, 1973 Daniel, THE TYRRANY OF SURVIVAL, Macmillan
These remarks are...which can be borne
Nuclear war is a justified survival claim Callahan, Hastings Center Philosopher, 1973 Daniel, THE TYRRANY OF SURVIVAL, Macmillan
A number of types of...extinction of the species.
2/18/14
Geography Aff - UGA - Round 5 - A2 Security
Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 5 | Opponent: West Virginia Flora-Pruden | Judge: Brass Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty word...undermines political effectiveness.
Don’t view the 1AC as non-falsifiable – they don’t present evidence about our specific scenarios, default to specificity Whitt, Washington Telecom and Media Counsel at Google, 9 (Richard, 6-1-09, “Adaptive Policymaking: Evolving and Applying Emergent Solutions for U.S. Communications Policy,” accessed 12-21-13, http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1538andcontext=fclj, hec)
Emergence Economics tells...off to such possibilities. Note: edited for language
Specificity outweighs generic epistemology indicts-generic critique doesn’t discount acquired knowledge. Kratochwil, European University Institute IR professor, 2009 (Friedrich, The Puzzle of Politics, pg 200-3, ldg)
In what follows, I claim that the... “new and improved” versions of familiar products.
The critical securitization analyst...positive securitizing moves.
No policy failure. Policy and theory do succeed on the basis we use. Harvey, Dalhousie political science professor, 1997 (Frank, The Future’s Back: Nuclear Rivalry, Deterrence Theory, and Crisis Stability after the Cold War”, p. 138-139
Linguistic Relativism. One approach...provides us with is a set of universals and a heuristic model.
‘Terrorist’ is a justified term for anyone who commits an act of terrorism—the aff uses the term narrowly and does not essentialize on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or any group identity Simpson, Ph.D. from Victoria University, 02 (Peter, Simpson has a Ph.D. from Victoria University of Manchester and focuses on Moral and Political philosophy in his research, “The War on Terrorism: its Moral Justification and Limits”, 10-30-02, http://ethics.sandiego.edu/Resources/PhilForum/Terrorism/Simpson.html, accessed 7/28/13, aaw)
There is something else also...must, even by the Taliban’s own admission, be true.
Their epistemology claims are wrong—our scholarship can accurately represent the Orient, and their claims essentializes Western scholarship and reify otherization. Teitelbaum, Moshe Dayan Center for Middle East and African Studies senior fellow, 2006 (Joshua, “Students, Teachers, and Edward Said: Taking Stock of Orientalism”, March, http://www.campus-watch.org/article/id/2493, DOA: 8-14-11, ldg)
The critics did not deny that...an opinion of their own. S
Implementation must precede discourse – it’s the most effective way to challenge power, prevent conflict Taft-Kaufman, Professor of Speech at CMU, 1995 (Jill, “Other Ways”; Southern Communication Journal; Spring; Vol. 60, No. 3, ebsco, ldg)
The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality...agencies, and the budgets that fuel them.
How do we assess future possibilities...of those driving forces.”21
Predictions and scenario-building are key to stop catastrophe—even if systems are complex, linear prediction models are sufficient to solve Garrett, Atlantic Council Strategic Foresight Initiative director, 2012 (Banning, “In Search of Sand Piles and Butterflies”, http://www.acus.org/disruptive_change/search-sand-piles-and-butterflies, DOA: 11-4-12, ldg)
“Disruptive change” that produces...would otherwise miss.
Extinction outweighs- only concrete action solves Ling, New School International Affairs professor, 2001 (LHM, Post-Colonial International Relations: Conquest and Desire Between Asia and the West, pg 59-60, ldg)
Without concrete action for...moral obligation to do anything about it' (Spegele, 1992: 174).
Security is good—means the aff solves the K. Booth, Wales International Politics professor, 2005 (Ken, Critical Security Studies and World Politics, pg 22, ldg)
The best starting point for conceptualizing...beyond the merely biological.
Some real existential threats exist—a desecuritization policy can’t solve Floyd, British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow, 2011 (Rita, Ph.D. Warwick University, "Can securitization theory be used in normative analysis? Towards a just securitization theory," Security Dialogue 42, pg. 436) cab
Desecuritization as a normative...such threats are best addressed in security mode. .
Realism is inevitable Lipshutz, professor at UC Sanra Cruz, 1998 (Ronnie D., Ph.D. in political science., On Security, this is the introductory chapter to the book of the same name, Colombia University Press, 1998, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/lipschutz/lipschutz11.html). Jt
In the most basic sense...and, if necessary, war.
Alt cedes the political-people don’t think criticism is useful. Gitlin, PhD in sociology from UC Berkeley, 2005 (Todd, The Intellectuals and the Flag, pg 1-2, ldg)
This book assumes that political...is its negative pole.
The decline of the public...collective interests that had vanished from civil society. 75
2/18/14
Geography Aff - UGA - Round 5 - Gendered Language
Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 5 | Opponent: West Virginia Flora-Pruden | Judge: Brass The phrase “you guys” subsumes womyn under masculine discoursesubsume women under a masculine discourse. The Writing Center of UNC Chapel Hill, 2010 (The Writing Center, University of North Carolina. “Gender-Sensitive Language.” February 11, 2010. http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/gender.html. MR.). Jt
Like gendered pronouns, gendered nouns...nouns not included in this list.
Gendered language affects the way we think about and choose policies- it limits our options, which destroys the best policy option framework, and produces more violent and militarized decisions – another cedes political arg Tickner, USC School of International Relations professor, 2001. (J. Ann, International Studies Association President and Wellesley College Center for Research on Women research scholar, Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/tia01/tia01_02.pdf) kel
Does the fact that states...from political practice.
2/18/14
Geography Oversight Aff - App State - Round 2 - A2 Sanitization K
Tournament: tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lindenwood Swinford-Warma | Judge: Smith Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty word or an...undermines political effectiveness.
Violence is caused by human nature-not western culture-we can only manage it. Buss and Shackelford, psychology professors at UT Austin and Florida Atlantic, 1997 (David and Todd, “HUMAN AGGRESSION IN EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE”, Clinical Psychology Review. Vol. 17. No. 6, Science Direct, ldg)
ANCIENT HOMINID skeletal remains...toys, current crowding, or the alienation of modern living.
Biopolitical power is inevitable, but modern democratic regimes limit coercive policies, increase liberalization, and provide space for personal autonomy and subjectivity. Claims of fascism are based on a essentialist understanding of government power. Dickinson, professor UC Davis, 2004 (Edward Ross, Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About “Modernity,” Central European History, vol. 37, no. 1, March, project muse, ldg)
In short, the continuities between...radically differing potentials.
Zero risk of endless warfare – preventive war is good Gray, University of Reading Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies, 7 (Colin, July 2007, “The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration”, accessed 10-31-13, http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf, hec)
7. A policy that favors preventive...must be nothing if not pragmatic.
The alt’s naivety results in violence – concrete action is the only way to solve Elshtain, University of Chicago Prof of Social and Political Ethics, 3 (Jean, “Just War Against Terror,” p. 107-111, hec)
Writing shortly after the world...even at the risk of dirtying their hands?
1AR
Representations don’t shape the world—material circumstances and systems of power shape discourse. Mearsheimer, Professor of political science at the University of Chicago, 1995 (John, The False Promise of International Institutions”; International Security; Vol. 19, No. 3;lexis, ldg)
Critical theory maintains that state...appear to be compatible with the theory they are challenging
2/18/14
Geography Oversight Aff - App State - Round 4 - A2 Iran Politics DA
Senator Richard Durbin faulted...more problems than we’re solving.”
Plan boosts Obama’s credibility without triggering a fight over authority Kriner, Assistant Prof of Political Science at Boston University, 10 (Douglas, “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War,” accessed 9-27-13, pg. 59-60, hec)
Presidents and politicos alike have...interests or the constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution."36
Republican and Democratic...as part of an ongoing effort to discredit "Obamacare."
No impact – containment solves Zenko, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council of Foreign Relations, 12 (Micah, 4-5, “Clear and Present Safety: The United States Is More Secure Than Washington Thinks”, Foreign Affairs. New York: Mar/Apr 2012. Vol. 91, Iss. 2; pg. 79, 15 pgs, date accessed: 10-4-13, LMM)
Of course, the gravest concerns...Cold War, the risk of a nuclear attack has increased.”
2/18/14
Geography Oversight Aff - App State - Round 4 - A2 T Increase
Tournament: tournament | Round: 4 | Opponent: George Mason Hoey-Upton | Judge: Rao Increase doesn’t require pre-existence Reinhardt, US Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, circuit judge, 1-25-2006 Stephen, "Jason Ray REYNOLDS; Matthew Rausch, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. HARTFORD FINANCIAL SERVICES GROUP, INC.; Hartford Fire Insurance Company, Defendants-Appellees. Ajene Edo, Plaintiff-Appellant," http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/435/435.F3d.1081.03-35695.04-35279.html, accessed 8-1-10, mss
Specifically, we must decide whether...individual has previously been charged.
Tournament: tournament | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas City Kansas CC Miles-Joseph | Judge: Taylor Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty word...undermines political effectiveness.
Concrete ethical action like the aff is necessary and good—this precedes ontology and theory, is a necessary condition of subjectivity, and is key to destroy the ideology of genocide. Arnett, Duquesne University Communication Professor, 2003 (Ronald C., "The Responsive 'I': Levinas's Derivative Argument," Argumentation and Advocacy 40.1, pg. 39-43, cab)
Emmanuel Levinas, considered the premier...branch of philosophy, but first philosophy" (Levinas, Totality and Infinity 304).
Their criticism is a retreat from political change – while kritik can be valuable disconnecting it from policy solutions creates the Left as mere spectators talking philosophy while suffering continues – challenging institutions is the only way to create a better world. McClean, 2001 (David E., Professor of Philosophy Molloy College Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy. http://www.americanphilosophy.org/archives/) gek
Yet for some reason, at least partially...snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."
Only way to achieve true change is through policy relevance. Gunnng, deputy director of the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence at the University of Wales 2007 (Jeroen, “A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?” Government and Opposition Volume 42 Issue 3, ebsco, ldg)
The notion of emancipation also...its 'critical' commitment.
By denying incremental change, the K keeps us trapped in a society where change can never occur Gitlin, PhD in sociology from UC Berkeley, 2005 (Todd, The Intellectuals and the Flag, pg 135-6, ldg)
From the late New Left point of view...than a Left which dreams of achieving our country.”4
Extinction inevitable without politics – must have political participation to solve – makes the aff a NB to the perm Boyte, PhD in political and social thought the Union Institute, 2003 (Harry, “A Different Kind of Politics John Dewey and the Meaning of Citizenship in the 21st Century”, The Good Society 12.2 (2003) 1-15, project muse, ldg)
Sometimes there is an intractable...abundance and citizen agency, can transform the equation.21
Violence is caused by human nature-not western culture-we can only manage it. Buss and Shackelford, psychology professors at UT Austin and Florida Atlantic, 1997 (David and Todd, “HUMAN AGGRESSION IN EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE”, Clinical Psychology Review. Vol. 17. No. 6, Science Direct, ldg)
ANCIENT HOMINID skeletal remains...toys, current crowding, or the alienation of modern living.
