Tournament: Navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: Gonzaga Bauer-Johnson | Judge: Harper
Obama’s focusing on immigration – it’ll pass this year – PC is key
Kuhnhenn, AP, 1-12
(Jim, “Obama, Congress face crucial immigration push,” 1-12-14, http://www.abqjournal.com/335144/news/obama-congress-face-crucial-immigration-push.html, DOA: 1-17-14, ara)

His agenda tattered … million who are here.” 

Obama’s pushing immigration but it’ll be controversial – PC is key
Chumley, Washington Times, 1-17
(Cheryl, “Obama vows that John Boehner will indeed push through immigration reform,” 1-17-14, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/jan/17/obama-vows-john-boehner-will-indeed-push-through-i/, DOA: 1-17-14, ara)

Perhaps the president …. would do something.” 

Restrictions on the Presidents war powers authority crush his credibility and derail his agenda
Edwards and Howell, Professors of Political Science, 09
(George C., University Distinguished Professor of Political Science and Jordan Chair in Presidential Studies at Texas AandM University, and William G., Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy Studies, “The Oxford Handbook of the American Presidency”, accessed on Google Books)

Yet, manipulating public … her future power prospects.

Comprehensive immigration reform is key to the economy and highly skilled workers
Farrell, Businessweek contributing editor, 12-13-12
(Chris, “Obama’s Next Act: Immigration Reform”, http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-13/obamas-next-act-immigration-reform, DOA: 2-9-13, ldg)

Washington won’t get …. that’s economically efficient.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 7 | Opponent: Houston Jennings-Jennings | Judge: Hennigan
“Man” words subsume womyn into the male category making it possible to do violence against them and to treat them as unequals.
Kleinman, professor of sociology at UNC Chapel Hill, 2007. (Sherryl., Ph.D. in sociology., "Why Sexist Language Matters", 3-12-07, http://www.alternet.org/story/48856/?page=1). jt 

I'm not saying that….human beings otherwise?

Sexist language is the root cause of patriarchy and causes loss of female agency.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 10 (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. “Feminist Philosophy of Language” http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-language/.). Jt

1Sme feminists (e.g. Penelope 1990; Spender 1985) argue …. of their thoughts.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pittsburgh Markus-C- | Judge: Weiner
Immigration will pass – it’s top of the docket and PC is key
AP, 10-28
(“Immigration reform: Obama urges Congress again to take action before end of year,” 10-28-13, http://www.wjla.com/articles/2013/10/immigration-reform-obama-urges-congress-again-to-take-action-before-end-of-year-96071.html, DOA: 10-31-13, ara)

Obama on Monday…..already here illegally.

Restrictions on the Presidents war powers authority crush his credibility and derail his agenda
Edwards and Howell, Professors of Political Science, 09
(George C., University Distinguished Professor of Political Science and Jordan Chair in Presidential Studies at Texas AandM University, and William G., Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy Studies, “The Oxford Handbook of the American Presidency”, accessed on Google Books)

Yet, manipulating public …. future power prospects.

Comprehensive immigration reform is key to the economy and highly skilled workers
Farrell, Businessweek contributing editor, 12-13-12
(Chris, “Obama’s Next Act: Immigration Reform”, http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-13/obamas-next-act-immigration-reform, DOA: 2-9-13, ldg)

Washington won’t get ….that’s economically efficient.

Nuclear war
Kempt, Nixon Center regional strategic programs director, 2010
(Geoffrey, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, pg 233-4, ldg)

The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first scenario; everything that can go wrong does go wrong. The world economic situation weakens rather than strengthens, and India, China, and Japan suffer a major reduction in their growth rates, further weakening the global …. of the planet’s population.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: Gonzaga Bauer-Johnson | Judge: Harper
The President of the United States of America should seek the legal advice of the United States Department of Justice’s Office of Legal Counsel on whether it should … The OLC should publicly disclose a written legal opinion that the executive branch of the United States federal government should … The President should issue an executive order complying with that advice. Other executive branch legal personnel, including the Attorney General, will defer to the advice of the OLC on this issue. 

The CP is competitive and solves the case – OLC rulings do not actually remove authority but nevertheless hold binding precedential value on the executive
Morrison, Columbia Law School professor, 10
(Trevor W., “Stare Decisis In The Office Of Legal Counsel,” Columbia Law Review, Vol. 110:1448, accessed: 10/29/2013, ADC)

 On the other hand, …. of OLC’s decisions.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pittsburgh Markus-C- | Judge: Weiner
A. Interp: Restrictions require prohibition
City of Northglenn, ‘73
(http://www.northglenn.org/municode/ch11/content_11-5.html accessed: 9-14-13 mlb)

Restrictions. As used in this Chapter 11 of the Municipal Code, the term "restriction" shall mean a prohibitive regulation. Any use, activity, operation, building, structure or thing which is the subject of a restriction is prohibited, and no such use, activity, operation, building, structure or thing shall be authorized by any permit or license.

 “In the area” means all of the activities
United Nations No Date
(http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm accessed: 9-14-13 mlb)

1. For the purposes of this Convention: (1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction; (2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority; (3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area;

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pittsburgh Markus-C- | Judge: Weiner
Thirty percent is a consensus
US Court of Federal Claims 2000
(EXXON RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CO., Plaintiff v. THE UNITED STATES, Defendant, No. 98-201 C UNITED STATES COURT OF FEDERAL CLAIMS 46 Fed. Cl. 278; 2000 U.S. Claims LEXIS 38; 54 U.S.P.Q.2D (BNA) 1519, lexis, ldg)

"To increase substantially"
The parties agree that the initial catalyst productivity must be "increased substantially." The parties further agree that the increase must be at least 30 per cent. The parties, however, disagree as to whether a person of ordinary skill in the art would know how the patent measures the 30 per cent increase.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pittsburgh Markus-C- | Judge: Weiner
The Supreme imposes “judicial restrictions”
Peterson 91 (Todd D. Peterson, Associate Professor of Law, The George Washington University, National Law Center; B.A. 1973, Brown University; J.D. 1976, University of Michigan, Book Review: The Law And Politics Of Shared National Security Power -- A Review Of The National Security Constitution: Sharing Power After The Iran-Contra Affair by Harold Hongju Koh, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. 1990. Pp. x, 330, March, 1991 59 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 747) 

Based on both case law ….take effective action.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pittsburgh Markus-C- | Judge: Weiner
. Interp: War Powers Authority refers to powers explicitly granted by congress. The aff must restrict authority under the WPR, AUMF, or NDAA
Gallagher ‘11
(Joseph V.  served as an F/A-18C Pilot, Air Officer, and F/A-18C/D Flight Instructor in the US Marine Corps operating forces. He worked Security Assistance initiatives for the US European Command and most recently as a Joint Planner in the USEUCOM J3 and J5. Gallagher is currently assigned to the Joint Staff, PakistanAfghanistan Coordination Cell. “ Unconstitutional War:  Strategic Risk in the Age of  Congressional Abdication” http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/2011summer/Gallagher.pdf accessed: 9-18-13 mlb)

First, consider the……president’s foreign policy.9 

Authority means expressly granted – assertions by the president don’t count
Dictionary.com No date
(“Authority” http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/authority accessed: 9-18-13 mlb)

 2. a power or right delegated or given; authorization: Who has the authority to grant permission?

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pittsburgh Markus-C- | Judge: Weiner
Your generalizations of the state are based on faulty scholarship
Claude, UVA IR professor, 1988
(Inis, “Myths about the State”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Jan., 1986), pp. 1-11, JSTOR, ldg)

This notion of the state …. batch of difficulties.

Indefinite detention key to stop terrorism
Scheid, Winona State Philosophy Professor, ‘10
(Don E. “Indefinite Detention of Mega-terrorists in the War on Terror” Criminal Justice Ethics 29.1 April 2010 pg 1-28 via Proquest accessed: 7-6-13 mlb)

The general framework …., that is, megaterrorists. 

A nuclear terrorist attack causes US-China-Russia war, environmental collapse, and extinction
Morgan, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, 2009
(Dennis, World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race Futures, Volume 41, Issue 10, December, ldg)

In a remarkable website ….use of strategic weapons 

Ethical decisions must be grounded in consequences
Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002
(Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)

Power is not a dirty …. undermines political effectiveness.

Extinction outweighs the
Wapner, professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, 2003
(Paul, “Leftist Criticism of "Nature" Environmental Protection in a Postmodern Age,” Dissent Winter 2003 http://www.dissentmagazine. org/menutest/archives/2003/ wi03/wapner.html, ldg)

All attempts to listen …..fundamental moral commitment

Systems of power are inevitable and universal—resistance from inside the system is possible and is the only possibility for transformative potential.
Weberman, Central European University Philosophy Professor, 2000
(David, "are freedom and anti-humanism compatible? the case of foucault and butler" Constellations: an international journal of critical and democratic theory, 7.22, gek)

One might well …. existence of freedom.

Their theory of power is wrong—governmentality and biopolitical control are not homogenous or unified phenomena—cultures, identity politics, communities, and systems of inclusion and exclusion overlap—the alt relies on an essentialist notion and will fail.
Rose, professor of sociology University of London, 2001
(Nikolas, “The Politics of Life Itself” Theory, Culture and Society Vol. 18(6): 1–30, ldg)

State-organized or state-supported …. there are strategies 

Biopolitics and sovereign power are good within a democratic nation-state—democratic citizenship maximizes political agency, mitigates coercion, and provides the necessary conditions of freedom.
Dickinson, Professor of History at UC Davis, 04
(Edward Ross, “Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse about "Modernity"”2004  http://www.jstor.org/stable/4547381ACCESSED 9-14-13) RAM

 In short, the continuities ….movement of modern

We won’t start wars just because we can
Brooks, Dartmouth government professor, 2012
(Stephen, “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment”, International Security, 37.3, L/N) NJR

temptation. For many advocates …. on this subject.

Nonbinding action influences the executive-squo solves
Weiner, Vanderbilt JD candidate, 2007
(Michael, “A Paper Tiger with Bite: A Defense of the War Powers Resolution”, Accessed 10-6-13, http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/Weiner.pdf) NJR

IV. CONCLUSION: THE EXONERATED …. unilateral uses of force.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Antounicci

1. No impact —aggressors don’t have the intel or experience to be capable of attack
   Blair, Former Director of National Intelligence, 13
   (Dennis, 1-22, “US Drone Strike Policies: Speakers: Admiral Dennis Blair”, Conversation at CFR, date accessed: 9-22-13, LMM)

OPERATOR: Our next question comes …. measures in the future.

Anti-proliferation discourse obscures Western violence and masks the dangers of nuclear possession
Cohn et al., Consortium on Gender, Security, and Human Rights director, 2005
(Carol, “The Relevance of Gender for Eliminating Weapons of Mass Destruction”, http://www.un.org/disarmament/education/wmdcommission/files/No38.pdf, DOA: 12-19-12, ldg)

“Proliferation” is not a mere ….. be difficult to justify on rational security grounds.

2. No prolif – no major prolif over next 10 years – too costly and not effective enough
Zenko, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council of Foreign Relations, 13
(Micah, 1-21, “Reforming US Drone Strike Policies”, date accessed: 9-22-13, Council Special Report No. 65, LMM)

Based on current trends, it is unlikely …… for armed drones in the near term.

No war- economic realities, political actors, and lessons learned- Mumbai proves
Chu and King, Times Staff writers, 2008
Henry and Laura, December 6, and#34;India, Pakistan keep lid on tensions,and#34; http://articles.latimes.com/2008/dec/06/world/fg-indiapakistan6, accessed 10-13-10, ADS

Hostility between India and Pakistan ……..e the same script as 2001-02, theyand#39;ll be mistaken.and#34;

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Antounicci
Drone courts are corrupt and prevent transparency
Greenwald, Guardian Columnist on Civil Liberties and US National Security Issues, 13
(Glenn, “The bad joke called and#39;the FISA courtand#39; shows how a and#39;drone courtand#39; would work,” http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/may/03/fisa-court-rubber-stamp-drones, accessed 7-11-13, hec)

This is significant not only because …… in the context of presidential executions is really mystifying.

Hegemony is a paranoid fantasy—-the most secure nation on earth sees threats to empire everywhere, which legitimizes constant violence—-you have an obligation to place the structural violence that hegemony renders invisibile at the core of your decision calculus
McClintock, Wisconsin Women’s and Gender studies professor, 2009
(Anne, “Paranoid Empire: Specters from Guantánamo and Abu Ghraib”, Small Axe, March, ebsco, ldg)

By now it is fair to say that the ….. phantom. Those people were a kind of solution. 

hegemony monopolizes all legitimate forms of expression, which requires that suppressed antagonisms use radical tactics to negate the universalization of American norms-~--this is the root cause of terrorism and threats to global stability
Mouffe, Westminster political theory professor, 2007
(Chantal, The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt, pg 52, ldg)

I submit that it is high time to ….. is, in fact, contributing

US hegemony produces net instability-3 reasons
Kolko, PhD from Harvard, 2006
(Gabriel, “The Age of Perpetual Conflict”, http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig6/kolko6.html, ldg)

Whatever its original … in its internal affairs.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pittsburgh Markus-C- | Judge: Weiner
They have conceded consequences – Isaacs we have to defer to the impact framing of the most good for the most beings which means that you defer to whether or not the DA’s outweigh the AFF

Extinction outweighs all other moral considerations - their generic util answers are unresponsive to the magnitude of this claim.
Kateb, Professor of Politics, Emeritus, at Princeton University, 1992
(George,” The Inner Ocean: Individualism and Democratic Culture”, pg 11-13, ldg)

What does a theory of rights …. to end the threat.) 

Maximizing all lives is the only way to affirm equal and unconditional human dignity
Cummiskey, philosophy professor Bates College, 1996
(David, Kantian Consequentialism, pg 145-146, ldg)

We must not obscure …. to save many. 

In a nuclear world we have to weigh consequences
Bok, philosophy professor, 1988
(Sissela, Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory, Ed. David Rosenthal and Fudlou Shehadi, ldg)

The same argument ….. world not perish.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pittsburgh Markus-C- | Judge: Weiner
If the sovereign is bad they reify if
Biopolitical power is inevitable, but modern democratic regimes limit coercive policies, increase liberalization, and provide space for personal autonomy and subjectivity.  Claims of fascism are based on a essentialist understanding of government power.
Dickinson, professor UC Davis, 2004
(Edward Ross, Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About “Modernity,” Central European History, vol. 37, no. 1, March, project muse, ldg) 

In short, the ….e radically differing potentials. 

The state of nature makes exclusion inevitable—the alt’s project of eliminating the state of exception devolves to nihilism.
Rasch, professor Germanic Studies Indiana University, 2003
(William, “Human Rights as Geopolitics: Carl Schmitt and the Legal Form of American Supremacy” Cultural Critique 54 (2003) 120-147, project muse, ldg)

Clearly, neither …. of the spectacle condemns it" (11).

Status quo solves—liberalism presents a counter-rationality to sovereign power and criticizes the biopolitics of the state.  Political reflexivity allows for citizens to make demands against the state.

Lacombe, Professor at Simon Fraser University, 2005   
(Dany, Ph.D. of Sociology from the University of Toronto, “Reforming Foucault: A Critique of the Social Control Thesis,” Contemporary Sociological Thought: Themes and Theories, Online, pdf, Pages 341-343, Written in 2005, Accessed 08/27/2013, AJH)  

The nature of the relation …. same technologies.' 

The concept of ‘bare life’ denies agency—the potentiality of being transcends the limits of power structures.

Neilson, professor University of Western Sydney, 2004
(Brett, “Potenza Nuda? Sovereignty, Biopolitics, Capitalism”, http://www.usyd.edu.au/contretemps/5december2004/neilson.pdf, ldg)

In these articulations with Hardt, ….. of permanent innovation.   

The concept of bare life is epistemologically flawed—the value of life exceeds their pre-determined categories, and their analysis ends in a denial of all agency.
Fassin, Social science professor at Princeton,10
(Didier, “Ethics Of Survival: A Democratic Approach To The Politics Of Life” http://www.humanityjournal.org/humanity-volume-1-issue-1/ethics-survival-democratic-approach-politics-life ACCESSED 9-14-13) RAM

Survival, in the sense ….. expression of the human.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake MQ | Judge: Wunderlich, Carly
TEXT: The Executive branch of the United States federal government should restrain himself from using signature strikes. 

Executive action solves best – nations respond to behavior not legal standards
Roberts, National Journal News Editor, 13
(Kristin, 3/22/13, “When the World Has Drones,” National Journal, accessed 9/14/13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321, kns)

But even without raising standards, …a legal and moral one as well.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wake Forest Cronin-Harris | Judge: Layton
TEXT: The Executive branch of the United States federal government should self -restrain from indefinite detention 

Executive action solves best – nations respond to behavior not legal standards
Roberts, National Journal News Editor, 13
(Kristin, 3/22/13, “When the World Has Drones,” National Journal, accessed 9/14/13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321, kns)

But even without raising …..but a legal and moral one as well.

Tournament: Adanationals | Round: 4 | Opponent: Samford Kimball-Sessions | Judge: Weiner
Executive implementation solves- current practice proves enforcement
Baker, attorney, former US Dept of Homeland Security Assistant Secretary for Policy
(Stewart, “Stewart Baker’s Position,” American Bar Association Journal, http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/what_is_the_role_of_lawyers_in_cyberwarfare/, accessed 8/8/13, kns)

Today the threat of new ………. operations the military is allowed to mount.
Presidential findings can limit negative actions
Chesney, University of Texas School of Law professor, 13
(Robert, 2013, “Computer Network Operations and U.S. Domestic Law: An Overview,” International Law Studies U.S. Naval Academy, 89 INT’L L. STUD. 218, accessed 8/13/13, http://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/5de3d913-6bae-4f57-b694-fd6d05f7bbb7/Computer-Network-Operations-and-U-S~-~-Domestic-Law-.aspx, kns)

Whether a given CNO …... What then? 

The executive alone can set international standards
Zakaria, Reuters National Security correspondent, 13
(Tabassum, 3/17/13, “U.S. Drone Policy: Obama Seeking to Influence Global Guidelines,” Reuters, accessed 9/15/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/17/us-drone-policy-obama_n_2895015.html, kns)

President Barack Obama, who …… laws of armed conflict to new military technologies.

Counterplan sends the most powerful signal (while avoiding Congressional backlash)
Brzezinski, Jimmy Carter national security advisor, 12
Zbigniew, 12-3-12, “Obama’s Moment”, DOA: 10-27-13, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/12/03/obamas_moment, llc)

In foreign affairs, ……. exactly what Obama needs to do now. 

Even if it’s unpopular it doesn’t link – avoids the legislative process
Sovacool, National University of Singapore Energy Governance Program research fellow, 9
(Benjamin, 2009, “Preventing National Electricity-Water Crisis Areas in the United States,” Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, accessed 9/14/13, http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/sovacool-and-sovacool-water-columbia.pdf, kns)

Executive Orders also …… action or agency regulatory rulemaking.

CP doesn’t create backlash – dems will stand behind Obama and republicans don’t want to be labeled as obstructionists – empirics prove
Savage, NYT Washington correspondent, 12
(Charlie,  4/22/12, “Shift on Executive Power Lets Obama Bypass Rivals,” accessed 9/14/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/23/us/politics/shift-on-executive-powers-let-obama-bypass-congress.html?pagewanted=all, kns)

WASHINGTON — One Saturday last fall, …….. but they said it’s not a winner for us,” he said.

Presidents who cede their power legitimize their actions- allows greater discretion in the future
Pildes, NYU School of Law professor, 12
(Richard, 2/27/12, “Law and the President,” Harvard Law Review Vol. 125, p. 138, accessed 9/15/13, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2012024, kns)

Thus, argue Posner and Vermeule, ………produce better outcomes.

The most powerful signal of presidential cred is self-binding
Pildes, NYU School of Law professor, 12
(Richard, 2/27/12, “Law and the President,” Harvard Law Review Vol. 125, p. 138, accessed 9/15/13, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2012024, kns)

That Posner and Vermeule miss …… culture, is probably the President’s willingness to comply with law.

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 3 | Opponent: Samford Carley-Higgins | Judge: Holland
President’s executive flexibility high now- Syria decision proves
Posner, professor at the University of Chicago Law School, 9-3
(Eric, 9-3-13, “Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier,” Slate, da 9-18-13, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html, mee)

President Obama’s surprise …..it before him.

Syria won’t be the precedent – only risk that it increases presidential powers
Balkin, Constitutional Law professor, Yale, 9-3
(Jack, writer for the Atlantic, Knight Professor of Constitutional Law and the First Amendment at Yale Law School, and the founder and director of Yale's Information Society Project, “What Congressional Approval Won't Do: Trim Obama's Power or Make War Legal,” 9-3-13, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/09/what-congressional-approval-wont-do-trim-obamas-power-or-make-war-legal/279298/, DOA: 9-30-13, ara)

One of the most misleading …. every future president ­can simply add it to the existing body of AUMFs and congressional authorizations.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Strauss
Iran looking to compromise on nuclear program – Obama’s perceived flex is key
Benen, MSNBC Contributer, 13
(Steve, 9/20/13, “When Crises Become Opportunities,” accessed 10/2/13, http://maddowblog.msnbc.com/_news/2013/09/20/20599445-when-crises-become-opportunities?lite, kns)

That said, while the domestic … diplomacy toward the Middle East.

Uncertainty over war powers kills negotiations- Obama needs independent empowerment
Zeisberg, Michigan Political Science professor, 13
(Mariah, 9/25/13, “Debate over War Powers may yield positive outcome,” Constitution Daily, accessed 10/3/13, http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2013/09/debate-over-war-powers-resolution-may-yield-positive-outcome/, kns)

Uncertainty about what the …..g good international outcomes.

Iran proliferation causes nuclear war
Edelman, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments distinguished fellow, 11
(Eric, Andrew F. Krepinevich Jr, and Evan Braden Montgomery, January/February 2011, “The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran,” Foreign Affairs, accessed 10/2/13, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran, kns)

The reports of the ……. triggering a regional nuclear war.

Tournament: JMU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Vanderbilt Bilgi-Mitchell | Judge: Harper, OGorman, Warne
Obama got lucky in Syria – but the plan is worse than even a ‘say no’ vote would have been. If Congress had said no, Obama still has a plausible claim to independent authority. The plan rewrites the boundaries of his authority, which would weaken his overall foreign policy stance
Mataconis, DC attorney, 9-6
(Doug, 9-6-13, “What Would Obama Do If Congress Says No On Syria?” DOA: 10-4-13, http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/what-would-obama-do-if-congress-says-no-on-syria/, llc)

To answer this …. seem to be political suicide 

Iran getting close to having nuclear to launch- US key
Goad, hill reporter for executive power use and federal regulations, 7-14
(Ben, 7-14-13, “Netanyahu: Iran closer to Nuclear Weapons that Can Strike US”, DOA: 8-9-13, http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/middle-east-north-africa/310875-netanyahu-iran-developing-nukes-to-reach-american-shores, llc)

Israeli Prime Minister …… that will get their attention.”  

Iran further developing its nuclear program – tunnels prove
Viscusi, Columbia college graduate, 7-11
(Gregory, bloomberg’s European business, economics and politics writer, 7-11-13, “Iran Building Secret Nuclear Site, Opposition Group Says”, DOA: 8-9-13, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-11/iran-building-secret-nuclear-site-opposition-group-says.html, llc)

Iran is building an ….. and medical research.  
Iran developing nuclear now
Vinocur and Dahl, Reuters’ economic and political correspondent and Reuters’ nuclear related issues writer, 7-11
(Nicholas and Fredrik, 7-11-13, “Exiled Dissidents Claim Iran Building New Nuclear Site”, DOA: 8-9-13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/11/us-nuclear-iran-exiles-idUSBRE96A0KZ20130711, llc)

The dissident ….. (Iran's) nuclear project". 

A2: Link

Giving congress the ability to say no will tank negotiations by emboldening hardliners – this triggers Israeli strikes
Ross, Obama’s senior middle east advisor, 9-9
(Dennis, State department policy planning director, 9-9-13, “Blocking Action on Syria Makes an Attack on Iran more Likely”, DOA: 10-4-13, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/blocking-action-on-syria-makes-an-attack-on-iran-more-likely/2013/09/09/dd655466-1963-11e3-8685-5021e0c41964_story.html, llc)

Still, for the opponents of … it will — and maybe it should.
Timeframe – negotiations are now or never – means the link comes before the turn, because waiting too long allows Iranian hardliners to scuttle negotiations
Haass, CFR president, 9-29
(Richard, 9-29-13, “A Diplomatic Dance Will Be No Walz for Either Iran or America”, DOA: 10- 4-13, http://www.cfr.org/iran/diplomatic-dance-no-waltz-either-iran-america/p31517, llc)

We will know soon enough. …….. managing a crisis. 

Congressional splits undermine commitment and signaling
Kahn, PhD, Yale Law professor, 2K
(Paul, November 2000, “The Seventh Annual Fritz B. Burns Lecture: The War Powers Resolution and Kosovo: War Powers and the New Millennium,” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, accessed 10/3/13, lexis nexis, kns)

With respect to ….of the international legal order.

Israel has the long range bombers and bunker busters to strike Iran
Raas and Long, Rand researcher and naval analysis researcher, 07
(Whitney and Austin, “Sirak Redux?: Assessing Israeli Capabilities To Destroy Iranian Nuclear Facilities”, DOA: 10-4-13, International Security, Vol. 31, No 4, llc)

 The foregoing …. and individual calculation.   

Crossing the nuclear threshold causes unstable competition because of disparities in arsenal size and second strike capabilities – makes pressure to strike inevitable
Edelman, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments distinguished fellow, 11
(Eric, Andrew F. Krepinevich Jr, and Evan Braden Montgomery, January/February 2011, “The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran,” Foreign Affairs, accessed 10/2/13, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran, kns)

Given Israel's … would be unstable.

Iran prolif destroys US cred and causes nuclear war
WSJ, 11
(11/14/11, “If Iran Gets the Bomb,” accessed 10/3/13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204224604577027842025797760.html, kns)

Advocates of a "containment" ……… be fatal to more than his legacy.

Conflict escalates- no communication hotlines, U.S. political pressure, Iran CandC weakness
Kahl, Center for a New American Security senior fellow, 12
(Colin, March/April 2012, “Not Time to Attack Iran,” Foreign Affairs, accessed 10/3/13, http://www.cnas.org/node/7690, kns)

Kroenig's discussion of timing …….. to rebuild its program.

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake Forest Clifford-Villa | Judge: Gibson
3
The judiciary adheres to political question deference now – but doctrinal repudiation would reverse that
Franck, New York University Law school professor, 12
(Thomas, 2012, “Political Questions/ Judicial Answers”, DOA: 12-18-13, llc)

Sensitive to this historical perspective, …….—and several prudential reasons. 

Plan breaks the political question doctrine – triggers a slippery slope
Ehrfurth, Marquette Law School JD candidate, 11
(Christopher, 10-10-11, “The Extrajudicial Killing of Anwar – al Awlaki”, DOA: 12-18-13, http://law.marquette.edu/facultyblog/2011/10/10/the-extrajudicial-killing-of-anwar-al-awlaki/, llc)

The legality of the extrajudicial assassination ……… as the President, would choose differently.

PQD facilitates political branch deliberation that solves unconstrained executive
Broughton, US Department of Justice, 07
(Richard, “Judicialzing Federative Power”, DOA: 12-18-13, http://law.bepress.com/expresso/eps/2010/, llc)

My contention is not simply that courts ………...' 47 It can employ those checks without a permission slip from the courts. 

Nuclear war
Knowles, NYU Law School Assistant Prof, 9
(Robert, “American Hegemony and the Foreign Affairs Constitution,” accessed 1-28-14, Lexis, hec)

Nonetheless, foreign relations remain special, ……pecified Article I powers.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wake Forest Cronin-Harris | Judge: Layton
Drone strikes declining now – Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia prove
Shane, NYT staff writer, 13
(Scott, “Debate Aside, Number of Drone Strikes Drops Sharply,” 5/21, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/22/us/debate-aside-drone-strikes-drop-sharply.html?pagewanted=all, accessed: 8/1/2013, ADC)

 President Obama embraced ……. car bombing of Times Square in 2010.

Restricting indefinite detention leads to an increase in drone strikes
Chesney, Francis Professor in Law, University of Texas School of Law, 11
(Robert M., “Who May Be Held? Military Detention Through The Habeas Lens,” 52 Boston College Law Rev 769, May 2011, accessed l/n 8-8-13, mee)

The convergence ……. of habeas corpus litigation.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wake Forest Cronin-Harris | Judge: Layton
Mid-east conflict doesn’t escalate- self-interest contains war. History overwhelmingly proves.
Satloff, Washington Institute for Near East Policy executive director, 12-19-2006
Robert, "Forget the Domino Theories," www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=1011, accessed 10-2-10, mss

The wise men (and woman……er inside Iraq will be the United States.

No China war-too many conflict  dampeners
Rosecrance, Berkeley political science professor, 2010
(Richard, “Delicately Poised: Are China and the US Heading for Conflict?” Global Asia 4.4, http://www.globalasia.org/l.php?c=e251, DOA: 10-2-12, ldg)

Will China and the US …. and war with the US? The answer is no. 

Restricting indefinite detention leads to an increase in drone strikes
Chesney, Francis Professor in Law, University of Texas School of Law, 11
(Robert M., “Who May Be Held? Military Detention Through The Habeas Lens,” 52 Boston College Law Rev 769, May 2011, accessed l/n 8-8-13, mee)

The convergence thesis ……. the alternative mechanisms.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wake Forest Cronin-Harris | Judge: Layton
US has no plans to withdraw from Afghanistan – and drone strikes take out the aff
PressTV, 13
(PressTV,  “US has no plan to withdraw from Afghanistan: John Kerry” 8/1/13 http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/08/01/316690/us-not-to-pull-out-of-afghanistan-kerry/ ACCESSED 8/6/13 RAM)

"We are drawing down, ……. public support for the Afghan war.   

Alt Cause to cred decline – US support for Israel – outweighs gains from the aff
Hroub, Gulf Research Centre-Cambridge Director, ‘11
(Khaled “US fumbles Arab Spring gains over Palestine’s UN bid” 11-3-11 http://www.grc.net/?frm_action=view_newsletter_webandsec_code=grcanalysisandfrm_module=contentsandshow_web_list_link=1andint_content_id=76208 accessed: 9-15-13 accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 In a quick and angry …….. 'are ploughing the sea'! 

Obama won’t capitalize on the plan to boost US cred
Diehl, The Post editorial page editor ‘11
(Jackson “Obama is lagging on Egypt” 12-11-11 http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/obama-lagging-on-the-arab-spring/2011/12/08/gIQApQzCoO_story.html accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 Early on the morning ……. it needs to come from the president. 

No perception – not key to cred
deLisle, UPenn Law, ‘2
(Jacques “ Symposium: Export/Import: American Civil Justice In A Global Context: Eighth Annual Clifford Symposium On Tort Law And Social Policy Article: Human Rights, Civil Wrongs And Foreign Relations: A "Sinical" Look At The Use Of U.S. Litigation To Address Human Rights Abuses Abroad” DePaul L. Rev. 473 via lexis accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 It still might be …..the American government. 

India Pakistan tensions undermine Stability
Hart, Former R.A.F. Director of Defense Studies, 12
(Michael, Royal Air Force (RAF) officer who served in Afghanistan from 2008–09 and was director of defense studies for the RAF from 2010–11 "West's Afghan Hopes Collide with Reality," March 2012 - April 2012, The National Interest, l/n, d/a 3-24-12, zml)

Like Pakistan and Iran, …… well-resourced proxies.

Afghanistan won’t spillover to Central Asia
Kazemi, Afghanistan Analysts Network, 12-12-12
(S. Reza, “A Potential Afghan Spill-Over: How Real Are Central Asian Fears?”, http://aan-afghanistan.com/index.asp?id=3152, DOA: 2-13-13, ldg)

A spill-over of the ……. leadership, this perception is everything but justified.

No Impact – probability is 1 in 3.5 billon AND no loose nukes
Schniedmiller ‘9
(Chirs “ Experts Debate Threat of Nuclear, Biological Terrorism” 1-13-9 http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/experts-debate-threat-of-nuclear-biological-terrorism/ accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

WASHINGTON -- There is an "almost …….. has been stolen.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wake Forest Cronin-Harris | Judge: Layton
No fair trial – jury prejudiced by procedures and atmosphere
Wilson, University of Connecticut School of Law human rights chair, 5
(Richard A., UCONN human rights institute director, “Fair Trials for Terrorists?”, http://www.geoffreyrobertson.com/fair_trials_for_terrorists.htm, DOA: 7-31-13, llc)

 In England, where ……. they will not be executed.  

Courts fail – 5 reasons
Wheeler, Political Science assistant professor, ‘9
(Darren “Checking Presidential Detention Power in the War on Terror: What Should We Expect from
the Judiciary?” Presidential Studies Quarterly Vol. 39.4 Dec 2009 via jstor accessed: 9-14-13 mlb)

 This article argues ……. unilateral control over matters (Fisher 2004; Goldsmith 2007; Kassop  2007; Savage 2007; Wheeler 2008).  

Unenforceable – no popular support
Nzelibe, Chicago Law Professor, ‘4
(Jide, Bigelow Fellow “Article: The Uniqueness of Foreign Affairs” Iowa Law Review 941 via l/n accessed: 9-16-13 mlb)

 Unlike in domestic ……….ng national security.

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake Forest Clifford-Villa | Judge: Gibson
The US has become irrelevant
Versteeg, Associate Professor at the University of Virginia School of Law, 2013
(Mila, “Model, Resource, or Outlier? What Effect Has the U.S. Constitution Had on the Recently Adopted Constitutions of Other Nations,” 5-29-13, http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2013/05/model-resource-or-outlier-what-effect-has-the-us-constitution-had-on-the-recently-adopted-constitutions-of-other-nations, DOA: 1-26-14, CEJ)

For some time, both scholars and the ………….f substantive due process and judicial review.

Judicial independence is a pipe dream – can’t solve judicial responsibility
Thier, Fellow, Stanford’s Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law, 4
(J. Alexander, Campbell National Fellow at the Hoover Institution and Fellow at the Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law at Stanford University, legal advisor to Afghanistan's Constitutional and Judicial Reform Commissions in Kabul, “Reestablishing the Judicial System in Afghanistan,” 9-1-04, http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20714/Reestablishing_the_Judiciary_in_Afghanistan.pdf, DOA: 1-28-14, ara)

Judicial Independence and Judicial Responsibility In Afghan history, there is neither practical experience with judicial independence in the state system, nor a political ethos to support it. The ……..at has been the target of violence. 

Independent judiciary not key to Afghanistan
Huq, Postgrad fellow, Columbia Law School , 4
(Aziz, Postgraduate Fellow at Columbia Law School, 2004, http://www.cic.nyu.edu/pdf/E23SummaryConstitutional20Court20Judicial20ReviewAHaq.pdf, Accessed 1/27/14, CJB)

Courts with judicial review ……..elevant or undermine democracy.