Biopolitical power is inevitable, but modern democratic regimes limit coercive policies, increase liberalization, and provide space for personal autonomy and subjectivity. Claims of fascism are based on a essentialist understanding of government power. Dickinson, professor UC Davis, 2004 (Edward Ross, Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About “Modernity,” Central European History, vol. 37, no. 1, March, project muse, ldg)
In short, the continuities between...modern societies with quite radically differing potentials.
The deployment of the narrative to "expose" their particular experience further extends their fungibility and depolitization Brown, University of California Berkeley prof, 9 (Wendy, Senior Invited Fellow of the Center for Humanities at Cornell University, Ph.D., Political Philosophy, Princeton University, January 2009, “Edgework : Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics: Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics,” accessed Ebsco 9-30-13, p 84-5, mee)
Here is the way this problem unfolds...depoliticizing their conditions. *note- language edited
Narratives condemn those that can’t relate and force those who can to define themselves by suffering Brown, University of California Berkeley prof, 9 (Wendy, Senior Invited Fellow of the Center for Humanities at Cornell University, Ph.D., Political Philosophy, Princeton University, January 2009, “Edgework : Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics: Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics,” accessed Ebsco 9-30-13, p 92-3, mee)
While these practices tacitly...not otherwise available to the sufferer?
Debate teaches argument skills that produce academic success and directly improve quality of life Dickson, Queens College English education professor, 2004 (Randi, “Developing "Real-World Intelligence": Teaching Argumentative Writing through Debate”, The English Journal Vol. 94, No. 1, Re-Forming Writing Instruction (Sep., 2004), pp. 34-40, JSTOR, ldg)
In learning about argument and preparing...significant decisions that people make in their lives.
Policy involvement is inevitable- we need to proactively engage in the language of policy making for movements to be effective Themba-Nixon, Executive Director of The Praxis Project, 2000 (Makani, “Changing the Rules: What Public Policy Means for Organizing”, Colorlines 7-31, lexis, ldg)
The flourish and passion with which...should be. And then we must be committed to making it so.
The K is counterproductive because it finds safety in the strategic planners’ language games. This is the fundamental problem – these language projects provide us with no safety. Chaloupka, political science professor University of Montana, 1992 (William, “Knowing Nukes: The Politics and Culture of the Atom”, p. 19-21, ldg)
We can begin to see the awkward...such a politics works only intermittently, if at all.
Despite intersectionality's theoretical dominance...particular components of their identities in certain contexts.
1AR
‘Terrorist’ is a justified term for anyone who commits an act of terrorism—the aff uses the term narrowly and does not essentialize on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or any group identity Simpson, Ph.D. from Victoria University, 02 (Peter, Simpson has a Ph.D. from Victoria University of Manchester and focuses on Moral and Political philosophy in his research, “The War on Terrorism: its Moral Justification and Limits”, 10-30-02, http://ethics.sandiego.edu/Resources/PhilForum/Terrorism/Simpson.html, accessed 7/28/13, aaw)
There is something else also...Taliban’s own admission, be true.
Reformism is key to prevent aggressive backlash from elites that short circuit the alt entirely. Lifton and Falk, Professor of Psychology at CUNY and professor emeritus of international law at Princeton University, 1982 (Robert and Richmond, “Indefensible Weapons: The Political and Psychological Case against Nuclearism”, pg 264-265, ldg)
This great struggle for global..perseverance and commitment.
Tournament: Clarion | Round: Octas | Opponent: George Mason Hoey-Upton | Judge: Kimball, OGorman, Patrice Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty word or an...undermines political effectiveness.
Senator Richard Durbin faulted...more problems than we’re solving.”
Plan boosts Obama’s credibility without triggering a fight over authority Kriner, Assistant Prof of Political Science at Boston University, 10 (Douglas, “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War,” accessed 9-27-13, pg. 59-60, hec)
Presidents and politicos alike...of the War Powers Resolution."36
Tournament: Clarion | Round: Octas | Opponent: George Mason Hoey-Upton | Judge: Kimball, OGorman, Patrice Perm – do both – CP alone fails – only risk solvency from the perm – gitmo proves Corcoran, New Hampshire School of Law Prof, 11 (Erin M., March 2011, “Obama's Failed Attempt to Close Gitmo: Why Executive Orders Can't Bring About Systemic Change,” accessed 9-18-13, hec)
Finally, this example...future controversial policy changes.
ONLY the power of congress can solve credibility, signal, and modeling Maxwell, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the US Army, 12 (Mark David, Winter 2012, “Targeted Killing, The Law, And Terrorists,” accessed 10-2-13, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html, hec)
The weakness of this theory is that it is not...eschews what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law.
*Only the aff solves – transparency and accountability key to decreasing presidential powers Marshall, Distinguished Professor of Law at UNC, 08 (William P, Education. J.D., University of Chicago, 2008, “ Eleven Reasons Why Presidential Power Inevitably Expands And Why It Matters”, accessed 9/3/13, http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/MARSHALL.pdf)vc
Third, greater efforts must be made...vest unchecked power in the hands of a single individual.
No solvency – XO isn’t binding – can be modified in secret – can’t solve transparency IL Dreyfuss, JD Candidate, 12 (Mike Dreyfuss is a Candidate for Doctor of Jurisprudence “My Fellow Americans, We Are Going to Kill You: The Legality of Targeting and Killing U.S. Citizens Abroad,” 2012, http://www.vanderbiltlawreview.org/content/articles/2012/01/Dreyfuss_65_Vand_L_Rev_249.pdf, DOA: 9-22-13, ara)
Notwithstanding any of the above...he wished to conduct.
ONLY congressional action solves Daskal, Adjucnt Georgetown Prof, 13 (Jennifer, fellow and adjunct prof at Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law at Georgetown University Law Center, April 2013, "The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside of the ’Hot’ Conflict Zone," accessed 9-14-13, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, hec)
The objections to such a proposal...consistency across administrations and time.
Future presidents will roll back Harvard Law Review, 12 ("Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority," accessed 9-15-13, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf, hec)
The recent history of signing statements...Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.
Congress empirically stonewalls Obama – and CP links to politics Drum, Mother Jones Writer, 13 (Kevin, 4-22-13, “Maureen Dowd and Presidential Leverage,” accessed 10-2-13, www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/04/maureen-dowd-and-presidential-leverage, hec)
Finally, there's the most obvious... kiss of death with the party's base.
CP is a rubber stamp – only the aff can solve perception Somin, George Mason Law Prof, 13 (Ilya, 4-23-13, “Hearing on ‘Drone Wars: The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing’: Testimony before the United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights,” accessed 10-2-13, http://www.law.gmu.edu/assets/files/faculty/Somin_DroneWarfare_April2013.pdf, hec)
But any internal executive process...in the United States and abroad.
Congress needs to initiate – executive decisions aren’t viewed as credible Hansen and Friedmen, New England School of Law professors, 09 (Victor and Lawrence M., Hansen served as an associate professor of law at The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School and has a J.D. from Lewis and Clark Law School and a L.L.M from the Judge Advocate General’s School, Friedman was a visiting assistant professor of law at Boston College Law School and a lecturer on law at Harvard Law School and served as a law clerk with the New Hampshire Superior Court and has a J.D. from Boston College Law School and a L.L.M from Harvard Law, 2009, “The Case for Congress: Separation of Powers and the War on Terror”, accessed 10-31-13, http://books.google.com/books?id=baH85Uij7IECandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, aaw)
The problem, of course, is that much...to stand up to an assertive and aggressive president.
*XO’s link to politics and kills all presidential powers – makes perception args irrelevant – history proves Schier, Political Science Prof at Carleton, 11 (Steven, “The Contemporary Presidency: The Presidential Authority Problem and the Political Power Trap Presidential Studies,” accessed 9-19-13, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-5705.2011.03918.x/abstract, hec)
So the “presidential authority problem...modern presidents, and now by Obama.
Credible external oversight key – allows for modeling and crackdown on rogue programs Bashir, PhD candidate at Princeton, 12 (Omar, Department of Politics, 9-24-12, "Who Watches the Drones?" accessed 10-11-13, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones, hec)
Further, the U.S. counterterrorism...their disregard for humanitarian concerns.
Executive fiat is a voter – no comparative lit kills aff ground and real world education – aff authors assume the executive won’t act Pildes et al, NYU Law Constitutional Law professor, 13 (Richard H., 6/1, “Drones and the Dilemma of Modern Warfare,” accessed: 10/3/2013, http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1408andcontext=nyu_plltwp, ADC)
As with all use of lethal force...from much higher levels of generality
Senator Richard Durbin faulted...of the War Powers Resolution."36
Obama has zero PC for anything Finkel, International Viewpoint, 1-15 (David, editor of Against the Current, “Will the Iran deal hold?” 1-15-14, http://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article3239, DOA: 1-17-14, ara)
The spectacular disaster...require congressional approval.
Protectionism inevitable- Summers resignation proves Obama’s pushing Harrison, global macro advisors banking and financial specialist, 10 Edward, "More on My Interview with Former President Bill Clinton," Credit Writedowns, l/n, accessed 9-25-10, mss
Bill Clinton is on...the tone in Washington substantially."
Here historical parallels...danger facing us today.
2/19/14
Geography Oversight Aff - Navy - Round 4 - A2 T Things
Tournament: Navy | Round: 4 | Opponent: James Madison Hadi-Pereira | Judge: Johnson War power is the power to conduct war successfully Baker, Professor of Law, 02 (Thomas E, at Florida International University College of Law, Fall, “A Tribute To The Honorable Procter Hug, Jr.: Civil Rights And Civil Liberties In A Crisis: A Few Pages Of History”, Nevada Law Journal, 3 Nev. L.J. 23, L/N) NJR
At least that is what...its conduct and progress." n15
Counter - Restriction means a limit and includes conditions on action CAA, 08 (Court Of Appeals Of Arizona, Division One, Department A, State Of Arizona, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613 P10 The term "restriction" is not defined by the Legislature for the purposes of the DUI statutes. See generally A.R.S. § 28-1301 (2004) (providing the "definitions" section of the DUI statutes). In the absence of a statutory definition of a term, we look to ordinary dictionary definitions and do not construe the word as being a term of art. Lee v. State, 215 Ariz. 540, 544, ¶ 15, 161 P.3d 583, 587, date accessed: 9-18-13, LMM)
P10 The term "restriction" is not ...interlock device limitation.
Restrictions and regulations can both be prohibitions or limitations—no brightline to their interp Supreme Court of Delaware 83 (THE MAYOR AND COUNCIL OF NEW CASTLE, a municipal corporation of the State of Delaware, Plaintiff Below, Appellant, v. ROLLINS OUTDOOR ADVERTISING, INC., Defendant Below, Appellee, No. 155, 1983, 475 A.2d 355; 1984 Del. LEXIS 324, November 21, 1983, Submitted, April 2, 1984, Decided, date accessed: 9-18-13, LMM)
The term "restrict" is defined as...of those uses already in existence.
Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: James Madison Glomb-Panetti | Judge: Scher Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty word...undermines political effectiveness.
Only way to achieve true change is through policy relevance. Gunnng, deputy director of the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence at the University of Wales 2007 (Jeroen, “A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?” Government and Opposition Volume 42 Issue 3, ebsco, ldg)
The notion of emancipation...betraying its 'critical' commitment.
Realism is inevitable—other states have armed forces and security practices—objective threat assessment is the only rational framework for policy. Lipshutz, professor at UC Sanra Cruz, 1998 (Ronnie D., Ph.D. in political science., On Security, this is the introductory chapter to the book of the same name, Colombia University Press, 1998, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/lipschutz/lipschutz11.html). Jt
In the most basic sense...self-defense and, if necessary, war.