Independent Afghan judiciary leads to activism – turns the aff
Thier, Fellow, Stanford’s Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law, 4
(J. Alexander, Campbell National Fellow at the Hoover Institution and Fellow at the Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law at Stanford University, legal advisor to Afghanistan's Constitutional and Judicial Reform Commissions in Kabul, “Reestablishing the Judicial System in Afghanistan,” 9-1-04, http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20714/Reestablishing_the_Judiciary_in_Afghanistan.pdf, DOA: 1-28-14, ara)

Two recent events illustrate the ……….. rather than enforcing Afghan law. 

Judicial independence would collapse their government
Rubin, Director, Afghanistan studies, NYU, 3
(Barnett R., PhD from University of Chicago, “Presentation to Constitutional Commission of Afghanistan,” 6-5-03, http://institute-for-afghan-studies.roashan.com/Contributions/060503DRRobin_Presentation_to_Constitutional_Commission_of_Afghanistan.htm, DOA: 1-28-14, ara)

Finally, I understand that the commission is ………. conform to Islamic principles. 

No withdrawal
PressTV, 13
(PressTV,  “US has no plan to withdraw from Afghanistan: John Kerry” 8/1/13 http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/08/01/316690/us-not-to-pull-out-of-afghanistan-kerry/ ACCESSED 8/6/13 RAM)

"We are drawing down, not ………..for the Afghan war.   

No modeling – Afghanistan won’t follow norms
McGinnis and Somin, Northwester Law Professor, ‘7
(John O. and Ilya “ SYMPOSIUM: GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: GLOBAL INFLUENCE ON U.S. JURISPRUDENCE: Should International Law Be Part of Our Law?” March 2007 Stanford Law Review via l/n accessed: 10-10-13 mlb)

 The second benefit to ……… to trump domestic law. 

Afghani anti-Americanism proves no modeling
Press TV 13
(“ Anti-Americanism increases worldwide: Poll” 3-15-13 http://www.presstv.ir/usdetail/293712.html accessed: 10-11-13 mlb)

 The worldwide approval rate of …….monitoring the rights of children. AP

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake Forest Clifford-Villa | Judge: Gibson
No arms sales internal link- Russia and China can't challenge US dominance
Europe Online, 14
(1-31-14, "US, Western Europe lead global arms sales," da 1-31-14, http://en.europeonline-magazine.eu/us-western-europe-lead-global-arms-sales_315367.html, mee)

Arms producers in the United States ……….. military spending and conflicts.

No China war-too many conflict dampeners
Rosecrance, Berkeley political science professor, 2010
(Richard, “Delicately Poised: Are China and the US Heading for Conflict?” Global Asia 4.4, http://www.globalasia.org/l.php?c=e251, DOA: 10-2-12, ldg)

Will China and the US Go to War? ……. to lead to territorial expansion and war with the US? The answer is no. 

No escalation – we would crush them
Sharavin, Institute of Political and Military Analysis Director, 2007
(Alexander, “Will America Fight Russia?” Lexis, d/a 2-8-13, ads)

The United States may count on a ……. in their turn will escape the war unscathed.

No U.S.-Russia war – conflicting interests aren’t sufficient and economic integration checks
Weitz, Hudson Institute Senior Fellow, 2011
(Richard, World Politics Review Senior Editor, September 27, “Global Insights: Putin not a Game-Changer for U.S.-Russia Ties,” http://www.scribd.com/doc/66579517/Global-Insights-Putin-not-a-Game-Changer-for-U-S-Russia-Ties, d/a 2-8-13, ads)

Fifth, there will inevitably be ……… whoever is in charge of Russia.

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake Forest Clifford-Villa | Judge: Gibson
Rulings don’t change executive behavior – judiciary will pull back
Posner and Vermeule, law professors, 10
(Eric, law professor, University of Chicago, and Adrian, law professor at Harvard, The Executive Unbound, accessed 1-27-14 p. 35-36 JMM)

By 2006, the Bush ………, not judicial orders or legal norms.

Circumvention – plan will fail first challenge from the executive
Pushaw, Professor at Pepperdine University School of Law, 11
(Robert, “SYMPOSIUM: SUPREME MISTAKES: Explaining Korematsu: A Response to Dean Chemerinsky,” accessed 1-28-2014, http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1357andcontext=plr, mac)

As our debate over Korematsu illustrates, …….. avoid similar decisions in the future. 

No spillover – all federal courts defer to executive on matters of war and terror – challenges are narrow in scope, and most cases aren’t even heard
Entin and Brennan, Case Western Reserve University School of Law, 12
(Jonathan L. and David L., Associate Dean for Academic Affairs (School of Law) and Professor of Law, Professor of Political Science, Case Western Reserve University, Fall 2012, “War Powers, Foreign Affairs, and the Courts: Some Institutional Considerations,” accessed 1-28-2014, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1and2.21.Article.Entin.pdf, mac)

Although these procedural and jurisdictional ………… to review either case.109

Tournament: JMU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Vanderbilt Bilgi-Mitchell | Judge: Harper, OGorman, Warne
Iraq and Afghanistan undermine CMR – nation building projects blur distinctions between political and military
Desch, Notre Dame Political Science professor, 10
(Michael, 10/18, “Why have the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan been so corrosive of civil-military relations?” accessed: 9/17/2013, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/10/17/why_have_the_wars_in_iraq_and_afghanistan_been_so_corrosive_of-civil_military_relations, ADC)

 If civil-military …… these sorts of military operations. 

Obama and the public make CMR contentious inevitable
Owens, Naval War College National Security Affairs professor, 11
(Mackubin Thomas, January, “U.S. Civil-Military Relations After 9/11: Renegotiating The Civil-Military Bargain,” accessed: 9/17/2013, http://www.fpri.org/enotes/201101.owens.civilmilitaryrelations.html, ADC) 

Public criticism of …… potentially contentious. 

States will seek nuclear prolif as long as US has conventional superiority
Gerson and Boyars, CNA Center for Strategic Studies, 7
(Michael, MA in International Relations from the University of Chicago and Jacob, MA in Security Studies at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University “The Future of U.S. Deterrence: Constructing Effective Strategies to Deter States and Non-State Actors” September 18th, 2007, Center for Strategic Studies Conference, da 10-2-12, http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/D0017171.A2.pdf, mee)

In today’s threat …. deterrent against U.S. power.    

Threat of piracy is declining and the status quo solves
Mugridge, The National staff writer, 13
(David, 3/12, “Private navies exaggerate the maritime piracy threat,” accessed: 10/9/2013, http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/private-navies-exaggerate-the-maritime-piracy-threat#full, ADC)

Somali piracy ……. operations in the UAE.

Pirate attacks declining – they’re scared of armed maritime security
Ewen, Job Security staff writer, 13
(Jeremy, 2/25, “Maritime Security – Is Modern-Day Piracy A Vanishing Threat?” accessed: 10/9/2013, http://www.jobsecurity.co.uk/blog/maritime-security-piracy-threat/#sthash.FNlGsHSk.dpuf, ADC)

But is the threat exaggerated …… candidates for some time.

No impact to trade – industries and companies in the region are resilient
Lincoln, Rubicon Resolution Intelligence director, 12
(Jessica, 6/8, King’s College Department of War Studies professor, “Thinking Globally: Countering Piracy in West Africa,” accessed: 10/9/2013, http://www.currentintelligence.net/analysis/2012/6/8/thinking-globally-countering-piracy-in-west-africa.html, ADC)

 Yet despite this image ….. and sustained operational concerns. 

Instability inevitable
Reuters 2012
(“Arc of instability in Africa may turn into battlefield – Moscow’s envoy” 3-27-12 http://rt.com/politics/mali-africa-arab-spring-538/ accessed: 3-31-12 mlb)

Last week’s coup  the north of Mali. 

Instability inevitable – too many alt causes
Tesfa-Yohannes, Wise Men Center for Strategic Studies, 2012
(Athina “Regional instability in the Horn of Africa: the effects of U.S. regional policy” 2-3-12 http://www.bilgesam.org/en/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=456:regional-instability-in-the-horn-of-africa-the-effects-of-us-regional-policyandcatid=80:analizler-afrikaandItemid=138 accessed: 3-31-12 mlb)

 However, especially ……. support, and labeling Ethiopia’s claim as ‘baseless and unfounded.’(7) 

Brazil prolif inevitable
States News Service, 2009
("South America And Its Likelihood Of A Season Of Splendid Little Wars: An Analysis Of Arms Races And Regional Geopolitics," 10-8-2009, l/n, accessed 11-6-2010, mtf)

Major spenders: Brazil, Chile, …… and Peru, might argue differently. 

Bad strategy planning affects military effectiveness and civil-military relations, not vice versa; solving civil-military relations won’t solve the United States’ strategic ineffectiveness
Owens, Associate Dean of Academics for Electives and Directed Research and Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval War College, February 24, 2010
(Mackubin, editor of Orbis and a Senior Fellow at FPRI’s Program on National Securit , “Civil-Military Relations And The U.S. Strategy Deficit”, http://www.eurasiareview.com/2010/02/31956-civil-military-relations-and-us.html, accessed 2/26/10) kel

Nearly twenty years after the ….. disconnected from the goals of the war.

No modeling
Black, MinnPost ‘12
(Eric “ Some ideas to limit the ‘supremacy’ of the U.S. Supreme Court” http://www.minnpost.com/eric-black-ink/2012/11/some-ideas-limit-supremacy-us-supreme-court accessed: 10-11-13 mlb)

It seems to be part of our …..pretty crazy bankrupt.”

Tournament: JMU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Vanderbilt Bilgi-Mitchell | Judge: Harper, OGorman, Warne
US can’t project power now
Parent et al., Miamia political science professor, 2011
(Joseph, “The Wisdom of Retrenchment”, Foreign Affairs, Nov/Dec, ebsco, ldg)

The trend of the last …….. United States is leaking cash. 

Their perception internal links are academic junk
Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action fellow, 2-20-13
(Micah, “The Signal and the Noise”, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/02/20/the_signal_and_the_noise, DOA: 2-20-13, ldg)

These routine and unchallenged ….. to appease domestic audiences. 

U.S. can’t deploy heg to solve conflicts – public restraint, international relations, and deployment capabilities
Talmadge, Staff Writer for the Harvard International Review, 2006
(Caitlin, Ph.D. candidate in political science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "The Restrained Hegemon," 5-6-06, Harvard International Review, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://hir.harvard.edu/intelligence/the-restrained-hegemon, accessed 3-17-11, mtf)

First, the domestic politics …. avoids acting like one.\

Heg doesn’t solve conflict.
Fettweis, Tulane political science professor, 2010
(Christopher, “Threat and Anxiety in US Foreign Policy,” Survival, Vol. 52, No. 2, informaworld, ldg)

One potential explanation  military expenditure are unrelated.

Tournament: JMU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Vanderbilt Bilgi-Mitchell | Judge: Harper, OGorman, Warne
Obama will redefine policies to sidestep detention restrictions
Becker and Shane, NYT, ‘12
(Jo and Scott “Secret ‘Kill List’ proves a test of Obama’s principles and will” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/world/obamas-leadership-in-war-on-al-qaeda.html?pagewanted=alland_r=1and accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 What the new president did ……. since the 2001 terrorist attacks. 

NSC doesn’t solve
Hilde, Maryland Public Policy Professor, ‘09
(Thomas C. “Beyond Guantanamo” http://www.boell.org/downloads/hbf_Beyond_Guantanamo_Thomas_Hilde(2).pdf accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 this approach suggests …. arbitrary judgment by government officials. 

Violates Geneva convention
Paust, University of Houston Law Center, ‘8
(Jordan “The Case Against a National Security Court” http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forumy/2008/10/case-against-national-security-court.php accessed: 9-16-13 mlb)

 During an actual armed …… to incidents arising after its creation.   

Multilat fails- conflicting interests, more players, and new coalitions
Naim, Carnegie Endowment for Peace International Economics Program Senior associate, 13
(Moises, 2/15/13, “The G20 is a Sad Sign of Our Uncooperative World,” accessed 9/29/13,   HYPERLINK "http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/02/15/g20-is-sad-sign-of-our-uncooperative-world/fgvs"  http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/02/15/g20-is-sad-sign-of-our-uncooperative-world/fgvs , kns)

The changing landscape of …….curbing global warming.

Global multilateralism is impossible, but regional solutions check the impact
Khanna, New America Foundation senior research fellow, 10
(Parag, December 2010, “How’s the New World Order Working Out?,” Foreign Policy, accessed 9/29/13,   HYPERLINK "http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/11/29/hows_that_new_world_order_working_out"  http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/11/29/hows_that_new_world_order_working_out , kns)
.. than the top down.
Standards for global emission cuts won’t be enough
The Guardian, 08
(12-9, “Too late? Why scientists say we should expect the worst”, Accessed 9-22-13, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/dec/09/poznan-copenhagen-global-warming-targets-climate-change)

At a high-level academic …… not come close.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Antounicci
The aff perpetuates the rhetoric of crisis and security, and the aff impacts are based on incorrect linear scenario predictions. This leads to bureaucratic compartmentalization and faulty policy-analysis.  The impact is systematic otherization and militarized responses that culminate in war.
Ahmed, Institute for Policy Research and Development director, 2012
(Nafeez, “The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society”, Global Change, Peace and Security, 23.3, SAGE, ldg)

The twenty-first …….culminate in violent conflict.

Society is haunted by the death drive – a drive towards nonexistence and death.  The necessity intervention to save us from impending doom and fear of death is a fantasy of self-fulfillment that denies the existence of the death drive and projects anxiety onto queer bodies that are deemed futureless.   
Giffney 08 (Noreen, Professor of Queer Theory at University College of Dublin, Queering the Non/Human, p. 65, CW, accessed on 2/22/11)  

For Edelman, reproductive ….. mechanisms in motion’ (69).  

The state only exists through otherizing gendered and othered bodies—the disruption of security undercut the the state and destroy its legitimacy.  
Campbell, professor, international politics, University of Newcastle, 98
(David, Writing Security, pg. 4-6)

Identity is an inescapable ……..attuned to the issues. 

Heteronormativity operates within civil society by creating a universalized conscious and those queers that do not meet that conscious are made into the enemy of society
Meeks, 01 (Chet, November, “Civil Society and the Sexual Politics of Difference,” Sociological Theory
Volume 19, Issue 3, pages 325–343, accessed on 7/21/11, CW) 

Jeffrey Alexander defines …., into pure formand#34; (1992:290).  

The aff’s logic of security is based on a desire to control and manage that renders everything knowable and hence predictable.  This static epistemology results in a static ontology of the self and politics, destroying personal agency in decision-making, reifying structural antagonisms, and culminating in limitless war and otherization.  Vote neg to reject the logic of the 1AC.  Only a radical negation can disrupt dominant epistemologies.
Burke, New South Wales IR professor, 2007
(Anthony, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason”, Theory and Event, 10.2, project muse, ldg)

I see such a drive for ontological ……. perpetuate or help to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?

This is not mere word play – we are at war with the entire system that makes their aff meaningful. Use the ballot to identify with death, queerness, and negativity in the face of a politics that is only valuable through some reconciled, future order.  Aligning oneself with negativity is the only way to reclaim life from constant deferral to the future.
Schotten 09 (C. Heike, Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts Boston, Nietzsche’s Revolution: Decadence,
Politics, and Sexuality, p. 203-6, CW, accessed on 2/27/11) 

Instead of falling prey to …. was a setup—like all dichotomies, false.

Security crisis representations neutralize dissent and resistance—the aff invokes insecurity as the prime motivator for political decision-making, paving the way for fascism.
Neocleous, Brunel government professor, 2008
(Mark, Critique of Security, pg 117, ldg)

Eliding the distinction …. of the Communist system.54 

Theoretical challenges maximize the pragmatic potential of politics—rejecting dominant discourse is key to open up alternate epistemologies and ignored questions—solves for serial policy failure.
Reus-Smit, European University Institute IR professor, 2012
(Christian, “International Relations, Irrelevant? Don’t Blame Theory”, Millennium - Journal of International Studies, 40.3, SAGE, ldg)

However widespread it might be, …… despite its abstraction. 

Their AFF assumes the USFG acts from a passive standpoint. Only rigorous criticism of technocratic militarism can lead to a productive debate about how weapons could/should be deployed
Lichterman, Program Director of the Western States Legal Foundation, 2003
(Andrew M., “Missiles of Empire: America’s 21st Century Global Legions,” Western States Legal Foundation, pdf, Online, Pages 15-16, Written October 2003, Accessed 09/14/2013, AJH)

The U.S. military-industrial …………., it must be clear that we are leaving the path of violence. 

Proliferation constructs the world in imperialist and Orientalist terms—this condemns the global South to violent intervention and discipline.  The 1AC is part of a process of knowledge-creation that restricts our understanding of proliferation to Western ideology.
Behnke, Towson political science professor, 2000
(Andreas, “Inscriptions of the Imperial Order”, International Journal of Peace Studies, 5.1, http://www.gmu.edu/academic/ijps/vol5_1/behnke.htm, DOA: 12-20-12, ldg)

David Mutimer (1997) has argued that the use ……. with an other it is unwilling to listen to.

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 5 | Opponent: West Georgia Zapata-Mauro | Judge: Montee
1NC
Swingsets by Andrea Gibson

The only possible relationship to have in this space is to steal away – to move to a maroon camp , the undercommons, a place where we are able to exist without oppressive structures. A place that allows us to exist in a new radical form that disrupts enlightenment perspective and biopolitical control…so we steal…we just stole your stuff…
Harney and Moten, professor of Strategic Management Education and, professor of Modern Poetry, 13
(Stefano, co-founder of the School for Study and Fred, PhD, University of Berkeley, "The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study", accessed 01/15/14, BEN)

“To the university I’ll steal….. time, the only possible act.
Intersecution
Puar, 05
(Jasbir K, “Queer Times, Queer Assemblages,” Social Media Text, CW, accessed on 8/20/11) 

As there is no entity, no ….ecoming/s beyong being/s.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Texas Fitz-Makuch | Judge: Antonucci
Feminist theory relies on stabilized notions of male/female and excludes all those between and beyond the two, reinforcing heterosexuality.
Kathy Davis et al, 2006. (Mary Evans and Judity Lorber. Handbook of Gender and Women's Studies, pg 310 google books). Jt

In current gender theory, …….. continue to question our own assumptions. 

Appeals to the state produce “normative homo,” complacent in perpetuating heteronormativity
Yount, Masters in Sociology, 2009. (Porscha, “Denying Queer Realities: Scripting the Normative Homo.” East Tennessee State University, ProQuest) jba

By scripting the way individuals are supposed to interact with institutions and with each other, these organizations are scripting a normative homo ideal that they hope will ……..non-citizens—or just bad queers.
Historical analysis relies on the concept of the Child – their metholdogy ensures we are always replicating desire where we are looking toward instead of becoming
Edelman, professor of English at Tufts University, 2004
(Lee, "No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive", Duke University Press, p.10-11) RKB

This surplus, compelling the Symbolic to ……one for whom that order is held in perpetual trust."

Futurism necessitates the elimination of the queer in hopes of reaching perfection
Stavrakakis 99 (Yannis, Lacanian Psychoanalyst, Lacan and the Political, p. 99-101, Questia, CW, accessed on 2/26/11)   

Our age is clearly an age of social fragmentation, ….. as a highly problematic area (seminar of 18 June 1958).   
The affs re-entrenchment of heteronormativity through the use of a specific politic is not blind – rather it is a form of social organization that gives meaning to heterosexuality as natural and good while queer is tied to evil. Their form of politics divides groups because of specificity, destroying coalition building – allowing heteronormativity to perpetuate
Dean 03 (Tim, Professor of English at University of Buffalo, Cambridge Companion to Lacan, “Lacan and Queer Theory,” p. 238-41, CW, accessed on 2/27/11) 

The term “heteronormativity” designates ……. overlooked or lost. Queer theory is the discourse that explores those promises and risk     

Identity politics normalizes the queer in an attempt to reach an universalized struggle – this necessitates violence against difference
Connolly 91 (William E. Identity/Difference: Democratic Negotiations of political paradox, pg 177-78, google books, CW, accessed on 11/28/10)  

Without a particular set of entrenched …….y to tactics of self-modification.    

Identity politics re-inscribes the oppression it attempts to solve – historicizing oppression through identity they create a nostalgia for the past that is used to ensure a salvific future.
Schotten 09 (C. Heike, Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts Boston, Nietzsche’s Revolution: Decadence, Politics, and Sexuality, p. 199-201, CW, accessed on 2/28/11)  

Critics have long complained ……. him, Nietzsche pronounces all of modernity to be shot

Tournament: Texas | Round: 4 | Opponent: Florida Frank-Prescott | Judge: Shanahan
Memory link
Halberstam, USC American Studies, Ethnicity Studies, and Comparative Literature Professor, ‘11
(Judith, Phd University of Minnesota, “The Queer Art of Failure” 2011 ebook.  Accessed 12-20-13 mlb)

 In the project on subjugated …… to inscription. 

Survival requires forgetting – a will to memory is radical violence  - creates violence towards those who have experienced those tradgeies
Halberstam, USC American Studies, Ethnicity Studies, and Comparative Literature Professor, ‘11
(Judith, Phd University of Minnesota, “The Queer Art of Failure” 2011 ebook.  Accessed 12-20-13 mlb)

 In fact we can never really ….. by failing, losing, stumbling, remembering, and forgetting. 

Historical analysis relies on the concept of the Child – their metholdogy ensures we are always replicating desire where we are looking toward instead of becoming
Edelman, professor of English at Tufts University, 2004
(Lee, "No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive", Duke University Press, p.10-11) RKB

This surplus, compelling the ……. one for whom that order is held in perpetual trust."

Historical projects are anti-negativity – only the alt solves
Edelman, professor of English at Tufts University, 2004
(Lee, "No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive", Duke University Press, p.4-5) RKB

Rather than rejecting, with liberal discourse, ……… of access onto the queer.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake MQ | Judge: Wunderlich, Carly
The aff perpetuates the rhetoric of crisis and security, and the aff impacts are based on incorrect linear scenario predictions. This leads to bureaucratic compartmentalization and faulty policy-analysis.  The impact is systematic otherization and militarized responses that culminate in war.

Ahmed, Institute for Policy Research and Development director, 2012
(Nafeez, “The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society”, Global Change, Peace and Security, 23.3, SAGE, ldg)

The twenty-first century … that can culminate in violent conflict.

The state only exists through otherizing gendered and othered bodies—the disruption of security undercut the the state and destroy its legitimacy.  
Campbell, professor, international politics, University of Newcastle, 98
(David, Writing Security, pg. 4-6)

Identity is an inescapable dimension …. adequately attuned to the issues. 

The aff’s logic of security is based on a desire to control and manage that renders everything knowable and hence predictable.  This static epistemology results in a static ontology of the self and politics, destroying personal agency in decision-making, reifying structural antagonisms, and culminating in limitless war and otherization.  Vote neg to reject the logic of the 1AC.  Only a radical negation can disrupt dominant epistemologies.

Burke, New South Wales IR professor, 2007
(Anthony, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason”, Theory and Event, 10.2, project muse, ldg)

I see such a drive for ontological … the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?

Tournament: Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: Georgia Caplan-Shanker | Judge: Davis
The aff discourse of climate threat is a securitized view of the environment—it masks the complexity of environmental change and fuels neorealist policies.
Ahmed, Institute for Policy Research and Development director, 2012
(Nafeez, “The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society”, Global Change, Peace and Security, SAGE, accessed 2/15/13, soap)

Unfortunately, orthodox IR ……..systemic context

Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats-~--also causes political apathy which turns case
Buell, Queens College English professor, 2003
(Frederick, From Apocalypse To Way of Life, pg 185-6, ldg)

Looked at critically, then, crisis discourse ……cut off ties to clearly  terminal “nature.”

Culminates in mass wars to eliminate environmental threats
Brzoska, Hamburg  Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy, 2008
(Michael, “The securitization of climate change and the power of conceptions of security”, http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/5/3/8/8/pages253887/p253887-1.php, 12-18-12, ldg)

In the literature on securitization it is implied …….. powers, thus leading to arms races.

Energy predictions are in the pocket of industries and the media – reject them
Nikiforuk,  Energy Industry Journalist, ‘13
(Andrew,  working with Tides Canada Initiatives Society,  “Why Energy Experts Gets Things Wrong So Often” The Tyree 3-22-13 http://www.resilience.org/stories/2013-03-22/why-energy-experts-get-things-wrong-so-often accessed: 3-24-13 mlb)

Tetlock also concluded that experts weren't ……… the IEA," once wrote the energy physicist. 

Energy policy justified through security perpetuates inequalities, environmental degradation, and inhibits their long-term development – must be examined prior to their enactment
Simpson, South Austrlaia IR lecturer, 2007
(Adam, “The Environment: Energy Security Nexus: Critical Analysis of an Energy 'Love Triangle' in Southeast Asia”, Third World Quarterly, 28.3, JSTOR, ldg)

The pursuit of energy security …….. still cites 'ine uality of outcomes' as playing an important role in facilitating development.

Their framing of disease privileges expertism and demonizing target populations as disease-carriers, while causing the very pandemics it seeks to prevent
Diprose, New South Wales school of history, 2008
(Rosalyn, “Biopolitical technologies of prevention”, Health Sociology Review, 17.2, ebsco, ldg)

The problem with this paradigm of ……. are unlikely to achieve their expressed aims.

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake Forest Clifford-Villa | Judge: Gibson
Theoretical challenges maximize the pragmatic potential of politics—rejecting dominant discourse is key to open up alternate epistemologies and ignored questions—solves for serial policy failure.
Reus-Smit, European University Institute IR professor, 2012
(Christian, “International Relations, Irrelevant? Don’t Blame Theory”, Millennium - Journal of International Studies, 40.3, SAGE, ldg)

However widespread it might be, the notion that …….. relevant despite its abstraction. 

Critiques of security lead to better policy-making—Focusing on critical theory instead of policy application generates better understandings of the world and transforms IR.
Widmaier, St. Joseph’s political science professor, 2004
(Wesley, “Theory as a Factor and the Theorist as an Actor: The "Pragmatist Constructivist" Lessons of John Dewey and John Kenneth Galbraith”, International Studies Review, 6.3, JSTOR, ldg)

This realignment of debate also would …….. politics (Edwards 1990).

Critical intellectualism is the key to solving—our alternative creates a counter-hegemonic discourse.
Jones, Aberystwyth University Professor of International Relations, 99
(Richard Wyn, Professor of International Relations – Aberystwyth University, Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory, p. 155-163)

The central political task of the _{, critical security studies}

Try or die calculus uses worst-case scenarios to motivate action—this leads to flawed policy action and perpetuates insecurity rhetoric.
Schneier, internationally renowned security technologist, 2010
(Bruce, “Worst-Case Thinking”, 5-13, http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2010/05/worst-case_thin.html, DOA: 2-17-13, ldg)

At a security conference recently, the ……………. there's no point in listening to them. 

Identifications of security crises in Asia are empirically disproven and a guise for continued securitization.

Kang, Dartmouth government professor, 2003
(David, “Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks”, International Security, 27.4, lexis, ldg)

Following the end of the Cold War ……. Asia is both a fruitful and a necessary theoretical exercise. 

Discursively constructing China as a threat to U.S. security essentializes and totalizes the Other, ensuring the maintenance of a security paradigm and war.
Pan, Department of Political Science and International Relations, 04
(Chengxin Pan, Faculty of Arts, Australian National University, Canberra, 2004, “The ‘China Threat’ in American Self-Imagination: The Discursive Construction of Other as Power Politics,” Alternatives (29) 2004)

Having examined how the "China threat" literature is enabled ……. ambitions of U.S. foreign policy

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 3 | Opponent: Samford Carley-Higgins | Judge: Holland
Their peacekeeping advantage relies on flawed top-down models of development that results in structural violence
Newman, Birmingham political science senior lecturer, 2011
(Edward, “A Human Security Peace-Building Agenda”, Third World Quarterly, 32.10, project muse, ldg)

 However, the record of …… objective of international peace-building activities.   

The aff frames disease as a threat to security—Their analysis privileges expertism and demonises target populations as disease-carriers.  The securitization of disease leads to pervasive government power masked as “crisis prevention” which destroys agency.

Diprose, New South Wales school of history, 2008
(Rosalyn, “Biopolitical technologies of prevention”, Health Sociology Review, 17.2, ebsco, ldg)
The problem with this paradigm of pre-emption is that instead of viewing a life-threatening event, disease, biotechnology, or practice as specific to context or type, its occurrence is generalised as prototypical of events ……….. their expressed aims

The aff discourse of climate threat is a securitized view of the environment—it masks the complexity of environmental change and fuels neorealist policies.
Ahmed, Institute for Policy Research and Development director, 2012
(Nafeez, “The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society”, Global Change, Peace and Security, SAGE, accessed 2/15/13, soap)

Unfortunately, orthodox IR approaches …………. crises precisely in their global systemic context.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 8 | Opponent: Harvard Xu-Herman | Judge: Green
Terrorism studies rely on politically motivated expertism that justifies the security state—reject their knowledge claims and prefer the structural MPX of the K.
Raphael, Kingston IR professor, 2009
(Sam, Critical terrorism studies, pg 50-1, ldg)

The close relationship between the ….. It will then discuss the function that this research serves for the US state. 

There is no stable definition of ‘terrorism’ and government elites manipulate the definition to serve the interests of state power and the security regime.
Hoffman, Director of the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University, 1998
(Bruce, Professor at Georgetown University, “Inside Terrorism,” The New York Times Company, Online, Written 1998, Accessed 07/31/2013, AJH)

What is terrorism? Few ……….. was declared legitimate'

/

Defense of hegemony causes paranoid imperial violence.  There are no global threats and violence is only inevitable because US scenario planning is grounded in pursuing constructed threats – causes error replication that culminate in eternal warfare.
Engelhardt, Nation Institute fellow, 2012
(Tom, “Overwrought empire: The discrediting of US military power”, 10-12, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/20121010104331399712.html, DOA: 2-17-13, ldg)

And here's the odd thing: in a sense, little has ……..o longer be altered. In other words, they can't help themselves

Hegemony is a paranoid fantasy—-the most secure nation on earth sees threats to empire everywhere, which legitimizes constant violence—-you have an obligation to place the structural violence that hegemony renders invisibile at the core of your decision calculus
McClintock, Wisconsin Women’s and Gender studies professor, 2009
(Anne, “Paranoid Empire: Specters from Guantánamo and Abu Ghraib”, Small Axe, March, ebsco, ldg)

By now it is fair to say …….Those people were a kind of solution. 

Global conflict can only emerge in a world of unipolarity---hegemony monopolizes all legitimate forms of expression, which requires that suppressed antagonisms use radical tactics to negate the universalization of American norms---this is the root cause of terrorism and threats to global stability
Mouffe, Westminster political theory professor, 2007
(Chantal, The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt, pg 52, ldg)

I submit that it is high time ….. discourse is, in fact, contributing

Hegemony causes paranoid imperial violence – there are no global threats – violence is inevitable because US scenario planning is grounded in pursuing constructed threats – causes error replication that culminate in eternal warfare
Engelhardt, Nation Institute fellow, 2012
(Tom, “Overwrought empire: The discrediting of US military power”, 10-12, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/20121010104331399712.html, DOA: 2-17-13, ldg)

And here's the odd thing: in …….. can evidently no longer be altered. In other words, they can't help themselves.
/
Drone cause technological distancing and securitization of the Other - causes dehumanization.
Wall and Monahan, Assistant Professors at Eastern Kentucky University and Vanderbilt University, 2011
(Tyler and Torin, Ph.D. from ASU and Associate Editor of Surveillance and Society, “Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes,” SAGE, Online, pdf, Pages 239-240, Written in 2011, Accessed 08/08/2013, AJH)

 The corporeal politics of space, ……….. surveillance and social control taken to the extreme.

Discourse of a Russia threat is inflated security rhetoric—no objective threat exists, and there’s only a risk the aff creates a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Rumer and Sokolsky, Senior Fellow at National Defense University and Secretary of State’s Policy Planning Staff, 2001
(Eugene and Richard, Ph.D. from MIT and  M.A. in IR from John Hopkins, “Normalizing U.S.-Russian Relations” Strategic Forum; Institute for National Strategic Studies. Written in April 2001, Accessed 08/14/2013, AJH)

Ten years after the end of ……….t Reduction (CTR) Initiative, is limited.

Predictions of Asian instability are based on cultural misunderstandings and have been repeatedly disproven
Kang, Dartmouth government professor, 2003
(David, “Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks”, International Security, 27.4, lexis, ldg)

Following the end of the ……… and a necessary theoretical exercise.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Houston Asgari-Tari-Bockmon | Judge: Harris
Discursively constructing China as a threat to U.S. security essentializes and totalizes the Other, ensuring the maintenance of a security paradigm and war.
Pan, Department of Political Science and International Relations, 04
(Chengxin Pan, Faculty of Arts, Australian National University, Canberra, 2004, “The ‘China Threat’ in American Self-Imagination: The Discursive Construction of Other as Power Politics,” Alternatives (29) 2004)

Having examined how the "China threat" ………. ambitions of U.S. foreign policy

Anti-proliferation discourse obscures Western violence and masks the dangers of nuclear possession
Cohn et al., Consortium on Gender, Security, and Human Rights director, 2005
(Carol, “The Relevance of Gender for Eliminating Weapons of Mass Destruction”, http://www.un.org/disarmament/education/wmdcommission/files/No38.pdf, DOA: 12-19-12, ldg)

“Proliferation” is not a mere description or mirror of …. be difficult to justify on rational security grounds.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 4 | Opponent: James Madison Lepp-Miller | Judge: Ridley
Politics and international relations are too complex for linear scenario predictions—expert analysis only contributes to serial policy failure.
Taleb, NYU Risk Engineering professor, 2011
(Nassim Nicholas, “The Black Swan of Cairo: how suppressing volatility makes the world less predictable and more dangerous”, Foreign Affairs, 90.3, ebsco, ldg)

Why is surprise the permanent ……… of the actual, delayed cost.

Their threats do not exist objectively in reality—They ignore the complexity of risk in favor of subjectively isolating particular potentialities as objectively dangerous.
Campbell, professional of international politics at the University of Newcastle, 98
(David, Writing Security, pg. 1-4)

Danger is not an objective condition. …….. the military-industrial complex.

3. Perm can’t solve – The plan cannot be detached from the discourse and framing used to justify it—the juxtaposition of the plan and alternative masks the underlying logic of security.
Burke, New South Wales IR senior lecturer, 2007
(Anthony, Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence, pg 3-4, ldg)

These frameworks are interrogated …….. wards off critique.

Identifications of security crises in Asia are empirically disproven and a guise for continued securitization.

Kang, Dartmouth government professor, 2003
(David, “Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks”, International Security, 27.4, lexis, ldg)

Following the end of the ….. both a fruitful and a necessary theoretical exercise.
Terrorism studies rely on politically motivated expertism that justifies the security state—reject their knowledge claims and prefer the structural MPX of the K.
Raphael, Kingston IR professor, 2009
(Sam, Critical terrorism studies, pg 50-1, ldg)

The close relationship between the ……. function that this research serves for the US state.

Tournament: JMU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Vanderbilt Bilgi-Mitchell | Judge: Harper, OGorman, Warne
Defense of hegemony causes paranoid imperial violence.  There are no global threats and violence is only inevitable because US scenario planning is grounded in pursuing constructed threats – causes error replication that culminate in eternal warfare.
Engelhardt, Nation Institute fellow, 2012
(Tom, “Overwrought empire: The discrediting of US military power”, 10-12, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/20121010104331399712.html, DOA: 2-17-13, ldg)

And here's the odd thing: in a sense…… be altered. In other words, they can't help themselves

Threat discourse about “failed states” is a violent securitization—It creates an oppositional political order based on “zones of peace” and “zones of chaos” which justify violent militarism and extermination of the Other.
Abrahamsen, Ottawa University International Affairs Professor, 2005
(Rita “Blair’s Africa: The Politics of Securitization and Fear” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 30 vo. 1. Pages 65-70 http://www.jstor.org/stable/40645148 accessed: 12-28-12 mlb)

The further securitization of …… authorized responses to otherness.6 

Realism is not inevitable or objective—the ontological and epistemological foundations of realism are never questioned from within the paradigm, and realism is a subjective rhetoric deployed to justify the security state.
Grondin, Ottowa political studies PhD, 2004
(David, “(Re)Writing the “National Security State”: How and Why Realists (Re)Built the(ir) Cold War”, http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/ieim/IMG/pdf/rewriting_national_security_state.pdf, DOA: 2-17-13, ldg)

Neorealist and neoclassical ….. of national security conduct; it constitutes it.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 8 | Opponent: Liberty BM | Judge: harris, young, short
2

Other countries can’t get the tech
Zenko, Douglas Dillon Fellow, 13
(Micah, Council on Foreign Relations, January 2013, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies," Council Special Report, da 9-14-13, http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736-http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736, mee)

Based on current trends, it is unlikely that most states will have, within
AND
will undertake the significant investment required for armed drones in the near term.

Military tech tradeoff of drones cause more violence

Lewis, Professor of Law at Ohio Northern University, 13
(Michael,  Professor of Law at Ohio Northern University, teaches International Law and the Law of War, "Obama Got It Right on Drones", http://opiniojuris.org/2013/05/24/guest-post-obama-got-it-right-on-drones/-http://opiniojuris.org/2013/05/24/guest-post-obama-got-it-right-on-drones/, 05/24/2013, da: 07/14/2013, lmm)

As a result it was important for Obama to outline the alternatives to the continued
AND
will be saved, but also for the local civilians on the ground. 

No drone prolif- their ev misunderstands the international system- political costs, air defenses, expenses, deployment, retal all prevent

Singh, researcher at the Center for a New American Security, 12
(Joseph, 8-13-12, "Betting Against a Drone Arms Race," da 9-14-13, http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/~~23ixzz2etdWwTG8-http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/, mee)

Bold predictions of a coming drones arms race are all the rage since the uptake
AND
an ability to meet the political and security risks associated with their use.

No China war-too many conflict dampeners

Rosecrance, Berkeley political science professor, 2010
(Richard, "Delicately Poised: Are China and the US Heading for Conflict?" Global Asia 4.4, http://www.globalasia.org/l.php?c=e251-http://www.globalasia.org/l.php?c=e251, DOA: 10-2-12, ldg)

Will China and the US Go to War? If one accepts the previous analysis
AND
to territorial expansion and war with the US? The answer is no. 

No war or escalation over Senkaaku

Givens, Center for Asian Democracy Researcher, ’12
(John Wagner, former  Clarendon Scholar at the University of Oxford "Disputed Islands in the Sun" 10-2-12 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-wagner-givens/disputed-islands-in-the-s_b_1924631.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-wagner-givens/disputed-islands-in-the-s_b_1924631.html accessed: 12-18-12 mlb)

There are many good reasons to believe that this conflict will not escalate into a war, or at least, not a wide-ranging one with disastrous consequences:  First, and most simply, there will not be a war because it would be economically ruinous to both sides. "China accounted for 21 percent of Japan’s exports and imports in 2011," according to the Wall Street Journal, and the total value of annual trade between Japan and China was 24345 billion. By contrast, the estimated value of the annual production of the Chunxiao gas field, which is often cited as one of the reasons for the conflict, is a mere 241.1 billion (based on average 2011 wellhead prices). That is just under a third of one percent of annual trade between the two countries (see graph).  Second, even if it did come to blows, there is no reason to believe that it would escalate to a full-scale war, much less a nuclear conflict. There have been lots of "conflicts" and "crises" over uninhabited islands, including the Perejil Island, Imia and Kardak, and the Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands, but none ever resulted in anything like a full-scale war. Even the Falklands war hardly resulted in disaster for the region.  Third, not only does Japan still operate under a pacifist constitution, but China actually has a record of peacefully settling border disputes by agreeing to compromises. Even when border disputes precipitated a 32-day war with India in 1962 and a 28-day war with Vietnam in 1979, these have hardly led to regional instability or other serious consequences.  Considering all this, why is the media full of bluster, vitriol and dire warnings? As I have pointed out before, all foreign correspondents in China are based in major cities and (generally through no fault of their own) have a difficult time reporting outside of them. Foreign reporters and their photographers were there to witness the anti-Japanese protests first hand and get lots of compelling pictures. On the other hand, they largely miss the tens of thousands of protests against land expropriation in China every year that a co-author and I examine in a forthcoming paper. By comparison, anti-Japanese protests are an easily handled blip and, at any rate, are partially stage-managed by the government. Indeed, the Shanghai police have successfully prevented significant damage of the Japanese consulate there, simply because they do not want to pick up the tab for repairs. For its part, the Japanese government bought the islands to prevent nationalists from "seizing control of the islands, a move which would be certain to further inflame nationalistic sentiment in China." Neither sounds like the action of a country ready to go to war. 

Norms fail – states won’t give up the technical advantage

Megret, McGill University Faculty of Law Associate Prof, 13
(Frederic, 3-5-13, "The Humanitarian Problem with Drones," accessed 10-30-13, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2228659-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2228659, hec)

A good classic example of this is the invention of the crossbow which conferred a
AND
that have such an edge would voluntarily limit, let alone relinquish it.

Global drone norms are impossible

McGinnis, Northwestern law professor, 10
(John O, "Accelerating AI," April 2010, 104 Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy 366, l/n, ara)

It is hard to overstate the extent to which advances in robotics, which are
AND
institutions no richer than colleges and perhaps would require even less substantial resources.

China is aggressively pursuing cooperation.

Fravel, MIT security studies professor, 2012
(Taylor, "All Quiet in the South China Sea", 3-22, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137346/m-taylor-fravel/all-quiet-in-the-south-china-sea?page=show-http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137346/m-taylor-fravel/all-quiet-in-the-south-china-sea?page=show, DOA: 10-2-12, ldg)

Little noticed, however, has been China’s recent adoption of a new — and
AND
in addition to starting talks over the demarcation of the Gulf of Tonkin.

Their impact is alarmism—it’s not a sign of aggression
Moss, The Diplomat, 13
(Trefor, former editor for the Asia-Pacific at Jane’s Defence Weekly, "Here Come…China’s Drones," 3-2-13, http://thediplomat.com/2013/03/02/here-comes-chinas-drones/?all=true-http://thediplomat.com/2013/03/02/here-comes-chinas-drones/?all=true, DOA: 10-4-13, ara)

Unmanned systems have become the legal and ethical problem child of the global defense industry and the governments they supply, rewriting the rules of military engagement in ways that many find disturbing. And this sense of unease about where we’re headed is hardly unfamiliar. Much like the emergence of drone technology, the rise of China and its reshaping of the geopolitical landscape has stirred up a sometimes understandable, sometimes irrational, fear of the unknown. It’s safe to say, then, that Chinese drones conjure up a particularly intense sense of alarm that the media has begun to embrace as a license to panic. China is indeed developing a range of unmanned aerial vehicles/systems (UAVs/UASs) at a time when relations with Japan are tense, and when those with the U.S. are delicate. But that hardly justifies claims that "drones have taken center stage in an escalating arms race between China and Japan," or that the "China drone threat highlights ~a~ new global arms race," as some observers would have it. This hyperbole was perhaps fed by a 2012 U.S. Department of Defense report which described China’s development of UAVs as "alarming." That’s quite unreasonable. All of the world’s advanced militaries are adopting drones, not just the PLA. That isn’t an arms race, or a reason to fear China, it’s just the direction in which defense technology is naturally progressing. Secondly, while China may be demonstrating impressive advances, Israel and the U.S. retain a substantial lead in the UAV field, with China—alongside Europe, India and Russia— still in the second tier. And thirdly, China is modernizing in all areas of military technology – unmanned systems being no exception.

1nr

No Azerbaijan-Armenia war – recent events are just political posturing and international community checks the impact

Sumerinli et al, Zerkalo Newspaper defense affairs reporter, 13
(Jasur Mammadov, 9/23, "Gunfire as Extension of Politics on Azerbaijan-Armenia Border," accessed: 1/29/2014, http://www.tol.org/client/article/23953-armenia-azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh.html-http://www.tol.org/client/article/23953-armenia-azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh.html, ADC) 

While cross-border gunfire involving Azerbaijani and Armenian forces is all too common,
AND
Azerbaijan are doing this to get round the international community’s demands for democracy." 

Other alternatives are worse card – Lewis

1. this evidence is in the context of comparative military studies and implicitly makes the claim that the state will never give up those violent military
   2. the alt is key to solve 

Anti-proliferation discourse obscures Western violence and masks the dangers of nuclear possession

Cohn et al., Consortium on Gender, Security, and Human Rights director, 2005
(Carol, "The Relevance of Gender for Eliminating Weapons of Mass Destruction", http://www.un.org/disarmament/education/wmdcommission/files/No38.pdf-http://www.un.org/disarmament/education/wmdcommission/files/No38.pdf, DOA: 12-19-12, ldg)

"Proliferation" is not a mere description or mirror of a phenomenon that is
AND
defence, which would otherwise be difficult to justify on rational security grounds.

No modeling – resource and culture differences

Rabkin, GMU Law Prof, 13
(Jeremy, "Declining Influence or Difficulty in Measuring?" accessed 3-13-14, www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2013/05/model-resource-or-outlier-what-effect-has-the-us-constitution-had-on-the-recently-adopted-constitutions-of-other-nations-http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2013/05/model-resource-or-outlier-what-effect-has-the-us-constitution-had-on-the-recently-adopted-constitutions-of-other-nations, hec)

All these complications are merely conceptual. If you want to measure influence you have
AND
copy particular provisions in our formal constitutional texts is not the ultimate prize.

Modeling of US norms is an empty concept – it provides political cover for western interventionism that produces structural violence

Mattei, Law Professor-Hastings University, 2009
(Ugo, BOCCONI SCHOOL OF LAW, GLOBAL LAW 26 PLUNDER: THE DARK SIDE OF THE RULE OF LAW, 2009, URL, ,DOA: 3-25-14, CEJ)

What we can identify as ’global law’ is not a single and coherent system
AND
does not recognize that the West is itself part of something much larger. 

Their peacekeeping advantage relies on flawed top-down models of development that results in structural violence

Newman, Birmingham political science senior lecturer, 2011
(Edward, "A Human Security Peace-Building Agenda", Third World Quarterly, 32.10, project muse, ldg)

 However, the record of peace building in terms of promoting durable and positive
AND
serves international stability, an important objective of international peace-building activities.   

No SCS conflict-no escalation, leadership transition doesn’t matter and competition leads to compromise-experts on our side

Wing, Voice of America, 9-4-12
(Terry, "Will South China Sea Disputes Lead to War?", http://www.voanews.com/content/south-china-sea-war-unlikely/1501780.html-http://www.voanews.com/content/south-china-sea-war-unlikely/1501780.html, DOA: 10-16-12, ldg)

But that doesn’t mean a war. Storey said an escalation into full-blown
AND
rising tension could be productive if it prompts an effort to find compromise." 

Discursively constructing China as a threat to U.S. security essentializes and totalizes the Other, ensuring the maintenance of a security paradigm and war.

Pan, Department of Political Science and International Relations, 04
(Chengxin Pan, Faculty of Arts, Australian National University, Canberra, 2004, "The ’China Threat’ in American Self-Imagination: The Discursive Construction of Other as Power Politics," Alternatives (29) 2004)

Having examined how the "China threat" literature is enabled by and serves the
AND
in the containment perspectives and hegemonic ambitions of U.S. foreign policy

Tournament: NDT | Round: 8 | Opponent: Liberty BM | Judge: harris, young, short
No Impact – probability is 1 in 3.5 billon AND no loose nukes
Schniedmiller ’9
(Chirs " Experts Debate Threat of Nuclear, Biological Terrorism" 1-13-9 http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/experts-debate-threat-of-nuclear-biological-terrorism/-http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/experts-debate-threat-of-nuclear-biological-terrorism/ accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 WASHINGTON — There is an "almost vanishingly small" likelihood that terrorists would ever be able to acquire and detonate a nuclear weapon, one expert said here yesterday (see GSN, Dec. 2, 2008).  In even the most likely scenario of nuclear terrorism, there are 20 barriers between extremists and a successful nuclear strike on a major city, said John Mueller, a political science professor at Ohio State University.  The process itself is seemingly straightforward but exceedingly difficult — buy or steal highly enriched uranium, manufacture a weapon, take the bomb to the target site and blow it up. Meanwhile, variables strewn across the path to an attack would increase the complexity of the effort, Mueller argued.  Terrorists would have to bribe officials in a state nuclear program to acquire the material, while avoiding a sting by authorities or a scam by the sellers. The material itself could also turn out to be bad.  "Once the purloined material is purloined, ~police are~ going to be chasing after you. They are also going to put on a high reward, extremely high reward, on getting the weapon back or getting the fissile material back," Mueller said during a panel discussion at a two-day Cato Institute conference on counterterrorism issues facing the incoming Obama administration.  Smuggling the material out of a country would mean relying on criminals who "are very good at extortion" and might have to be killed to avoid a double-cross, Mueller said. The terrorists would then have to find scientists and engineers willing to give up their normal lives to manufacture a bomb, which would require an expensive and sophisticated machine shop.  Finally, further technological expertise would be needed to sneak the weapon across national borders to its destination point and conduct a successful detonation, Mueller said.  Every obstacle is "difficult but not impossible" to overcome, Mueller said, putting the chance of success at no less than one in three for each. The likelihood of successfully passing through each obstacle, in sequence, would be roughly one in 3 1/2 billion, he said, but for argument’s sake dropped it to 3 1/2 million.  "It’s a total gamble. This is a very expensive and difficult thing to do," said Mueller, who addresses the issue at greater length in an upcoming book, Atomic Obsession. "So unlike buying a ticket to the lottery ... you’re basically putting everything, including your life, at stake for a gamble that’s maybe one in 3 1/2 million or 3 1/2 billion."  Other scenarios are even less probable, Mueller said.  A nuclear-armed state is "exceedingly unlikely" to hand a weapon to a terrorist group, he argued: "States just simply won’t give it to somebody they can’t control."  Terrorists are also not likely to be able to steal a whole weapon, Mueller asserted, dismissing the idea of "loose nukes." Even Pakistan, which today is perhaps the nation of greatest concern regarding nuclear security, keeps its bombs in two segments that are stored at different locations, he said (see GSN, Jan. 12).  Fear of an "extremely improbable event" such as nuclear terrorism produces support for a wide range of homeland security activities, Mueller said. He argued that there has been a major and costly overreaction to the terrorism threat — noting that the Sept. 11 attacks helped to precipitate the invasion of Iraq, which has led to far more deaths than the original event.  Panel moderator Benjamin Friedman, a research fellow at the Cato Institute, said academic and governmental discussions of acts of nuclear or biological terrorism have tended to focus on "worst-case assumptions about terrorists’ ability to use these weapons to kill us." There is need for consideration for what is probable rather than simply what is possible, he said.  Friedman took issue with the finding late last year of an experts’ report that an act of WMD terrorism would "more likely than not" occur in the next half decade unless the international community takes greater action. "I would say that the report, if you read it, actually offers no analysis to justify that claim, which seems to have been made to change policy by generating alarm in headlines."  One panel speaker offered a partial rebuttal to Mueller’s presentation. Jim Walsh, principal research scientist for the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said he agreed that nations would almost certainly not give a nuclear weapon to a nonstate group, that most terrorist organizations have no interest in seeking out the bomb, and that it would be difficult to build a weapon or use one that has been stolen. 

Al Qaeda isn’t key to terrorism
Sageman, Foreign Policy Research Institute senior fellow, 2009
(Marc, "Confronting al-Qaeda: Understanding the Threat in Afghanistan", http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php?option=com_rokzine26view=article26id=9226Itemid=54-http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php?option=com_rokzine26view=article26id=9226Itemid=54, ldg)

The above statistics are crystal clear: 78 of all global neo-jihadi terrorist plots in the West in the past five years came from autonomous homegrown groups without any connection, direction or control from al-Qaeda Core or its allies. The ’resurgent al-Qaeda’ in the West argument has no empirical foundation. The paucity of actual al-Qaeda and other transnational terrorist organization plots compared to the number of autonomous plots refutes the claims by some heads of the Intelligence Community ~4~ that all Islamist plots in the West can be traced back to the Afghan Pakistani border. Far from being the "epicenter of terrorism," this Pakistani region is more like the finishing school of global neo-jihadi terrorism, where a few amateur wannabes are transformed into dangerous terrorists. 

No accidents or miscalc with Russia – strategic forces have been de-targeted
Ball, Professor, Australian National University, 6
(Desmond, Special Professor at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre at the Australian National University, May 2006,  "The Probabilities of ’On the Beach,’" accessed: 1-8-14, http://ips.cap.anu.edu.au/publications/probabilities-beach-assessing-armageddon-scenarios-21st-century-http://ips.cap.anu.edu.au/publications/probabilities-beach-assessing-armageddon-scenarios-21st-century, amp)
 
The sizes of the US and Russian nuclear stockpiles have declined substantially since the end of the Cold War. They now have only about 20 percent of the peak number of around 70,000 in 1986, when the Soviet Union had about 45,000 and the United States about 24,000 (down from a peak of 32,500 in 1967), of which 33,800 and 10,550 respectively were classed as tactical or ’theatre’ weapons and 11,200 and 13,450 as strategic. Most of the tactical and theatre weapons have been dismantled and the numbers of strategic weapons halved. The United States and Russia still possess a total of about 15,300 nuclear weapons, or about 7,200 and 8,130 respectively. As of April 2005, they had 10,700 operational strategic nuclear weapons: the United States with 5,996 and Russia with 4,732.8 The United States has 1,200 non-strategic weapons (800 B-61 gravity bombs and 320 nuclear-armed Tomahawk land-attack cruise missiles) and Russia about 3,400. The prospects of a nuclear war between the United States and Russia must now be deemed fairly remote. There are now no geostrategic issues that warrant nuclear competition and no inclination in either Washington or Moscow to provoke such issues. US and Russian strategic forces have been taken off day-to-day alert and their ICBMs ’de-targeted’, greatly reducing the possibilities of war by accident, inadvertence or miscalculation. On the other hand, while the US-Russia strategic competition is in abeyance, there are several aspects of current US nuclear weapons policy which are profoundly disturbing. In December 2001 President George W. Bush officially announced that the United States was withdrawing from the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty of 1972, one of the mainstays of strategic nuclear arms control during the Cold War, with effect from June 2002, and was proceeding to develop and deploy an extensive range of both theatre missile defence and national missile defence (NMD) systems. The first anti-missile missile in the NMD system, designed initially to defend against limited missile attacks from China and North Korea, was installed at Fort Greely in Alaska in July 2004. The initial system, consisting of sixteen interceptor missiles at Fort Greely and four at Vandenberg Air Force in California, is expected to be operational by the end of 2005. The Bush Administration is also considering withdrawal from the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and resuming nuclear testing. (The last US nuclear test was on 23 September 1992). In particular, some key Administration officials believe that testing is necessary to develop a ’new generation’ of nuclear weapons, including low-yield, ’bunker-busting’, earth-penetrating weapons specifically designed to destroy very hard and deeply buried targets (such as underground command and control centres and leadership bunkers).  

Heg doesn’t solve war or conflict- empirically proven
Mearsheimer, University of Chicago political science professor, 2011
~John, R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, and member of the Advisory Council of The National Interest, The National Interest, "Imperial by Design," Jan/Feb, l/n, accessed 3-9-11, mss~

One year later, Charles Krauthammer emphasized in "The Unipolar Moment" that the United States had emerged from the Cold War as by far the most powerful country on the planet.2 He urged American leaders not to be reticent about using that power "to lead a unipolar world, unashamedly laying down the rules of world order and being prepared to enforce them." Krauthammer’s advice fit neatly with Fukuyama’s vision of the future: the United States should take the lead in bringing democracy to less developed countries the world over. After all, that shouldn’t be an especially difficult task given that America had awesome power and the cunning of history on its side. U.S. grand strategy has followed this basic prescription for the past twenty years, mainly because most policy makers inside the Beltway have agreed with the thrust of Fukuyama’s and Krauthammer’s early analyses. The results, however, have been disastrous. The United States has been at war for a startling two out of every three years since 1989, and there is no end in sight. As anyone with a rudimentary knowledge of world events knows, countries that continuously fight wars invariably build powerful national-security bureaucracies that undermine civil liberties and make it difficult to hold leaders accountable for their behavior; and they invariably end up adopting ruthless policies normally associated with brutal dictators. The Founding Fathers understood this problem, as is clear from James Madison’s observation that "no nation can preserve its freedom in the midst of continual warfare." Washington’s pursuit of policies like assassination, rendition and torture over the past decade, not to mention the weakening of the rule of law at home, shows that their fears were justified. To make matters worse, the United States is now engaged in protracted wars in Afghanistan and Iraq that have so far cost well over a trillion dollars and resulted in around forty-seven thousand American casualties. The pain and suffering inflicted on Iraq has been enormous. Since the war began in March 2003, more than one hundred thousand Iraqi civilians have been killed, roughly 2 million Iraqis have left the country and 1.7 million more have been internally displaced. Moreover, the American military is not going to win either one of these conflicts, despite all the phony talk about how the "surge" has worked in Iraq and how a similar strategy can produce another miracle in Afghanistan. We may well be stuck in both quagmires for years to come, in fruitless pursuit of victory. The United States has also been unable to solve three other major foreign-policy problems. Washington has worked overtime-with no success-to shut down Iran’s uranium-enrichment capability for fear that it might lead to Tehran acquiring nuclear weapons. And the United States, unable to prevent North Korea from acquiring nuclear weapons in the first place, now seems incapable of compelling Pyongyang to give them up. Finally, every post-Cold War administration has tried and failed to settle the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; all indicators are that this problem will deteriorate further as the West Bank and Gaza are incorporated into a Greater Israel. The unpleasant truth is that the United States is in a world of trouble today on the foreign-policy front, and this state of affairs is only likely to get worse in the next few years, as Afghanistan and Iraq unravel and the blame game escalates to poisonous levels. Thus, it is hardly surprising that a recent Chicago Council on Global Affairs survey found that "looking forward 50 years, only 33 percent of Americans think the United States will continue to be the world’s leading power." Clearly, the heady days of the early 1990s have given way to a pronounced pessimism.

U.S. can’t deploy heg to solve conflicts – public restraint, international relations, and deployment capabilities

Talmadge, Staff Writer for the Harvard International Review, 2006
(Caitlin, Ph.D. candidate in political science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "The Restrained Hegemon," 5-6-06, Harvard International Review, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://hir.harvard.edu/intelligence/the-restrained-hegemon, accessed 3-17-11, mtf)

First, the domestic politics of the United States limit its international freedom of action. Although the president may have the world’s finest military at his command, he often lacks the combination of public and congressional support he needs to maximize its advantages. Foreign policy surveys show that US citizens remain casualty-averse unless vital US interests such as preventing terrorism seem to be at stake. And except for a brief period of bipartisanship after September 11, the notion of politics stopping at the water’s edge now seems as quaint and obsolete as Cold War air raid drills. Internal divisions frequently prevent the United States from acting as quickly, decisively, or forcefully as its material resources would allow. This reality does not go unnoticed by other nations: what seems like democratic debate to US citizens may appear to others as a lack of resolve or an opportunity for political manipulation, further complicating the execution of US foreign policy. Second, the complexity of international politics poses a serious challenge to the exercise of US power. Despite its military prowess, the United States remains fundamentally dependent on support from local allies when it operates abroad. The geographic position of a weak state may endow it with a powerful bargaining chip when the United States needs basing rights or access to airspace. This leverage requires diplomatic finesse and sensitivity to those foreign leaders’ own domestic constraints. Political skill turns out to be just as important as military strength—and, unfortunately for the United States, much more evenly distributed. Even relatively weak states can often exploit political cracks in the United States’ relationships with its allies, providing third parties with leverage over the United States despite their material inferiority. Third, even when the United States is capable of capturing an advantage by acting unilaterally, it often finds itself trapped in what Bruce Conin has called the "paradox of hegemony." The United States certainly has the ability to act as a great power and pursue its short-term interest in a particular case: for example, by intervening in a foreign country to secure oil. Actually doing so, however, would undermine its role as a hegemon trying to lead the international system according to a set of rules (in this case, the UN Charter) which benefit its long-term interests and help legitimize its power. Moreover, in pursuing its short-term interest of securing oil, the hegemon would undermine its provision of the public good of law and order that helps other states tolerate the hegemon’s power. Other states might then begin to balance more actively against the hegemon, hastening its decline. To stave off this type of backlash, which would damage broader US interests, the United States often imposes limits upon its own actions or gives in to the demands of weaker states. In order to remain the sole superpower, the United States avoids acting like one.\

US can’t project power now

Parent et al., Miamia political science professor, 2011
(Joseph, "The Wisdom of Retrenchment", Foreign Affairs, Nov/Dec, ebsco, ldg)

The trend of the last decade is disturbing: as military spending soared, U.S. success abroad sagged. To be clear, the United States continues to field the best-armed, most skilled military in the world. The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have bent, but not broken, the all-volunteer force, and the burden of maintaining this formidable force is not unacceptably onerous. The proposed 24553 billion base-line defense budget for 2012 represents just 15 percent of the federal budget and less than five percent of GDP. (TO put that figure in perspective, consider that the proposed 2012 budget for Social Security spending tops 24760 billion.) Yet current trends will make it harder for the United States to continue to purchase hegemony as easily as it has in the past. Changes in military tactics and technology are eroding the United States’ advantages. The proliferation of antiship cruise missiles makes it harder for the U.S. Navy to operate near adversaries’ shores. Advanced surface-to-air missiles likewise raise the cost of maintaining U.S. air superiority in hostile theaters. Nationalist and tribal insurgencies, fueled by a brisk small-arms trade, have proved difficult to combat with conventional ground forces. U.S. defense dominance is getting more expensive at a moment when it is becoming less expensive for other states and actors to challenge the sole superpower. Beyond these challenges to the country’s military dominance, a weakened economic condition is contributing to the decline of U.S. power. The U.S. economy remains the largest in the world, yet its position is in jeopardy. Between 1999 and 2009, the U.S. share of global GDP (measured in terms of purchasing power parity) fell from 23 percent to 20 percent, whereas China’s share of global GDP jumped from seven percent to 13 percent. Should this trend continue, China’s economic output will surpass the United States’ by 2016. China already consumes more energy than the United States, and calls are growing louder to replace the dollar as the international reserve currency with a basket of currencies that would include the euro and the yuan. The fiscal position of the United States is alarming, whether or not one believes that Standard 26 Poor’s was justified in downgrading U.S. Treasury bonds. Between 2001 and 2009, U.S. federal debt as a percentage of GDP more than doubled, from 32 percent to 67 percent, and state and local governments have significant debts, too. The United States’ reliance on imports, combined with high rates of borrowing, has led to a considerable current account deficit: more than six percent of GDP in 2006. Power follows money, and the United States is leaking cash.

1nr

Doesn’t solve terrorism

Zakaria, Board of Directors for Amnesty International, 13
(Rafia, 4-26, "President Obama: The Drones Don’t Work, They Just Make It Worse", date accessed: 9-15-13, LMM)

Moving the drone program from the CIA to the Department of Defense is thus being
AND
the world, wherever a possible or even supposed threat can be identified. 

No ev as to what ligitaion is coming where they happen, when it happens.  Zero ev the plan solves public backlash.

No Impact – Al Qaeda’s decimated

Zenko and Cohen, CFR Fellow and The New School International Affairs Director, ’12
(Micah and Michael "Clear and Present Safety" Foreign Affairs 14 March 2012 http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/clear-and-present-safety-http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/clear-and-present-safety accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 Take terrorism. Since 9/11, no security threat has been hyped
AND
the intelligence and law enforcement agencies of the United States and its allies. 

Discourse of a Russia threat is inflated security rhetoric—no objective threat exists, and there’s only a risk the aff creates a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Rumer and Sokolsky, Senior Fellow at National Defense University and Secretary of State’s Policy Planning Staff, 2001
(Eugene and Richard, Ph.D. from MIT and  M.A. in IR from John Hopkins, "Normalizing U.S.-Russian Relations" Strategic Forum; Institute for National Strategic Studies. Written in April 2001, Accessed 08/14/2013, AJH)

Ten years after the end of the Cold War, mutual hopes that a comprehensive
AND
exception of the Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Initiative, is limited.

US can’t project power now

Parent et al., Miamia political science professor, 2011
(Joseph, "The Wisdom of Retrenchment", Foreign Affairs, Nov/Dec, ebsco, ldg)

The trend of the last decade is disturbing: as military spending soared, U
AND
2006. Power follows money, and the United States is leaking cash. 

Hegemony causes paranoid imperial violence – there are no global threats – violence is inevitable because US scenario planning is grounded in pursuing constructed threats – causes error replication that culminate in eternal warfare

Engelhardt, Nation Institute fellow, 2012
(Tom, "Overwrought empire: The discrediting of US military power", 10-12, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/20121010104331399712.html-http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/20121010104331399712.html, DOA: 2-17-13, ldg)

And here’s the odd thing: in a sense, little has changed since then
AND
no longer be altered. In other words, they can’t help themselves.

US won’t exercise heg even if we can-

A. Congressional gridlock and political appetites

Kupchan, Georgetown IR professor, 12
(Charles, Georgetown University International Affairs professor, Council on Foreign Relations Whitney Shepardson senior fellow, "Grand Strategy: The Four Pillars of the Future," Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Winter 2012, Issue 23, www.democracyjournal.org/23/grand-strategy-the-four-pillars-of-the-future.php?page=all, accessed 12-14-11, mss)

Tectonic shifts in international affairs and in political and economic conditions within the United States
AND
diminished the political appetite for sustaining the full portfolio of America’s global commitments.

B. Public isolationism

Kupchan, Georgetown IR professor, 12
(Charles, Georgetown University International Affairs professor, Council on Foreign Relations Whitney Shepardson senior fellow, "Grand Strategy: The Four Pillars of the Future," Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Winter 2012, Issue 23, www.democracyjournal.org/23/grand-strategy-the-four-pillars-of-the-future.php?page=all, accessed 12-14-11, mss)

A progressive grand strategy must help guide the United States from its current state of
AND
scale back its international commitments to bring them into line with diminishing means.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 8 | Opponent: Liberty BM | Judge: harris, young, short
S

The plan won’t be enforced – no incentive to enforce the aff
Nzelibe, Law Professor, Northwestern University, 7
(Jide, "Are Congressionally Authorized Wars Perverse?" February 2007, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40040345, Stanford Law Review, Vol. 59, DOA: 10-26-13, ara, language modified)

These assumptions are all questionable. As a preliminary matter, there is not much causal evidence that supports the institutional constraints logic. As various commentators have noted, Congress’s bark with respect to war powers is often much greater than its bite. Significantly, skeptics like Barbara Hinckley suggest that any notion of an activist Congress in war powers is a myth and members of Congress will often use the smokescreen of "symbolic resolutions, increase in roll calls and lengthy hearings, ~and~ addition of reporting requirements" to create the illusion of congressional participation in foreign policy.10 Indeed, even those commentators who support a more aggressive role for Congress in initiating conflicts acknowledge this problem,11 but suggest conflict objectives and implement new tools for monitoring executive behavior during wartime.12 Yet, even if Congress were equipped with better institutional tools to constrain and monitor the President’s military initiatives, it is not clear that it would significantly alter the current war powers landscape. As Horn and Shepsle have argued elsewhere: "~N~either specificity in enabling legislation ... nor participation by interested parties is necessarily optimal or self- fulfilling; therefore, they do not ensure agent compliance. Ultimately, there must be some enforcement feature - a credible commitment to punish . . . ,"13 Thus, no matter how much well-intentioned and specific legislation Congress passes to increase congressional oversight of the President’s military initiatives, it will come to naught if members of Congress lack institutional incentives to monitor and constrain the President’s behavior in an international crisis. Various congressional observers have highlighted electoral disincentives that members of Congress might face in constraining the President’s military initiatives.14 Others have pointed to more institutional obstacles to congressional assertiveness in foreign relations, such as collective action problems.15 Generally, lawmaking is a demanding and grueling exercise. If one assumes that members of Congress are often obsessed with the prospect of reelection,16 then such members will tend to focus their scarce resources on district-level concerns and hesitate to second-guess the President’s response in an international crisis.17 Even if members of Congress could marshal the resources to challenge the President’s agenda on national issues, the payoff in electoral terms might be trivial or non-existent. Indeed, in the case of the President’s military initiatives where the median voter is likely to defer to the executive branch’s judgment, the electoral payoff for members of Congress of constraining such initiatives might actually be negative. In other words, regardless of how explicit the grant of a constitutional role to Congress in foreign affairs might be, few members of Congress are willing to make the personal sacrifice for the greater institutional goal. Thus, unless a grand reformer is able to tweak the system and make congressional assertiveness an electorally palatable option in war powers, calls for greater congressional participation in war powers are likely to fall on deaf ears ~be ignored~

Can’t solve
Kuyers, Professor of Law at American University Washington College of Law, 13
(Josh, 4-4, "CIA or DoD: Clarifying the Legal Framework Applicable to the Drone Authority Debate", date accessed: 9-16-13, http://nationalsecuritylawbrief.com/2013/04/04/cia-or-dod-clarifying-the-legal-framework-applicable-to-the-drone-authority-debate/-http://nationalsecuritylawbrief.com/2013/04/04/cia-or-dod-clarifying-the-legal-framework-applicable-to-the-drone-authority-debate/, LMM)

Scholars and practitioners use the term "Title 10 authority" as a catchall phrase to describe the legal authority for military operations. Unfortunately, the use of the term in this way is misleading because "Title 10 – Armed Forces" does not contain actual operational authorities; it merely describes the organizational structure of the Department of Defense. In fact, the U.S. military’s true operational authority stems from the U.S. Constitution and the President’s Commander-in-Chief power. Like the term "Title 10 authority," Title 50 authority is a misnomer. Title 50 is often referred to as the CIA’s authority to conduct its intelligence operations and covert actions –like drone strikes. Yet Title 50 of the United States Code is actually titled "War and National Defense." Thus, it contains much more than just CIA authority. Military personnel can also act under Title 50 authority – a fact often overlooked in news articles and editorials. In fact, the DoD undertakes the majority of intelligence activities under Title 50 authorities. Like moving drone operations from the CIA to the DoD, the Title 10-Title 50 debate is really about oversight and accountability, particularly congressional oversight. Title 10 oversight lies with the House and Senate Armed Services Committees and the Executive Branch. In terms of operational oversight, it primarily consists of oversight over "traditional military activities." Traditional military activities are undertaken: 1) By military personnel; 2) Under the direction and control of a United States military commander; and 3) related to ongoing hostilities where the fact of the U.S. role in the overall operation is apparent or to be acknowledged publicly. With regard to drone operations, the keys aspects of this definition include who is undertaking the strikes and under what command structure; the strikes’ relationship to "ongoing hostilities;" and the level of secrecy involved. Current DoD drone operations in Afghanistan, for instance, would clearly fall under congressional oversight of traditional military operations. It is also clear that any CIA drone strikes would not fall under Title 10 oversight. However, there are multiple scenarios in which DoD drone operations would not fall under Title 10 oversight. Given the conjunctive, three-part test defining a traditional military activity, drone operations 1) outside the context of ongoing hostilities, 2) under CIA command and control, or 3) not acknowledged publicly, would not be considered traditional military activities, regardless of whether military personnel piloted the drone and pulled the trigger. Therefore, the Obama Administrations’ impending decision to move drone operations from the CIA to the DoD may have several loopholes. Indeed, these operations would likely be considered "covert actions" and held accountable to Title 50 oversight and accountability. A covert action is "an activity or activities of the United States Government to influence political, economic, or military conditions abroad, where it is intended that the role of the United States Government will not be apparent or acknowledged publicly." Overall, Title 50 oversight may actually be more stringent, though less transparent, than Title 10 oversight. Drone operations classified as covert actions –whether undertaken by the CIA or the DoD- are subject to both a presidential finding and congressional notification requirement. Section 413(b) of Title 50 of the U.S. Code requires the President to keep the congressional intelligence committees "fully and currently informed" of all ongoing covert actions. It also requires the President to report his presidential finding to the intelligence committees "as soon as possible after such approval and before the initiation of the covert action." However, in "extraordinary circumstances affecting vital interests of the United States," this prior notification requirement can be limited to the so-called "Gang of Eight." Although in these extreme cases the prior notification requirement is limited, it is important to note that, at least under the statutory authority, the President simply cannot refuse to notify Congress. Ultimately, as many of the recent editorials note, any shift in the operational authority over drone strikes from the CIA to the DoD may have little practical effect. This posting explains that the intended increase in accountability and transparency may actually be prevented by the Title 10-Title 50 legal framework meant to provide congressional oversight over drone operations. This is because Congress’ Title 50 oversight functions are meant to provide limited, yet timely information for those operations that, if made public, would prove damaging to U.S. national security or foreign relations. In contrast, Congress’ Title 10 oversight is less stringent because did not envision the military engaging in ongoing hostilities against a global terrorist threat. Given the legal framework governing operational oversight, the Obama Administration might consider providing more transparency and accountability through regularly scheduled, voluntary briefings rather than shifting operational command and control. 