Some real existential threats exist – only the aff solves – Tao cannot possibly morally accommodate to these threats Floyd, British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow, 2011 (Rita, Ph.D. Warwick University, "Can securitization theory be used in normative analysis? Towards a just securitization theory," Security Dialogue 42, pg. 436) cab
Desecuritization as a normative strategy...are best addressed in security mode. .
Taoism can’t inform policy – the nature of the Tao can’t be translated into policy action means the K’s predictions should be rejected Meng, University of Singapore Doctoral Candidate, 04 (Jude, E’ntrepreneurial-Discovery, “Policy and the Tao (Way) of Economic Efficacy: Updating the Wang Bi commentary on the Tao te-Ching,” http://mises.org/journals/scholar/Meng4.pdf, 10/17/12, atl)
There is one staring problem...cannot work as a basis for public policy.
No root cause. Blaming systems of thought or action is pointless. Violence is always proximately caused. Cutler, Southwest State philosophy professor, 1997 (Hugh Mercer, “Rediscovering values: coming to terms with Postmodernism”, Netlibrary, p. 164-165)
At the same time, we must...problems with postmodernism, however.
Taoism cannot possibly justify a negative ballot because it can't justify anything. This is a dictionary definition of the critique linking to itself and it certainly doesn't preclude acting to alleviate suffering Seymour – No Date (Richard, “Tao and morality,” Taoism.net, http://sites.google.com/site/taoismnet/home/supplement/tao-and-morality, 10/17/12, atl)
But what is Taoism’s position?...to do, but nor does it provide excuses for us to do nothing.
Their refusal to address possible catastrophes in the world is more of an attempt of escaping from realities -~-- it’s more productive to work to remove the causes of fear and suffering Gyatso, Buddhist Monk and Internationally renowned teacher, 03 (Geshe Kelsang, “Dealing with Fear What is Fear?”, http://meditationinsantabarbara.org/dealing-with-fear, 10/17/12, atl)
According to Buddhism, there is...spiritual, inner refuge and gradually training the mind.
The alt’s naivety results in violence – concrete action is the only way to solve Elshtain, University of Chicago Prof of Social and Political Ethics, 3 (Jean, “Just War Against Terror,” p. 107-111, hec)
Writing shortly after the world had...even at the risk of dirtying their hands?
Alt cedes the political-people don’t think criticism is useful – makes their impacts inevitable Gitlin, PhD in sociology from UC Berkeley, 2005 (Todd, The Intellectuals and the Flag, pg 1-2, ldg)
This book assumes that political ...initiative—resistance is its negative pole.
The fact remains that by using...the risks to civilians before ordering a strike.
A non-executive framework of transparency and accountability spills over globally Brooks, Georgetown Law Prof, 13 (Rosa, 4-23-13, “The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing,” accessed 10-4-13, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf, hec)
5. Setting Troubling International Precedents Here...rivals, or unwanted minorities?
That causes great power war – traditional checks don’t apply Posner, University of Chicago Law School Prof, 13 (Eric, 5-15-13, "The Killer Robot War is Coming," accessed 11-1-13, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/05/drone_warfare_and_spying_we_need_new_laws.html, hec)
Drones have existed for decades...legal restrictions may need to be tightened.
Is the world about to see a "drone race... to the precedent they're setting.
Turkey has opted to follow US precedent on strikes – norms key to prevent strike against the PKK – it’d collapse negotiations Stein, PhD Candidate at King’s College-London, 13 (Aaron, Nonproliferation Program Director at the Center for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies, 2-26-13, “Turkey’s Negotiations with the Kurdistan Workers’ Party and Armed Drones,” accessed 10-4-13, hec)
Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan...help them grow their voter base.
That collapses the Turkish model Kirisci, Brookings Senior Fellow, 13 (Kemal, TÜS?AD senior fellow and director of the Center on the United States and Europe's Turkey Project at Brookings, 8-15-13, “The Rise and Fall of Turkey as a Model for the Arab World,” accessed 10-4-13, hec)
As the Arab Spring spread from Tunisia...for pluralist democracy, consensus building and tolerance.
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 1 | Opponent: James Madison Hadi-Pereira | Judge: Hennigan Drone courts fail – violates Constitution and zero accountability Epps, University of Baltimore Law Prof., 13 (Garrett, a former reporter for The Washington Post, is a novelist and legal scholar, “Why a Secret Court Won't Solve the Drone-Strike Problem,” 2-16-13, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/02/why-a-secret-court-wont-solve-the-drone-strike-problem/273246/#, accessed 7-30-13, hec)
Washington's idea of the week is a...for the drone-strike decision.
Drone courts violate the separation of power- interferes with ongoing military operations AND links to heg Vladeck, professor of law at American University Washington College, 13 (Steve Vladeck, J.D., Yale Law School, senior editor of the Journal of National Security Law and Policy, “ Why a “Drone Court” Won’t Work–But (Nominal) Damages Might…”,February 10, 2013 PM, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/, accessed 8/5/13,vc)
In my view, the adversity issue...lack the competence to do so.
Separation of Powers protects from tyranny Eaton et al., professor of politics at UC Santa Cruz, 2002 (Kent, “Presidentialism And, Or, and Versus Parliamentarism: The State of the Literature and an Agenda for Future Research”, http://www.quezon.ph/wp-content/uploads/2006/09/Samuels-Eaton.pdf, ldg)
The authors of the US constitution...to be slower and less dramatic under presidentialism.
Peace and democracy are just two sides...of the same coin.
Courts link to politics Harrison, Jenner and Block Litigation associate, 2005 (Lindsay, “Does the Court Act as "Political Cover" for the Other Branches?” 11-18 legaldebate.blogspot.com, ldg)
While the Supreme Court may have...reason, received the attention of the public.
A drone court would have the...new secret court is both unnecessary and un-American.”
Squo strikes destroy cred on a global scale Cavallaro et al, 12 (James-Stanford prof of law, Stephan Sonnenberg-Stanford Clinical Lecturer in the International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic, Sarah Knuckey-professor of international law at NYU’s Global Justice Clinic in the NYU Law School, Sept 2012, “Living Under Drones: Death, Injury, And Trauma To Civilians From Us Drone Practices In Pakistan,” accessed 10-11-13, http://livingunderdrones.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Stanford-NYU-LIVING-UNDER-DRONES.pdf, hec)
The significant global opposition...to tackle pressing global challenges.
The national security... to anticipate some GCC effects.
Extinction Bushnell, NASA Langley Research Center chief scientist, 10 (Dennis M. has a MS in mechanical engineering, won the Lawrence A. Sperry Award, AIAA Fluid and Plasma Dynamics Award, the AIAA Dryden Lectureship, and is the recipient of many NASA Medals for outstanding Scientific Achievement and Leadership, "Conquering Climate Change," The Futurist 44. 3, May/Jun 2010, ProQuest, accessed 10-3-12, mtf)
Unless we act, the next century...they're actually conservative.
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 1 | Opponent: James Madison Hadi-Pereira | Judge: Hennigan Authority is what the president may do not can do Taylor, 96 (Ellen, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online, hec)
The term authority is commonly...and what the agent may do.
Authority is the power to act Court Of Appeals Of Tennessee, 1925 (Eastern Section - October 31, 1925, Decided, Racy Cream Company V. Mary Belle Walden., 1 Tenn. App. 653; 1925 Tenn. App. L/N) NJR
While the circumstances in and of themselves...to express a derivative power."
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 1 | Opponent: James Madison Hadi-Pereira | Judge: Hennigan Counter - Restriction means a limit and includes conditions on action CAA, 08 (Court Of Appeals Of Arizona, Division One, Department A, State Of Arizona, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613 P10 The term "restriction" is not defined by the Legislature for the purposes of the DUI statutes. See generally A.R.S. § 28-1301 (2004) (providing the "definitions" section of the DUI statutes). In the absence of a statutory definition of a term, we look to ordinary dictionary definitions and do not construe the word as being a term of art. Lee v. State, 215 Ariz. 540, 544, ¶ 15, 161 P.3d 583, 587, date accessed: 9-18-13, LMM)
P10 The term "restriction"...interlock device limitation.
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 1 | Opponent: James Madison Hadi-Pereira | Judge: Hennigan Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty word or an...it undermines political effectiveness.
Only way to achieve true change is through policy relevance. Gunnng, deputy director of the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence at the University of Wales 2007 (Jeroen, “A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?” Government and Opposition Volume 42 Issue 3, ebsco, ldg)
The notion of emancipation also...its 'critical' commitment.
Realism is inevitable—other states have armed forces and security practices—objective threat assessment is the only rational framework for policy. Lipshutz, professor at UC Sanra Cruz, 1998 (Ronnie D., Ph.D. in political science., On Security, this is the introductory chapter to the book of the same name, Colombia University Press, 1998, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/lipschutz/lipschutz11.html). Jt
In the most basic sense, what... and, if necessary, war.
Taoism can’t inform policy – the nature of the Tao can’t be translated into policy action means the K’s predictions should be rejected Meng, University of Singapore Doctoral Candidate, 04 (Jude, E’ntrepreneurial-Discovery, “Policy and the Tao (Way) of Economic Efficacy: Updating the Wang Bi commentary on the Tao te-Ching,” http://mises.org/journals/scholar/Meng4.pdf, 10/17/12, atl)
There is one staring problem...as a basis for public policy.
No root cause. Blaming systems of thought or action is pointless. Violence is always proximately caused. Cutler, Southwest State philosophy professor, 1997 (Hugh Mercer, “Rediscovering values: coming to terms with Postmodernism”, Netlibrary, p. 164-165)
At the same time, we must beware...additional problems with postmodernism, however.
Taoism cannot possibly justify a negative ballot because it can't justify anything. This is a dictionary definition of the critique linking to itself and it certainly doesn't preclude acting to alleviate suffering Seymour – No Date (Richard, “Tao and morality,” Taoism.net, http://sites.google.com/site/taoismnet/home/supplement/tao-and-morality, 10/17/12, atl)
But what is Taoism’s position....provide excuses for us to do nothing.
Their refusal to address possible catastrophes in the world is more of an attempt of escaping from realities -~-- it’s more productive to work to remove the causes of fear and suffering Gyatso, Buddhist Monk and Internationally renowned teacher, 03 (Geshe Kelsang, “Dealing with Fear What is Fear?”, http://meditationinsantabarbara.org/dealing-with-fear, 10/17/12, atl)
According to Buddhism, there is unhealthy...spiritual, inner refuge and gradually training the mind.
The alt’s naivety results in violence – concrete action is the only way to solve Elshtain, University of Chicago Prof of Social and Political Ethics, 3 (Jean, “Just War Against Terror,” p. 107-111, hec)
Writing shortly after the world...risk of dirtying their hands?
Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake Forest BrHe | Judge: Arnett, David A2: Agamben
Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate…And it undermines political effectiveness.
Rationalist epistemologies don't cause violence and there is no alternative Jarvis, South Carolina philosophy professor, 2000 (Darryl, “International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism”, Studies in International Relations, pg 179-80, ldg)
As Richard Rorty reminds us, however, "interesting … where scholarly discourse threatens to be nasty and brutish.12
The perm allows an approach that analyzes security rhetoric from multiple identities – promotes pragmatic solvency Charrett, International Catalan Institute for Peace, 9 (Catherine, “A Critical Application of Securitization Theory: Overcoming the Normative Dilemma of Writing Security” 2009. ACCESSED 8/13/13 http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/icip/Continguts/Publicacions/WorkingPapers/Arxius/WP7_ANG.pdf) RAM
The critical securitization analyst, … promotion of potentially positive securitizing moves.