Aff inevitable
Goldsmith ’13
(Jack "No More Drones for CIA" 3-20-13 http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/no-more-drones-for-cia/-http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/no-more-drones-for-cia/ accessed: 11-2-13 mlb)

 That is the title of Dan Klaidman’s important story:  Three senior U.S. officials tell The Daily Beast that the White House is poised to sign off on a plan to shift the CIA’s lethal targeting program to the Defense Department. . . .The proposed plan would unify the command and control structure of targeted killings, and create a uniform set of rules and procedures. The CIA would maintain a role, but the military would have operational control over targeting. Lethal missions would take place under Title 10 of the U.S. Code, which governs military operations, rather than Title 50, which sets out the legal authorities for intelligence activities and covert operations.

1nr

Political costs are exaggerated – this card will smoke them

Schauer, UVA Law professor, 12
(Frederick, 7/11, "The Political Risks (If Any) Of Breaking The Law," accessed: 3/20/2014, http://jla.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/1/83.full.pdf+html-http://jla.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/1/83.full.pdf+html, ADC)

 Consider, for example, the legality of American involvement in Libya. Factually
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no negative political consequences for anyone (Bar-Simon-Tov 2010).  

Obama will circumvent the plan – the past 5 years prove

Cohen, Century Foundation fellow, 12
(Michael, "Power Grab," 3-28-12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/28/power_grab?page=0,1, DOA: 10-1-13, ara)

This month marks the one-year anniversary of the onset of U.S
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be the greatest legacy of the U.S. intervention in Libya. 

Covert action allows total circumvention – the president can just assert that the CIA collected enough ev and that they didn’t only rely on the "signature"

Lohmann, Harvard National Security Research Committee director, 13
(Julia, 1/28, "Distinguishing CIA-Led from Military-Led Targeted Killings," accessed: 3/20/2014, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wiki/the-lawfare-wiki-document-library/targeted-killing/effects-of-particular-tactic-on-issues-related-to-targeted-killings/-http://www.lawfareblog.com/wiki/the-lawfare-wiki-document-library/targeted-killing/effects-of-particular-tactic-on-issues-related-to-targeted-killings/, ADC)

The CAS mandates that the President inform the Senate and House Intelligence Committees of all
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the Contingency Reserve Fund to carry out covert actions without explicit congressional approval.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 8 | Opponent: Liberty BM | Judge: harris, young, short
Heteronormativity operates within civil society by creating a universalized conscious and those queers that do not meet that conscious are made into the enemy of society
Meeks, 01 (Chet, November, "Civil Society and the Sexual Politics of Difference," Sociological Theory
Volume 19, Issue 3, pages 325–343, accessed on 7/21/11, CW) 

Jeffrey Alexander defines civil society as "a sphere of solidarity in which abstract universalism
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rituals and social movements, into pure form" (1992:290).  

The state only has existence through performativity and repetition in discourse—the disruption and rejection of the state’s discursive abilities undercut the foundations of the state and destroy its legitimacy.  The alt solves the disciplinary power of the state and the violence of exclusion.
Campbell, professor, international politics, University of Newcastle, 98
(David, Writing Security, pg. 4-6)

Identity is an inescapable dimension of being. No body could be without it.
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considers the modes of interpretation that are more adequately attuned to the issues. 

2nc

Framing

Critical intellectualism is the key to solving—our alternative creates a counter-hegemonic discourse.

Jones, Aberystwyth University Professor of International Relations, 99
(Richard Wyn, Professor of International Relations – Aberystwyth University, Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory, p. 155-163)

The central political task of the intellectuals is to aid in the construction of a
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, should act as both an inspiration and a challenge to critical security studies

Theoretical challenges maximize the pragmatic potential of politics—rejecting dominant discourse is key to open up alternate epistemologies and ignored questions—solves for serial policy failure.

Reus-Smit, European University Institute IR professor, 2012
(Christian, "International Relations, Irrelevant? Don’t Blame Theory", Millennium - Journal of International Studies, 40.3, SAGE, ldg)

However widespread it might be, the notion that IR’s lack of practical relevance stems from excessive theorising rests more on vigorous assertion than weighty evidence. As noted above, we lack good data on the field’s practical relevance, and the difficulties establishing appropriate measures are all too apparent in the fraught attempts by several governments to quantify the impact of the humanities and social sciences more generally. Beyond this, though, we lack any credible evidence that any fluctuations in the field’s relevance are due to more or less high theory. We hear that policymakers complain of not being able to understand or apply much that appears in our leading journals, but it is unclear why we should be any more concerned about this than physicists or economists, who take theory, even high theory, to be the bedrock of advancement in knowledge. Moreover, there is now a wealth of research, inside and outside IR, that shows that policy communities are not open epistemic or cognitive realms, simply awaiting well-communicated, non-jargonistic knowledge – they are bureaucracies, deeply susceptible to groupthink, that filter information through their own intersubjective frames. 10 Beyond this, however, there are good reasons to believe that precisely the reverse of the theory versus relevance thesis might be true; that theoretical inquiry may be a necessary prerequisite for the generation of practically relevant knowledge. I will focus here on the value of metatheory, as this attracts most contemporary criticism and would appear the most difficult of theoretical forms to defend. Metatheories take other theories as their subject. Indeed, their precepts establish the conditions of possibility for second-order theories. In general, metatheories divide into three broad categories: epistemology, ontology and meta-ethics. The first concerns the nature, validity and acquisition of knowledge; the second, the nature of being (what can be said to exist, how things might be categorised and how they stand in relation to one another); and the third, the nature of right and wrong, what constitutes moral argument, and how moral arguments might be sustained. Second-order theories are constructed within, and on the basis of, assumptions formulated at the metatheoretical level. Epistemological assumptions about what constitutes legitimate knowledge and how it is legitimately acquired delimit the questions we ask and the kinds of information we can enlist in answering them. 11 Can social scientists ask normative questions? Is literature a valid source of social-scientific knowledge? Ontological assumptions about the nature and distinctiveness of the social universe affect not only what we ’see’ but also how we order what we see; how we relate the material to the ideational, agents to structures, interests to beliefs, and so on. If we assume, for example, that individuals are rational actors, engaged in the efficient pursuit of primarily material interests, then phenomena such as faith-motivated politics will remain at the far periphery of our vision. 12 Lastly, meta-ethical assumptions about the nature of the good, and about what constitutes a valid moral argument, frame how we reason about concrete ethical problems. Both deontology and consequentialism are meta-ethical positions, operationalised, for example, in the differing arguments of Charles Beitz and Peter Singer on global distributive justice. 13 Most scholars would acknowledge the background, structuring role that metatheory plays, but argue that we can take our metatheoretical assumptions off the shelf, get on with the serious business of research and leave explicit metatheoretical reflection and debate to the philosophers. If practical relevance is one of our concerns, however, there are several reasons why this is misguided. Firstly, whether IR is practically relevant depends, in large measure, on the kinds of questions that animate our research. I am not referring here to the commonly held notion that we should be addressing questions that practitioners want answered. Indeed, our work will at times be most relevant when we pursue questions that policymakers and others would prefer left buried. My point is a different one, which I return to in greater detail below. It is sufficient to note here that being practically relevant involves asking questions of practice; not just retrospective questions about past practices – their nature, sources and consequences – but prospective questions about what human agents should do. As I have argued elsewhere, being practically relevant means asking questions of how we, ourselves, or some other actors (states, policymakers, citizens, NGOs, IOs, etc.) should act. 14 Yet our ability, nay willingness, to ask such questions is determined by the metatheoretical assumptions that structure our research and arguments. This is partly an issue of ontology – what we see affects how we understand the conditions of action, rendering some practices possible or impossible, mandatory or beyond the pale. If, for example, we think that political change is driven by material forces, then we are unlikely to see communicative practices of argument and persuasion as potentially successful sources of change. More than this, though, it is also an issue of epistemology. If we assume that the proper domain of IR as a social science is the acquisition of empirically verifiable knowledge, then we will struggle to comprehend, let alone answer, normative questions of how we should act. We will either reduce ’ought’ questions to ’is’ questions, or place them off the agenda altogether. 15 Our metatheoretical assumptions thus determine the macro-orientation of IR towards questions of practice, directly affecting the field’s practical relevance. Secondly, metatheoretical revolutions license new second-order theoretical and analytical possibilities while foreclosing others, directly affecting those forms of scholarship widely considered most practically relevant. The rise of analytical eclecticism illustrates this. As noted above, Katzenstein and Sil’s call for a pragmatic approach to the study of world politics, one that addresses real-world problematics by combining insights from diverse research traditions, resonates with the mood of much of the field, especially within the American mainstream. Epistemological and ontological debates are widely considered irresolvable dead ends, grand theorising is unfashionable, and gladiatorial contests between rival paradigms appear, increasingly, as unimaginative rituals. Boredom and fatigue are partly responsible for this new mood, but something deeper is at work. Twenty-five years ago, Sil and Katzenstein’s call would have fallen on deaf ears; the neo-neo debate that preoccupied the American mainstream occurred within a metatheoretical consensus, one that combined a neo-positivist epistemology with a rationalist ontology. This singular metatheoretical framework defined the rules of the game; analytical eclecticism was unimaginable. The Third Debate of the 1980s and early 1990s destabilised all of this; not because American IR scholars converted in their droves to critical theory or poststructuralism (far from it), but because metatheoretical absolutism became less and less tenable. The anti-foundationalist critique of the idea that there is any single measure of truth did not produce a wave of relativism, but it did generate a widespread sense that battles on the terrain of epistemology were unwinnable. Similarly, the Third Debate emphasis on identity politics and cultural particularity, which later found expression in constructivism, did not vanquish rationalism. It did, however, establish a more pluralistic, if nevertheless heated, debate about ontology, a terrain on which many scholars felt more comfortable than that of epistemology. One can plausibly argue, therefore, that the metatheoretical struggles of the Third Debate created a space for – even made possible – the rise of analytical eclecticism and its aversion to metatheoretical absolutes, a principal benefit of which is said to be greater practical relevance. Lastly, most of us would agree that for our research to be practically relevant, it has to be good – it has to be the product of sound inquiry, and our conclusions have to be plausible. The pluralists among us would also agree that different research questions require different methods of inquiry and strategies of argument. Yet across this diversity there are several practices widely recognised as essential to good research. Among these are clarity of purpose, logical coherence, engagement with alternative arguments and the provision of good reasons (empirical evidence, corroborating arguments textual interpretations, etc.). Less often noted, however, is the importance of metatheoretical reflexivity. If our epistemological assumptions affect the questions we ask, then being conscious of these assumptions is necessary to ensure that we are not fencing off questions of importance, and that if we are, we can justify our choices. Likewise, if our ontological assumptions affect how we see the social universe, determining what is in or outside our field of vision, then reflecting on these assumptions can prevent us being blind to things that matter. A similar argument applies to our meta-ethical assumptions. Indeed, if deontology and consequentialism are both meta-ethical positions, as I suggested earlier, then reflecting on our choice of one or other position is part and parcel of weighing rival ethical arguments (on issues as diverse as global poverty and human rights). Finally, our epistemological, ontological and meta-ethical assumptions are not metatheoretical silos; assumptions we make in one have a tendency to shape those we make in another. The oft-heard refrain that ’if we can’t measure it, it doesn’t matter’ is an unfortunate example of epistemology supervening on ontology, something that metatheoretical reflexivity can help guard against. In sum, like clarity, coherence, consideration of alternative arguments and the provision of good reasons, metatheoretical reflexivity is part of keeping us honest, making it practically relevant despite its abstraction. 

Nonsensible knowledge first – learning comes independent of ’teaching’

Halberstam, USC American Studies, Ethnicity Studies, and Comparative Literature Professor, ’11
(Judith, Phd University of Minnesota, "The Queer Art of Failure" 2011 ebook.  Accessed 12-20-13 mlb)

 Second, Privilege the naïve or nonsensical (stupidity). Here we might argue for the nonsensible or nonconceptual over sense- making structures that are often embedded in a common notion of ethics. The naïve or the ignorant may in fact lead to a different set of knowledge practices. It certainly requires what some have called oppositional pedagogies. In pursuit of such pedagogies we must realize that, as Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick once said, ignorance is "as potent and multiple a thing as knowledge" and that learning often takes place completely independently of teaching (1991: 4). In fact, to speak personally for a moment, I am not sure that I myself am teachable21 As someone who never aced an exam, who has tried and tried without much success to become fluent in another language, and who can read a book without retaining much at all, I realize that I can  learn only what I can teach myself, and that much of what I was taught in school left very little impression upon me at all. The question of unteachability arises as a political problem, indeed a national problem, in the extraordinary French documentary about a year in the life of a high school in the suburbs of Paris, The Class (Entre Les Murs, 2008, directed by Laurent Cantet). In the film a white schoolteacher, François Bégaudeau (who wrote the memoir upon which the film is based), tries to reach out to his disinterested and profoundly alienated, mostly African, Asian, and Arab immigrant students. The cultural and racial and class differences between the teacher and his students make effective communication difficult, and his cultural references (The Diary of Ann Frank, Molière, French grammar) leave the students cold, while theirs (soccer, Islam, hip- hop) induce only pained responses from their otherwise personable teacher. The film, like a Frederick Wiseman documentary, tries to just let the action unfold without any voice- of- God narration, so we see close up the rage and frustrations of teacher and students alike. At the end of the film an extraordinary moment occurs. Bégaudeau asks the students to think about what they have learned and write down one thing to take away from the class, one concept, text, or idea that might have made a difference. The class disperses, and one girl shuffles up to the front. The teacher looks at her expectantly and draws out her comment. "I didn’t learn anything," she tells him without malice or anger, "nothing. . . . I can’t think of anything I learned." The moment is a defeat for the teacher and a disappointment for the viewer, who wants to believe in a narrative of educational uplift, but it is a triumph for alternative pedagogies because it reminds us that learning is a two- way street and you cannot teach without a dialogic relation to the learner. 

Framework reifies colonial relation – we don’t need to be ’taught’

Halberstam, USC American Studies, Ethnicity Studies, and Comparative Literature Professor, ’11
(Judith, Phd University of Minnesota, "The Queer Art of Failure" 2011 ebook.  Accessed 12-20-13 mlb)

 The Ignorant Schoolmaster advocates in an antidisciplinary way for emancipatory forms of knowledge that do not depend upon an overtrained pied piper leading obedient children out of the darkness and into the light. Jacotot summarizes his pedagogy thus: "I must teach you that I have nothing to teach you" (15). In this way he allows others to teach themselves and to learn without learning and internalizing a system of superior and inferior knowledges, superior and inferior intelligences. Like Paulo Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed, which argues against a "banking" system of teaching and for a dialogic mode of learning that enacts a practice of freedom, Jacotot and then Ranciére see education and social transformation as mutually dependent. When we are taught that we cannot know things unless we are taught by great minds, we submit to a whole suite of unfree practices that take on the form of a colonial relation (Freire 2000). There are several responses possible to colonial knowledge formations: a violent response, on the order of Frantz Fanon’s claim that violent impositions of colonial rule must be met with violent resistance; a homeopathic response, within which the knower learns the dominant system better than its advocates and undermines it from within; or a negative response, in which the subject refuses the knowledge offered and refuses to be a knowing subject in the form mandated by Enlightenment philosophies of self and other. This book is in sympathy with the violent and negative forms of anticolonial knowing and builds on Moten’s  and Harney’s opposition to the university as a site of incarcerated knowledge. 

Current policies perpetuate the rhetoric of crisis and security, and the linear scenario predictions of the security paradigm are flawed. This leads to bureaucratic compartmentalization and faulty policy-analysis.  The impact is systematic otherization and militarized responses that culminate in war.

Ahmed, Institute for Policy Research and Development director, 2012
(Nafeez, "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society", Global Change, Peace 26 Security, 23.3, SAGE, ldg)

The twenty-first century heralds the unprecedented acceleration and convergence of multiple, interconnected global crises – climate change, energy depletion, food scarcity, and economic instability. While the structure of global economic activity is driving the unsustainable depletion of hydrocarbon and other natural resources, this is simultaneously escalating greenhouse gas emissions resulting in global warming. Both global warming and energy shocks are impacting detrimentally on global industrial food production, as well as on global financial and economic instability. Conventional policy responses toward the intensification of these crises have been decidedly inadequate because scholars and practitioners largely view them as separate processes. Yet increasing evidence shows they are deeply interwoven manifestations of a global political economy that has breached the limits of the wider environmental and natural resource systems in which it is embedded. In this context, orthodox IR’s flawed diagnoses of global crises lead inexorably to their ’securitisation’, reifying the militarisation of policy responses, and naturalising the proliferation of violent conflicts. Global ecological, energy and economic crises are thus directly linked to the ’Otherisation’ of social groups and problematisation of strategic regions considered pivotal for the global political economy. Yet this relationship between global crises and conflict is not necessary or essential, but a function of a wider epistemological failure to holistically interrogate their structural and systemic causes. In 2009, the UK government’s chief scientific adviser Sir John Beddington warned that without mitigating and preventive action ’drivers’ of global crisis like demographic expansion, environmental degradation and energy depletion could lead to a ’perfect storm’ of simultaneous food, water and energy crises by around 2030.1 Yet, for the most part, conventional policy responses from national governments and international institutions have been decidedly inadequate. Part of the problem is the way in which these crises are conceptualised in relation to security. Traditional disciplinary divisions in the social and natural sciences, compounded by bureaucratic compartmentalisation in policy-planning and decision-making, has meant these crises are frequently approached as largely separate processes with their own internal dynamics. While it is increasingly acknowledged that cross-disciplinary approaches are necessary, these have largely failed to recognise just how inherently interconnected these crises are. As Brauch points out, ’most studies in the environmental security debate since 1990 have ignored or failed to integrate the contributions of the global environmental change community in the natural sciences. To a large extent the latter has also failed to integrate the results of this debate.*" Underlying this problem is the lack of a holistic systems approach to thinking about not only global crises, but their causal origins in the social, political, economic, ideological and value structures of the contemporary international system. Indeed, it is often assumed that these contemporary structures are largely what need to be ’secured* and protected from the dangerous impacts of global crises, rather than transformed precisely to ameliorate these crises in the first place. Consequently, policy-makers frequently overlook existing systemic and structural obstacles to the implementation of desired reforms. In a modest effort to contribute to the lacuna identified by Brauch, this paper begins with an empiric ally-oriented, interdisciplinary exploration of the best available data on four major global crises — climate change, energy depletion, food scarcity and global financial instability — illustrating the systemic interconnections between different crises, and revealing that their causal origins are not accidental but inherent to the structural failings and vulnerabilities of existing global political, economic and cultural institutions. This empirical evaluation leads to a critical appraisal of orthodox realist and liberal approaches to global crises in international theory and policy. This critique argues principally that orthodox IR reifies a highly fragmented, de-historicised ontology of the international system which underlies a reductionist, technocratic and compartmentalised conceptual and methodological approach to global crises. Consequently, rather than global crises being understood causally and holistically in the systemic context of the structure of the international system, they are ’securitised* as amplifiers of traditional security threats requiring counter-productive militarised responses and/or futile inter-state negotiations. While the systemic causal context of global crisis convergence and acceleration is thus elided, this simultaneously exacerbates the danger of reactionary violence, the problematisation of populations in regions impacted by these crises and the naturalisation of the consequent proliferation of wars and humanitarian disasters. This moves us away from the debate over whether resource ’shortages* or ’abundance* causes conflicts, to the question of how either can generate crises which undermine conventional socio-political orders and confound conventional IR discourses, in turn radicalising the processes of social polarisation that can culminate in violent conflict.

5.  Reject util-calculating lesser evils results in the more extreme systemic violence and state of exceptions.

Weizman, London University spatial and visual cultures professor, 2011
(Eyal, The least of all possible evils, pg 8-10, ldg)

The theological origins of the lesser evil argument still cast a long shadow on the present. In fact the idiom has become so deeply ingrained, and is invoked in such a staggeringly diverse set of contexts - from individual situational ethics and international relations, to attempts to govern the economics of violence in the context of the war on terror’ and the efforts of human rights and humanitarian activists to maneuver through the paradoxes of aid - that it seems to have altogether taken the place previously reserved for the term "˜good’. Moreover, the very evocation of the "˜good’ seems to everywhere invoke the utopian tragedies of modernity, in which evil seemed lurking in a horrible manichaeistic inversion. If no hope is offered in the future, all that remains is to insure ourselves against the risks that it poses, to moderate and lessen the collateral effects of necessary acts, and tend to those who have suffered as a result. In relation to the "˜War on terror, the terms of the lesser evil were most clearly and prominently articulated by former human rights scholar and leader of Canada’s Liberal Party Michael Ignatieff. In his book The Lesser Evil Ignatieff suggested that in "˜balancing liberty against security’ liberal states establish mechanisms to regulate the breach of some human rights and legal norms, and allow their security services to engage in forms of extra juridical violence - which he saw as lesser evils - in order to fend off or minimize potential greater evils, such as terror attacks on civilians of western states. If governments need to violate rights in a terrorist emergency, this should be done, he thought, only as an exception and according to a process of adversarial scrutiny. "˜Exceptions’, Ignatieff states, "˜do not destroy the rule but save it, provided that they are temporary, publicly justified, and deployed as a last resort. The lesser evil emerges here as a pragmatic compromise a "tolerated sin" that functions as the very justification for the notion of exception. State violence in this model takes part in a necro-economy in which various types of destructive measure are weighed in a utilitarian fashion, not only in relation to the damage they produce, but to the harm they purportedly prevent and even in relation to the more brutal measures they may help restrain. In this logic, the problem of contemporary state violence resembles indeed an all-too-human version of the mathematical minimum problem of the divine calculations previously mentioned, one tasked with determining the smallest level of violence necessary to avert the greatest harm. For the architects of contemporary war this balance is trapped between two poles: keeping violence at a low enough level to limit civilian suffering, and at a level high enough to bring a decisive end to the war and bring peace. More recent works by legal scholars and legal advisers to states and militaries have sought to extend the inherent elasticity of the system of legal exception proposed by Ignatieff into ways of rewriting the laws of armed conflict themselves. Lesser evil arguments are now used to defend anything from targeted assassinations and mercy killings, house demolitions, deportation, torture, to the use of (sometimes) non~ lethal chemical weapons, the use of human shields, and even "˜the intentional targeting of some civilians if it could save more innocent lives than they cost. In one of its more macabre moments it was suggested that the atomic bombings of Hiroshima might also be tolerated under the defense of the lesser evil. Faced with a humanitarian A-bomb, one might wonder what, in fact, might come under the definition of a greater evil. Perhaps it is time for the differential accounting of the lesser evil to replace the mechanical bureaucracy of the "banality of evil’ as the idiom to describe the most extreme manifestations of violence. Indeed, it is through this use of the lesser evil that societies that see themselves as democratic can maintain regimes of occupation and neo-colonization. Beyond state agents, those practitioners of lesser evils, as this book claims, must also include the members of independent nongovernmental organizations that make up the ecology of contemporary war and crisis zones. The lesser evil is the argument of the humanitarian agent that seeks military permission to provide medicines and aid in places where it is in fact the duty of the occupying military power to do so, thus saving the military limited resources. The lesser evil is often the justification of the military officer who attempts to administer life (and death) in an "˜enlightened’ manner; it is sometimes, too, the brief of the security contractor who introduces new and more efficient weapons and spatio-technological means of domination, and advertises them as "˜humanitarian technology’. In these cases the logic of the lesser evil opens up a thick political field of participation bringing together otherwise opposing fields of action, to the extent that it might obscure the fundamental moral differences between these various groups. But, even according to the terms of an economy of losses mid gains, the concept of the lesser evil risks becoming counterproductive: less brutal measures are also those that may be more easily naturalized, accepted and tolerated - and hence more frequently used, with the result that a greater evil may be reached cumulatively

The aff’s description of rapid change in central Asia is based on false linear scenario predictions

Stone, University of Wales PhD, ’12
(Leonard A., former visiting lecturer, Debrecen University,  "Central Asia Studies" Journal of Third World Studies 29.1 Spring 2012 p. 175 via academic one file accessed: 2-19-14 mlb)

 Central Asia is constantly reorganized and (re)presented by commentators such as
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relationship between the steppe and the oasis in Central Asia. (36)  

M

Terrorism studies rely on politically motivated expertism that justifies the security state—reject their knowledge claims and prefer the structural MPX of the K.

Raphael, Kingston IR professor, 2009
(Sam, Critical terrorism studies, pg 50-1, ldg)

The close relationship between the academic field of terrorism studies and the US state means
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will then discuss the function that this research serves for the US state. 

Terrorism studies are methodologically bankrupt—They refuse to consider the militants perspective, are based on biased secondary information, and consider all civilians as terrorist supporters.

Shika, Social Anthropology Ass. Professor, ’9
(Jeffrey A. PhD from UC Berkeley "The Contribution of Anthropology to critical terrorism studies" Chapter 8 of Critical Terrorism Stuides: Framing a New Research Agenda" accessed: 12-28-12 mlb)

I concluded my ethnography on popular support for the IRA and INLA by arguing that while counter-insurgency and counterterrorism had become some-thing of a politico-military science redefined as ’terrorism studies,’ the social science and political theory of many so-called ’terrorism experts’ was frankly dismal.  I identified at least four major weaknesses often found in the work of counter-insurgency specialists and the orthodox literature on terrorism. First, a near total failure to arrive at empirical conclusions derived from primary or first-hand research with the militants they define as ’terrorists’ or in the communities that supports them _{and a corresponding failure or refusal to look at the question from the participants point of view. These people’s views are rarely sought, and little effort is made to arrive at an empirical understanding of why they engage in or support political violence against the state.  Second, their analyses and conclusions are based almost solely on mostly secondary information and interpretations provided by governments, intelligence agencies, and security’s forces actively involved in fighting the ’terrorists’ (see, also, Ranstorp and Raphael in this volume).  This is not objective social science because no effort is made to establish the validity or verify the reliability of these mostly secondary data and interpretations received from ’official’ sources which it would be naïve or biased to accept at face value as objective and reliable.  Third, they tend strongly to view the civilian populations which militants come from as being passive, ignorant, and manipulable, and as either ’terrorised’ dupes or ’terrorists supporters’.  This preconceived notion shapes their fundamental approach, and yet no more attempt is made to establish its validity than is made to establish that of data and interpretation sreceived from ’official sources actively involved in counter-insurgency or counterterrorism.  Fourth, not only do they generally approach their work from the perspective of those combating militants, there is nearly always an implicit moral assumption or judgement which reveals a state-centric bias, that states combating political militants they define as ’terrorists’ are inherently legitimate and moral (the ’good guys’) and the militants inherently illegitmate and immoral (evil, the ’bad guys’).  There is rarely any suggestion that governments and security forces may be just as illegitmate, Machiavellian, cynical, and immoral in their use of violence, force, and terror as they generally presume the militants are, or that the violence of the militants is, from their perspective and usually an objective one as well, a reaction and form of resistance to their experiences of state terror, oppression, and injustice, which are among the root causes of anti-state violence.}  

There is no stable definition of ’terrorism’ and government elites manipulate the definition to serve the interests of state power and the security regime.

Hoffman, Director of the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University, 1998
(Bruce, Professor at Georgetown University, "Inside Terrorism," The New York Times Company, Online, Written 1998, Accessed 07/31/2013, AJH)

What is terrorism? Few words have so insidiously worked their way into our everyday
AND
peoples ~by the armed forces of established states~ was declared legitimate’.       

Discourse of a Russia threat is inflated security rhetoric—no objective threat exists, and there’s only a risk the aff creates a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Rumer and Sokolsky, Senior Fellow at National Defense University and Secretary of State’s Policy Planning Staff, 2001
(Eugene and Richard, Ph.D. from MIT and  M.A. in IR from John Hopkins, "Normalizing U.S.-Russian Relations" Strategic Forum; Institute for National Strategic Studies. Written in April 2001, Accessed 08/14/2013, AJH)

Ten years after the end of the Cold War, mutual hopes that a comprehensive partnership would replace containment as the major organizing theme in U.S.-Russian relations have not been realized. The record of the 1990s has left both Russia and the United States unsatisfied. Russia looks back at the decade with bitterness and a feeling of being marginalized and slighted by the world’s sole remaining superpower. It is also disappointed by its experience with Western-style reforms and mistrustful of American intentions. The United States is equally disappointed with Russia’s lack of focus, inability to engage effectively abroad, and failure to implement major reforms at home. A comprehensive partnership is out of the question. Renewed competition or active containment are also not credible as organizing principles. Russia’s economic, military and political/ideological weakness makes it an unlikely target of either U.S. competition or containment. Not only is Russia no longer a superpower, but its status as a regional power is in doubt. Current thinking about Russia is divided among four basic approaches: Forget Russia, Enfant Terrible Russia, Evil Russia, and Russia First. The Forget Russia view holds that Russia is too weak, too corrupt, and too chaotic to matter. After 10 years of trying to help Russia, the United States should focus its resources and attention on more deserving and important world issues. The Enfant Terrible view holds that, although Russia has been an irresponsible and irritating partner, it is too weak to hurt the United States and therefore need not be feared in earnest. President Vladimir Putin’s visits to Cuba and North Korea, courtship of Slobodan Milosevic, and welcoming of Iranian President Mohammad Khatami to Moscow are of little strategic consequence and thus not worth our attention. This view presupposes the existence of an important U.S.-Russian bilateral agenda and the need to protect it from childish and irresponsible Russian grandstanding. The Evil Russia view holds that Russian courtship of Cuba, Iran, Iraq, and North Korea is a deliberate effort to undermine U.S. influence in the world and recreate the Soviet empire. Analysts embracing this view take less notice of Russia’s diminished capabilities than of ambitious rhetoric by Russian politicians. Given Russia’s evil purposes, the United States is already on a collision course with it and might as well do everything it can to box Russia in. The Russia First view holds that Russia still is the most important issue on the U.S. foreign policy agenda. It accepts the premise that the two sides have shared interests and that Russia, once reborn as a stable, prosperous democracy, can be a U.S. partner and ally. Therefore, the United States should actively assist Russia in its transformation and engage it in a broad and intense relationship with renewed vigor and creativity. There are shortcomings in all of these approaches. Notwithstanding its precipitous decline, to Forget Russia is clearly not an option: the country’s geographic expanse, nuclear arsenal, and proliferation potential simply make it impossible for U.S. policymakers to ignore. The Enfant Terrible view fails to take Russia seriously and ignores the very real problems that exist between the two countries. The Evil Russia view risks inflating the threat and making the myth of evil Russia a self-fulfilling prophecy. The Russia First view is not grounded in reality. After a decade of failure, it should be clear that neither the specter of Russia’s past nor the promise of its future warrants a position near the top of the U.S. foreign policy agenda. The Need for Normalcy Russia’s external weakness and internal problems have left the United States without an effective interlocutor, either as partner or competitor. Thus, the United States should deal with Russia on a case-by-case basis to advance our interests, in much the same way we deal with most other countries. This path will sometimes lead toward partnership with Russia and at other times toward competition. It may even result in a situation where Russia and the United States find themselves as partners and competitors simultaneously in different parts of the world or on different issues. Given its size, history, strategic nuclear capabilities, and future potential, one is tempted to overstate the importance of relations with Russia and put them at the top of the U.S. national security agenda. Except for geography and nuclear weapons, however, there is little at this stage to justify making relations with Russia a top priority. Undoubtedly, Russia can inflict unacceptable damage on the United States. But fear of Russian nuclear weapons should not be the driving element of the relationship. The hostility and ideological differences that divided the superpowers during the Cold War are gone. The prospect of Russia consolidating and rebuilding itself under a militant authoritarian, nationalist regime is remote. Therefore, fears of a deliberate surprise (attack on the United States are unjustified. Despite a number of bilateral undertakings outside the Cold War-style security agenda,  ranging from regional diplomacy in the Balkans to investment, U.S. engagement with Russia, with the notable exception of the Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Initiative, is limited.

Discursively constructing China as a threat to U.S. security essentializes and totalizes the Other, ensuring the maintenance of a security paradigm and war.

Pan, Department of Political Science and International Relations, 04
(Chengxin Pan, Faculty of Arts, Australian National University, Canberra, 2004, "The ’China Threat’ in American Self-Imagination: The Discursive Construction of Other as Power Politics," Alternatives (29) 2004)

Having examined how the "China threat" literature is enabled by and serves the purpose of a particular U.S. self-construction, I want to turn now to the issue of how this literature represents a discursive construction of other, instead of an "objective" account of Chinese reality. This, I argue, has less to do with its portrayal of China as a threat per se than with its essentialization and totalization of China as an externally knowable object, independent of historically contingent contexts or dynamic international interactions. In this sense, the discursive construction of China as a threatening other cannot be detached from (neo)realism, a positivist, ahistorical framework of analysis within which global life is reduced to endless interstate rivalry for power and survival. As many critical IR scholars have noted, (neo)realism is not a transcendent description of global reality but is predicated on the modernist Western identity, which, in the quest for scientific certainty, has come to define itself essentially as the sovereign territorial nation-state. This realist self-identity of Western states leads to the constitution of anarchy as the sphere of insecurity, disorder, and war. In an anarchical system, as (neo)realists argue, "the gain of one side is often considered to be the loss of the other," (45) and "All other states are potential threats." (46) In order to survive in such a system, states inevitably pursue power or capability. In doing so, these realist claims represent what R. B. J. Walker calls "a specific historical articulation of relations of universality/particularity and self/Other." (47) The (neo)realist paradigm has dominated the U.S. IR discipline in general and the U.S. China studies field in particular. As Kurt Campbell notes, after the end of the Cold War, a whole new crop of China experts "are much more likely to have a background in strategic studies or international relations than China itself." (48) As a result, for those experts to know China is nothing more or less than to undertake a geopolitical analysis of it, often by asking only a few questions such as how China will "behave" in a strategic sense and how it may affect the regional or global balance of power, with a particular emphasis on China’s military power or capabilities. As Thomas J. Christensen notes, "Although many have focused on intentions as well as capabilities, the most prevalent component of the ~China threat~ debate is the assessment of China’s overall future military power compared with that of the United States and other East Asian regional powers." (49) Consequently, almost by default, China emerges as an absolute other and a threat thanks to this (neo)realist prism. The (neo)realist emphasis on survival and security in international relations dovetails perfectly with the U.S. self-imagination, because for the United States to define itself as the indispensable nation in a world of anarchy is often to demand absolute security. As James Chace and Caleb Carr note, "for over two centuries the aspiration toward an eventual condition of absolute security has been viewed as central to an effective American foreign policy." (50) And this self-identification in turn leads to the definition of not only "tangible" foreign powers but global contingency and uncertainty per se as threats. For example, former U.S. President George H. W. Bush repeatedly said that "the enemy ~of America~ is unpredictability. The enemy is instability." (51) Similarly, arguing for the continuation of U.S. Cold War alliances, a high-ranking Pentagon official asked, "if we pull out, who knows what nervousness will result?" (52) Thus understood, by its very uncertain character, China would now automatically constitute a threat to the United States. For example, Bernstein and Munro believe that "China’s political unpredictability, the always-present possibility that it will fall into a state of domestic disunion and factional fighting," constitutes a source of danger. (53) In like manner, Richard Betts and Thomas Christensen write: If the PLA ~People’s Liberation Army~ remains second-rate, should the world breathe a sigh of relief? Not entirely.... Drawing China into the web of global interdependence may do more to encourage peace than war, but it cannot guarantee that the pursuit of heartfelt political interests will be blocked by a fear of economic consequences.... U.S. efforts to create a stable balance across the Taiwan Strait might deter the use of force under certain circumstances, but certainly not all. (54) The upshot, therefore, is that since China displays no absolute certainty for peace, it must be, by definition, an uncertainty, and hence, a threat. In the same way, a multitude of other unpredictable factors (such as ethnic rivalry, local insurgencies, overpopulation, drug trafficking, environmental degradation, rogue states, the spread of weapons of mass destruction, and international terrorism) have also been labeled as "threats" to U.S. security. Yet, it seems that in the post-Cold War environment, China represents a kind of uncertainty par excellence. "Whatever the prospects for a more peaceful, more democratic, and more just world order, nothing seems more uncertain today than the future of post-Deng China," (55) argues Samuel Kim. And such an archetypical uncertainty is crucial to the enterprise of U.S. self-construction, because it seems that only an uncertainty with potentially global consequences such as China could justify U.S. indispensability or its continued world dominance. In this sense, Bruce Cumings aptly suggested in 1996 that China (as a threat) was basically "a metaphor for an enormously expensive Pentagon that has lost its bearings and that requires a formidable ’renegade state’ to define its mission (Islam is rather vague, and Iran lacks necessary weights)." (56) It is mainly on the basis of this self-fashioning that many U.S. scholars have for long claimed their "expertise" on China. For example, from his observation (presumably on Western TV networks) of the Chinese protest against the U.S. bombing of their embassy in Belgrade in May 1999, Robert Kagan is confident enough to speak on behalf of the whole Chinese people, claiming that he knows "the fact" of "what ~China~ really thinks about the United States." That is, "they consider the United States an enemy—or, more precisely, the enemy.... How else can one interpret the Chinese government’s response to the bombing?" he asks, rhetorically. (57) For Kagan, because the Chinese "have no other information" than their government’s propaganda, the protesters cannot rationally "know" the whole event as "we" do. Thus, their anger must have been orchestrated, unreal, and hence need not be taken seriously. (58) Given that Kagan heads the U.S. Leadership Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and is very much at the heart of redefining the United States as the benevolent global hegemon, his confidence in speaking for the Chinese "other" is perhaps not surprising. In a similar vein, without producing in-depth analysis, Bernstein and Munro invoke with great ease such all-encompassing notions as "the Chinese tradition" and its "entire three-thousand-year history." (59) In particular, they repeatedly speak of what China’s "real" goal is: "China is an unsatisfied and ambitious power whose goal is to dominate Asia.... China aims at achieving a kind of hegemony.... China is so big and so naturally powerful that ~we know~ it will tend to dominate its region even if it does not intend to do so as a matter of national policy." (60) Likewise, with the goal of absolute security for the United States in mind, Richard Betts and Thomas Christensen argue: The truth is that China can pose a grave problem even if it does not become a military power on the American model, does not intend to commit aggression, integrates into a global economy, and liberalizes politically. Similarly, the United States could face a dangerous conflict over Taiwan even if it turns out that Beijing lacks the capacity to conquer the island.... This is true because of geography; because of America’s reliance on alliances to project power; and because of China’s capacity to harm U.S. forces, U.S. regional allies, and the American homeland, even while losing a war in the technical, military sense. (61) By now, it seems clear that neither China’s capabilities nor intentions really matter. Rather, almost by its mere geographical existence, China has been qualified as an absolute strategic "other," a discursive construct from which it cannot escape. Because of this, "China" in U.S. IR discourse has been objectified and deprived of its own subjectivity and exists mainly in and for the U.S. self. Little wonder that for many U.S. China specialists, China becomes merely a "national security concern" for the United States, with the "severe disproportion between the keen attention to China as a security concern and the intractable neglect of China’s ~own~ security concerns in the current debate." (62) At this point, at issue here is no longer whether the "China threat" argument is true or false, but is rather its reflection of a shared positivist mentality among mainstream China experts that they know China better than do the Chinese themselves. (63) "We" alone can know for sure that they consider "us" their enemy and thus pose a menace to "us." Such an account of China, in many ways, strongly seems to resemble Orientalists’ problematic distinction between the West and the Orient. Like orientalism, the U.S. construction of the Chinese "other" does not require that China acknowledge the validity of that dichotomous construction. Indeed, as Edward Said point out, "It is enough for ’us’ to set up these distinctions in our own minds; ~and~ ’they’ become ’they’ accordingly." (64) It may be the case that there is nothing inherently wrong with perceiving others through one’s own subjective lens. Yet, what is problematic with mainstream U.S. China watchers is that they refuse to acknowledge the legitimacy of the inherent fluidity of Chinese identity and subjectivity and try instead to fix its ambiguity as absolute difference from "us," a kind of certainty that denotes nothing but otherness and threats. As a result, it becomes difficult to find a legitimate space for alternative ways of understanding an inherently volatile, amorphous China (65) or to recognize that China’s future trajectory in global politics is contingent essentially on how "we" in the United States and the West in general want to see it as well as on how the Chinese choose to shape it. (66) Indeed, discourses of "us" and "them" are always closely linked to how "we" as "what we are" deal with "them" as "what they are" in the practical realm. This is exactly how the discursive strategy of perceiving China as a threatening other should be understood, a point addressed in the following section, which explores some of the practical dimension of this discursive strategy in the containment perspectives and hegemonic ambitions of U.S. foreign policy

Their assertions of Chinese "aggression" is an imperialist, securitized view – it ignores the way the Japanese stole the land, re-named it, and turned it over to the US to control – independently their calling it by its Western name "Senkaku" legitimizes the theft of the land from China

Shaw, Research Fellow, Research Center for International Legal Studies, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, 12
(Han-yi, "The Inconvenient Truth Behind the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands," 9-19-12, http://kristof.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/19/the-inconvenient-truth-behind-the-diaoyusenkaku-islands/?_php=true26_type=blogs26_r=0, DOA: 2-23-14, ara)

I’ve had a longstanding interest in the Diaoyu/Senkaku islands, the subject of a dangerous territorial dispute between Japan and China. The United States claims to be neutral but in effect is siding with Japan, and we could be drawn in if a war ever arose. Let me clear that I deplore the violence in the recent anti-Japan protests in China: the violence is reprehensible and makes China look like an irrational bully. China’s government should rein in this volatile nationalism rather than feed it. This is a dispute that both sides should refer to the International Court of Justice, rather than allow to boil over in the streets. That said, when I look at the underlying question of who has the best claim, I’m sympathetic to China’s position. I don’t think it is 100 percent clear, partly because China seemed to acquiesce to Japanese sovereignty between 1945 and 1970, but on balance I find the evidence for Chinese sovereignty quite compelling. The most interesting evidence is emerging from old Japanese government documents and suggests that Japan in effect stole the islands from China in 1895 as booty of war. This article by Han-Yi Shaw, a scholar from Taiwan, explores those documents. I invite any Japanese scholars to make the contrary legal case. – Nicholas Kristof Japan’s recent purchase of the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands has predictably reignited tensions amongst China, Japan, and Taiwan. Three months ago, when Niwa Uichiro, the Japanese ambassador to China, warned that Japan’s purchase of the islands could spark an "extremely grave crisis" between China and Japan, Tokyo Governor Ishihara Shintaro slammed Niwa as an unqualified ambassador, who "needs to learn more about the history of his own country". Ambassador Niwa was forced to apologize for his remarks and was recently replaced. But what is most alarming amid these developments is that despite Japan’s democratic and pluralist society, rising nationalist sentiments are sidelining moderate views and preventing rational dialogue. The Japanese government maintains that the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands are Japanese territory under international law and historical point of view and has repeatedly insisted that no dispute exists. Despite that the rest of the world sees a major dispute, the Japanese government continues to evade important historical facts behind its unlawful incorporation of the islands in 1895. Specifically, the Japanese government asserts, "From 1885 on, our government conducted on-site surveys time and again, which confirmed that the islands were uninhabited and there were no signs of control by the Qing Empire." My research of over 40 official Meiji period documents unearthed from the Japanese National Archives, Diplomatic Records Office, and National Institute for Defense Studies Library clearly demonstrates that the Meiji government acknowledged Chinese ownership of the islands back in 1885. Following the first on-site survey, in 1885, the Japanese foreign minister wrote, "Chinese newspapers have been reporting rumors of our intention of occupying islands belonging to China located next to Taiwan.… At this time, if we were to publicly place national markers, this must necessarily invite China’s suspicion.…" In November 1885, the Okinawa governor confirmed "since this matter is not unrelated to China, if problems do arise I would be in grave repentance for my responsibility". "Surveys of the islands are incomplete" wrote the new Okinawa governor in January of 1892. He requested that a naval ship Kaimon be sent to survey the islands, but ultimately a combination of miscommunication and bad weather made it impossible for the survey to take place. "Ever since the islands were investigated by Okinawa police agencies back in 1885, there have been no subsequent field surveys conducted," the Okinawa governor wrote in 1894. After a number of Chinese defeats in the Sino-Japanese War, a report from Japan’s Home Ministry said "this matter involved negotiations with China… but the situation today is greatly different from back then." The Meiji government, following a cabinet decision in early 1895, promptly incorporated the islands. Negotiations with China never took place and this decision was passed during the Sino-Japanese War. It was never made public. In his biography Koga Tatsushiro, the first Japanese citizen to lease the islands from the Meiji government, attributed Japan’s possession of the islands to "the gallant military victory of our Imperial forces." Collectively, these official documents leave no doubt that the Meiji government did not base its occupation of the islands following "on-site surveys time and again," but instead annexed them as booty of war. This is the inconvenient truth that the Japanese government has conveniently evaded. Japan asserts that neither Beijing nor Taipei objected to U.S. administration after WWII. That’s true, but what Japan does not mention is that neither Beijing nor Taipei were invited as signatories of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in 1951, from which the U.S. derived administrative rights. When Japan annexed the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands in 1895, it detached them from Taiwan and placed them under Okinawa Prefecture. Moreover, the Japanese name "Senkaku Islands" itself was first introduced in 1900 by academic Kuroiwa Hisashi and adopted by the Japanese government thereafter. Half a century later when Japan returned Taiwan to China, both sides adopted the 1945 administrative arrangement of Taiwan, with the Chinese unaware that the uninhabited "Senkaku Islands" were in fact the former Diaoyu Islands. This explains the belated protest from Taipei and Beijing over U.S. administration of the islands after the war. The Japanese government frequently cites two documents as evidence that China did not consider the islands to be Chinese. The first is an official letter from a Chinese consul in Nagasaki dated May 20, 1920 that listed the islands as Japanese territory. Neither Beijing nor Taipei dispute that the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands — along with the entire island of Taiwan — were formally under Japanese occupation at the time. However, per post-WW II arrangements, Japan was required to surrender territories obtained from aggression and revert them to their pre-1895 legal status. The second piece evidence is a Chinese map from 1958 that excludes the Senkaku Islands from Chinese territory. But the Japanese government’s partial unveiling leaves out important information from the map’s colophon: "certain national boundaries are based on maps compiled prior to the Second Sino-Japanese War(1937-1945)." Qing period (1644-1911) records substantiate Chinese ownership of the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands prior to 1895. Envoy documents indicate that the islands reside inside the "border that separates Chinese and foreign lands." And according to Taiwan gazetteers, "Diaoyu Island accommodates ten or more large ships" under the jurisdiction of Kavalan, Taiwan. The right to know is the bedrock of every democracy. The Japanese public deserves to know the other side of the story. It is the politicians who flame public sentiments under the name of national interests who pose the greatest risk, not the islands themselves. 

Their peacekeeping advantage relies on flawed top-down models of development that results in structural violence

Newman, Birmingham political science senior lecturer, 2011
(Edward, "A Human Security Peace-Building Agenda", Third World Quarterly, 32.10, project muse, ldg)

 However, the record of peace building in terms of promoting durable and positive peace—based on sustainable economic growth, service delivery, selfsustaining institutions, inclusive democratic practices, personal security and the rule of law—has been much less positive, and perhaps even poor. The consequences, such as social unrest, political stagnation or volatility, weak state institutions, and the threat of insecurity, can be seen in Bosnia, East Timor, Kosovo, Coˆ te d’Ivoire, Sierra Leone and elsewhere. The reasons for such shortcomings, insofar as the role of the international peace-building and development community is concerned, may be found in two areas. First, the rationale behind the international peace-building agenda is increasingly driven by the belief that stability in fragile states is an international security imperative. Second, there are problems related to the liberal institutionalist models that guide the formulation and implementation of peace building in post-conflict settings. The next section will explore these themes. Despite noble intentions, peace building by international actors has often resulted in a heavy reliance on top-down approaches and—according to  some observers—a lack of sensitivity towards local needs and desires. More importantly, although the importance of local ownership has been increasingly emphasised, there is still very limited knowledge or research about local opinions, perceptions and experiences that shape or react to externally led peace-building processes. The argument of this article is that these shortcomings cannot, as is usually done, be dismissed as an ’acceptable’ short-term limitation, peripheral to the overall objectives of peace building, namely, to maintain stability. Human insecurity—deprivation, alienation, exclusion—is a direct threat to peace-building processes and objectives, since these undermine the legitimacy of peace building and fuel the underlying sources of conflict. Indeed, the implication of a human security approach to peace building is that the overall integrity of peace-building and reconstruction projects is ultimately related to the everyday experience of individuals and communities, including their material well-being.  A key problem which helps to explain why many of the objectives of sustainable peace building appear to be elusive relates to the motivations which drive these international interventions. There is wide—though not uncontested— agreement that unstable and conflict-prone societies pose a threat to international security and stability. Many analysts, especially after 9/11, now consider these situations as the primary security challenge of the contemporary era. Theories of conflict and instability also increasingly point to the weakness of the state as a key factor in the onset of violent conflict, and a merging of the security and development agendas.5 Among foreign policy elites this is a paradigm shift in security thinking: challenges to security ’come not from rival global powers, but from weak states’.6 According to Fukuyama, ’weak and failing states have arguably become the single most important problem for international order’.7 The 2008 UK National Security Strategy—and many other sources within or close to policy circles—reflects similar thinking, arguing that a key driver of global insecurity in the contemporary world is poverty, inequality and poor governance. 8  It is debatable whether this view reflects ’reality’ or is rather a political construction.9 Nevertheless, greater efforts and resources have been forthcoming from powerful states to contain, resolve and to some extent prevent civil war. One analyst has therefore suggested that addressing failing and conflict-prone states has ’become one of the critical all-consuming strategic and moral imperatives of our terrorised time’.10  In recent years international peace-building activities in conflict-prone and post-conflict countries have increased in number and in complexity in line with this evolving security discourse. These activities have also become an exercise in state building, based upon the assumption that effective (preferably liberal) states form the greatest prospect for a stable international order. Peace building is therefore a part of the security agenda insofar as the pathologies of conflict-prone and underdeveloped states have been constructed as international threats.11 Viewing conflict, weak statehood and  underdevelopment as a threat to international security has brought muchneeded resources, aid and capacity building to conflict-prone countries in the form of international assistance. This has arguably contributed to a reduction in the absolute numbers of civil wars and the consolidation of peace in many countries.  However, ’peace building as security’ has also generated a number of critical challenges. This approach translates into peace-building policies which often ignore the underlying sources of conflict because the emphasis is upon stability and containment, rather than conflict resolution. It also results in conditional and coercive forms of peace-building assistance—most obviously for example in Bosnia and East Timor but more subtly in many other contexts. When international stability becomes the priority, rather than addressing local conflict or demands for justice, international peace building tends to rely on top-down mediation among power brokers and on building state institutions, rather than on bottom-up, community-driven peace building or the resolution of the underlying sources of conflict. Instead of promoting a sense of social justice and reconciliation, this can perpetuate the influence of sectarian leaders because international peace-building actors believe that the latter must be engaged with as the key to local control—a part of the ’facts on the ground’. This excludes or obstructs the emergence of alternative—potentially more conciliatory and cosmopolitan—leaders and civil society, and thus alternative visions of peace.  The peace-building agenda itself often becomes an externally (often donor) driven exercise, because it is ultimately oriented towards the promotion of stability, often without a genuine understanding of local political culture, desires or needs. As a result, this approach can be insensitive towards—and exclude from the peace-building agenda—local traditions and institutions. Indeed, there are numerous reports of local opposition and civil society initiatives being discouraged by international peace-building agents because they apparently do not fit the ’agenda’.12 There is also evidence of peacebuilding actors—especially major UN operations—failing to recognise traditional social and political institutions in the countries in which they are working.13 Peace building is often reduced to a technical exercise, the implication being that peace-building assistance is essentially value-free and that it does not represent important choices and interests. Yet the apolitical model of peace building can miss the reality on the ground and fail to create conditions conducive to durable stability. Moreover, in this context there is a danger that state building may undermine traditional indigenous authority structures.14 This may be morally questionable and illegitimate, but also, if the new centralised agendas fail to take root, instability and conflict can ensue (as in East Timor in 2006). This raises the question: is the liberal peace being promoted in societies, such as Sierra Leone, East Timor and Coˆ te d’Ivoire, in which it may, for social or cultural reasons, be fundamentally inappropriate?  The mixed record of peace building is therefore hostage to its prevailing rationale to promote strong states and contain conflict as a matter of international security, rather than to resolve conflicts or address its underlying sources. This is not to disparage the value of stability and ’negative’ peace:  the ending of violence and establishing stability is a great achievement, and clearly the prerequisite to any further peace-building and reconstruction objectives. As noted above, it is not inconceivable that international peacebuilding interventions have contributed to a historical downward trend in the recurrence of intra-state conflict. Many policy analysts, in particular, would argue that the promotion of stability in conflict-prone societies is the realistic extent of what international peace-building can achieve. However, there is ample evidence that a negative peace can be a fragile peace; research shows that conflict is often recurrent in societies that have experienced conflict in the past, and this remains the case, despite the apparent downtrend in armed conflict.15 The tendency for international peace building to emphasise stability through brokering elite bargaining has meant that the sources of conflict—and the overall atmosphere of sectarianism in public life—have been perpetuated, which in the worst cases can make ’peace’ fragile. Although international peace building is often described as ’liberal’, this may be a misnomer. Is international peace building truly ’liberal’ when (in terms of conflict resolution) it tends to mediate—from the top down—between local power brokers, who are often politically extremist or exclusionary, and does not—despite the civil society empowerment programmes that are invariably a part of peace-building activities— sufficiently engage with grassroots community actors who are potentially more inclusive and moderate? Thus, the essential mechanism of a liberal social contract is generally absent in post-conflict states, which instead are held together by external actors. This also obstructs more progressive bottom-up forms of peace building that cultivate cosmopolitan peaceful forces and address underlying sources of conflict. So-called liberal peace building is indeed premised upon the idea of democracy, the free market and state institutions, yet the emphasis upon stability and security seems more akin to the promotion of a strong Hobbesian state than a Lockean liberal contract, because this serves international stability, an important objective of international peace-building activities.   

Modeling of US norms is an empty concept – it provides political cover for western interventionism that produces structural violence

Mattei, Law Professor-Hastings University, 2009
(Ugo, BOCCONI SCHOOL OF LAW, GLOBAL LAW 26 PLUNDER: THE DARK SIDE OF THE RULE OF LAW, 2009, URL, ,DOA: 3-25-14, CEJ)

What we can identify as ’global law’ is not a single and coherent system of law drawing legitimacy from a well-defined legal and political process. Rather, a mixture of international and transnational instruments and processes—non-democratic institutional settings, power/force relationships and ethnocentric intellectual attitudes—stand behind the legal rules that are adopted by public and private actors at the global and (consequently)2 at the local level. This is not a new phenomenon, although its magnitude has recently been increasing. Within this framework, Western law has constantly enjoyed a dominant position during the past centuries and today, thus being in the position to shape and bend the evolution of other legal systems worldwide.  During the colonial era, continental Europe powers have systematically exported their own legal systems to the colonized lands.  During the past decades and today, the United States have been dominating the international arena as the most powerful economic power, exporting their own legal system to the periphery, both by itself and through a set of international instituions, behaving as a neo-colonialist within the ideology known as neoliberalism.  Western countries identify themselves as law-abiding and civilized no matter what their actual history reveals. Such identification is acquired by false knowledge and false comparison with other peoples, those who were said to ’lack’ the rule of law, such as China, Japan, India, and the Islamic world more generally. In a similar fashion today, according to some leading economists, Third World developing countries ’lack’ the minimal institutional systems necessary for the unfolding of a market economy. The theory of ’lack’ and the rhetoric of the rule of law have justified aggressive interventions from Western countries into non-Western ones. The policy of corporatization and open markets, supported today globally by the so-called Washington consensus3 , was used by Western bankers and the business community in Latin America as the main vehicle to ’open the veins’ of the continent—to borrow Eduardo Galeano’s metaphor4—with no solution of continuity between colonial and post-colonial times. Similar policy was used in Africa to facilitate the forced transfer of slaves to America, and today to facilitate the extraction of agricultural products, oil, minerals, ideas and cultural artifacts in the same countries. The policy of opening markets for free trade, used today in Afghanistan and Iraq, was used in China during the nineteenth century Opium War, in which free trade was interpreted as an obligation to buy drugs from British dealers. The policy of forcing local industries to compete on open markets was used by the British empire in Bengal, as it is today by the WTO in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Foreign-imposed privatization laws that facilitate unconscionable bargains at the expense of the people have been vehicles of plunder, not of legality. In all these settings the tragic human suffering produced by such plunder is simply ignored. In this context law played a major role in legalizing such practices of powerful actors against the powerless.5 Yet, this use of power is scarcely explored in the study of Western law. The exportation of Western legal institutions from the West to the ’rest’ has systematically been justified through the ideological use of the extremely politically strong and technically weak concept of ’rule of law’. The notion of ’rule of law’ is an extremely ambiguous one. Notwithstanding, within any public discussion its positive connotations have always been taken for granted. The dominant image of the rule of law is false both historically and in the present, because it does not fully acknowledge its dark side. The false representation starts from the idea that good law (which others ’lack’) is autonomous, separate from society and its institutions, technical, non-political, non-distributive and reactive rather than proactive: more succinctly, a technological framework for an ’efficient’ market. The rule of law has a bright and a dark side, with the latter progressively conquering new ground whenever the former is not empowered by a political soul. In the absence of such political life, the rule of law becomes a cold technology. Moreover, when large corporate actors dominate states (affected by a declining regulatory role), law becomes a product of the economy, and economy governs the law rather than being governed by it. Contemporary mass cultures operate within a short time-span. Most intellectuals do not acknowledge that it is exactly because of plunder of gold, silver, bioresources and so on that development accelerated in the West, so that underdevelopment is a historically produced victimization of weaker and more enclosed communities and not the disease of lesser people. Prevailing short-term and short-sighted opportunism must be overcome. An analysis of the imperial adventure rendered in legal terms opens up a possibility for a radical rethinking of a model of development defined by Western ideas of progress, development and economic efficiency. A reconfiguration would mean, first and foremost, a clear rejection of an ideology of inherent superiority of Western culture that does not recognize that the West is itself part of something much larger. 

Legal modeling produces economic inequality and poverty, which ensures backlash that guts solvency

Tamanaha, Professor of law at Hammond, 2008
(Brian, "The Dark Side of the Relationship Between the Rule of Law and Liberalism," Exact Date, URL, DOA: 3-25-14, CEJ)

Despite positioning themselves as defenders of liberty -a claim that is merited on its own terms - this article has shown a consistent pattern of liberals in the classical vein trying to prevent, narrow, invalidate, or discredit democratically produced legislation that seeks to redistribute property or temper market mechanisms to further competing aims. At the turn of the 20th century this was evident in the actions of U.S. courts that struck or narrowed social welfare and labor legislation; at the turn of the 21st century this is evident in the neoliberal package of reforms imposed on developing countries seeking aid.123 For anyone who sees democracy -the exercise of political choice over one’s affairs - as an expression of liberty, this side of liberalism involves persistent attempts to invoke the rule of law to restrict the exercise of political liberty. This is the dark side of the rule of law within liberal theory. Those in the West who find solace in the fact that developing countries have thus far suffered the brunt of the aforementioned anti-democratic imposition of neoliberal reforms are perhaps unduly optimistic in thinking they have escaped a similar fate. This very same process, with similar anti-democratic tendencies, is taking place writ large around the globe as the imperatives of market capitalism increasingly dictate policies to national governments. 124 The "great transformation" Polanyi described involved the market coming to occupy the dominant organizing position within capitalist societies. 125 We may well be witnessing the completion of this transformation, not just in the sense that every individual nation comes to be organized in this fashion, but in the further sense that the entire community of nations (the global order) is increasingly organized in the same terms. Liberal mechanisms and institutions functioning at the transnational level (for example, the World Trade Organization) are already coalescing into a de facto kind of "economic constitutionalism" which, through the operation of the rule of law, constrains, overrides, and dictates to domestic law making in connection with liberal economic matters (affecting property rights, tariffs, subsidies, efforts to protect jobs). In the past, natural law, the common law, and constitutional provisions provided the controlling norms that were enforced by the rule of law. In the future, if current developments bear out, it will be unadulterated liberal economic norms that control world-wide. Liberals will view this prospect happily, but individuals and societies that prefer other values above (or equal to) material improvement will find it alienating and disempowering. There is also a dark side for the rule of law in this relationship. As I have argued elsewhere, 126 the rule of law originated prior to liberalism and can exist independent of liberalism. Liberals tend to obscure this in their jealous identification of the rule of law with liberalism. From a broader perspective, the singular achievement of the rule of law is its insistence that governments must act in accordance with the law -an essential restraint that is valuable in all societies regardless of their social, cultural, economic, or political orientation. In view of the awesome power and resources governments can wield, holding the government to legal restraints is a universal good. The risk in recent developments is that the rule of law is ripe to be tainted by its close identification with liberalism, particularly in developing countries. A number of these countries have suffered from the adverse consequences of neoliberal reforms; 127 the disparity in wealth has increased to new heights in many countries, without any evident improvement for the poor majority;’ 28 and in many of these societies the populace had little say over whether to accept or modify these reforms. International development organizations now divert money away from infrastructure projects in favor of rule of law projects, like training judges and police, and drafting and implementing legal codes that protect property and foreign investment. In all these various activities, the "rule of law" is put forth as the "front man" for the liberal package. If this initiative goes badly in any number of possible ways owing to an innumerable complex of local and global factors, as seems likely to occur in many places, if substantial pain is suffered without the promised economic benefits to the general public, if courts are perceived to defend the rich who enjoy increasing wealth while most in society are left wanting, the rule of law may be held responsible or tarnished, viewed by the populace with suspicion or cynicismmaking it all the harder to implant and build the rule of law. It would be a tragic paradox if the great liberal advocates for the rule of law contributed to preventing it from taking hold and spreading around the world.

The impact is heteronormative violence coalesced around the drive for ontological certainty. This static epistemology results in a static violence against the self destroying personal agency culminating in otherization.  
Burke, New South Wales IR professor, 2007
(Anthony, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason", Theory and Event, 10.2, project muse, ldg)

I see such a drive for ontological certainty and completion as particularly problematic for a
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to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?

ht?

Democracy legitimizes the state’s ability to construct individual’s identities by creating an acceptable norm through institutions of power and denying individuals that refuse to engage with those institutions. Even assumed "minorities" are recognized as legitimate through democracy, while queers are continually erased.

Warner, 93
(Michael, Fear of a Queer Planet, Google Reader, pg 171-14, CW, accessed on 8/17/11) 

The modern liberal state has an overt concern with coordinating and integrating different claims on resources and power. In this organic notion of governmentality, it makes sense to differentiate interests in order to place them under different forms of control that can be generally subsumed under a governing body whose legitimacy is staged through the appearance of consent in democratic representation. Here, "politics" is equated with state management and the direct process of achieving representation (elections, certainly, but also hiring power-"affirmative action"-through elective prositions assert power under the illusion of representativeness). The "social" means issues affecting daily life, extrarepresentational issues like equitable distribution of resources ("poverty"), the environment, and "lifestyle." If the modern state’s business was to legitimate its existence in the absence of theological justification, to produce itself as a visible, secular, central organizational force Focault describes so well, then the postmodern state seems concerned to recede so well, then the postmodern state seems concerned to recede from visibility, to operate blindly as a purely administrative apparatus to an apparent market democracy. If the modern state had to describe its existence in terms of reason, suggesting in one way or another that it was an outcome of the social contract, capable of organizing consent and policing deviation, the postmodern state has to pose itself as capable of administering an incoherent, incommensurable plurality of interests. The modern state integrates social factions to resolve conflict; the postmodern state holds pluralities apart. Instead of invoking an organicist logic that links the nation to the individual through increasingly smaller collectives like the province, the township, and the family, the postmodern state proposes lateral linkages, communities or consumption units held in relations to one another and operating through commercial logic of a free market that circulates rather than negotiates freedoms. If modernity conceived power in blocks that operate entropically, postmodern power circulates, disperses, intensifies. The fields of power operative in postmondernity may be more importantly about the constitution of governable subjectivities than they area about the constitution of a governing state. Certainly, the two are connected, ideologically and practically. However, the crucial difference lies in the constution of identities: it may be that essentialist and social constructionist claims are unadjudicable because a accession to power-the constituion of governmentality-is now accomplished through, rather than precondition of, making good on claims to identity. The crucial battle now for "minorities" and resistant subalterns is not achieving democratic representation but wresting control over the discourses concerning identity construction. The opponent is not the state as much as it is the other collectives attempting to set the rules for identity constitution in something like a "civil society." The problem is not one of cognitive or psychic dissonance-that is, that the right, for example, will not allow us to feel or be who we want to be, but that the terms for asserting identity are categories of political engagement. The discursive practices of identity and the actors who activate them produce the categories of governmentatlity that engender the administrative state apparatus, not vice versa. It is as important to look at the battles taking place within the field of power in which accomplishment of "identities" operates as political capital-say, between the right and gays-as it is see how their variously constituted identities interact with the administrative units. Thus, identity as an effect comes into play at the threshold of what de Certeau, following Derrida, calls the "proper," at the threshold of engagement with constituted social and political instutions. As I have tried to show, this narrow sense of identity involves perfomrativity, the ability to operate through citation within a field of power in which oppositional pairs are discernible against a backdrop of instutions and spaces. Insitutions could be history or the courts, and spaces could be the social, gender, the nation. This is the place in which the new right invokes homophobia but a homophobia contingent on the continued construction of isolatable "gay identities." If agents in possession of gay identities make demands for minority status within the political sphere, this is not because acquisition of gay identity strips away ideology and allows for a homosexual body to realize its desire for civil rights are simply waiting around for the asking. Rather, the demand for civil rights is an intrinsic effect of coming-out rhetoric, altering both the meaning of civil rights and the meaning of homoerotic practices. Coming-out rhetoric, in effect articulates gay identity to civil rights practices, articulates homoerotic practices to the political concept of minority. The person who takes up a post-Stonewall identity feels compelled to act in a way that will constitute her or himself as a subject appropriate to civil rights discourse, and thus, deserving of the status accruing to successful claims to minority status. In the process of queer enunciation, the meaning of civil rights, indeed, capacity to hold apart the political and social, the public and private, have been radically altered. The innovation of gay identity was not so much in making homosexuality seem acceptable to the homosexual, but in creating a crisis of duty in gays who could "come out" (in some sense leave the private/social). In linking the demand for acceptance by society with the instantiation of identity in oneself, gay liberationists want society to take a stand for or against specific or specifiably "gay" persons. All identities effect these deontic closures: in fact, as I have argued above, the achievement of identites is precisely the staking out of duties and alliances in a field of power. Postmodern mininarratives of individual and collective moral legitimacy are replacing the rational metanarratives-like the social contract, pluralism, and democracy-that characterized state legitimation in modernity

The invisible center of norms for which heteronormativity is able to take charge and cause the normalization of the queers. This allows for the continued domination, marginalization, and eradication of individuals not seen as fit to be within its framework.
Yep, Professor of Communication Studies at San Francisco State University, 2004. (Gust A., Ph.D. in Communication., Queer Theory and Communication: From Disciplining Queers to Queering the Discipline(s), pg. 18). Jt 

In this passage, Simmons vividly describes the devastating persuasiveness of hatred and violence in her daily life based on being seen, perceived, labeled, and treated as an "Other." This process of othering creates individuals, groups, and communities that are deemed to be less important, less worthwhile, less consequential, less authorized, and less human based on historically situated markers of social formation such as race, class, gender, sexuality, ability, and nationality. Othering and marginalization are results of an "invisible center" (Ferguson, 1990, p.3). The authority, position, and power of such a center are attained through normalization in an ongoing circular movement. Normalization is the process of constructing, establishing, producing, and reproducing a taken-for-granted and all-encompassing standard used to measure goodness, desirability, morality, rationality, superiority, and a host of other dominant cultural values. As such, normalization becomes one of the primary instruments of power in modern society (Foucault, 1978/1990). Normalization is a symbolically, discursively, psychically, psychologically, and materially violent form of social regulation and control, or as Warner (1993) more simply puts it, normalization is "the site of violence" (p.xxvi). Perhaps one of the most powerful forms of normalization in Western social systems is heteronormativity. Through heteronormative discourses, abject and abominable bodies, souls, persons, and life forms are created, examined, and disciplined through current regimes of knowledge and power (Foucault, 1978/1990). Heteronormativity, as the invisible center and the presumed bedrock of society, is the quintessential force creating, sustaining, marginalization, disempowerment, and oppression of sexual others. Heternormativity is ubiquitous in all spheres of social life yet remains largely invisible and elusive. According to Berlant and Warner (in Warner, 2002), heteronormativity refers to: "the institutions, structures of understanding, and practical orientations that make heterosexuality seem not only coherent – that is, organized as a sexuality – but also a privileged. Its coherence is always provisional, and its privilege can take several (sometimes cotradictory) forms: unmarked as the basic idiom of the personal and the social; of marked as natural state; or projected as an ideal or moral accomplishment. It consists less of norms that could be summarized as a body of doctrine than of a sense of rightness produced in contradictory manifestations – often unconscious, immanent to practive or to institutions. (pg 309, my emphasis). Heteronormativity makes heterosexuality hegemonic through the process of normalization. Although it is experienced consciously or unconsciously and with different degrees of pain and suffering, this process of normalization is a site of violence in the lives of women, men, and transgenders – across the spectrum of sexualities – in modern Western Societies. Not unlike the experiences of children who must learn to survive in an emotionally and physically abusive environment where violence is the recipe for daily existence (Miller, 1990), 1991, 1998, 2001), individuals living in the heteronormative regime used to learn to conform, ignore, and banish their suffering to survive. The process of coping by repressing the pain and identifying with the perpetrator is, in my view, a powerful mechanism for heteronormativity to perpetuate itself in current forms of social organization. Drawing from the work of feminists and womanists, critical scholars, and mental health researchers, I identify and examine the injurious and violent nature of heteronormativity in this section. For purposes of discussion, I focus on the violence of heteronormativity enacted upon: (a) women inside the heteronormative borders, (b) men inside the heteronormative borders, (c) lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and queer people and (d) individuals living at the intersections of race, class, gender, and sexuality. 