Some real existential threats exist—a desecuritization policy cannot morally accommodate or react to these types of threats—only the aff solves Floyd, British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow, 2011 (Rita, Ph.D. Warwick University, "Can securitization theory be used in normative analysis? Towards a just securitization theory," Security Dialogue 42, pg. 436) cab
Desecuritization as a normative strategy …best addressed in security mode. .
Realism is good—when combined with pragmatic action it can challenge institutional power. Booth, Professor at the University of Wales, 2005 (Ken, Ph.D. in International Politics. Critical Security Studies and World Politics, 2005. pg. 270-71). Jt
The article demonstrates that contrary to the …of the powers-that-be.
Implementation must precede discourse – it’s the most effective way to challenge power, prevent conflict Taft-Kaufman, Professor of Speech at CMU, 1995 (Jill, “Other Ways”; Southern Communication Journal; Spring; Vol. 60, No. 3, ebsco, ldg)
The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality," …, institutions, agencies, and the budgets that fuel them.
Biopolitics and sovereign power are good within a democratic nation-state—democratic citizenship maximizes political agency, mitigates coercion, and provides the necessary conditions of freedom. Dickinson, Professor of History at UC Davis, 04 (Edward Ross, “Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse about "Modernity"”2004 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4547381ACCESSED 9-14-13) RAM
In short, the continuities between early twentieth-century … fact embodied the historical movement of modern
The government's debt ceiling has been the focus of … eventually if the true debt problem is not addressed.
Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war Jervis, Columbia University Political Science and International and Public Affairs Professor, 2011 (Robert, December, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425, d/a 2-8-13, ads)
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security … it will not make war thinkable.
Feinstein is a veteran lawmaker…common ground and solving problems.”
Genuine, prior consultation with Congress is vital to sustainable American foreign policy leadership and presidential flexibility regarding foreign affairs Hamilton 93 (Lee, fmr US Representative—Indiana, CSM, 1/21, lexis)
Congress brings other strengths to … initiative on foreign-policy matters.
Tournament: Gsu | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas City Kansas CC Glanzman-Miles | Judge: Sandoz A2: Queer Theory
There is no democratic citizenship without the state: rejecting the state creates silence in the face of oppression McWilliams, 1995 (Wilson, Carey, Prof of Political Science at Rutgers University and Co-founder of the Institute for the Study of Civic Values, from the book, The Democratic Soul: A Wilson Carey McWilliams Reader, Edited by Patrick J. Deneen and Susan J. McWilliams, 2011, p12-13) mph
For citizenship, in any case, government is… voices against the grey silence of our time.22
Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate … And it undermines political effectiveness.
Rationalist epistemologies don't cause violence and there is no alternative Jarvis, South Carolina philosophy professor, 2000 (Darryl, “International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism”, Studies in International Relations, pg 179-80, ldg)
As Richard Rorty reminds us, however, "… where scholarly discourse threatens to be nasty and brutish.12
Alternative needs to be situated within the realm of the political, or the alternative crushes individual agency. Kirsch, professor comparative studies Florida Atlantic, 2000 (Max H, QUEER THEORY AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 123)
Because much of Queer theory confuses… and this has worked against the essential element of political relationships.
Empirically, incremental calls for change can open the space for queer liberation Kirsch, professor comparative studies Florida Atlantic, 2000 (Max H, QUEER THEORY AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 16-17)
Thus gains have not been quick to dissolve. An insistence…The question of what we can learn from them remains.
We practice queer optimism-not futurism-working to help humanity is key to positive action. Snediker, literature professor Mount Holyoke College, 2006 (Michael, “Queer Optimism”, Postmodern Culture, Volume 16 Number 3, project muse, ldg)
For all the lexical and semantic differences between the above …to queer theory's own perspicacities.
Responsibility to future generations only framework that allows for ethical responsibility. Kurasawa, Professor of Sociology at York University, 2004 (Fuyuki, “Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight”, Constellations Volume 11 Issue 4, Pages 453 – 475, Blackwell, ldg)
What can be done in the face of short-sightedness? …enact the work of preventive foresight.
Queer politics requires pragmatic assessment of institutional consequences Phelan, political science professor at New Mexico, 2000 (Shane “Queer Liberalism” American Political Science Review, 94:2, Academic Onefile, ldg)
There is more challenge in Steven Seidman's Difference Troubles. … position affords the best hope for negotiating sexual difference in modern democracies.
Their rejection of all future-thinking as scapegoating ignores the crucial components of energy and agency for queer strategy. Hall, English professor at West Virginia, 2006 (Donald, Imagining Queer Studies Out of the Doldrums” Chronicle of Higher Education 9-15 53 (4), ebsco, ldg)
But the question remains as to how best …. futures and articulating ways to actually get us there.
Debate over future consequences is more important for queer politics that transcending futurism – we should resist their false analogy between reproductive sex and social reproduction of the future Feit, professor of women’s studies at George Mason, 2005 (Mario, “Extinction Anxieties: Same-Sex Marriage and Modes of Citizenship”, Theory and Event, Volume 8, Issue 3, project muse , ldg)
Warner is thus concerned with the purity of …political strategies for plural queer communities.
Their psychoanalytic framing of queerness fails – queerness is not outside of society or the “asymbolic” queer communities have formed alternative communities within society Brenkman, English professor at CUNY, 2002 (John, “Queer Post-Politics”, Narrative 10.2 (2002) 174-180, project muse, ldg)
What I want to question here is the … "structure" or "logic" or "mechanism" of the psyche.
Perm do both – The plan and the alternative are not mutually exclusive – oppositional strategies must include the state as well as individual responses. Kirsch, professor comparative studies Florida Atlantic, 2000 (Max H, QUEER THEORY AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 117-118)
Strategy in this context consists of the ways… realm of social and productive power.
Embracing the absolute negative queerness rejects all identity Fontenot, professor of literature at UC Santa Barbara 2006 (Andrea, “No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive (review)”, Modern Fiction Studies 52.1 (2006) 252-256, p. Muse)
Lee Edelman's latest work continues the project began in … and profoundly disruptive, unintelligibility.
‘Terrorist’ is a justified term for anyone who commits an act of terrorism—the aff uses the term narrowly and does not essentialize on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or any group identity Simpson, Ph.D. from Victoria University, 02 (Peter, Simpson has a Ph.D. from Victoria University of Manchester and focuses on Moral and Political philosophy in his research, “The War on Terrorism: its Moral Justification and Limits”, 10-30-02, http://ethics.sandiego.edu/Resources/PhilForum/Terrorism/Simpson.html, accessed 7/28/13, aaw)
There is something else also that needs to be …by the Taliban’s own admission, be true.
The foundations upon which hegemonic … American alliance protection” (Ikenberry, 2004: 354)..
*Solvency*
A2: Interbranch Conflict
Interbranch conflict produces better SOP, decision-making and democracy Zeisberg, University of Michigan Political Science professor, 13 (Mariah, 6/21/13, War Powers: The Politics of Constitutional Authority, Princeton University Press, accessed 9/10/13, Google Books, kns)
Clearly the Constitution does not create, in theory or practice, … productive of constitutional authority.
The aff outweighs the K because realism is inevitable—other states have armed forces and security practices—objective threat assessment is the only rational framework for ethical action. These MPX will still exist in the world of the alternative. Lipshutz, professor at UC Sanra Cruz, 1998 (Ronnie D., Ph.D. in political science., On Security, this is the introductory chapter to the book of the same name, Colombia University Press, 1998, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/lipschutz/lipschutz11.html). Jt
In the most basic sense, …, self-defense and, if necessary, war.
Realism is good—when combined with pragmatic action it can challenge institutional power. Booth, Professor at the University of Wales, 2005 (Ken, Ph.D. in International Politics. Critical Security Studies and World Politics, 2005. pg. 270-71). Jt
The article demonstrates that contrary … therefore best understood as a critique of the powers-that-be.
A2: Orientalism Links Their epistemology claims are wrong—our scholarship can accurately represent the Orient, and their claims essentializes Western scholarship and reify otherization. Teitebaum, Moshe Dayan Center for Middle East and African Studies senior fellow, 2006 (Joshua, “Students, Teachers, and Edward Said: Taking Stock of Orientalism”, March, http://www.campus-watch.org/article/id/2493, DOA: 8-14-11, ldg)
The critics did not deny that Western …fearful of developing an opinion of their own. S
There is no democratic citizenship without the state: rejecting the state creates silence in the face of oppression McWilliams, 1995 (Wilson, Carey, Prof of Political Science at Rutgers University and Co-founder of the Institute for the Study of Civic Values, from the book, The Democratic Soul: A Wilson Carey McWilliams Reader, Edited by Patrick J. Deneen and Susan J. McWilliams, 2011, p12-13) mph
For citizenship, in any case, government is indispensible …voices against the grey silence of our time.22
The perm allows an approach that analyzes security rhetoric from multiple identities – promotes pragmatic solvency Charrett, International Catalan Institute for Peace, 9 (Catherine, “A Critical Application of Securitization Theory: Overcoming the Normative Dilemma of Writing Security” 2009. ACCESSED 8/13/13 http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/icip/Continguts/Publicacions/WorkingPapers/Arxius/WP7_ANG.pdf) RAM
The critical securitization analyst, reflective of … potentially positive securitizing moves.
Rationalist epistemologies don't cause violence and there is no alternative Jarvis, South Carolina philosophy professor, 2000 (Darryl, “International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism”, Studies in International Relations, pg 179-80, ldg)
As Richard Rorty reminds us, however, "interesting …where scholarly discourse threatens to be nasty and brutish.12
Alt fails - Some real existential threats exist—a desecuritization policy cannot morally accommodate or react to these types of threats—only the aff provides space for some desecuritization while providing a limited security practice to solve residual threats. Floyd, British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow, 2011 (Rita, Ph.D. Warwick University, "Can securitization theory be used in normative analysis? Towards a just securitization theory," Security Dialogue 42, pg. 436) cab
Desecuritization as a normative strategy … are best addressed in security mode.
Implementation must precede discourse – it’s the most effective way to challenge power, prevent conflict Taft-Kaufman, Professor of Speech at CMU, 1995 (Jill, “Other Ways”; Southern Communication Journal; Spring; Vol. 60, No. 3, ebsco, ldg)
The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality," … agendas, institutions, agencies, and the budgets that fuel them.
Our language can accurately describe the world. Shared meaning successfully fixes reference within a system of rules—this secures the possibility of meaningful discussion and contest even if there is no ultimate referent for language. Knops, University of Birmingham Sociology Professor, 2007 (Andrew, “Debate: Agonism as Deliberation – On Mouffe's Theory of Democracy,” Journal of Political Philosophy 15.1, pg 119ff) cab
As Pitkin explains, Wittgenstein’s version of … we do use these words in similar ways.22
A2: Terror Rhetoric Links ‘Terrorist’ is a justified term for anyone who commits an act of terrorism—the aff uses the term narrowly and does not essentialize on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or any group identity Simpson, Ph.D. from Victoria University, 02 (Peter, Simpson has a Ph.D. from Victoria University of Manchester and focuses on Moral and Political philosophy in his research, “The War on Terrorism: its Moral Justification and Limits”, 10-30-02, http://ethics.sandiego.edu/Resources/PhilForum/Terrorism/Simpson.html, accessed 7/28/13, aaw)
There is something else also that needs to be noted … even by the Taliban’s own admission, be true.
Tournament: JMU | Round: Quarters | Opponent: George Mason Melton-Thomas | Judge: 0Brossmann, Kurr Courts for the aff fail – violates Constitution and zero accountability Epps, University of Baltimore Law Prof., 13 (Garrett, a former reporter for The Washington Post, is a novelist and legal scholar, “Why a Secret Court Won't Solve the Drone-Strike Problem,” 2-16-13, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/02/why-a-secret-court-wont-solve-the-drone-strike-problem/273246/#, accessed 7-30-13, hec)
Washington's idea of the week...for the drone-strike decision.
Courts violate the separation of power- interferes with ongoing military operations AND links to heg Vladeck, professor of law at American University Washington College, 13 (Steve Vladeck, J.D., Yale Law School, senior editor of the Journal of National Security Law and Policy, “ Why a “Drone Court” Won’t Work–But (Nominal) Damages Might…”,February 10, 2013 PM, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/, accessed 8/5/13,vc)
In my view, the adversity...lack the competence to do so.
Separation of Powers protects from tyranny Eaton et al., professor of politics at UC Santa Cruz, 2002 (Kent, “Presidentialism And, Or, and Versus Parliamentarism: The State of the Literature and an Agenda for Future Research”, http://www.quezon.ph/wp-content/uploads/2006/09/Samuels-Eaton.pdf, ldg)
The authors of the US constitution...and less dramatic under presidentialism.
Peace and democracy are just two... of the same coin.
Courts link to politics Harrison, Jenner and Block Litigation associate, 2005 (Lindsay, “Does the Court Act as "Political Cover" for the Other Branches?” 11-18 legaldebate.blogspot.com, ldg)
While the Supreme Court may...attention of the public.
2/19/14
Intelligence Drones Aff - JMU - Quarters - A2 First Priority K
Tournament: JMU | Round: Quarters | Opponent: George Mason Melton-Thomas | Judge: 0Brossmann, Kurr Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty word... political effectiveness.
Realism is good—when combined with pragmatic action it can challenge institutional power. Booth, Professor at the University of Wales, 2005 (Ken, Ph.D. in International Politics. Critical Security Studies and World Politics, 2005. pg. 270-71). Jt
The article demonstrates that...of the powers-that-be.
Positivism is best - focus on epistemology causes a retreat from policy relevance - Houghton, Central Florida IR professor, 2008 (David, “Positivism 'vs' Postmodernism: Does Epistemology Make a Difference?”, International Politics. The Hague: Mar 2008. Vol. 45, Iss. 2, ldg)
As long ago as 1981, Yale...international relations scene today.
Extinction inevitable without politics – must have political participation to solve Boyte, PhD in political and social thought the Union Institute, 2003 (Harry, “A Different Kind of Politics John Dewey and the Meaning of Citizenship in the 21st Century”, The Good Society 12.2 (2003) 1-15, project muse, ldg)
Sometimes there is an intractable... citizen agency, can transform the equation.21
The neg’s focus on liberation re-inscribes the animality of animals – re-entrenches speciesism Kim, UC Irvine political science professor, 2009 (Claire, “Slaying the Beast: Reflections on Race, Culture, and Species”, http://aapf.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/kalfou.pdf, ldg)
Dyson gives a perfunctory...our experience, and our actions
No root cause. Blaming systems of thought or action is pointless. Violence is always proximately caused. Cutler, Southwest State philosophy professor, 1997 (Hugh Mercer, “Rediscovering values: coming to terms with Postmodernism”, Netlibrary, p. 164-165)
At the same time, we must beware...additional problems with postmodernism, however.
Tournament: JMU | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison Montiero-Yim | Judge: Nelson Statutory definition key Farley, Emory University School of Law, 12 (, J.D. with honors, Editor-in-Chief, Emory International Law Review, 2010-2011. M.A., The George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs, 2007, South Texas Law Review, 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385, “ARTICLE: Drones and Democracy: Missing Out on Accountability?”, Winter, 2012, LMM)
Congress should strengthen the WPR regime... against entertaining WPR cases thus far.
Senator Richard Durbin faulted...causing more problems than we’re solving.”
Plan boosts Obama’s credibility without triggering a fight over authority Kriner, Assistant Prof of Political Science at Boston University, 10 (Douglas, “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War,” accessed 9-27-13, pg. 59-60, hec)
Presidents and politicos alike have long...of the War Powers Resolution."36
The government's debt ceiling...if the true debt problem is not addressed.
Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war Jervis, Columbia University Political Science and International and Public Affairs Professor, 2011 (Robert, December, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425, d/a 2-8-13, ads)
Even if war is still seen as evil...it will not make war thinkable.
Tournament: JMU | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison Montiero-Yim | Judge: Nelson Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty word or...undermines political effectiveness.
Only way to achieve true change is through policy relevance. Gunnng, deputy director of the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence at the University of Wales 2007 (Jeroen, “A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?” Government and Opposition Volume 42 Issue 3, ebsco, ldg)
The notion of emancipation also crystallizes...betraying its 'critical' commitment
No root cause. Blaming systems of thought or action is pointless. Violence is always proximately caused. Cutler, Southwest State philosophy professor, 1997 (Hugh Mercer, “Rediscovering values: coming to terms with Postmodernism”, Netlibrary, p. 164-165)
At the same time, we must beware...additional problems with postmodernism, however.
Realism is inevitable—other states have armed forces and security practices—objective threat assessment is the only rational framework for policy. Lipshutz, professor at UC Sanra Cruz, 1998 (Ronnie D., Ph.D. in political science., On Security, this is the introductory chapter to the book of the same name, Colombia University Press, 1998, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/lipschutz/lipschutz11.html). Jt
In the most basic sense, ...and, if necessary, war.
Tournament: JMU | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison Montiero-Yim | Judge: Nelson Counter - Restriction means a limit and includes conditions on action CAA, 08 (Court Of Appeals Of Arizona, Division One, Department A, State Of Arizona, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613 P10 The term "restriction" is not defined by the Legislature for the purposes of the DUI statutes. See generally A.R.S. § 28-1301 (2004) (providing the "definitions" section of the DUI statutes). In the absence of a statutory definition of a term, we look to ordinary dictionary definitions and do not construe the word as being a term of art. Lee v. State, 215 Ariz. 540, 544, ¶ 15, 161 P.3d 583, 587, date accessed: 9-18-13, LMM)
P10 The term "restriction" …interlock device limitation.
Senator Richard Durbin faulted... problems than we’re solving.”
Plan boosts Obama’s credibility without triggering a fight over authority Kriner, Assistant Prof of Political Science at Boston University, 10 (Douglas, “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War,” accessed 9-27-13, pg. 59-60, hec)
Presidents and politicos...of the War Powers Resolution."36
Tournament: JMU | Round: 3 | Opponent: John Carroll Mitschow-Mendes | Judge: Lyle Executive cannot remedy changes on its own – must have Congressional involvement Bernstein, Univ. of Chicago Law Prof, 12 (Anya, “Congressional Will And The Role Of The Executive In Bivens Actions: What Is Special About Special Factors,” accessed 9-28-13, http://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol45p719.pdf, hec)
Of course, the judiciary...and the legislature.
*ONLY the power of congress can solve credibility, signal, and modeling Maxwell, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the US Army, 12 (Mark David, Winter 2012, “Targeted Killing, The Law, And Terrorists,” accessed 10-2-13, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html, hec)
The weakness of this theory...the rule of law.
Only the aff solves – transparency and accountability key to decreasing presidential powers Marshall, Distinguished Professor of Law at UNC, 08 (William P, Education. J.D., University of Chicago, 2008, “ Eleven Reasons Why Presidential Power Inevitably Expands And Why It Matters”, accessed 9/3/13, http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/MARSHALL.pdf)vc
Third, greater efforts must be...power in the hands of a single individual.
For official secrecy abroad...domestic and international support."
CP is normal means Owens and Shephard, 10 (John E.-Govt. Prof at University of Westminister, and Mark- University of Strathclyde School of Govt, 2010, “The Impact of the ‘War on Terror’ on Executive-Legislative Relations in the UK and US: A Comparative Analysis,” accessed 9-15-13, http://www.britishpoliticsgroup.org/BPG202010-Owens-Shephard.pdf, hec)
Notwithstanding some efforts to...the executive in this domain.
Congress empirically stonewalls Obama – and CP links to politics Drum, Mother Jones Writer, 13 (Kevin, 4-22-13, “Maureen Dowd and Presidential Leverage,” accessed 10-2-13, www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/04/maureen-dowd-and-presidential-leverage, hec)
Finally, there's the most...kiss of death with the party's base.
“In an era of polarized parties and ...coming from the incumbent president’s opponents.”
Fails – Future presidents won’t follow Harvard Law Review, 12 ("Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority," accessed 9-15-13, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf, hec)
The recent history of signing statements...and perhaps public opinion, will tell.
Executive fiat is a voter – no comparative lit kills aff ground and real world education – aff authors assume the executive won’t act Pildes et al, NYU Law Constitutional Law professor, 13 (Richard H., 6/1, “Drones and the Dilemma of Modern Warfare,” accessed: 10/3/2013, http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1408andcontext=nyu_plltwp, ADC)
As with all use of lethal force... higher levels of generality.
Tournament: JMU | Round: 3 | Opponent: John Carroll Mitschow-Mendes | Judge: Lyle Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty word...undermines political effectiveness.
Enacting change in the world is key to subjectivity and value to life—social and political action is good, creates shared meaning, and overcomes subject/object dualisms. May, Clemson University Philosophy Professor, 2005 (Todd, "To change the world, to celebrate life," Philosophy Social Criticism 31, pg. 519-531, cab)
To change the world …world up for you.
Only way to achieve true change is through policy relevance. Gunnng, deputy director of the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence at the University of Wales 2007 (Jeroen, “A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?” Government and Opposition Volume 42 Issue 3, ebsco, ldg)
The notion of emancipation also... its 'critical' commitment.
No root cause. Blaming systems of thought or action is pointless. Violence is always proximately caused. Cutler, Southwest State philosophy professor, 1997 (Hugh Mercer, “Rediscovering values: coming to terms with Postmodernism”, Netlibrary, p. 164-165)
At the same time, we must beware...problems with postmodernism, however.
Realism is inevitable—other states have armed forces and security practices—objective threat assessment is the only rational framework for policy. Lipshutz, professor at UC Sanra Cruz, 1998 (Ronnie D., Ph.D. in political science., On Security, this is the introductory chapter to the book of the same name, Colombia University Press, 1998, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/lipschutz/lipschutz11.html). Jt
I have read it multiple times...revisit them four years from now.
QDR fails – too slow to adapt to emerging threats – conceded in cx won’t pass till February – means can’t solve immenent threats in plans – timeframe is immediate to solve our scenarios Daggett, Defense Policy and Budgets specialist, 10 (Stephen, 5/17, “Quadrennial Defense Review 2010: Overview and Implications for National Security Planning,” accessed: 10/10/2013, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R41250.pdf, ADC)
A persistent line of criticism...about long-term planning.