The alternative is to vote negative to embrace a politics of illegibility. That’s key to disrupting logical forms of knowledge opens up new alternatives
Halberstam, USC American Studies, Ethnicity Studies, and Comparative Literature Professor, ’11
(Judith, Phd University of Minnesota, "The Queer Art of Failure" 2011 ebook.  Accessed 12-20-13 mlb)

A radical take on disciplinarity and the university that presumes both the breakdown of the disciplines and the closing of gaps between fields conventionally presumed to be separated can be found in a manifesto published by Fred Moten and Stefano Harney in 2004 in Social Text titled "The University and the Undercommons: Seven Theses." Their essay is a searing critique directed at the intellectual and the critical intellectual, the professional scholar and the "critical academic professionals." For Moten and Harney, the critical academic is not the answer to encroaching professionalization but an extension of it, using the very same tools and legitimating strategies to become "an ally of professional education." Moten and Harney prefer to pitch their tent with the "subversive intellectuals," a maroon community of outcast thinkers who refuse, resist, and renege on the demands of "rigor," "excellence," and "productivity." They tell us to "steal from the university," to "steal the enlightenment for others" (112), and to act against "what Foucault called the Conquest, the unspoken war that founded, and with the force of law refounds, society" (113). And what does the undercommons of the university want to be? It wants to constitute an unprofessional force of fugitive knowers, with a set of intellectual practices not bound by examination systems and test scores. The goal for this unprofessionalization is not to abolish; in fact Moten and Harney set the fugitive intellectual against the elimination or abolition of this, the founding or refounding of that: "Not so much the abolition of prisons but the abolition of a society that could have prisons, that could have slavery, that could have the wage, and therefore not abolition as the elimination of anything but abolition as the founding of a new society" (113). Not the elimination of anything but the founding of a new society. And why not? Why not think in terms of a different kind of society than the one that first created and then abolished slavery? The social worlds we inhabit, after all, as so many thinkers have reminded us, are not in  evitable; they were not always bound to turn out this way, and what’s more, in the process of producing this reality, many other realities, fields of knowledge, and ways of being have been discarded and, to cite Foucault again, "disqualified." A few visionary books, produced alongside disciplinary knowledge, show us the paths not taken. For example, in a book that itself began as a detour, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (1999), James C. Scott details the ways the modern state has run roughshod over local, customary, and undisciplined forms of knowledge in order to rationalize and simplify social, agricultural, and political practices that have profit as their primary motivation. In the process, says Scott, certain ways of seeing the world are established as normal or natural, as obvious and necessary, even though they are often entirely counterintuitive and socially engineered. Seeing Like a State began as a study of "why the state has always seemed to be the enemy of ’people who move around,’" but quickly became a study of the demand by the state for legibility through the imposition of methods of standardization and uniformity (1). While Dean Spade (2008) and other queer scholars use Scott’s book to think about how we came to insist upon the documentation of gender identity on all governmental documentation, I want to use his monumental study to pick up some of the discarded local knowledges that are trampled underfoot in the rush to bureaucratize and rationalize an economic order that privileges profit over all kinds of other motivations for being and doing  In place of the Germanic ordered forest that Scott uses as a potent metaphor for the start of the modern imposition of bureaucratic order upon populations, we might go with the thicket of subjugated knowledge that sprouts like weeds among the disciplinary forms of knowledge, threatening always to overwhelm the cultivation and pruning of the intellect with mad plant life. For Scott, to "see like a state" means to accept the order of things and to internalize them; it means that we begin to deploy and think with the logic of the superiority of orderliness and that we erase and indeed sacrifice other, more local practices of knowledge, practices moreover that may be less efficient, may yield less marketable results, but may also, in the long term, be more sustaining. What is at stake in arguing for the trees and against the forest? Scott identifies "legibility" as the favored technique of high modernism for sorting, organizing, and profiting from land and people and for abstracting systems of knowledge from local knowledge practices. He talks about the garden and gardeners as representative of a new spirit of intervention and order favored within high modernism, and he points to the minimalism and simplicity of Le Corbusier’s urban design as part of a new commitment to symmetry and division and planning that complements authoritarian preferences for hierarchies and despises the complex and messy forms of organic profusion and improvised creativity. "Legibility," writes Scott, "is a condition of manipulation" (1999: 183). He favors instead, borrowing from European anarchist thought, more practical forms of knowledge that he calls metis and that emphasize mutuality, collectivity, plasticity, diversity, and adaptability. Illegibility may in fact be one way of escaping the political manipulation to which all university fields and disciplines are subject. While Scott’s insight about illegibility has implications for all kinds of subjects who are manipulated precisely when they become legible and visible to the state (undocumented workers, visible queers, racialized minorities), it also points to an argument for antidisciplinarity in the sense that knowledge practices that refuse both the form and the content of traditional canons may lead to unbounded forms of speculation, modes of thinking that ally not with rigor and order but with inspiration and unpredictability. We may in fact want to think about how to see unlike a state; we may want new rationales for knowledge production, different aesthetic standards for ordering or disordering space, other modes of political engagement than those conjured by the liberal imagination. We may, ultimately, want more undisciplined knowledge, more questions and fewer answers. 

Prefer rogue intellectualism – ’rigorous’ studies reify dominant discourses
Halberstam, USC American Studies, Ethnicity Studies, and Comparative Literature Professor, ’11
(Judith, Phd University of Minnesota, "The Queer Art of Failure" 2011 ebook.  Accessed 12-20-13 mlb)

 Any book that begins with a quote from SpongeBob SquarePants and is motored by wisdom gleaned from Fantastic Mr. Fox, Chicken Run, and Finding Nemo, among other animated guides to life, runs the risk of not being taken seriously. Yet this is my goal. Being taken seriously means missing out on the chance to be frivolous, promiscuous, and irrelevant. The desire to be taken seriously is precisely what compels people to follow the tried and true paths of knowledge production around which I would like to map a few detours. Indeed terms like serious and rigorous tend to be code words, in academia as well as other contexts, for disciplinary correctness; they signal a form of training and learning that confirms what is already known according to approved methods of knowing, but they do not allow for visionary insights or flights of fancy. Training of any kind, in fact, is a way of refusing a kind of Benjaminian relation to knowing, a stroll down uncharted streets in the "wrong" direction (Benjamin 1996); it is precisely about staying in well- lit territories and about knowing exactly which way to go before you set out. Like many others before me, I propose that instead the goal is to lose one’s way, and indeed to be prepared to lose more than one’s way. Losing, we may agree with Elizabeth Bishop, is an art, and one "that is not too hard to master / Though it may look like a disaster" (2008: 166–167).  In the sciences, particularly physics and mathematics, there are many examples of rogue intellectuals, not all of whom are reclusive Unabomber types (although more than a few are just that), who wander off into uncharted territories and refuse the academy because the publish- or- perish pressure of academic life keeps them tethered to conventional knowledge production and its well- traveled byways. Popular mathematics books, for example, revel in stories about unconventional loners who are selfschooled and who make their own way through the world of numbers. For some kooky minds, disciplines actually get in the way of answers and theorems precisely because they offer maps of thought where intuition and blind fumbling might yield better results. In 2008, for example, The New Yorker featured a story about an oddball physicist who, like many ambitious physicists and mathematicians, was in hot pursuit of a grand theory, a "theory of everything." This thinker, Garrett Lisi, had dropped  out of academic physics because string theory dominated the field at that time and he thought the answers lay elsewhere. As an outsider to the discipline, writes Benjamin Wallace- Wells, Lisi "built his theory as an outsider might, relying on a grab bag of component parts: a hand- built mathematical structure, an unconventional way of describing gravity, and a mysterious mathematical entity known as E8."1 In the end Lisi’s "theory of everything" fell short of expectations, but it nonetheless yielded a whole terrain of new questions and methods. Similarly the computer scientists who pioneered new programs to produce computer- generated imagery (CGI), as many accounts of the rise of Pixar have chronicled, were academic rejects or dropouts who created independent institutes in order to explore their dreams of animated worlds.2 These alternative cultural and academic realms, the areas beside academia rather than within it, the intellectual worlds conjured by losers, failures, dropouts, and refuseniks, often serve as the launching pad for alternatives precisely when the university cannot. This is not a bad time to experiment with disciplinary transformation on behalf of the project of generating new forms of knowing, since the fields that were assembled over one hundred years ago to respond to new market economies and the demand for narrow expertise, as Foucault described them, are now losing relevance and failing to respond either to real- world knowledge projects or student interests. As the big disciplines begin to crumble like banks that have invested in bad securities we might ask more broadly, Do we really want to shore up the ragged boundaries of our shared interests and intellectual commitments, or might we rather take this opportunity to rethink the project of learning and thinking altogether? Just as the standardized tests that the U.S. favors as a guide to intellectual advancement in high schools tend to identify people who are good at standardized exams (as opposed to, say, intellectual visionaries), so in universities grades, exams, and knowledge of canons identify scholars with an aptitude for maintaining and  This book, a stroll out of the confines of conventional knowledge and into the unregulated territories of failure, loss, and unbecoming, must make a long detour around disciplines and ordinary ways of thinking. Let me explain how universities (and by implication high schools) squash rather than promote quirky and original thought. Disciplinarity, as defined by Foucault (1995), is a technique of modern power: it depends upon and deploys normalization, routines, convention, tradition, and  regularity, and it produces experts and administrative forms of governance. The university structure that houses the disciplines and jealously guards their boundaries now stands at a crossroads, not of disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity, past and future, national and transnational; the crossroads at which the rapidly disintegrating bandwagon of disciplines, subfields, and interdisciplines has arrived offer a choice between the university as corporation and investment opportunity and the university as a new kind of public sphere with a different investment in knowledge, in ideas, and in thought and politics.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cal MS | Judge: Murrillo, Stevenson, Lundberg

This a tactic to legitimize the violence of the law—-the plan sanitizes expanding state violence—-their appeal to juridical legitimation results in malleable legal conventions that are ultimately meaningless

Morrissey, Lecturer in Political and Cultural Geography at the National University of Ireland, 11
(John, "Liberal Lawfare and Biopolitics: US Juridical Warfare in the War on Terror", Geopolitics, Volume 16, Issue 2, date accessed: 1/13/14, LMM)

Nearly two centuries ago, Prussian military strategist, Carl von Clausewitz, observed how
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transfers of U.S. personnel to the International Criminal Court".90 

The affirmative use of law as a guiding standard fails to understand laws dependence on culture – the affirmative re-inscribes the normative culture of exclusion it attempts to alleviate

Ford, George E. Osborne Professor of Law at Stanford University, 2002 (Richard T., Reginald F. Lewis Fellow at Harvard Law School, a litigation associate with Morrison 26 Foerster, and a housing policy consultant for the City of Cambridge, Massachusetts, "Left Legalism/Left Critique: Beyond ’Difference’: A Reluctant Critique of Legal Identity Politics", pp. 68-70, Duke University Press, accessed on 10/12/13, Ben)

My critique thus far will provoke a predictable retort, similar but not identical to
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from those of the laws and institutions under whose authority they must live.
But this is not a critique of law; it is a truism about it
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unequally burden these groups - it is a central objective of the laws.
Similarly, when laws are informed by a particular set of norms (as they
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different social groups do in fact have different norms and different practices.
Suppose social group x has a number of distinctive social practices, including ritual animal
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this out tells us nothing about how the conflict should be resolved.22
Turns their legal norm and cause preemption
Jahn, Professor of International Relations – University of Sussex, 07
(Beate, "The Tragedy of Liberal Diplomacy: Democratization, Intervention, Statebuilding (Part I)," Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 1:1, 87-106, 1/14/14, LMM)

In the first section of this essay I will briefly set out the core claims
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but its repetition _/ and that is the real tragedy of liberal diplomacy.

Second – legal institutions always create an environment where the executive can redefine the rules in the name of national security - turns the case

Posner and Vermeule, Professors of Law at the University of Chicago and Harvard, 11
(Eric and Adrian, January, "Demystifying Schmitt", http://www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/333-eap-Schmitt.pdf-http://www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/333-eap-Schmitt.pdf, date accessed :11/13/13)

If Congress cannot regulate in advance of emergencies, might it not be able to
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to make policy during emergencies and so they have seldom taken this approach.

The affirmative represents a strategy of lip service restraint re-affirms executive power granting legitimacy to sovereign manipulation of law
Posner, Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School and Vermeule, Legal Scholar, 2010 (Eric A., editor of The Journal of Legal Studies and Adrian, clerked for the Supreme Court Associate Justice Antonin Scalia, " The Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic", Oxford University Press, pp. 207-209, accessed on 10/15/13, Ben)

Some commentators argue that the federal courts have taken over Congress’s role as an institutional
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the counterterrorism policies of the Bush administration. Strong executive government is bipartisan.
The 9/11 attack provided a reminder of just how extensive the president’s power
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up as it was by popular opinion, would have refused to obey.

 And, indeed, for just that reason, Congress would never have refused its imprimatur and the Supreme Court would never have stood in the executive’s way. The major check on the executive’s power to declare an emergency and to use emergency powers is political.
The financial crisis of 2008-2009 also revealed the extent of executive power.
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in the crisis except to ratify executive actions in tension with the law.

The affirmatives call for legal reformation is just a guise of leftist legalism – the affirmative results in cooptation, subjugation and a justification of continued exclusion and oppression turns your resistance args
Brown, Professor of Political Science at Berkeley and Halley, Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, 2002 (Wendy, Ph.D., Political Philosophy, Princeton University and Janet, Ph.D. in English Literature from UCLA and a J.D. from Yale Law School, "Left Legalism/Left Critique: Introduction" pp.23-25, Duke University Press, accessed on 10/12/13, Ben)

If we are right about the legalistic usurpation of many left political projects, then
AND
couple forms would reconfigure, perhaps strengthen, the normalizing power of marriage.
Second, we hear that left legalistic moves are merely incremental, that they merely
AND
politics with its own discursive forms, and substituted left with legalistic debate.
Third, left legalism often borrows from liberalism certain representations of law that purport to
AND
critical project engaged with legalism that calls for the scrutinizing practice called critique.

That causes endless warfare
Bacevich, Boston University International Relations Professor, 05
(A. J., retired career officer in the United States Army, former director of Boston University’s Center for International Relations, The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War, 2005 accessed 1/14/14, LMM)

Today as never before in their history Americans are enthralled with military power. The
AND
consider the continued relevance of Madison’s warning to our own time and circumstances.

Circumvention

The alternative is a prerequisite - the executive will redefine the law to violate and ignore the plan

Pollack, MSU Geggenheim Fellow and Professor of history Emeritus, 13
(Norman,02/05/13, "Drones, Israel, and the Eclipse of Democracy," Counterpunch, www.counterpunch.org/2013/02/05/drones-israel-and-the-eclipse-of-democracy/, accessed: 1/13/14, LMM)

Bisharat first addresses the transmogrification of international law by Israel’s military lawyers.  We might
AND
–seems overly much, and not a murmur from an adoring public.

President will ignore – Congress and Courts won’t hold him accountable
Newton, Law professor, Vanderbilt University, 12
(Michael, "Inadvertent Implications of the War Powers Resolution," Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 2012, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1262.10.Article.Newton.pdf, DOA: 9-30-13, ara)

A. President as Litigator-in-Chief First, debates over the applicability
AND
a clear-eyed national discussion of the merits of such overseas action.

Overwhelming empirics prove circumvention – political reasons congress won’t object
Cohen, Century Foundation fellow, 12
(Michael, "Power Grab," 3-28-12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/28/power_grab?page=0,1, DOA: 10-1-13, ara)

Running roughshod over Congress has becoming something of a norm within the Obama administration.
AND
be the greatest legacy of the U.S. intervention in Libya.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cal MS | Judge: Murrillo, Stevenson, Lundberg
Prison studies ignore queer bodies and perpetuate male/female binaries the exclude those in between
Vitulli, lecturer, American studies, DePaul University, 12
(Elias Walker, PhD, "Queering the CarCeral:  intersecting Queer/trans Studies and Critical Prison Studies," 2012, http://www.deanspade.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/glq-cg-review.pdf, DOA: 3-27-14, ara)

These books come at an important moment in which the field of critical prison studies
AND
sexuality and do so intersectionally with its analyses of race and white supremacy. 

Legal liberalism reifies heterosexist violence – this card about giving homes – this home still creates the reproduction that we critizcize – doesn’t mean the state is good
Calhoun, ASU Philosophy Professor, ’94
(Cheshire " Separating Lesbian Theory from Feminist Theory" April 1994 Ethics Vol. 104 No 3 via jstore accessed: 3-21-14 mlb)

It would be a mistake to think that legal prohibition of dicriminations on the basis
AND
see the difference between the heterosexual feminist’s  and the lesbian’s relation to the institu 

Once a performance has become stable and aborified it’s impossible to open up to possibilities and tracigns – the aff locked themselves into a strat
Deleuze and Guattari, philosopher and psychoanalyst, 1987
(Gilles and Felix, a thousand plateaus capitalism and schizophrenia, University of Minnesota Press, translated by Brian Massumi, professor of philosophy at the European Graduate School, originally published in 1980, 13-14) RKB

Have we not, however, reverted to a simple dualism by contrasting maps to
AND
on the other hand, acts on desire by external, productive outgrowths.

The permutation doesn’t solve. It just adds content to the framework of heteronormativity that leaves dominant structures unchallenged
Winans, Professor of English at Susquehanna University, 2006.  (Amy E., "Queering Pedagogy in the English Classroom: Engaging with the Places Where Thinking Stops", Pedagogy 6.1, pg 103-122). Jt 

What I am proposing in this essay is not simply that we should discuss sexual
AND
~ing~ the brew" that merits further exploration in our classrooms.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cal MS | Judge: Murrillo, Stevenson, Lundberg

"any risk logic" pervades the debate community—instead of "possibilistic thinking," we believe "probabilistic thinking" should be the frame for the debate

Possibilistic thinking makes effective decision making impossible

"imagining the worst possible outcome and then acting as if it were a certainty. It substitutes imagination for thinking, speculation for risk analysis and fear for reason"

you should prioritize probable systemic impacts over possibilistic spectacular impacts

"The representational bias against slow violence has, furthermore, a critically dangerous impact on what counts as a casualty"

unqualified sources give unrealistic impacts the appearance of legitimacy

"the use of multi-chain internal link and scenarios eclipse reality by obscuring the actual likelihood of the impact...adding additional detail onto a story must render the story less probable."

Democracy legitimizes the state’s ability to construct individual’s identities by creating an acceptable norm through institutions of power and denying individuals that refuse to engage with those institutions. Even assumed "minorities" are recognized as legitimate through democracy, while queers are continually erased.
Warner, 93
(Michael, Fear of a Queer Planet, Google Reader, pg 171-14, CW, accessed on 8/17/11) 

The modern liberal state has an overt concern with coordinating and integrating different claims on
AND
social contract, pluralism, and democracy-that characterized state legitimation in modernity

Appeals to the state produce "normative homo," complacent in perpetuating heteronormativity
Yount, Masters in Sociology, 2009. (Porscha, "Denying Queer Realities: Scripting the Normative Homo." East Tennessee State University, ProQuest) jba

By scripting the way individuals are supposed to interact with institutions and with each other
AND
and actively produce bisexuals as non-citizens—or just bad queers.

Optismism becomes a redeployed commodity – the queer is loss and failure which must be embraced
Halberstam, USC American Studies, Ethnicity Studies, and Comparative Literature Professor, ’11
(Judith, Phd University of Minnesota, "The Queer Art of Failure" 2011 ebook.  Accessed 12-20-13 mlb)

 Following Brooks’s aesthetics and Crisp’s advice to adjust to less light rather than seek
AND
something in these darker depictions of queer life without needing to redeem them. 

Heteronormativity perpetuates the elimination of the queer
Yep, Professor of Communication Studies at San Francisco State University, 2004. (Gust A., Ph.D. in Communication., Queer Theory and Communication: From Disciplining Queers to Queering the Discipline(s), pg. 18). Jt 

In this passage, Simmons vividly describes the devastating persuasiveness of hatred and violence in
AND
living at the intersections of race, class, gender, and sexuality.  

Heteronormativity is privileged in this discussion by enforcing a mind-body split by making the debate space objective. Any discussion of our own subjectivity is automatically stigmatized. They banish queers to the private and establish rules forcing queer assimilation and elimination.
DePalma and Atkinson 06 (Renee and Elizabeth, Professors at University of Sunderland, "The sound of silence: talking about sexual orientation and schooling," Sex Education, Vol. 6, No. 4, November 2006, pp. 333–349, CW, accessed on 6/30/11) 

As a lingering effect of Cartesian dualism, which assumes that the mind and body
AND
bums women, goats or men is hardly related to a child’s education.  

Queering the copy of the 1AC opens up spaces to reimagine normative relationships

Halberstam, USC Professor, ’7
(Judith, Keeping Time with Lesbians on Ecstasy" Women and Music 11 2007 51-58 via proquest accessed: 3-18-14 mlb)

 In this paper I turn to a contemporary queer band, Lesbians on Ecstasy
AND
the original dependent upon the copy rather than the other way around.1 

Refusing to address the non-hetereosexist violence is complicity with hetereosexism
Hutchinson, Professor of Law at Southern Methodist University, 1999. (Darren L., J.D. from Yale., "Ignoring the Sexualization of Race: Heteronormativity, Critical Race Theory and Anti-Racist Politics", Buffalo Law Review, Winter 1999, 47 Buffalo L. Rev. 1, lexis). Jt

Anti-racists, however, have confined their responses almost exclusively to those forms
AND
social categories) can also serve as sources of racial oppression and disadvantage. 

We queer the 1AC by using covers to disrupt heternormative temporalities staying outside normative modes of reproduction

Halberstam, USC Professor, ’7
(Judith, Keeping Time with Lesbians on Ecstasy" Women and Music 11 2007 51-58 via proquest accessed: 3-18-14 mlb)

 In queer subcultures, I am willing to propose, many performers reimagine gender
AND
really gets replaced by the cover version, which makes it irredeemably queer.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cal MS | Judge: Murrillo, Stevenson, Lundberg

Case

The affirmative re-inscribes the primacy of liberal legalism as a method of restraint—that paradoxically collapses resistance to Executive excesses.
Margulies, Clinical Professor of Northwestern University School of Law, 11
(Joseph, he was counsel of record for the petitioners in Rasul v. Bush and Munaf v. Geren. He now is counsel of record for Abu Zubaydah, for whose torture (termed harsh interrogation by some) Bush Administration officials John Yoo and Jay Bybee wrote authorizing legal opinions. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at workshops at the American Bar Foundation and the 2010 Law and Society Association Conference in Chicago., Hope Metcalf is a Lecturer, Yale Law School. Metcalf is co-counsel for the plaintiffs/petitioners in Padilla v. Rumsfeld, Padilla v. Yoo, Jeppesen v. Mohammed, and Maqaleh v. Obama. She has written numerous amicus briefs in support of petitioners in suits against the government arising out of counterterrorism policies, including in Munaf v. Geren and Boumediene v. Bush., "Terrorizing Academia," 06-03,  http://www.swlaw.edu/pdfs/jle/jle603jmarguilies.pdf-http://www.swlaw.edu/pdfs/jle/jle603jmarguilies.pdf, date accessed: 1/14/14, LMM)

In an observation more often repeated than defended, we are told that the attacks
AND
thought as our nation settles into what appears to be a permanent emergency.

Legalism underpins the violence of empire and creates the conditions of possibility for liberal violence
Dossa, St. Francis Xavier University Political Science professor, 99
(Shiraz, Liberal Legalism: Law, Culture and Identity," The European Legacy, Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 73-87, accessed 11/19/13, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/10848779908579973~~23tabModule-http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/10848779908579973, kns)

No discipline in the rationalized arsenal of modernity is as rational, impartial, objective
AND
liberal law but the juridically and humanly inferior Other, the perpetual foreigner.

Courts fail at accounting for trans-gendered bodies – even if the aff is good generally, it marginalize the queer

Sears, guest editor, Social Justice Journal, 11
(Clare, specializes in critical criminological theory, sexuality and gender studies, "Introduction: Sexuality, Criminalization, and Social Control," 2011, http://www.socialjusticejournal.org/archive/119_37_1/119_01Sears.pdf, DOA: 3-27-14, ara)

In contrast to Pasko and VanNatta’s discussion of the ways in which correctional facilities discipline
AND
, as well as the different social and spatial locations of transgender populations. 

Heteronormativity operates within civil society by creating a universalized conscious and those queers that do not meet that conscious are made into the enemy of society
Meeks, 01 (Chet, November, "Civil Society and the Sexual Politics of Difference," Sociological Theory
Volume 19, Issue 3, pages 325–343, accessed on 7/21/11, CW) 

Jeffrey Alexander defines civil society as "a sphere of solidarity in which abstract universalism
AND
rituals and social movements, into pure form" (1992:290).  

Obama will redefine policies to sidestep detention restrictions

Becker and Shane, NYT, ’12
(Jo and Scott "Secret ’Kill List’ proves a test of Obama’s principles and will" http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/world/obamas-leadership-in-war-on-al-qaeda.html?pagewanted=all26_r=126 accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 What the new president did not say was that the orders contained a few
AND
that have been targets of human rights groups since the 2001 terrorist attacks. 

The president will circumvent the aff

McNeal, Pen State Assistant Law Professor, ’08
(Gregory S. "Article: Beyond Guantanamo, Obstacles and options" August 2008 via lexis accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 3. Executive Forum-Discretion—Any reform which allows for adjudication of
AND
proposed reform is incomplete without thoroughly addressing the factors that the Executive balances.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Indiana PS | Judge: Schultz, Johnson, Vanluvanlee
1

There is an institutional bias in favor of speciesism-the AFF’s failure to directly challenge it allows hegemonic discourses to constrain the parameters of discussion and political activity which allows specieisism to continue.
Jackman, UC Davis sociology professor, 1994
(Mary, The Velvet Glove: Paternalism and Conflict in Gender, Class, and Race Relations, pg 64-68, ldg)

The institutionalization of expropriative arrangements yields multiple advantages to the dominant group. Most fundamentally
AND
power that reduces it to such a clumsy basis for durable social control. 

Focus on narratives is speciesist- it elevates human linguistic capabilities and prioritizes a human mode of communication
Bell and Russell, Canadian Journal of Education, 2k
(Anne and Constance, Lakehead University Professor, “Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn,” Canadian Journal of Education, accessed 12/19/13, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf, kns)

Although we acknowledge the important contribution of poststructuralism to analyses of oppression, privilege,
AND
thought and practice move in directions compatible with our own aspirations as educators.

Claims of dehumanized bodies legitimizes violence against nonhumans and guarantees human and non-human oppression – only a new discourse towards non-humans can solve
Deckha, Associate Professor, University of Victoria Faculty of Law, 10
(Maneesha, LL.B. from the University of Toronto and her LL.M. from Columbia University, “It’s time to abandon the idea of ‘human’ rights,” 12-10-10, http://www.thescavenger.net/animals/its-time-to-abandon-the-idea-of-human-rights-77234-536.html, DOA: 9-19-13, ara)

Doing away with the subhuman If this role of contributing to contemporary manifestations of violence
AND
the mark of inferior beings on whom the perpetration of violence is legitimate. 

Silence on the human exploitative gaze towards non-humans ensures specieism continues
Bell and Russell, Canadian Journal of Education, 2k
(Anne and Constance, Lakehead University Professor, “Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn,” Canadian Journal of Education, accessed 12/19/13, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf, kns)

We come to critical pedagogy with a background in environmental thought and education. Of
AND
, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1¶ p. 190-192

Speciesism is root cause of oppression –domination of animals is origin of human hierarchy
Best 8
Steve, Associate Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at the University of Texas, El Paso, USA, “Total Revolution: Revolution for the 21st Century,” March 2008, http://www.animalrightsafrica.org/onestruggle/keynote.php

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Indiana PS | Judge: Schultz, Johnson, Vanluvanlee
Case 

The plan won’t be enforced – no incentive to enforce the aff
Nzelibe, Law Professor, Northwestern University, 7
(Jide, “Are Congressionally Authorized Wars Perverse?” February 2007, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40040345, Stanford Law Review, Vol. 59, DOA: 10-26-13, ara, language modified)

These assumptions are all questionable. As a preliminary matter, there is not much
AND
in war powers are likely to fall on deaf ears be ignored

President will ignore –
Newton, Law professor, Vanderbilt University, 12
(Michael, “Inadvertent Implications of the War Powers Resolution,” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 2012, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1and2.10.Article.Newton.pdf, DOA: 9-30-13, ara)

A. President as Litigator-in-Chief First, debates over the applicability
AND
a clear-eyed national discussion of the merits of such overseas action.

Only a risk that narratives are coopted- leads to victimization and exclusion of bodies that don’t conform to victimization
Brown, University of California Berkeley prof, 9
(Wendy, Senior Invited Fellow of the Center for Humanities at Cornell University, Ph.D., Political Philosophy, Princeton University, January 2009, “Edgework : Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics: Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics,” accessed Ebsco 9-30-13, p 91-2, mee)

These questions suggest that in legally codifying a fragment of an insurrectionary discourse as a
AND
ironically, silence and exclude the very persons these traditions mean to empower.

This is a liberalism dressed up in post-structuralism – it situates politics against radical political action and denies the real conditions suffered by those excluded by the social order
Smith, GMU Cultural Studies professor, 4
(Paul, Primitive America: The Ideology of Capitalist Democracy, accessed 3/27/14, kns)

Butler's way of circumnavigating the material emerges in many other places in these essays.
AND
in a precarious state if this liberalism were its proper and uncontested location.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Indiana PS | Judge: Schultz, Johnson, Vanluvanlee
2

CP Text: Mary and I affirm that targeted killing practices should end 

The state only has existence through performativity and repetition in discourse. The affirmative’s rhetorical speech act of the State continuously props up the constitution of the state. Only the disruption and rejection of discourses of security undercut the discursive foundations of the state and destroy its legitimacy.  The alt solves the disciplinary power of the state and the violence of exclusion.
Campbell, professor, international politics, University of Newcastle, 98
(David, Writing Security, pg. 4-6)

Identity is an inescapable dimension of being. No body could be without it.
AND
considers the modes of interpretation that are more adequately attuned to the issues.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Indiana PS | Judge: Schultz, Johnson, Vanluvanlee
Their butler evidence – 

There is, of course, no such translation without contamination, but there is no mimetic displacement of the original without an appropriation of the term that separates it from its putative authority.
The deployment of the narrative to "expose" their particular experience further extends their fungibility and depolitization
Brown, University of California Berkeley prof, 9
(Wendy, Senior Invited Fellow of the Center for Humanities at Cornell University, Ph.D., Political Philosophy, Princeton University, January 2009, “Edgework : Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics: Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics,” accessed Ebsco 9-30-13, p 84-5, mee)

Here is the way this problem unfolds politically: insurrection requires breaking silence about the
AND
but to instigate the further regulation of those lives while depoliticizing their conditions.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Indiana PS | Judge: Schultz, Johnson, Vanluvanlee
Leftist politics don’t address the question of animality.
Best, UT El Paso philosophy professor, 2009
(Steven, “Minding the Animals: Ethology and the Obsolescence of Left Humanism”, The International Journal of INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Spring 2009), http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/vol5/vol5_no2_best_minding_animals_PRINTABLE.htm, ldg)

If humans have for so long failed to understand animal minds it is because their
AND
linking the exploitation and devastation of humans, nonhumans, and the Earth. 

Their language of war masks and legitimizes a war against non-human animals
Kochi, professor at Sussex Law School, 09
Tarik, “Species War: Law, Violence and Animals”, Law, Culture and the Humanities 2009; 5: 353–369, 10/5/11, atl

In everyday speech, in the words of the media, politicians, protestors,
AND
suggestion that at the foundation of the Law of war resides species war.

2. The altenrative’s counter history is key to show that the standpoint of animals has been excluded to perpetuate oppression AND is not based off a sigle universal standpoint which makes it methodologically superior the AFF.  
Kahn, North Dakota Educational Foundations professor, 2008
(Richard, “Towards an Animal Standpoint: Vegan Education and the Epistemology of Ignorance”, http://www.animalliberationfront.com/Philosophy/kahn-epistemologiesofignorance.pdf, ldg)

In this way, I was led to follow an educational path that I remain
AND
and nonformal educational experiences as a vegan academic working on animal standpoint theory. 