Tournament: JMU | Round: 6 | Opponent: George Mason Mendoza-Nijjar | Judge: Bagwell Obama’s decisions are hurting presidential powers now, even setting the precedent for lower powers in the future – their author Yoo, law professor at the University of California at Berkeley, 13 (John, January 2013, “John Yoo: Diminishing the Presidency”, accessed 9/18/13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323375204578271681410646810.html, vc)
A year ago this month, President...prove to be his historical legacy unless he changes course.
Flex link is completely illegitimate AND Yoo is wrong Streichler, Adjunct Faculty at Seattle Univ School of Law, 8 (Stuart, PhD at Johns Hopkins, “Mad about Yoo, or Why Worry about the Next Unconstitutional War”, accessed 10-2-13, http://faculty.washington.edu/sstreich/documents/madaboutyoo.pdf, hec)
When Yoo discusses the need for... invasion has been roundly criticized.237
Oversight doesn’t determine flexibility-~--tech, elusive enemies and personnel outweigh Holmes, Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, 09 Stephen, April 2009, “The Brennan Center Jorde Symposium on Constitutional Law: In Case of Emergency: Misunderstanding Tradeoffs in the War on Terror”, accessed 9/18/13,lexis Nexis, vc)
Even if the promoters of...least that might be said
3. He's now boxed in for... or similar congressional gamesmanship.
Presidential war powers lead to a state of perpetual warfare- the war on terror is unique- no metrics for measuring if we are winning or when the war will end Weinberger, Associate Professor, Politics and Government, 06 (Seth, 2006, “Presidential War Powers In A never-Ending “War”, Accessed 9/16/13, http://www.academia.edu/174818/Presidential_War_Powers_in_a_Never-Ending_War,vc)
Even if the threat from al Qaeda...be given back to Congress by the President?
For generations reared on the...efforts of any one nation,” Haass says.
Unipolarity will end-3 reasons. Haass, President of the council on foreign relations, 2008 (Richard, “The Age of Nonpolarity”, Foreign Affairs, May/June Vole 87 Issue 3, ebsco, ldg)
But even if great-power rivals have not emerged...can be worse things than a recession.
Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Southern California Purk-Vitzileos | Judge: Susko Conflict is inevitable AND there are too many alt causes to resolve – history proves Davidson, George Mason Assistant Prof, 13 (Janine, March 2013, and#34;Civil-Military Friction and Presidential Decision Making: Explaining the Broken Dialogue,” accessed 9-28-13, Vol. 43, No. 1, hec)
In the 2010 bestselling book, Obama’s Wars... means, only adds more fuel to the flame.
What is going on here? Why do... “good fences make good neighbors.”
Their authors don’t provide a clear, warranted understanding of crisis Hansen, New England Law School Associate Prof, 9 (Victor, Summer 2009, “Symposium: Law, Ethics, And The War On Terror: Article: Understanding The Role Of Military Lawyers In The War On Terror: A Response To The Perceived Crisis In Civil-Military Relations,” accessed 9-28-13, South Texas Law Review, 50 S. Tex. L. Rev. 617, hec)
According to Sulmasy and Yoo, these...this question that we now turn.
Senator Richard Durbin faulted the Obama... causing more problems than we’re solving.”
Plan boosts Obama’s credibility without triggering a fight over authority Kriner, Assistant Prof of Political Science at Boston University, 10 (Douglas, “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War,” accessed 9-27-13, pg. 59-60, hec)
Presidents and politicos alike have... the constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution."36
The government's debt ceiling has... if the true debt problem is not addressed.
Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war Jervis, Columbia University Political Science and International and Public Affairs Professor, 2011 (Robert, December, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425, d/a 2-8-13, ads)
Even if war is still seen as evil... it will not make war thinkable.
Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Southern California Purk-Vitzileos | Judge: Susko Perm – do both – CP alone fails Corcoran, New Hampshire School of Law Prof, 11 (Erin M., March 2011, “Obamaand#39;s Failed Attempt to Close Gitmo: Why Executive Orders Canand#39;t Bring About Systemic Change,” accessed 9-18-13, hec)
Finally, this example highlights that... advancing the Presidentand#39;s future controversial policy changes.
ONLY the power of congress can solve credibility, signal, and modeling Maxwell, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the US Army, 12 (Mark David, Winter 2012, “Targeted Killing, The Law, And Terrorists,” accessed 10-2-13, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html, hec)
The weakness of this theory is that... its greatest safety: the rule of law.
Only the aff solves – transparency and accountability key to decreasing presidential powers Marshall, Distinguished Professor of Law at UNC, 08 (William P, Education. J.D., University of Chicago, 2008, “ Eleven Reasons Why Presidential Power Inevitably Expands And Why It Matters”, accessed 9/3/13, http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/MARSHALL.pdf)vc
Third, greater efforts must be made to... power in the hands of a single individual.
No solvency – XO isn’t binding – can be modified in secret – can’t solve transparency IL Dreyfuss, JD Candidate, 12 (Mike Dreyfuss is a Candidate for Doctor of Jurisprudence “My Fellow Americans, We Are Going to Kill You: The Legality of Targeting and Killing U.S. Citizens Abroad,” 2012, http://www.vanderbiltlawreview.org/content/articles/2012/01/Dreyfuss_65_Vand_L_Rev_249.pdf, DOA: 9-22-13, ara)
Notwithstanding any of the above... whatever activities he wished to conduct.
Future presidents will roll back Harvard Law Review, 12 (and#34;Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority,and#34; accessed 9-15-13, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf, hec)
The recent history of signing statements...147 Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.
CP is normal means Owens and Shephard, 10 (John E.-Govt. Prof at University of Westminister, and Mark- University of Strathclyde School of Govt, 2010, “The Impact of the ‘War on Terror’ on Executive-Legislative Relations in the UK and US: A Comparative Analysis,” accessed 9-15-13, http://www.britishpoliticsgroup.org/BPG202010-Owens-Shephard.pdf, hec)
Notwithstanding some efforts to challenge... to the executive in this domain.
Congress empirically stonewalls Obama – and CP links to politics Drum, Mother Jones Writer, 13 (Kevin, 4-22-13, “Maureen Dowd and Presidential Leverage,” accessed 10-2-13, www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/04/maureen-dowd-and-presidential-leverage, hec)
Finally, thereand#39;s the most ... a kiss of death with the partyand#39;s base.
CP is a rubber stamp – only the aff can solve perception Somin, George Mason Law Prof, 13 (Ilya, 4-23-13, “Hearing on ‘Drone Wars: The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing’: Testimony before the United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights,” accessed 10-2-13, http://www.law.gmu.edu/assets/files/faculty/Somin_DroneWarfare_April2013.pdf, hec)
But any internal executive process ... in the United States and abroad.
XO’s link to politics and kills all presidential powers – makes perception args irrelevant – history proves Schier, Political Science Prof at Carleton, 11 (Steven, “The Contemporary Presidency: The Presidential Authority Problem and the Political Power Trap Presidential Studies,” accessed 9-19-13, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-5705.2011.03918.x/abstract, hec)
So the “presidential authority... presidents, and now by Obama. .
Executive fiat is a voter – no comparative lit kills aff ground and real world education – aff authors assume the executive won’t act Pildes et al, NYU Law Constitutional Law professor, 13 (Richard H., 6/1, “Drones and the Dilemma of Modern Warfare,” accessed: 10/3/2013, http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1408andcontext=nyu_plltwp, ADC)
As with all use of lethal force... from much higher levels of generality
2/18/14
Intelligence Drones Aff - Kentucky - Round 6 - A2 Fem IR
Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wichita State McFarland-Russell | Judge: Davis Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate... And it undermines political effectiveness.
Perm do the plan and all noncompetitive parts of the alt – alt alone fails Donnelly et al., Denver political science professor, 2005 (Jack, “Feminism and International Relations: Which way(s) Forward?”, http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p71431_index.html, DOA: 10-24-11, ldg)
Over the past two decades, feminist...these two strands of feminist work from the past decade.
Perm – do both Consequentialist ethics can incorporate the feminist critique Driver 2005 (Julia, and#34;Consequentialism and Feminist Ethics,and#34; Hypatia vol 20, no 4 Fall, presented at the Society for Analytic Feminism meetings held at the University of Western Ontario, l/n 184-85) gek
The observation that the good life... our relationships with the near and dear.
Patriarchy not the root cause—inseparable from regional conflict and structural conditions Stansell, Princeton history professor, 2010 (Christine, “Global Feminism in a Conservative Age: Possibilities and Pieties Since 1980”, Dissent, April 1st Edition, pg. 51-52, ebsco, ldg)
But at the same time, the use... or recently resurrected.
IR is not masculine, it has a large amount of diversity Jarvis, Lecturer in International Relations, The University of Sydney, 2000 (Daryl, “International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism: Defending the Discipline”, pg 176, ldg)
Cries of victimization and professional... with reference to fact or professional actualities.
Some real existential threats exist—a desecuritization policy cannot morally accommodate or react to these types of threats—only the aff solves Floyd, British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow, 2011 (Rita, Ph.D. Warwick University, and#34;Can securitization theory be used in normative analysis? Towards a just securitization theory,and#34; Security Dialogue 42, pg. 436) cab
Desecuritization as a normative... only, and that some such threats are best addressed in security mode. .
Realism is inevitable—other states have armed forces and security practices—objective threat assessment is the only rational framework for policy. Lipshutz, professor at UC Sanra Cruz, 1998 (Ronnie D., Ph.D. in political science., On Security, this is the introductory chapter to the book of the same name, Colombia University Press, 1998, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/lipschutz/lipschutz11.html). Jt
In the most basic sense, what the... others suggest, self-defense and, if necessary, war.
Realism is good—when combined with pragmatic action it can challenge institutional power. Booth, Professor at the University of Wales, 2005 (Ken, Ph.D. in International Politics. Critical Security Studies and World Politics, 2005. pg. 270-71). Jt
The article demonstrates that contrary to the common interpretation of realism as a theoretical...best understood as a critique of the powers-that-be.
No policy failure. Policy and theory do succeed on the basis we use. Harvey, Dalhousie political science professor, 1997 (Frank, The Future’s Back: Nuclear Rivalry, Deterrence Theory, and Crisis Stability after the Cold War”, p. 138-139
Linguistic Relativism. One approach of postmodernists...know more or less about international relations if we pursued that strategy.
Implementation must precede discourse – it’s the most effective way to challenge power, prevent conflict Taft-Kaufman, Professor of Speech at CMU, 1995 (Jill, “Other Ways”; Southern Communication Journal; Spring; Vol. 60, No. 3, ebsco, ldg)
The postmodern passwords of and#34;polyvocality,and#34; and#34;Otherness,and#34;... institutions, agencies, and the budgets that fuel them.
The abandonment of the political sphere will destroy the feminist movement. Conghan 2000 (Joanne, Kent Law School, University of Kent, and#34;Reassessing the Feminist Theoretical Project in Law,and#34; Journal of Law and Society, Vol. 27, Issue 3, ebsco)
Obviously, as a scholarly engagement...politics cannot/will not follow.
Specificity outweighs generic epistemology indicts-generic critique doesn’t discount acquired knowledge. Kratochwil, European University Institute IR professor, 2009 (Friedrich, The Puzzle of Politics, pg 200-3, ldg)
In what follows, I claim that the shift...agencies, “new and improved” versions of familiar products.
Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wichita State McFarland-Russell | Judge: Davis Shutdown or debt ceiling won’t be resolved – no negotiations – assumes their ev Babington, AP staff writer, 10/6 (Charles, 2013, “How the impasses in Washington might play out,” accessed: 10/6/2013, http://news.yahoo.com/impasses-washington-might-play-015326492~-~-politics.html, ADC)
WASHINGTON (AP) — Key lawmakers and aides on... life on the line for nothing,and#34; Cole said.
Senator Richard Durbin faulted ... we are causing more problems than we’re solving.”
Plan boosts Obama’s credibility without triggering a fight over authority Kriner, Assistant Prof of Political Science at Boston University, 10 (Douglas, “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War,” accessed 9-27-13, pg. 59-60, hec)
Presidents and politicos alike have long...or the constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution.and#34;36
The governmentand#39;s debt ceiling has been... eventually if the true debt problem is not addressed.
*Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war Jervis, Columbia University Political Science and International and Public Affairs Professor, 2011 (Robert, December, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425, d/a 2-8-13, ads)
Even if war is still seen as evil...it will not make war thinkable.
Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wichita State McFarland-Russell | Judge: Davis Counter - Restriction means a limit and includes conditions on action CAA, 08 (Court Of Appeals Of Arizona, Division One, Department A, State Of Arizona, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613 P10 The term and#34;restrictionand#34; is not defined by the Legislature for the purposes of the DUI statutes. See generally A.R.S. § 28-1301 (2004) (providing the and#34;definitionsand#34; section of the DUI statutes). In the absence of a statutory definition of a term, we look to ordinary dictionary definitions and do not construe the word as being a term of art. Lee v. State, 215 Ariz. 540, 544, ¶ 15, 161 P.3d 583, 587, date accessed: 9-18-13, LMM)
P10 The term and#34;restrictionand#34; is not... ignition interlock device limitation.
Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wichita State McFarland-Russell | Judge: Davis Perm – do both Executive cannot remedy changes on its own – must have Congressional involvement Bernstein, Univ. of Chicago Law Prof, 12 (Anya, “Congressional Will And The Role Of The Executive In Bivens Actions: What Is Special About Special Factors,” accessed 9-28-13, http://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol45p719.pdf, hec)
Washingtonand#39;s idea of the week is a...weand#39;d be no closer to accountability for the drone-strike decision.
ONLY the power of congress can solve credibility, signal, and modeling Maxwell, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the US Army, 12 (Mark David, Winter 2012, “Targeted Killing, The Law, And Terrorists,” accessed 10-2-13, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html, hec)
The weakness of this theory is...gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law.
Only the aff solves – transparency and accountability key to decreasing presidential powers Marshall, Distinguished Professor of Law at UNC, 08 (William P, Education. J.D., University of Chicago, 2008, “ Eleven Reasons Why Presidential Power Inevitably Expands And Why It Matters”, accessed 9/3/13, http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/MARSHALL.pdf)vc
Third, greater efforts must be made...security or foreign policy, would vest unchecked power in the hands of a single individual.
Congress empirically stonewalls Obama – and CP links to politics Drum, Mother Jones Writer, 13 (Kevin, 4-22-13, “Maureen Dowd and Presidential Leverage,” accessed 10-2-13, www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/04/maureen-dowd-and-presidential-leverage, hec)
Finally, thereand#39;s the most obvious change...Thatand#39;s a kiss of death with the partyand#39;s base.
Fails – Future presidents won’t follow Harvard Law Review, 12 (and#34;Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority,and#34; accessed 9-15-13, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf, hec)
The recent history of signing statements... Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.
2/18/14
Intelligence Drones Aff - Kentucky - Round 8 - A2 Meister K
Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Gonzalez-Rajan | Judge: Glass Concrete ethical action like the aff is necessary and good—this precedes ontology and theory, is a necessary condition of subjectivity, and is key to destroy the ideology of genocide. Arnett, Duquesne University Communication Professor, 2003 (Ronald C., and#34;The Responsive and#39;Iand#39;: Levinasand#39;s Derivative Argument,and#34; Argumentation and Advocacy 40.1, pg. 39-43, cab)
Emmanuel Levinas, considered the premier voice of ethics...Morality is not a branch of philosophy, but first philosophyand#34; (Levinas, Totality and Infinity 304).
Enacting change in the world is key to subjectivity and value to life—social and political action is good, creates shared meaning, and overcomes subject/object dualisms. May, Clemson University Philosophy Professor, 2005 (Todd, and#34;To change the world, to celebrate life,and#34; Philosophy Social Criticism 31, pg. 519-531, cab)
To change the world and to celebrate life... willing to take your world up for you.
Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty word or an ...It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Rationalist epistemologies donand#39;t cause violence and there is no alternative Jarvis, South Carolina philosophy professor, 2000 (Darryl, “International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism”, Studies in International Relations, pg 179-80, ldg)
As Richard Rorty reminds us, however...threatens to be nasty and brutish.12
There is no democratic citizenship without the state: rejecting the state creates silence in the face of oppression McWilliams, 1995 (Wilson, Carey, Prof of Political Science at Rutgers University and Co-founder of the Institute for the Study of Civic Values, from the book, The Democratic Soul: A Wilson Carey McWilliams Reader, Edited by Patrick J. Deneen and Susan J. McWilliams, 2011, p12-13) mph
For citizenship, in any case, government... the grey silence of our time.22
‘Terrorist’ is a justified term for anyone who commits an act of terrorism—the aff uses the term narrowly and does not essentialize on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or any group identity Simpson, Ph.D. from Victoria University, 02 (Peter, Simpson has a Ph.D. from Victoria University of Manchester and focuses on Moral and Political philosophy in his research, “The War on Terrorism: its Moral Justification and Limits”, 10-30-02, http://ethics.sandiego.edu/Resources/PhilForum/Terrorism/Simpson.html, accessed 7/28/13, aaw)
There is something else also that needs... Mr. Bin Laden, must, even by the Taliban’s own admission, be true.
Life intrinsically generates value in opposition to entropy—uniqueness means we should value structural complexity Coon, Retired US Diplomat, 11 (Carleton, was VP of American Humanist Association, January 2, 2011, “Entropy and Life”, http://www.progressivehumanism.com/progressive-humanism/entropy-and-life/, 9/30/12, atl)
I am now well into my ninth decade and... or some other imaginary authority
Political game-playing and simulative engagement is the only way to radical agonism Tally, Texas State University Professor of English, 07 (Robert T, “The Agony of the Political,” Post Modern Culture 17.2, Review of: Chantal Mouffe, On the Political. London: Routledge, 2005, 9/30/12, atl)
Mouffeand#39;s image of a we/they politics in...parliamentary democracy. It must change the game.
Senator Richard Durbin faulted the Obama...problems than we’re solving.”
Their criticism can’t solve or address problems Sharpe et al., Psychoanalytic studies lecturer, 2010 (Matthew, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, pg 182-5, ldg)
Can we bring some order to this host... allies use to move them to do so?
2/19/14
Intelligence Drones Aff - USMA - Octas - A2 Con Con CP
Tournament: Westpoint | Round: Octas | Opponent: Miami George-Silverman | Judge: Cameron, Diamond, Godbey CP can’t solve without procedures for the convention – perm would solve and avoid runaway Schlafly, Political Science Masters from Harvard, 96 (Phyllis, May 1996, “Is a Con Con Hidden in Term Limits?,” accessed 9-16-13, http://www.eagleforum.org/psr/1996/may96/psrmay96.html, hec)
Nobody can predict what the rules...Con Con called to pass Term Limits.
Another Constitutional Convention would be a terrible idea – links to politics, destroys the constitution AND will lead to runaway convention without limits which takes out solvency – history proves Greenley, The New American Writer, 9 (Larry, 7-23-9, “Dangers of a Constitutional Convention,” accessed 9-16-13, http://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/constitution/item/7653-dangers-of-a-constitutional-convention, hec)
Although attempting to get the federal... radically revising the Constitution.
A2 Democracy NB Doesn’t solve war Ackerman, Guardian US National Security Editor, ‘6 (Spencer “Against Democracy” 8-29-6 http://prospect.org/article/against-democracy accessed: 9-16-13 mlb)
For American interests, it gets worse...their minds. This is liberalism?
2/19/14
Intelligence Drones Aff - USMA - Octas - A2 Fem IR
Tournament: Westpoint | Round: Octas | Opponent: Miami George-Silverman | Judge: Cameron, Diamond, Godbey Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)
Power is not a dirty word or...And it undermines political effectiveness.
Perm do the plan and all noncompetitive parts of the alt – alt alone fails Donnelly et al., Denver political science professor, 2005 (Jack, “Feminism and International Relations: Which way(s) Forward?”, http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p71431_index.html, DOA: 10-24-11, ldg)
Over the past two decades, feminist...two strands of feminist work from the past decade.
Consequentialist ethics can incorporate the feminist critique Driver 2005 (Julia, "Consequentialism and Feminist Ethics," Hypatia vol 20, no 4 Fall, presented at the Society for Analytic Feminism meetings held at the University of Western Ontario, l/n 184-85) gek
The observation that the good life...our relationships with the near and dear.
Representations don’t shape the world—material circumstances and systems of power shape discourse. Mearsheimer, Professor of political science at the University of Chicago, 1995 (John, The False Promise of International Institutions”; International Security; Vol. 19, No. 3;lexis, ldg)
Critical theory maintains that state...with the theory they are challenging
Patriarchy not the root cause—inseparable from regional conflict and structural conditions Stansell, Princeton history professor, 2010 (Christine, “Global Feminism in a Conservative Age: Possibilities and Pieties Since 1980”, Dissent, April 1st Edition, pg. 51-52, ebsco, ldg)
But at the same time, the use...invented or recently resurrected.
No policy failure. Policy and theory do succeed on the basis we use. Harvey, Dalhousie political science professor, 1997 (Frank, The Future’s Back: Nuclear Rivalry, Deterrence Theory, and Crisis Stability after the Cold War”, p. 138-139
Linguistic Relativism. One approach...about international relations if we pursued that strategy.
Tournament: Westpoint | Round: Octas | Opponent: Miami George-Silverman | Judge: Cameron, Diamond, Godbey Counter - Restriction means a limit and includes conditions on action CAA, 08 (Court Of Appeals Of Arizona, Division One, Department A, State Of Arizona, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613 P10 The term "restriction" is not defined by the Legislature for the purposes of the DUI statutes. See generally A.R.S. § 28-1301 (2004) (providing the "definitions" section of the DUI statutes). In the absence of a statutory definition of a term, we look to ordinary dictionary definitions and do not construe the word as being a term of art. Lee v. State, 215 Ariz. 540, 544, ¶ 15, 161 P.3d 583, 587, date accessed: 9-18-13, LMM)
P10 The term "restriction" is not...includes the ignition interlock device limitation.
Authority is the power to act Court Of Appeals Of Tennessee, 1925 (Eastern Section - October 31, 1925, Decided, Racy Cream Company V. Mary Belle Walden., 1 Tenn. App. 653; 1925 Tenn. App. L/N) NJR
While the circumstances in and of...word is generally used to express a derivative power."
Tournament: Westpoint | Round: 2 | Opponent: Navy Jamordee-Connor-Mueller | Judge: Berch Obama’s decisions are hurting presidential powers now, even setting the precedent for lower powers in the future – their author Yoo, law professor at the University of California at Berkeley, 13 (John, January 2013, “John Yoo: Diminishing the Presidency”, accessed 9/18/13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323375204578271681410646810.html, vc)
A year ago this month, President...historical legacy unless he changes course.