A2: atl asovles

No spillover from the AFF to specieism-rigid structure of academia.
Best, UT El Paso philosophy professor, 2008
(Steven, “Evolve or die: Can we shed our moral primitivism before it's too late?”, 5-17, http://www.animalliberationfront.com/Philosophy/BestInterview.htm, ldg)

So, as for those who have burned their paper-thin veneer of detached
AND
nor popular, but one must take it simply because it is right." 

Alternative – A2: Perm: Do Both (1/4)

1. Specieism has to be at the center of analysis-otherwise diminishing returns takes out solvency.
   Rowe, Professor of Plant Ecology at the University of Saskatchewa, 1990
   (Stan, “Environmental Ethics - Ethical Ecosphere”, Trumpeter Vol 7, No 3,http://trumpeter.athabascau.ca/index.php/trumpet/article/view/498/841, ldg) 

Ethics-by-extension soon runs into the problem of diminishing returns. With
AND
Ecosphere's maintenance? A greater-than-human goal guides human goals.

2. Perm severs the focus of the 1AC-severance should be rejected, creates moving targets which undermine education by making debates late breaking, hurts neg ground because the aff can be changed after they hear the 1NC and encourages vague AFFs that don’t ‘defend anything until the 2AC.’

3. The perm reasons from the inside out, undermining our stance against Speciesism
Rowe, Professor of Plant Ecology at the University of Saskatchewa, 1996
(Stan, “From Shallow To Deep Ecological Philosophy”, Trumpeter Vol 13, No 1, http://trumpeter.athabascau.ca/index.php/trumpet/article/view/278/413, ldg)

As heirs to several centuries of rampant individualism—culminating today in the frenetic pursuit
AND
, founded in care for Earth and all its contents (Rowe 1990). 

Perm links – holding out for reform makes them complicit in the unethical violence in their political paradigm
Kochi and Ordan, Queen’s University and Bar Ilan University, 8
(Tarik, lecturer in the School of Law, Queen University, and Noam, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, “An Argument for the Global Suicide of Humanity,” 2008, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf, DOA: 9-19-13, ara)

The banality of action hits against a central problem of social-political action within
AND
either valid and worthwhile, or false and a sham. 8 

Alternative – A2: Perm: Do Both (2/4)

3. Have to tackle speciesism head on. Affirming animal liberation extrinsically leads to co-option.
Perlo, Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Dundee, 2007
(Katherine,

No spillover from the AFF to specieism-rigid structure of academia.
Best, UT El Paso philosophy professor, 2008
(Steven, “Evolve or die: Can we shed our moral primitivism before it's too late?”, 5-17, http://www.animalliberationfront.com/Philosophy/BestInterview.htm, ldg)

So, as for those who have burned their paper-thin veneer of detached
AND
nor popular, but one must take it simply because it is right."
And, lack of discussion about speciesism predominates today – this silence perpetuates oppression
Deckha, Assistant Professor, University of Victoria Faculty of Law, 06
Maneesha, “THE SALIENCE OF SPECIES DIFFERENCE FOR FEMINIST THEORY”, 17 Hastings Women's L.J. 1 (Winter 2006), 11/19/11, atl

Cultural critics have painstakingly demonstrated the social constructedness of sexual, gender, and racial
AND
this entails reflection on the continued merit of a property status of animals.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Houston Asgari-Tari-Bockmon | Judge: Harris
No China war-too many conflict dampeners
Rosecrance, Berkeley political science professor, 2010
(Richard, “Delicately Poised: Are China and the US Heading for Conflict?” Global Asia 4.4, http://www.globalasia.org/l.php?c=e251, DOA: 10-2-12, ldg)

Will China and the US Go to War? If one ….. and war with the US? The answer is no. 

Fear of Russia drives modernization
Roberts, member of the research staff at the Institute for Defense Analyses, 2009
(Brad, “STRATEGIC DETERRENCE BEYOND TAIWAN”, April 2009, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB910.pdf, ldg)

That China’s strategic posture seems now well suited to the ….. is approximately between 80 and 100.67 

• Alt cause – surveillance
  Roy, East-West Center, Senior Fellow, 1-16
  (Denny “ U.S.-China Relations and the Western Pacific” 1-16-14 http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/us-china-relations-and-the-western-pacific/ accessed: 2-7-14 mlb)

 Beijing and Washington have a …….. of continued incidents at sea as well as in the air. 

Congressional involvement destroys war-fighting – guarantees war
Weinberger, Govt Professor, University of Puget Sound, 9
(Seth, M.A. and Ph.D. in Political Science from Duke University, “Balancing War Powers in an Age of Terror,” 2009, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/good_society/v018/18.2.weinberger.html, DOA: 9-27-13, ara)

In wartime, however, it may be ………. the president to ask Congress time and time again to enact laws to advance the war effort.

China  has been modernizing all aspects of their arsenal for years.
Saunders and Yuan, research fellows at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, 2000.
(Phillip C., Jing-dong., "China’s Strategic Force Modernization: Issues and Implications", 7-12-00, http://www.emergingfromconflict.org/readings/saunders.pdf). jt 

China’s current modernization efforts ……. then become effective for the first time. 

NPT fails - no legitimacy
Thränert, nonproliferation and arms control specialist, 8
(Oliver, head of the research unit for European and Atlantic security at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs-Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP), Berlin, "Would we really miss the nuclear nonproliferation treaty?," International Journal 63.2, Spring 2008, ProQuest, accessed 9-24-12, mtf)

The nuclear nonproliferation treaty (NPT) has ………. assert, more nuclear proliferation would not be inevitable.

No US-China war – interdependence  
Saunders. Senior Research Fellow, National Defense University, 2009
(Phillip, “Managing Strategic Competition with China”, July 2009, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/Strforum/SF242/SF242.pdf, ldg)

The impact of greater U.S. military ….. restrained behavior and may dampen competitive military dynamics to some degree.

No war- Chinese peaceful rise and minimum deterrence  
Moore, CNS (Center for Nonproliferation Studies) East Asia research assistant, 10-18-2006
Scott, Monterey Institute for International Studies; James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, "Nuclear Conflict in the 21st Century: Reviewing the Chinese Nuclear Threat," NTI, http://www.nti.org/e_research/e3_80.html, mss

Even with projected …..of strong opposition may well prevail.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Houston Asgari-Tari-Bockmon | Judge: Harris
The plan won’t be enforced – no incentive to enforce the aff
Nzelibe, Law Professor, Northwestern University, 7
(Jide, “Are Congressionally Authorized Wars Perverse?” February 2007, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40040345, Stanford Law Review, Vol. 59, DOA: 10-26-13, ara, language modified)

These assumptions are all questionable. As a preliminary matter, ……….powers are likely to fall on deaf ears be ignored

No first use is not seen as credible multiple reasons –
Plan isn’t perceived as credible
Miller, director International Security Harvard University, 2002
(Steven “The Utility of Nuclear Weapons and the Strategy of No-First-Use,” Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, November 15-17, CIAOnet, ldg) 

If NFU is to be more than a declaratory ……… posture that has little or no capacity to be used first.

An NFU would kill deterrence for chemical and bioweapons leading to attacks that kill millions
Betts, Professor at Columbia University 98
Richard K., Betts Director of National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations and Professor of Political Science and Director of the Institute for War and Peace Studies at Columbia University. 1998 (Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb98, Vol. 77, Issue 1 jstor.org The new threat of mass destruction)jap 

In the past, the United States had ……… with anthrax than with a nuclear explosion.  

Bioweapons cause extinction
Steinbruber, Professor University of Maryland, 1997
 (John, “Biological weapons: A plague upon all houses.”, Foreign Policy; Winter97/98 Issue 109, ebsco, ldg)

Although human pathogens are often lumped …….. the potential for a global contagion of this sort but not necessarily its outer limit. 

No miscalc – notions of a hair trigger aren’t real
Slocombe, former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy,  ‘9
(Walter B., former NSC member, CFR member, practicing lawyer  “De-Altering: Diagnoses, Prescriptions and Side-Effects” 21-23 June 2009 http://www.ewi.info/system/files/Slocombe.pdf accessed: 10-3-13 mlb)

 Advocates of other, more “physical,” measures often ……. protection against technical error. 

Overwhelming empirics prove circumvention – political reasons congress won’t object
Cohen, Century Foundation fellow, 12
(Michael, “Power Grab,” 3-28-12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/28/power_grab?page=0,1, DOA: 10-1-13, ara)

Running roughshod over Congress has ……… legacy of the U.S. intervention in Libya. 

A low firebreak deters large-scale conventional wars and makes deterrence more credible
Owens, professor of strategy and force planning at the Naval War College, 2002
(Mackubin Thomas, “Posturing”, March 2002, The National Review, http://www.ashbrook.org/publicat/oped/owens/02/posturing.html, ldg)

This raises the issue of …… not be certain of the outcome.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Houston Asgari-Tari-Bockmon | Judge: Harris
Proliferation makes war less likely-5 reasons
Waltz, professor political science Columbia University, 2003
(Kenneth, “The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed”, pg 6-9, ldg)

Weapons and strategies change the ………. that is a much simpler problem to solve.

Prolif will be slow
Tepperman, Fellow at New York Institute of Humanities, 9
(Jonathan, Newsweek International Deputy Editor, MA in Jurisprudence from Oxford University (New College), and an LL.M. in International Law from NYU, “Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb,” 8-29-09, Newsweek, da 9-29-12, http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/08/28/why-obama-should-learn-to-love-the-bomb.html, mee)

The risk of an arms race—with, say, other ……. to mellow behavior.

Asian prolif increases stability
Alagappa, Senior fellow at the East-West Center, 9
(Muthiah, “Nuclear Weapons Reinforce Security and Stability in 21st Century Asia,” Global Asia, Volume 4, Spring 2009, da 9-27-12, mee)

The primary argument of this article …….. armament lies in political disputes.

NPT doesn’t solve prolif-most countries wouldn’t have anyway and ones that do have succeeded.
Søndenaa, Researcher Center for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry 21-Nov-2008
(Erik, Researcher Department of Forensic Psychiatry Brøset, Center for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, St Olavs University The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and regime theories, http://www.ub.uit.no/munin/handle/10037/1842?language=en)jap

It is forty years since the nuclear non-proliferation ……. nuclear weapons, to do so.  

No arms racing-minimum deterrence is enough
Beardsley, PhD in Political Science (University of California, San Diego) 2007
 (Kyle, “Proliferation and International Crisis Behavior”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 44, No. 2, 139-155, ebsco, ldg)

Dismissing the fear that …….ial gains of an attacker’.

No impact to prolif- empirics and mutually assured destruction
Tepperman, Fellow at New York Institute of Humanities, 9
(Jonathan, Newsweek International Deputy Editor, MA in Jurisprudence from Oxford University (New College), and an LL.M. in International Law from NYU, “Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb,” 8-29-09, Newsweek, da 9-29-12, http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/08/28/why-obama-should-learn-to-love-the-bomb.html, mee)

A growing and compelling body of research …. did what they had to do to avoid it.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 7 | Opponent: Vanderbilt Williford-Stothers | Judge: Shook
Alt Cause to cred decline – US support for Israel – outweighs gains from the aff
Hroub, Gulf Research Centre-Cambridge Director, ‘11
(Khaled “US fumbles Arab Spring gains over Palestine’s UN bid” 11-3-11 http://www.grc.net/?frm_action=view_newsletter_webandsec_code=grcanalysisandfrm_module=contentsandshow_web_list_link=1andint_content_id=76208 accessed: 9-15-13 accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 In a quick and angry …..'are ploughing the sea'! 

No impact – allies won’t abandon us and adversaries can’t exploit it
Walt, Harvard International Affairs Professor ‘11
(Stephen, former Professor at Princeton and Chicago, resident associate of Carnegie Endowment for Peace,  “Does the U.S. still need to reassure its allies?” 12-5-11 http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/05/us_credibility_is_not_our_problem accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 A perennial preoccupation of …. most cases little incentive to actually do it. 

it’s not anthropogenic – empirics AND their ev. is alarmist
Roach, NBC News Contributing Writer, 13
(John, “'Runaway greenhouse' easier to trigger on Earth than thought, study says,” 7-28-13, http://www.nbcnews.com/science/runaway-greenhouse-easier-trigger-earth-thought-study-says-6C10761164, accessed 7-31-13, hec)

It's plausible that ………….originally done in the 1980s. 

No spillover – lack of cred in one commitment doesn’t affect others at all
MacDonald and Parent, Assistant Professors of Political Science, ‘11
(Paul K., Williams College,  and Joseph M., U Miami “Graceful Decline?” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ISEC_a_00034-MacDonald_proof2.pdf accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 Second, pessimists …… of greater signiªcance. 

Won’t reverse perception
Drew, Naval Academy Professor, ‘9
(Anne Marie “Closing Guantanamo will be a mistake” 10-11-9 http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2009/0911/p09s01-coop.html accessed: 9-16-13 mlb)

 The general …… cure for Gitmo. 

Your authors are biased - CO2 not key, no weather events, models fail, and other countries don’t model
Watts, WUWT, ‘12
(Anthory “ Lindzen at Sandia National Labs: ‘climate models are flawed’” A press release provided by Sandia National Labs to Wattsupwiththat, 7-25-12 accessed: 9-24-12 mlb)

Massachusetts Institute of …….. are always fluctuating by tenths of a degree.

Not credible - Process becomes politicized
Cole et al, Georgetown Professor of Law, ‘8
(David “A Critique of National Security Courts” 6-23-8 http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/Critique_of_the_National_Security_Courts.pdf accessed: 9-16-13 mlb)

 In addition, these proposals …airness and impartiality 

Credibility fails – Syria proves
Mercer, CIS Fellow, ‘13
(Jonathan, Center of International Studies, associate professor of political science at the University of Washington  “The Folly of Going to War for ‘Credibility’” 8-28-13 http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139376/jonathan-mercer/bad-reputation accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 Even if Assad were so …. it would already have been done.
No spillover – lack of cred in one commitment doesn’t affect others at all
MacDonald and Parent, Assistant Professors of Political Science, ‘11
(Paul K., Williams College,  and Joseph M., U Miami “Graceful Decline?” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ISEC_a_00034-MacDonald_proof2.pdf accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 Second, pessimists …….a of greater signiªcance. 

Won’t reverse perception
Drew, Naval Academy Professor, ‘9
(Anne Marie “Closing Guantanamo will be a mistake” 10-11-9 http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2009/0911/p09s01-coop.html accessed: 9-16-13 mlb)

 The general perception …. geographic cure for Gitmo.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 7 | Opponent: Vanderbilt Williford-Stothers | Judge: Shook
NSC breaks ilaw
Paust, University of Houston Law Center, ‘8
(Jordan “The Case Against a National Security Court” http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forumy/2008/10/case-against-national-security-court.php accessed: 9-16-13 mlb)

 It is likely that some ….. committed to the rule of law. 

No chance the Courts enforce I-Law
Posner and Abebe, Professors of Law, 11
(Eric and Daniel, at the University of Chicago Law School, Spring, “The Flaws of Foreign Affairs Legalism”, Virginia Journal of International Law, 51 Va. J. Int'l L. 507, L/N) NJR

Foreign affairs legalists …… had tried to order state courts

No bioweapons prolif -  tacit knowledge gap and organization failure – assumes new tech advances
Ouagrham-Gormley, GMU International Affairs Assistant Professor, ‘12
(Sonia Ben “Barriers to Bioweapons” International Security 36.4 Spring 2012 via project muse accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 Conclusion The U.S. ……and possibly cause its failure. 

No enforcement – congress has not recognized CIL
Bradley and Goldsmith, Assistant Professor Colorado and UVA School of Law, ‘97
(Curtis A. and Jack L. “Article: Customary International Law As Federal Common Law: A Critique Of The Modern Position” February 1997 110 Harv. L. Rev. 815 via lexis nexis accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 We have argued that, … authorized to apply CIL as federal or state law. n345  *871 

No biodiversity loss or extinction
NIPCC ‘11
(Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change 3-8-11 http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2011/mar/8mar2011a5.html accessed: 9-24-12 mlb)

In a paper published in …… to wide amplitude fluctuations in climate."

Multilateralism fails – consensus is impossible
Haas, CFR President, 10
(Richard, 1-5 “The Case for Messy Multilateralism”, Accessed 9-22-13,  http://www.cfr.org/publication/21132/case_for_messy_multilateralism.html?breadcrumb=2Fissue2F422Fun) NJR

But to …… and, at times, messy than what we are used to.

Restricting indefinite detention leads to an increase in drone strikes
Chesney, Francis Professor in Law, University of Texas School of Law, 11
(Robert M., “Who May Be Held? Military Detention Through The Habeas Lens,” 52 Boston College Law Rev 769, May 2011, accessed l/n 8-8-13, mee)

The convergence thesis …… habeas corpus litigation.

Drone policy destroys international law – other countries follow suit
Bowcott, the Guardian, ‘12
(Owen “Drone strikes threaten 50 years of international law, say UN rapporteur” 6-21-12 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jun/21/drone-strikes-international-law-un accessed: 7-28-13 mlb)

The US policy of ….can be used more often 

Global emission reduction schemes fail – states won’t be willing to harm the economy
Washington Post, 07
(2-6-, “Global Warming and Hot Air”, Accessed 9-22-13, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/06/AR2007020601526.html) NJR

Don't be fooled. ….. Hello, influence-peddling and sleaze.

Best studies prove correlation
Crandall, U.S. Court of Appeals law clerk, 13
(Carla, Law Clerk to the Honorable Carolyn Dineen King, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit., J.D., J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, previously worked for National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, 4-19-2013, “If You Can't Beat Them, Kill Them: Complex Adaptive Systems Theory and the Rise in Targeted Killing,” Seton Hall Law Review, Vol 43 Issue 2, Article 3, da 9-16-13, http://erepository.law.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1466andcontext=shlr, mee)

While the U.S. ….. consequences of their decision-making processes.

The worst case scenario happened – no extinction
Dove, Microbiology PhD, ‘12
(Alan “Who’s Afraid of the Big, Bad Bioterrorist?” 1-24-2012 http://alandove.com/content/2012/01/whos-afraid-of-the-big-bad-bioterrorist/ accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 The second problem is …… any actual bioterrorists.

Warming won’t cause extinction
Barrett, professor of natural resource economics, 07
(Scott, at Columbia University, “Why Cooperate? The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods”, pg. Introduction) NJR

First, climate change …….. defense, but we would have done much more about it by now.

Experts agree
HSU, Live Science staff, 2010
(Jeremy, “Can Humans Survive?”, 7-19, http://www.livescience.com/9956-humans-survive.html, DOA: 10-4-12, ldg)

His views deviate sharply … the availability of water and change crop yields, so we're essentially doing an experiment whose result remains uncertain."

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 7 | Opponent: Vanderbilt Williford-Stothers | Judge: Shook
Obama will redefine policies to sidestep detention restrictions
Becker and Shane, NYT, ‘12
(Jo and Scott “Secret ‘Kill List’ proves a test of Obama’s principles and will” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/world/obamas-leadership-in-war-on-al-qaeda.html?pagewanted=alland_r=1and accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 What the new president did not ….. rights groups since the 2001 terrorist attacks. 

NSC doesn’t solve
Hilde, Maryland Public Policy Professor, ‘09
(Thomas C. “Beyond Guantanamo” http://www.boell.org/downloads/hbf_Beyond_Guantanamo_Thomas_Hilde(2).pdf accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 this approach suggests …… by government officials.
NSC violates due process – 8 reasons
Paust, University of Houston Law Center, ‘8
(Jordan “The Case Against a National Security Court” http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forumy/2008/10/case-against-national-security-court.php accessed: 9-16-13 mlb)

Additionally, a national security ….. of the law to criminal accused.
Violates Geneva convention
Paust, University of Houston Law Center, ‘8
(Jordan “The Case Against a National Security Court” http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forumy/2008/10/case-against-national-security-court.php accessed: 9-16-13 mlb)

 During an actual armed …… arising after its creation.   

Eliminating NDAA won’t solve – AUMF will continue indefinite detention
Majidyar, American Enterprise Institute senior research associate, 13
(Ahmad K., “We need military authorization until Al Qaeda is no longer a threat,” 6/17, http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/defense/we-need-military-authorization-until-al-qaida-is-no-longer-a-threat/, accessed: 7/31/2013, ADC)

 Nearly 12 years since 9/11……. 9/11 magnitude on American soil.

US will still detain through rendition
OSJI ‘13
(Open Society Justice Initiative “Globalizing Torture” http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/globalizing-torture-20120205.pdf accessed: 9-16-13 mlb)

 Following the terrorist …. to the associated human rights violations.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake MQ | Judge: Wunderlich, Carly
Debt ceiling will pass now – GOP will give in but it’ll be a fight
Giroux, Bloomberg, 9-20
(Gregory, “Murray Sees Republicans Yielding,” 9-20-13, http://go.bloomberg.com/political-capital/2013-09-20/murray-sees-republicans-yielding/, DOA: 9-21-13, ara)

Republicans seeking to … federal borrowing limit. 

Reducing Obama’s war powers causes a loss of cred-  Republicans will put up a huge fight on the debt ceiling which would wreck the markets
Seeking Alpha, 9-10-13
(“Syria Could Upend Debt Ceiling Fight”, Accessed 9-15-13, http://seekingalpha.com/article/1684082-syria-could-upend-debt-ceiling-fight) NJR

Currently, the government … "black swan" event.

Global economic crisis causes another nuclear war
Merlini, Center on the United States and Europe nonresident senior fellow, 2011
(Cesare, “A Post-Secular World?”, Survival, 53.2, ebsco, ldg)

Two neatly opposed scenarios … such as unbridled nationalism.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 4 | Opponent: James Madison Lepp-Miller | Judge: Ridley
3

Debt ceiling will pass only outside controversy can derail it
National Journal, 10-9-13
(“House Republicans Expect to Approve Short-Term Debt Deal”, Accessed 10-11-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/congress/house-republicans-expect-to-approve-short-term-debt-deal-20131009) NJR

House Republicans remain …….some Republican lawmakers.

Reducing Obama’s war powers causes a loss of cred-  Republicans will put up a huge fight on the debt ceiling which would wreck the markets
Seeking Alpha, 9-10-13
(“Syria Could Upend Debt Ceiling Fight”, Accessed 9-15-13, http://seekingalpha.com/article/1684082-syria-could-upend-debt-ceiling-fight) NJR

Currently, the government ……. "black swan" event.

Global economic crisis causes another nuclear war
Merlini, Center on the United States and Europe nonresident senior fellow, 2011
(Cesare, “A Post-Secular World?”, Survival, 53.2, ebsco, ldg)

Two neatly …… such as unbridled nationalism.

Our ev postdates by almost 3 weeks 

Syria No Vote allowed Obama to shift focus his PC on the debt ceiling
Reuters, 9-11-13
(“Delay in Syria vote frees Obama to shift to hefty domestic agenda”, Accessed 9-14-13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/11/us-usa-obama-agenda-idUSBRE98A0Z920130911) NJR

(Reuters) - Putting off a ……. over the borrowing limit.

Any fight does irrevocable damage to the economy
Johnson, Fellow at Campaign for America's Future, 9-4-13
(Dave, “Fresh Hell When Congress Returns”, Accessed 9-14-13, http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/18597-fresh-hell-when-congress-returns) NJR

There are two different ………what it is: “economic sabotage.” 

Economic collapse causes nuclear war and extinction
Bearden, U.S. Army (Retired), 2000
T.E., LTC, U.S. Army, “The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly,” http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3aaf97f22e23.htm, June 24

History bears out that desperate nations ……., at least for many decades.

The US is key-biggest market and no one could fill the gap.
Bayer, head of KAFAN FX Information Services, 2010
(Alexei, “If the U.S. No Longer Leads, Who Will?”, 4-1, http://www.researchmag.com/Issues/2010/April-1-2010/Pages/If-the-US-No-Longer-Leads,-Who-Will.aspx, ldg)

The United States is indeed …. remains a distinct possibility. 

Debt Ceiling Will Pass
Politico 10-11-13
(“Barack Obama to GOP: ‘What’s it going to take?’”, Accessed 10-11-13, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/government-shutdown-debt-ceiling-update-98134.html#ixzz2hPxMx3Ds) NJR

A senior House GOP aide said …… soared 323 points Thursday.

Obama’s pressuring the GOP with a strong display of Presidential strength and staying on message – the GOP will blink
Politico, 13
(“Government shutdown: President Obama holds the line”, Accessed 10-2-13, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/government-shutdown-president-obama-holds-the-line-97646.html?hp=f3) NJR

President Barack Obama started ….. as people rethink this.”

Debt Ceiling key to prevent economic collapse
New York Times, 9-10-13
(“Our Debt to Society”, Accessed 9-14-13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=alland_r=1and) NJR

If the debt ceiling isn’t …..anything we’ve seen in the past several years.

Default crushes the economy and collapses bond markets- current conditions exacerbate the impact
Brettell, Reuters, 13
(Karen, "Could markets handle a U.S. default?," 1-17-13, http://business.financialpost.com/2013/01/17/could-markets-handle-a-u-s-default-2/, accessed 1-17-13, mtf)

Squabbling in Washington over …….. Treasuries due to mature in 2013.

Collapses global financial markets
Goldfarb, Washington Post, 1-1-13
(Zachary, “Fiscal cliff’ deal does little to tame threats from debt ceiling, high unemployment rates”, www.washingtonpost.com/business/fiscal-cliff/fiscal-cliff-deal-does-little-to-tame-threats-from-debt-ceiling-high-unemployment-rates/2013/01/01/8e4c14aa-5393-11e2-bf3e-76c0a789346f_story.html, DOA: 1-4-13, ldg)

In many ways, the ….. play in the global economy.

by instilling confidence that Obama will cave – Seeking alpha 

Restrictions on the Presidents war powers authority crush his credibility and derail his agenda
Edwards and Howell, Professors of Political Science, 09
(George C., University Distinguished Professor of Political Science and Jordan Chair in Presidential Studies at Texas AandM University, and William G., Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy Studies, “The Oxford Handbook of the American Presidency”, accessed on Google Books)

Yet, manipulating public opinion ….. for his or her future power prospects.

President has to spend political capital defending war powers
Samples, director of the Center for Representative Government, 11
(John, at the CATO Institute, 10-27, “Congress Surrenders the War Powers Libya, the United Nations, and the Constitution”, Accessed 9-16-13, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa687.pdf) NJR

But political representation ….. can matter in war-making.

Plan UNIQUELY links to politics
Bennett, Managing Editor of Lawfare, 13
(John, 4-21, “McCain, Feinstein Split Over Shifting Strike UAV Program to Military”, date accessed: 9-16-13, http://mobile.defensenews.com/article/303190025, LMM)

WASHINGTON -- Two influential U.S. ……. to be convinced that the military would carry it out that way."

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Strauss
Obama’s pressuring the GOP with a strong display of Presidential strength and staying on message – the GOP will blink
Politico, 10-1-13
(“Government shutdown: President Obama holds the line”, Accessed 10-2-13, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/government-shutdown-president-obama-holds-the-line-97646.html?hp=f3) NJR

President Barack Obama … suddenly start going the other way as people rethink this.”

Reducing Obama’s war powers causes a loss of cred-  Republicans will put up a huge fight on the debt ceiling which would wreck the markets
Seeking Alpha, 9-10-13
(“Syria Could Upend Debt Ceiling Fight”, Accessed 9-15-13, http://seekingalpha.com/article/1684082-syria-could-upend-debt-ceiling-fight) NJR

Currently, the government …… must be prepared for this "black swan" event.

Global economic crisis causes another nuclear war
Merlini, Center on the United States and Europe nonresident senior fellow, 2011
(Cesare, “A Post-Secular World?”, Survival, 53.2, ebsco, ldg)

Two neatly ……… as unbridled nationalism.

Any fight does irrevocable damage to the economy
Johnson, Fellow at Campaign for America's Future, 9-4-13
(Dave, “Fresh Hell When Congress Returns”, Accessed 9-14-13, http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/18597-fresh-hell-when-congress-returns) NJR

There are two different …….. has to be seen for what it is: “economic sabotage.” 

Economic collapse causes nuclear war and extinction
Bearden, U.S. Army (Retired), 2000
T.E., LTC, U.S. Army, “The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly,” http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3aaf97f22e23.htm, June 24

History bears out that desperate ….most of the biosphere, at least for many decades.

 Turns democracy
Beckerman, emeritus fellow at Balilol College, 1995
(Wilfred, Small is Stupid, Oxford, pg 20) 

Most criticism of …… their populations aspire.

Turns Heg
Beauchamp, London School of Economics IR Masters of Science, 11
(Zack, M.Sc in International Relations from the London School of Economics, ThinkProgress.org reporter, contributor to Andrew Sullivan’s The Dish at Newsweek/Daily Beast, written for Foreign Policy and Tablet magazines, B.A.s in Philosophy and Political Science from Brown University, "Do Debt Ceiling Stalwarts Want U.S. Military Decline?," 7-13-11, http://andrewsullivan.thedailybeast.com/2011/07/debt-ceiling-and-foreign-policy.html, accessed 1-5-13, mtf)

I'm going to leave ….maintaining U.S. hegemony?

Turns Warming
The Independent, February 28, 2013
(“Green fatigue sets in: the world cools on global warming,” http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/green-fatigue-sets-in-the-world-cools-on-global-warming-8513826.html, accessed 2/28/13) mph

Public concern about …..perceptions changed.

Turns Mexico - Econ Decline leads to failed states
Rothkopf, Fellow Carnegie Endowment For International Peace, 2009
(David, “Security And The Financial Crisis; Committee: House Armed Services”, CQ Congressional Testimony, 3-11, lexis) 

The crisis eats away at the …... national interests worldwide.

Leadership means it’ll get fixed
Mercury News 9-30-13
(“Mercury News editorial: Debt default is the real threat to U.S.”, Accessed 10-2-13, http://www.mercurynews.com/opinion/ci_24208446/mercury-news-editorial?source=rss) NJR

As we once again experience ….. to blame the other guys for disaster?

Obama is holding the line now
The Hill 10-1-13
(“Obama schedules events to hammer Boehner on shutdown”, Accessed 10-2-13, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/326009-obama-schedules-events-to-hammer-boehner-on-shutdown) NJR

President Obama will …… the government to oppose ObamaCare.

Will get done – but will be a fight – don’t assume uniqueness overwhelms
Financial Times 9-26-13
(“Meet the new idiots, same as the… actually these idiots might be worse”, Accessed 10-2-13, http://ftalphaville.ft.com/2013/09/26/1647792/meet-the-new-idiots-same-as-the-actually-these-idiots-might-be-worse/) NJR

To the seasoned finance blogger, ……. running again helps lead to a deal on the debt ceiling.

A2: PC 

PC is finite – especially true with debt ceilings
Moore, The Guardian, 9-10
(Heidi, “Syria: the great distraction,” 9-10-13, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/10/obama-syria-what-about-sequester, DOA: 9-21-13, ara)

The country will crash into ……wants to accomplish, one at a time. 

.

There is fierce opposition from both republicans and democrats concerning drone courts-concerns of it not being a judicial question and national security concerns
The Hill 2-13-13
(“No court for drone oversight, says GOP”, Accessed 9-15-13, http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/282687-no-court-for-drones-says-gop) NJR

FISA established ………. hampering the president. 

Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman Carl Levin (D-Mich.) said some kind of “independent 

SOP is obsolete and incapable of regulating the executive- other branches lack capacity
Posner and Vermeule, University of Chicago professor and Harvard Law School professor, 11
(Eric and Adrian, 2/16/11, “The Credible Executive,” Social Science Network, accessed 9/14/13, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=931501, kns)

We begin with the constitutional framework, …….. executive and administrative behavior.

Court action is too slow and encourages position taking which hurts future foreign affairs cooperation
Entin, Academic affairs associate dean, 12
(Johnathan, “War Powers, Foreign Affairs, and the Courts: Some Institutional Considerations”, DOA: 9-30-13, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1and2.21.Article.Entin.pdf, llc)

Whatever the merits of . frustrate orderly judicial disposition. …..

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Houston Asgari-Tari-Bockmon | Judge: Harris
Sanctions won’t pass now – but PC is key
Kaper, National Journal, 2-2
(Stacy, “How Obama Won the War on Iran Sanctions,” accessed 2-7-14, http://www.nationaljournal.com/defense/how-obama-won-the-war-on-iran-sanctions-20140202, hec)

The push for new sanctions on ….. resolution on Iran.

Turns prolif
Roberts, PhD Gonville and Caius College, 11
(Andrew, 1-2-11, “Iran’s Nuclear Domino Effect”, DOA: 8-9-13, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/01/02/irans-nuclear-weapons-could-lead-to-a-saudi-and-pakistan-alliance.html, llc)

Might the impending nuclearization …….. in South Asia significantly more dangerous

Disad other two advantages  
Daremblum, Hudson Institute senior fellow, 11
(Jaime, 10/25/11, “Iran Dangerous Now, Imagine it Nuclear,” Real Clear World, accessed 10/3/13, http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_detailsandid=8439, kns)

What would it mean if such a ………… defined by anti-Western hatred and religious fanaticism.
Strong push against sanctions – talks succeed now AND sanctions destroy cred
Johnson, Huffington Post, 2-3
(Luke, “House Democrats Mobilize Against Iran Sanctions Bill,” accessed 2-8-14, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/03/house-democrats-iran-sanctions_n_4719466.html, hec)

WASHINGTON -- Two House Democrats are mobilizing ………. that Democrats stand for peace and diplomacy."

Yes, PC key, and won’t pass
Crabtree, Washington Examiner, 2-5
(Susan, “Bob Corker: New Iran sanctions bill has lost momentum,” accessed 2-8-14, http://washingtonexaminer.com/bob-corker-new-iran-sanctions-bill-has-lost-momentum/article/2543495, hec)

Sen. Bob Corker, R-Tenn., says the Obama ………. the final endgame with Tehran.

Won’t pass now – PC key, dems back Obama, AND AIPAC ineffective
Rubin, Washington Post, 2-7
(Jennifer, Washington Post, 2-7-14, “Sanctions Hypocrisy,” accessed 2-7-14, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2014/02/07/sanctions-hypocrisy/, eok)

Meanwhile, 42 Republicans sent Senate Majority Leader Harry …….. Democrats to a warm welcome at its annual policy conference. 

No, it’s partisan
Alman, Huffington Post, 2-6
(Ashley, “Now Even AIPAC Says It's Not The Right Time To Advance Iran Sanctions Bill,” accessed 2-8-14, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/06/aipac-iran-sanctions_n_4741748.html, hec)

On Thursday, 42 Republican senators sent a letter to Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev.) demanding an immediate vote on sanctions against Iran, an effort President Barack Obama has threatened to …………. matter before its appropriate time.”
NFU unpopular – drains capital
Rubner, law professor Michigan State University, 2000
(Michael, “U.S. NUCLEAR WEAPONS POLICY IN THE POST COLD WAR ERA”, 000 Michigan State University-DCL Journal of International Law, Summer, 2000, 9 MSU-DCL J. Int'l L. 271, lexis, ldg)

Numerous proposals have been brought ………..either quickly or substantially.