Flex link is completely illegitimate AND Yoo is wrong Streichler, Adjunct Faculty at Seattle Univ School of Law, 8 (Stuart, PhD at Johns Hopkins, “Mad about Yoo, or Why Worry about the Next Unconstitutional War”, accessed 10-2-13, http://faculty.washington.edu/sstreich/documents/madaboutyoo.pdf, hec)
When Yoo discusses the need for flexibility...has been roundly criticized.237
Oversight doesn’t determine flexibility-~--tech, elusive enemies and personnel outweigh Holmes, Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, 09 Stephen, April 2009, “The Brennan Center Jorde Symposium on Constitutional Law: In Case of Emergency: Misunderstanding Tradeoffs in the War on Terror”, accessed 9/18/13,lexis Nexis, vc)
Even if the promoters of unfettered...is the least that might be said
Tournament: Westpoint | Round: 2 | Opponent: Navy Jamordee-Connor-Mueller | Judge: Berch Executive cannot remedy changes on its own – must have Congressional involvement Bernstein, Univ. of Chicago Law Prof, 12 (Anya, “Congressional Will And The Role Of The Executive In Bivens Actions: What Is Special About Special Factors,” accessed 9-28-13, http://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol45p719.pdf, hec)
Of course, the judiciary and...of authority between the judiciary and the legislature.
*ONLY the power of congress can solve credibility, signal, and modeling Maxwell, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the US Army, 12 (Mark David, Winter 2012, “Targeted Killing, The Law, And Terrorists,” accessed 10-2-13, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html, hec)
The weakness of this theory... a state its greatest safety: the rule of law.
Only the aff solves – transparency and accountability key to decreasing presidential powers Marshall, Distinguished Professor of Law at UNC, 08 (William P, Education. J.D., University of Chicago, 2008, “ Eleven Reasons Why Presidential Power Inevitably Expands And Why It Matters”, accessed 9/3/13, http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/MARSHALL.pdf)vc
Third, greater efforts must be...in the hands of a single individual.
For official secrecy abroad to work...and international support."
CP is normal means Owens and Shephard, 10 (John E.-Govt. Prof at University of Westminister, and Mark- University of Strathclyde School of Govt, 2010, “The Impact of the ‘War on Terror’ on Executive-Legislative Relations in the UK and US: A Comparative Analysis,” accessed 9-15-13, http://www.britishpoliticsgroup.org/BPG202010-Owens-Shephard.pdf, hec)
Notwithstanding some efforts to challenge...to the executive in this domain.
Congress empirically stonewalls Obama – and CP links to politics Drum, Mother Jones Writer, 13 (Kevin, 4-22-13, “Maureen Dowd and Presidential Leverage,” accessed 10-2-13, www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/04/maureen-dowd-and-presidential-leverage, hec)
Finally, there's the most obvious change... kiss of death with the party's base.
“In an era of polarized parties... from the incumbent president’s opponents.”
Fails – Future presidents won’t follow Harvard Law Review, 12 ("Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority," accessed 9-15-13, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf, hec)
The recent history of signing statements...Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.
Executive fiat is a voter – no comparative lit kills aff ground and real world education – aff authors assume the executive won’t act Pildes et al, NYU Law Constitutional Law professor, 13 (Richard H., 6/1, “Drones and the Dilemma of Modern Warfare,” accessed: 10/3/2013, http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1408andcontext=nyu_plltwp, ADC)
As with all use of lethal force...much higher levels of generality.
Tournament: Westpoint | Round: 4 | Opponent: Vanderbilt Potter-Hollis | Judge: Warner Conflict is inevitable AND there are too many alt causes to resolve – history proves Davidson, George Mason Assistant Prof, 13 (Janine, March 2013, "Civil-Military Friction and Presidential Decision Making: Explaining the Broken Dialogue,” accessed 9-28-13, Vol. 43, No. 1, hec)
In the 2010 bestselling book, Obama’s Wars...adds more fuel to the flame.
What is going on here? Why do both...good fences make good neighbors.”
Genuine, prior consultation with Congress is vital to sustainable American foreign policy leadership and presidential flexibility regarding foreign affairs Hamilton 93 (Lee, fmr US Representative—Indiana, CSM, 1/21, lexis)
Congress brings other strengths... be given the initiative on foreign-policy matters.
Their authors don’t provide a clear, warranted understanding of crisis Hansen, New England Law School Associate Prof, 9 (Victor, Summer 2009, “Symposium: Law, Ethics, And The War On Terror: Article: Understanding The Role Of Military Lawyers In The War On Terror: A Response To The Perceived Crisis In Civil-Military Relations,” accessed 9-28-13, South Texas Law Review, 50 S. Tex. L. Rev. 617, hec)
According to Sulmasy and Yoo...is to this question that we now turn.
Tournament: Westpoint | Round: 4 | Opponent: Vanderbilt Potter-Hollis | Judge: Warner Obama’s decisions are hurting presidential powers now, even setting the precedent for lower powers in the future – their author Yoo, law professor at the University of California at Berkeley, 13 (John, January 2013, “John Yoo: Diminishing the Presidency”, accessed 9/18/13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323375204578271681410646810.html, vc)
A year ago this month, President Obama...unless he changes course.
Flex link is completely illegitimate AND Yoo is wrong Streichler, Adjunct Faculty at Seattle Univ School of Law, 8 (Stuart, PhD at Johns Hopkins, “Mad about Yoo, or Why Worry about the Next Unconstitutional War”, accessed 10-2-13, http://faculty.washington.edu/sstreich/documents/madaboutyoo.pdf, hec)
When Yoo discusses the need for...invasion has been roundly criticized.237
Oversight doesn’t determine flexibility-~--tech, elusive enemies and personnel outweigh Holmes, Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, 09 Stephen, April 2009, “The Brennan Center Jorde Symposium on Constitutional Law: In Case of Emergency: Misunderstanding Tradeoffs in the War on Terror”, accessed 9/18/13,lexis Nexis, vc)
Even if the promoters of unfettered...fruit of wishful thinking is the least that might be said
Tournament: Westpoint | Round: 5 | Opponent: New York Itliong-Cammayo | Judge: Jensen Obama’s decisions are hurting presidential powers now, even setting the precedent for lower powers in the future – their author Yoo, law professor at the University of California at Berkeley, 13 (John, January 2013, “John Yoo: Diminishing the Presidency”, accessed 9/18/13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323375204578271681410646810.html, vc)
A year ago this month, President...legacy unless he changes course.
Flex link is completely illegitimate AND Yoo is wrong Streichler, Adjunct Faculty at Seattle Univ School of Law, 8 (Stuart, PhD at Johns Hopkins, “Mad about Yoo, or Why Worry about the Next Unconstitutional War”, accessed 10-2-13, http://faculty.washington.edu/sstreich/documents/madaboutyoo.pdf, hec)
When Yoo discusses the need for...Bay of Pigs invasion has been roundly criticized.237
3. He's now boxed in for the rest...filibuster or similar congressional gamesmanship.
Presidential war powers lead to a state of perpetual warfare- the war on terror is unique- no metrics for measuring if we are winning or when the war will end Weinberger, Associate Professor, Politics and Government, 06 (Seth, 2006, “Presidential War Powers In A never-Ending “War”, Accessed 9/16/13, http://www.academia.edu/174818/Presidential_War_Powers_in_a_Never-Ending_War,vc)
Even if the threat from al Qaeda...be given back to Congress by the President?
Tournament: Westpoint | Round: 5 | Opponent: New York Itliong-Cammayo | Judge: Jensen Executive cannot remedy changes on its own – must have Congressional involvement Bernstein, Univ. of Chicago Law Prof, 12 (Anya, “Congressional Will And The Role Of The Executive In Bivens Actions: What Is Special About Special Factors,” accessed 9-28-13, http://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol45p719.pdf, hec)
Of course, the judiciary and the...judiciary and the legislature.
CP can’t solve, serves as a rubber stamp AND links to politics – generates adverse reactions from congress Posner, University of Chicago Law School Prof, 11 (Eric, “Deference To The Executive In The United States After 9/11 Congress, The Courts And The Office Of Legal Counsel,” accessed 9-29-13, http://www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/363-eap-deference.pdf, hec)
These two events neatly encapsulate the...no circumstance could it be a “constraint.”
OLC can’t speak to statutes, triggers litigation, and White House Counsel Circumvents Ackerman, Yale Law Prof, 11 (Bruce, “Lost Inside the Beltway: A Reply To Professor Morrison,” accessed 10-3-13, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol124forum_ackerman.pdf, hec)
To see why, consider that the relationship...even if that’s precisely what is happening.72
A major problem with the OLC is the lack of transparency Pillard, Georgetown Law Center Faculty Director of Supreme Court Institute, 5 (Cornelia T., February 2005, “The Unfulfilled Promise of the Constitution in Executive Hands,” accessed 9-30-13, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/189/, hec)
The SG's Office now has a publicly... OLC constitutional advice remains spotty.
Tournament: Westpoint | Round: 5 | Opponent: New York Itliong-Cammayo | Judge: Jensen Rationalist epistemologies don't cause violence and there is no alternative Jarvis, South Carolina philosophy professor, 2000 (Darryl, “International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism”, Studies in International Relations, pg 179-80, ldg)
As Richard Rorty reminds us, however...threatens to be nasty and brutish.12
The perm allows an approach that analyzes security rhetoric from multiple identities – promotes pragmatic solvency Charrett, International Catalan Institute for Peace, 9 (Catherine, “A Critical Application of Securitization Theory: Overcoming the Normative Dilemma of Writing Security” 2009. ACCESSED 8/13/13 http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/icip/Continguts/Publicacions/WorkingPapers/Arxius/WP7_ANG.pdf) RAM
The critical securitization analyst...potentially positive securitizing moves.
Some real existential threats exist—a desecuritization policy cannot morally accommodate or react to these types of threats—only the aff solves Floyd, British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow, 2011 (Rita, Ph.D. Warwick University, "Can securitization theory be used in normative analysis? Towards a just securitization theory," Security Dialogue 42, pg. 436) cab
Desecuritization as a normative strategy...addressed in security mode. .
Realism is good—when combined with pragmatic action it can challenge institutional power. Booth, Professor at the University of Wales, 2005 (Ken, Ph.D. in International Politics. Critical Security Studies and World Politics, 2005. pg. 270-71). Jt
The article demonstrates that contrary...as a critique of the powers-that-be.
Representations don’t shape the world—material circumstances and systems of power shape discourse. Mearsheimer, Professor of political science at the University of Chicago, 1995 (John, The False Promise of International Institutions”; International Security; Vol. 19, No. 3;lexis, ldg)
Critical theory maintains that state...with the theory they are challenging
Implementation must precede discourse – it’s the most effective way to challenge power, prevent conflict Taft-Kaufman, Professor of Speech at CMU, 1995 (Jill, “Other Ways”; Southern Communication Journal; Spring; Vol. 60, No. 3, ebsco, ldg)
The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality...agendas, institutions, agencies, and the budgets that fuel them.
The alternative increases injustice and violence—critiques of discourse fail to address the cause of material suffering and covers over pragmatic analyses that address historical, political and economic formations of power. Brown, political science professor UC Berkeley, 2001 (Wendy, “Politics Out of History” pg 30, ldg)
But moralistic reproaches to certain... words and names. Don’t mourn, moralize.