NFU posture would be politically contentious
Sanger, 2-18-10 (David, “Obama to Seek Ratification of Nuclear Test Ban Treaty,” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/us/politics/19nuke.html) 

Over the next two weeks, President Obama is expected to make several critical decisions about nuclear policy, so Mr. Biden’s speech avoided some of the most contentious issues, including whether the United States would make a vow of “no first use” of a nuclear weapon. Mr. Obama’s decisions will complete what is known as the Nuclear Posture Review, conducted by each new administration. Officials say that for the first time the review will include American policy for dealing with nuclear threats from terrorists and other nonstate actors.

NFU costs capital – military-industrial complex.
Yu, Ph. D. candidate at the Institute of International Strategy and Development, School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, 2009
(Peng, Nuclear No-First-Use Revisited, China Security, Winter 2009, http://www.chinasecurity.us/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=225andItemid=8, ldg)

Therefore, for states that …….. and would form an obstacle to NFU policy

President has to spend political capital defending war powers
Samples, director of the Center for Representative Government, 11
(John, at the CATO Institute, 10-27, “Congress Surrenders the War Powers Libya, the United Nations, and the Constitution”, Accessed 9-16-13, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa687.pdf) NJR

But political representation ………… propriety, congressional voice can matter in war-making.

Wins not key- public is sour, GOP spin and lag between adoption and concrete benefits
Raum, Associated Press staff writer, 2010
(Tom, "Obama Administration's Legislative Victories May Not Help Them In Midterm Elections," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/05/24/obama-administrations-leg_n_587008.html, accessed 9-2-10, mss)

Anxious and angry, Americans are not in a …….. great victories or achievements," Mann said.

Wins don’t lead to success- Obama will refuse to take credit- empirically proven
Klein, Council on Foreign Relations member, 2010
Joe, former Guggenheim Fellow, "Joe Klein: Where Obama Goes From Here," Time, www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,2029353,00.html, accessed 11-5-10, mss 

Still, the Democratic performance this year …………. publicize her idea. Dahlkemper lost.

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 3 | Opponent: Samford Carley-Higgins | Judge: Holland
Court decisions get politicized
Hamilton, JD candidate, Stanford Law, 12
(Eric, 8/30/12, “Politicizing the Supreme Court,” 65 Stan. L. Rev. 35, accessed 10/28/13, http://www.stanfordlawreview.org/online/politicizing-supreme-court, kns)

To state the obvious, Americans do not ……. power between the judiciary and the political branches. 

Obama Gets blame for court action
Mirengoff, Retired Attorney, 10
(Paul E, June 23, “The Federalist Society Online Debate Series: Solicitor General Kagan’s Confirmation Hearing”, Accessed 10-2-13, http://www.fed-soc.org/debates/) NJR

There's a chance that the Democrats' ………. time, he likely will receive some of the blame.

Obama’s appointments give him a judicial legacy
Reuters, 10
(August 5, “Senate approves Obama nominee Kagan to top court”, Accessed 10-2-13, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2010/08/05/uk-usa-court-kagan-idUKTRE6744ZT20100805?feedType=RSSandfeedName=everythingandvirtualBrandChannel=11708) NJR

(Reuters)—President Barack Obama's nomination of ……. of conservative judges to the bench.

Supreme Court rulings get blamed on Obama
Harrison, Professor of Law, 5
(Lindsay, at the University of Miami, “Does the Court Act as "Political Cover" for the Other Branches?”, http://legaldebate.blogspot.com/2005/11/does-court-act-as-political-cover-for.html) NJR

While the Supreme Court …… of the public.

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake Forest Clifford-Villa | Judge: Gibson
1NC:
Obama is pressuring Congress to not pass any new measures
Wilner, jpost writer, 1-31
(Michael, 1-31-14, “US Senators Newly Reluctant on Iran Sanctions after Obama Pleads for Time”, DOA: 1-31-14, http://www.jpost.com/Iranian-Threat/News/US-senators-newly-reluctant-on-Iran-sanctions-after-Obama-pleads-for-time-339977, llc)

Democratic leadership in …….. perhaps derail it completely.

B. Plan is a perceived loss for Obama that saps his capital
Loomis, Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, 7
(Andrew, 3-2-07, “Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy”, Accessed 9-16-13, http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-1.php) NJR

Declining political ……….. processes and affect the character of policy decisions. 

C. Impacts - Sanctions destroy Iran negotiations kills US cred and alliances
Nader, The Hill, ‘13
(Alirez “ Pause on additional Iran sanctions crucial to negotiations” 11-5-13 http://thehill.com/opinion/op-ed/189371-pause-on-additional-iran-sanctions-crucial-to-negotiations accessed: 11-15-13 mlb)

Iran has …………., and for the right goals. 

Great-power war, collapses trade and spreads economic nationalism and protectionism
Zhang et al., Carnegie Endowment fellow, 2011
(Yuhan, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry”, 1-22, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/, DOA: 9-21-11, ldg)

This does not necessarily ……… inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

1NR:
Iran prolif is the worst case scenario – collapses global econ and global non-prolif regime, promotes nuclear weapon sharing, spurs rapid proliferation, kills US credibility AND causes Israeli pre-empt strike-no safeguards to prevent the exchange AND relations key to contain nuclear Iran
Maloney, Brookings Senior Fellow, 13
(Suzanne, January 13, “THINKING THE UNTHINKABLE: THE GULF STATES AND THE PROSPECT OF A NUCLEAR IRAN,” accessed 9-5-13, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2013/1/2520iran20maloney/0125_iran_maloney.pdf, hec)

Both the troubled history between …….f an alternative external security guarantor.

Nuclear Iran results in geopolitical shock that hurts the economy – link turns arms sales
Warner, the daily telegraph assistant editor, 09
(Jeremy, Britain’s leading business and economic commentators, 9-25-09, “Iran’s Nuclear Ambitions Threaten Economic Meltdown”, DOA: 8-9-13, http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/finance/jeremywarner/100001095/irans-nuclear-ambitions-threaten-economic-meltdown/, llc)

The biggest threat to recovery in ………. It's already been all used up. 

The plan doesn’t solve – it collapses the deal and negotiations
Miller, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars new indicatives vice president, 9-26-13
(Aaron, “Dealing with Iran: Get ready for a wild ride”, Accessed 11-17-13, http://www.latimes.com/opinion/commentary/la-oe-miller-iran-nuclear-negotiations-20130926,0,6474158.story) NJR

U.S. diplomacy must take ……. and avoid missteps or traps.

 Turns case – sets a precedent to delegate authority – draws us into war
Richman, The Future of Freedom Foundation VP, 13
(Sheldon, 12/29/13, “AIPAC’s Stranglehold Congress Must Not Cede Its War Power to Israel,” accessed 1/30/14, http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/12/27/congress-must-not-cede-its-war-power-to-israel/, kns)

The American people should ………. which is bending over backward to demonstrate that its nuclear program has no military aims.

/

A2: UQ 

Sanctions won’t pass- Obama push is key and influential Dems are relenting
Jackson, USA Today, 1/30
(David, 1/30/14, “Obama may have beaten back new Iran sanctions,” accessed 1/30/14, http://www.usatoday.com/story/theoval/2014/01/30/obama-iran-sanctions-blumenthal-coons/5050869/, kns)

It sounds like President Obama ………..without the risks of war."

Momentum against sanctions now- Obama PC key
Huffington Post, 1/29
(Luke Johnson and Jennifer Bendery, 1/29/14, “Senate Democrats Back Off Iran Sanctions Vote,” accessed 1/30/14, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/29/senate-democrats-iran-vote_n_4688110.html, kns)

A controversial Iran sanctions bill ……., some of which are practically impossible.

Even the introduction kills talks
NYT 11-12
(“Iran Talks Face Resistance in U.S. Congress” 11-12-13 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/13/world/middleeast/iran-talks-face-resistance-in-us-congress.html?_r=0 accessed: 11-15-13 mlb)

 Sanctions legislation ……..tightening economic noose. 

Talks with Iran down but not out – complexities could ruin deal
CBS, 11-12
(11-12-13, “Iran casts blame back at U.S. for failed nuclear talks”, accessed 11-13-13, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57611921/iran-casts-blame-back-at-u.s-for-failed-nuclear-talks/, aaw) 

Iran and the United ……. person saying it," Zarif said. 

/

Plan is unpopular seen as hurting War on Terror
Huffington Post, 6-13-13
(“Indefinite Detention Of Americans Survives House Vote”, Accessed 9-15-13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/13/indefinite-detention-americans_n_3437923.html) NJR

WASHINGTON -- The U.S. House …. to the Untied States and recruit terrorists on U.S. soil."

Capital isn’t regenerated – structural barriers
Ryan, Social Science Professor, University of West Indies, 9
(Selwyn, Professor of Social Science at the Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies, University of West Indies. Ph.D. in Political Science from Cornell,
“Obama and political capital,” 1-18-09, http://www.trinidadexpress.com/commentaries/Obama_and_political_capital-115469009.html, DOA: 9-21-13, ara)

Like many, I expect much from Obama, who for the time being, is my political beast of burden with whom every other politician in the world is unfavourably compared. As a political scientist, I however know that given the structure of …….. 15 million strong constituency in cyberspace (the latent "Obama Party"). 

Overloading the agenda undermines political capital
US News 12
(12-20, “Setting Clear Priorities Will Be Key for Obama”, Accessed 9-16-13, http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/Ken-Walshs-Washington/2012/12/20/setting-clear-priorities-will-be-key-for-obama) NJR

Obama may be capable of …… for the remainder of his presidency.

Wins dissipate too fast---doesn’t generate sustainable capital
Farmer, Star-Ledger, 2011
(John, "Republican politics in Washington could place Israel at risk" 9-25, blog.nj.com/njv_john_farmer/2011/09/republican_politics_in_washing.html, DOA: 1-6-12, ldg)

In a 2007 Fox News interview, … like: "Hey, guys, the water’s up to your knees." 

Wins not key- public is sour, GOP spin and lag between adoption and concrete benefits
Raum, Associated Press staff writer, 2010
(Tom, "Obama Administration's Legislative Victories May Not Help Them In Midterm Elections," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/05/24/obama-administrations-leg_n_587008.html, accessed 9-2-10, mss)

Anxious and angry, ………. inclined to see great victories or achievements," Mann said.

Wins don’t lead to success- Obama will refuse to take credit- empirically proven
Klein, Council on Foreign Relations member, 2010
Joe, former Guggenheim Fellow, "Joe Klein: Where Obama Goes From Here," Time, www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,2029353,00.html, accessed 11-5-10, mss 

Still, the Democratic performance this ……….. publicize her idea. Dahlkemper lost.

Tournament: Adanationals | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mary Washington McElhinny-Pacheco | Judge: Bagwell
Obama’s pushing minimum wage – it’ll pass now
Thiruvengadam, Digital First Media, 3-13
(Meena, “4 signs a higher minimum wage is on the way,” 3-13-14, http://www.twincities.com/business/ci_25313088/4-signs-higher-minimum-wage-is-way, DOA: 3-14-14, ara)

President Barack Obama hit the …… for having a higher minimum wage than the rest of the country.” 

PC is key – Obama has to use his bully pulpit to rally support
Braman, The Budget, 3-12
(Brook, “Minimum wage increase signals growing trend,” 3-12-14, http://www.lhsbudget.com/news/2014/03/12/minimum-wage-increase-signals-growing-trendv/, DOA: 3-14-14, ara)

Earlier this month President ….. all workers to $10.10 an hour. 

President has to spend political capital defending war powers
Samples, director of the Center for Representative Government, 11
(John, at the CATO Institute, 10-27, “Congress Surrenders the War Powers Libya, the United Nations, and the Constitution”, Accessed 9-16-13, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa687.pdf) NJR

But political representation ….. matter in war-making.

Minimum wage key to solve consumer spending and inequalities – that’s key to continued recovery
Crittenden, Wall Street Journal Reporter, 1-16-14
(Michael, “Reich: Policies to Help Poor Could Be Boon for Big Business,” accessed 1-16-14, http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2014/01/16/reich-policies-to-help-poor-could-be-boon-for-big-business/)

Want to be a U.S. ……. enough purchasing power to keep the economy going,” he said.

Decline causes war
Royal, director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010
(Jedediah, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215, ldg)

Less intuitive is how periods of ….. should be considered ancillary to those views.

Tournament: Adanationals | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mary Washington McElhinny-Pacheco | Judge: Bagwell
Obama’s pushing minimum wage – it’ll pass now
Thiruvengadam, Digital First Media, 3-13
(Meena, “4 signs a higher minimum wage is on the way,” 3-13-14, http://www.twincities.com/business/ci_25313088/4-signs-higher-minimum-wage-is-way, DOA: 3-14-14, ara)

President Barack Obama hit the …… for having a higher minimum wage than the rest of the country.” 

PC is key – Obama has to use his bully pulpit to rally support
Braman, The Budget, 3-12
(Brook, “Minimum wage increase signals growing trend,” 3-12-14, http://www.lhsbudget.com/news/2014/03/12/minimum-wage-increase-signals-growing-trendv/, DOA: 3-14-14, ara)

Earlier this month President ….. all workers to $10.10 an hour. 

President has to spend political capital defending war powers
Samples, director of the Center for Representative Government, 11
(John, at the CATO Institute, 10-27, “Congress Surrenders the War Powers Libya, the United Nations, and the Constitution”, Accessed 9-16-13, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa687.pdf) NJR

But political representation ….. matter in war-making.

Minimum wage key to solve consumer spending and inequalities – that’s key to continued recovery
Crittenden, Wall Street Journal Reporter, 1-16-14
(Michael, “Reich: Policies to Help Poor Could Be Boon for Big Business,” accessed 1-16-14, http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2014/01/16/reich-policies-to-help-poor-could-be-boon-for-big-business/)

Want to be a U.S. ……. enough purchasing power to keep the economy going,” he said.

Decline causes war
Royal, director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010
(Jedediah, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215, ldg)

Less intuitive is how periods of ….. should be considered ancillary to those views.

Tournament: Adanationals | Round: 4 | Opponent: Samford Kimball-Sessions | Judge: Weiner
Raising the minimum wage is key to jumpstart consumer spending and boost the economy
Cooper, Economic Policy Institute Researcher, 12-19-13
(David, “Raising the Federal Minimum Wage to $10.10 Would Lift Wages for Millions and Provide a Modest Economic Boost,” accessed 1-16-13, http://www.epi.org/publication/raising-federal-minimum-wage-to-1010/?utm_source=Economic+Policy+Instituteandutm_campaign=b791937782-Minimum_Wage_Event_Livestreamandutm_medium=emailandutm_term=0_e7c5826c50-b791937782-55920033) 

As explained in our original analysis ….. incremental increases.

Collapse turns ME stability and Hegemony-forces US to renege on commitments
Pape, Professor of political science at the University of Chicago, 2009
(Robert, March 08, “Realities and Obama's diplomacy,” http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-03-08/news/0903070435_1_power-assets-foreign-policy-smart-power/2, d/a 1-21-12, ads)

For nearly two decades, the U.S. has been viewed as a global hegemon -- vastly more powerful than any major country in the …… the status quo.

Turns north korea – Economic collapse causes nuclear war
Friedberg and Schoenfeld, 2008
(Aaron and gabriel professor of politics and international relations at Princeton University and visiting scholar at the Witherspoon Institute, “The Dangers of a Diminished America”, Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html) 

Pressures to cut defense …. from internal travails with external adventures.

It’ll pass – Republicans will get on board to win women’s vote
Purse, CNN, 3-13
(Andrea, “Why GOP should support raising minimum wage,” 3-13-14, http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/13/opinion/purse-minimum-wage/, DOA: 3-14-14, ara)

President Obama …. GOP in droves. 

It’s top of the docket
Barr, Washington Examiner, 14
(Jeremy, “Obama urges Congress to 'finish the job' and raise minimum wage,” 2-15-14, http://washingtonexaminer.com/obama-urges-congress-to-finish-the-job-and-raise-minimum-wage/article/2544078, DOA: 2-19-14, ara)

Obama has recently ….. “Let’s make opportunity easier to come by for every American who’s willing to work for it.” 

Will pass – GOP will get on board for election gains
Walsh, US News, 3-14
(Kenneth, “GOP on Wrong Side of Minimum Wage Debate,” 3-14-14, http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/ken-walshs-washington/2014/03/14/gop-on-wrong-side-of-minimum-wage-debate, DOA: 3-14-14, ara)

Republican strategists …… of touch, the consultant says. 

Minimum wage will pass – Obama’s PC is mobilizing grassroots pressure – it’ll happen pre-election
Munro, Daily Caller, 2-20
(Neil, “Obama enlists companies in minimum wage campaign,” 2-20-14, http://dailycaller.com/2014/02/20/obama-enlists-companies-in-minimum-wage-campaign/, DOA: 2-21-14, ara)

The White House is ………. “This will be less of a partisan issue,” he said. 

Links 

Restrictions on the Presidents war powers authority crush his credibility and derail his agenda
Edwards and Howell, Professors of Political Science, 09
(George C., University Distinguished Professor of Political Science and Jordan Chair in Presidential Studies at Texas AandM University, and William G., Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy Studies, “The Oxford Handbook of the American Presidency”, accessed on Google Books)

Yet, manipulating public …… for his or her future power prospects.

Economic crisis coming now – global threat
Snyder, LMM, University of Florida Law School, 1-23
(Michael, attorney that has worked for some of the largest and most prominent law firms in Washington D.C., has written articles for SeekingAlpha, Business Insider, and MoneyNews, among others,  “20 Early Warning Signs That We Are Approaching A Global Economic Meltdown,” 1-23-14, http://theeconomiccollapseblog.com/archives/20-early-warning-signs-that-we-are-approaching-a-global-economic-meltdown, DOA: 1-26-14, ara)

Have you been paying …. the rear view mirror. 

Obama’s using his bully pulpit on minimum wage
Bigelow, Breitbart, 2-14
(William, “OBAMA ASKS AMERICANS TO PRESSURE CONGRESS TO RAISE MINIMUM WAGE,” 2-14-14, http://www.breitbart.com/Big-Government/2014/02/14/Obama-Bullies-Congress-on-Minimum-Wage-Raise, DOA: 2-18-14, ara)

Barack Obama announced ….. about 20 less than when Ronald Reagan took office.” 

Minimum wage took the focus off of healthcare
Hoffman, Newsmax, 3-13
(Bill, “Obama Minimum Wage Push Meant to Distract From ACA,” 3-13-14, http://www.newsmax.com/NewsmaxTv/minimum-wage-jd-hayworth-/2014/03/13/id/559439/, DOA: 3-14-14, ara)

Obama Minimum …… pay people more money."

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Binghamton Sehgal-Smith | Judge: Bellon
The permutation’s call to action guts solvency – we must become radically passive, refusing to reform the system, which would only reproduce heteronormativity
Wang 10 (Jackie, Writer, “Negative feminism, anti-social queer theory and the politics of hope,” http://serbianballerinasdancewithmachineguns.com/post/724635724/negative-feminism-anti-social-queer-theory-and-the, CW, accessed on 2/28/11)  

So I wouldn’t say ……—a perverse form of productivity.

The permutation tries to make our radical negativity into something meaningful and positive in the world – our negativity is so powerful because it does not seek to secure the future and is deemed unintelligent by the social order.
Edelman 04 (Lee, Prof @ Tuffman University, No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive, P. 59-61, CW, accessed on 2/28/11)   

Only such stubborn …….. indivisible, identical to one another—and immortal."49    

The permutation makes a saint out of radical negativity – we must divorce ourselves from their affirmation and salvation of life in order to disrupt social order
Edelman 04 (Lee, Prof @ Tuffman University, No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive, P. 101, CW, accessed on 2/28/11)   

The sinthomosexual, …….., therefore, as an obstacle to fantasy as such. 

Incorporating futurist politics into psychoanalytic politics means that its co-opted and just makes psychoanalysis one more string in series of signifiers.
Stavrakakis 99 (Yannis, Lacanian Psychoanalyst, “Lacan and the Political,” p. 118, CW, accessed on 2/28/11) 

As Ernesto Laclau has put it, ………. Well, it doesn’t sound like a very good deal. 

The permutation is self-defeating and the status quo – combining recognition of antagonism and futurism still necessitates the elimination of queerness for a reconciled future order.
Stavrakakis 99 (Yannis, Lacanian Psychoanalyst, “Lacan and the Political,” p. 116-117, CW, accessed on 2/28/11)  

Since, however, Lacanian political …… use of a psychoanalytic vocabulary.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Michigan Allen-Pappas | Judge: Atchison
Uniqueness and link turn- conceptions of the political without the kritik suppress effective political engagement- the alternative is key to reinvigorate the populous
Wendy Brown, Heller Professor of Political Science at UC Berkeley, 2005
(Edgework: critical essays on knowledge and politics, p.15) RKB

On the one hand, critical ….. imaginative reach and vigor.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake MQ | Judge: Wunderlich, Carly
Access to crucial information makes executive power key and inevitable
Marshall, University of South Carolina law prof, 8
(William P, Kenan Professor of Law, 2008, “Eleven Reasons Why Presidential Power Inevitably Expands And Why It Matters,” Boston University Law Review, Vol. 88:505, da 9-16-13, http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/MARSHALL.pdf , mee)

6. Presidential Access to and … powers will again increase.

Congressional oversight fails- removes president’s ability to act quickly
Marshall, University of South Carolina law prof, 8
(William P, Kenan Professor of Law, 2008, “Eleven Reasons Why Presidential Power Inevitably Expands And Why It Matters,” Boston University Law Review, Vol. 88:505, da 9-16-13, http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/MARSHALL.pdf , mee)

Presidential power also has …effectively unchecked.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake MQ | Judge: Wunderlich, Carly
Heg is sustainable – new changes on one facet of leadership aren’t enough the US is still ahead on the greatest combination of strengths.
Brooks and Wohlforth, government professors at Dartmouth, 2009
(Stephen and William, “Reshaping the World Order”, Foreign Affairs, 00157120, Mar/Apr2009, Vol. 88, Issue 2, ebsco, ldg)

So why has opinion shifted so … world than any other state. 

US can’t project power now
Parent et al., Miamia political science professor, 2011
(Joseph, “The Wisdom of Retrenchment”, Foreign Affairs, Nov/Dec, ebsco, ldg)

The trend of the last …States is leaking cash. 

U.S. can’t deploy heg to solve conflicts – public restraint, international relations, and deployment capabilities
Talmadge, Staff Writer for the Harvard International Review, 2006
(Caitlin, Ph.D. candidate in political science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "The Restrained Hegemon," 5-6-06, Harvard International Review, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://hir.harvard.edu/intelligence/the-restrained-hegemon, accessed 3-17-11, mtf)

First, the domestic politics of the … United States avoids acting like one.\

Military actions don’t affect credibility – social and economic change is key AND Syria should have triggered the link
Noonan, WSJ, 13
(Peggy, “Noonan: A New Kind of 'Credibility' Gap,” 9-19-13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323808204579085560400501346.html, DOA: 9-20-13, ara)

It seems to me U.S. credibility is a key … someone is really trying to clean up America. 

No impact to heg collapse- peaceful, liberal order is durable
Ikenberry, Princeton IR professor, 11
(John, Princeton University Albert G. Milbank Politics and International affairs professor, "The Future of the Liberal World Order," Foreign Affairs, May/June 2011, 90(3), 56-68, ebsco, accessed 8-1-11, mss/atw)

the liberal international order … go to the United States.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake MQ | Judge: Wunderlich, Carly
Can’t make war decisions based on blowback – lack of evidence
Anderson, American University Law Professor, ‘13
(Kenneth, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace visiting fellow, The Brookings Institution, Senior Fellow the Rift Valley Institute  “The Case for Drones” Commentary 135.6 June 2013: 14-23 via Proquest accessed: 8-8-13 mlb)

 It is sharply contested, to say the …have lost the Civil War. 

No Impact – probability is 1 in 3.5 billon AND no loose nukes
Schniedmiller ‘9
(Chirs “ Experts Debate Threat of Nuclear, Biological Terrorism” 1-13-9 http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/experts-debate-threat-of-nuclear-biological-terrorism/ accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 WASHINGTON -- There is an "almost vanishingly … that has been stolen. 

No Indo-Pak war – US and Crumbling Pakistan government ensure
Sharma, New Delhi author and strategic analyst, 1-16
(Rajeev, “Why India can’t go to war with Pakistan”,  http://www.firstpost.com/india/why-india-cant-go-to-war-with-pakistan-590038.html, DOA: 3-26-13, llc)

Two, this is not the right time … to salvage its pride? 

Alt cause – border skirmishes
Harris, New York Times Reporter, 2-15
(Gardiner, “Indian Troops Kill Pakistani Soldier in Kashmir Border Clash”, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/world/asia/indian-troops-kill-pakistani-soldier-in-kashmir-border-clash.html?ref=relationswithpakistan, DOA: 3-26-13, llc)

Indian troops have shot … city, were closed Friday.  

Decreasing US drone strikes increases Pakistan instability
Walsh, NYT reporter, 13
(Declan, 5-25-13, “U.S. Shift Poses Risk to Pakistan,” New York Times, da 9-15-13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/26/world/asia/us-shift-poses-risk-to-pakistan.html?pagewanted=1and_r=1andref=asiaand, mee)

Now, as President Obama’s landmark … will become very confident.”

Squo solves – fewer casualties, rule of law, and no alternative
Foust, Staff writer The Atlantic, 12
(Joshua, Staff writer The Atlantic, “Targeted Killing, Pro and Con: What to Make of U.S. Drone Strikes in Pakistan”, Sep 26, 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/09/targeted-killing-pro-and-con-what-to-make-of-us-drone-strikes-in-pakistan/262862/, accessed 7/31/13,vc) 

But there is a simpler explanation: Perhaps … better alternative, drones are here to stay. 

Casualty studies are wrong AND other tech fill in is worse
Lewis, Professor of Law at Ohio Northern University, 13
(Michael, “The Case For Drone Strikes”, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/feb/05/opinion/la-oe-lewis-defending-drones-20130205/2, 02/05/2013, da: 07/19/2013, lmm)

A recent Stanford/NYU study … and deny it control of territory in the tribal areas.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Houston Asgari-Tari-Bockmon | Judge: Harris
Interpretation: US Armed Forces is a term of art in the WPR – excludes weapons systems
Lorber, J.D. Candidate, 13
(Eric, at University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science, January “Executive Warmaking Authority And Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?”, Accessed 9-16-13, https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/1773-lorber15upajconstl9612013) NJR

As discussed above, critical to the …..t trigger the War Powers Resolution.

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 7 | Opponent: Georgia Boyce-Feinberg | Judge: Lee, Brass, Galloway
Courts affs have to specify the grounds
Dragich, Associate Professor of Law, Missouri-Columbia, 95
(Martha, 1995, “Will the Federal Courts of Appeals Perish if they Publish? Or Does the Declining use of Opinions to Explain and Justify Judicial Decisions Pose a Greater Threat?”, accessed:1-28-14, http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1140andcontext=facpubs, amp)

Opinions also permit readers to ….. the result.

Non-specification undermines solvency and tanks court legitimacy – turns the aff
Dragich, Associate Professor of Law, Missouri-Columbia, 95
(Martha, 1995, “Will the Federal Courts of Appeals Perish if they Publish? Or Does the Declining use of Opinions to Explain and Justify Judicial Decisions Pose a Greater Threat?”, accessed:1-28-14, http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1140andcontext=facpubs, amp)

The published judicial opinion 1 ….. decision or fail to reach a unanimous decision.

They make legal research impossible – conceded argument since grounds are the basis for legal opinions
Dragich, Associate Professor of Law, Missouri-Columbia, 95
(Martha, 1995, “Will the Federal Courts of Appeals Perish if they Publish? Or Does the Declining use of Opinions to Explain and Justify Judicial Decisions Pose a Greater Threat?”, accessed:1-28-14, http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1140andcontext=facpubs, amp)

A published … would be impossible for attorneys and judges. 150

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wake Forest Cronin-Harris | Judge: Layton
A. Interp: Restrictions require prohibition
City of Northglenn, ‘73
(http://www.northglenn.org/municode/ch11/content_11-5.html accessed: 9-14-13 mlb)

Restrictions. …. by any permit or license.

 “In the area” means all of the activities
United Nations No Date
(http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm accessed: 9-14-13 mlb)

1. For the purposes ……. of the Area;

Violation: The aff is only supervision

Voters: 

1. Predictable limits – There are an infinite number of supervisions the aff could enact.

2. Ground - Only prohibitions on authority guarantee neg ground---their interpretation lets affs no link the best neg offense like deference

Tournament: JMU | Round: 4 | Opponent: James Madison Lepp-Miller | Judge: Ridley
1

Interp: Targeted killing requires an identified target and a name on a kill list – signature strikes are distinct
Uebersax, former RAND military analyst, 12
(John “The Four Kinds of Drone Strikes” 5-23-12 http://satyagraha.wordpress.com/2012/05/23/the-four-kinds-of-drone-strikes/ accessed: 9-18-13 mlb)

 We must begin with clear terms, …….. government to mislead the public. 

2. Precision – they conflate drones and targeted killing
Anderson, American University Law Professor, 11
(Kenneth, Brookings Non-Resident Fellow, The Rift Valley Institute senior fellow, “ Distinguishing High Value Targeted Killing and “Signature” Attacks on Taliban Fighters” 8-29-11 http://opiniojuris.org/2011/08/29/distinguishing-high-value-targeted-killing-and-signature-attacks-on-taliban-fighters/ accessed: 9-18-13 mlb)

 From the US standpoint, ….. of this draft chapter on SSRN.) 

 “Drone operations” include surveillance
Khan, PBS,  12
(Azmat, “Should the State Dept Outsource Drone Operations to Private Contractors?,” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/foreign-affairs-defense/should-the-state-dept-outsource-drone-operations-to-private-contractors/, LMM)
Taking over a role formerly ……. poses unique risks, particularly in Iraq.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake MQ | Judge: Wunderlich, Carly
Interp: Targeted killing requires an identified target and a name on a kill list – signature strikes are distinct
Uebersax, former RAND military analyst, 12
(John “The Four Kinds of Drone Strikes” 5-23-12 http://satyagraha.wordpress.com/2012/05/23/the-four-kinds-of-drone-strikes/ accessed: 9-18-13 mlb)

 We must begin with clear terms, and … difficult for the government to mislead the public. 

they conflate drones and targeted killing
Anderson, American University Law Professor, 11
(Kenneth, Brookings Non-Resident Fellow, The Rift Valley Institute senior fellow, “ Distinguishing High Value Targeted Killing and “Signature” Attacks on Taliban Fighters” 8-29-11 http://opiniojuris.org/2011/08/29/distinguishing-high-value-targeted-killing-and-signature-attacks-on-taliban-fighters/ accessed: 9-18-13 mlb)

 From the US standpoint, it is partly … of this draft chapter on SSRN.)

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Strauss
Substantial is thirty percent b
US Court of Federal Claims 2000
(EXXON RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CO., Plaintiff v. THE UNITED STATES, Defendant, No. 98-201 C UNITED STATES COURT OF FEDERAL CLAIMS 46 Fed. Cl. 278; 2000 U.S. Claims LEXIS 38; 54 U.S.P.Q.2D (BNA) 1519, lexis, ldg)

"To increase substantially"… per cent..

Tournament: Adanationals | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mary Washington McElhinny-Pacheco | Judge: Bagwell
Drones are sustainable – US government won’t react to backlash
Wittes, Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution, 13
Benjamin Wittes, editor in chief of Lawfare, Senior Fellow in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution,  member of the Hoover Institution's Task Force on National Security and Law, “In Defense of the Administration on Targeted Killing of Americans,” 2-27-13, www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/in-defense-of-the-administration-on-targeted-killing-of-americans/, DOA: 10-4-13, ara)

This view has ….. in formulating its legal views.

Alt cause – Egypt
Elmenshawi, Ahram Online, 3-1
(Mohamed “ Egypt, the wound in US-Saudi relations” 3-1-14 http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/4/95930/Opinion/Egypt,-the-wound-in-USSaudi-relations.aspx accessed: 3-14-14 mlb)

 Hence, we can ………. the US and Obama’s administration for abandoning its key Egyptian ally. 

High prices are the main driver behind Russian growth
Kramer, writer for NY Times, 11
Andrew, March 8, 2011, “Russia Cashes In on Oil Supply Anxiety”, http://www.cnbc.com/id/41963140/Russia_Cashes_In_on_Oil_Supply_Anxiety, 10/27/11, atl

Whatever the eventual …. outbreak of social unrest.

Russian economic collapse spreads globally and goes nuclear
David, writer for Foreign Affairs, 99
Steven R, “Saving America from the Coming Civil Wars”, Foreign Affairs -Volume 8 No. 1, 10/25/11, atl

If internal war does strike …. a Russian civil war.

Retrenchment solves
MacDonald and Parent, Political Science Assistant Professor, 11
(Paul K., Williams College, and Joseph M., University of Miami, “The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment” International Security 35.4 via Project Must accessed: 9-30-13 mlb)

Based on our universe of cases, … with the benefit of hindsight. 

U.S. leadership isn’t key to international stability
Zakaria, 08 (Fareed, editor of Newsweek International, The Post American World, pages 242-243) 

What if that hegemony is ….. be just as effective.

US can’t project power now
Parent et al., Miamia political science professor, 2011
(Joseph, “The Wisdom of Retrenchment”, Foreign Affairs, Nov/Dec, ebsco, ldg)

The trend of the last /, and the United States is leaking cash. 

Hegemony triggers conflicts around the globe and undermines cooperation-culminates in extinction.
Boggs, National University social science professor, 2005
(Carl, “Planetary Politics: human rights, terror, and global society” ed. Stephen Eric Bronner, pg 80-1, ldg)

A potentially …– are certain to be disastrous. 

*1NR

Drone strikes undermine Pakistan democracy causing backlash
Sedeghi 13
(Parisa, Common Defense Campaign Intern Center for International Policy. “Democracy and Drones in Pakistan” 7/21/13 http://www.winwithoutwar.org/blog/entry/democracy-and-drones-in-pakistan/ accessed 7/29/13)RAM

Pakistan recently …….. values that the United States so fervently champions. 

Drones ineffective on terrorists networks
Wolff, Birmingham International Security Professor, ‘13
(Stefan, “Drone Warfare: Effective or counter-productive?” 4-28-13 http://www.stefanwolff.com/files/Drone20Warfare~-~-effective20or20counter-productive.pdf accessed: 8-8-13 mlb)

 Drones have arguably been ……….ern Afghanistan. 

Drones cause anti-American sentiment, sectarianism and violence – only completely stopping them solves
Ahmed, American University Islamic Studies chair, 13
(Akbar, former Pakistani high commissioner to Britain, “The Drone War is far from over” 5-30-13 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/31/opinion/the-drone-war-is-far-from-over.html?_r=0 accessed: 7-26-13 mlb)

 Drone strikes like Wednesday’s, in Waziristan, are destroying already weak tribal structures and throwing communities into disarray …… hundred years said, I took it quickly.” 

Drone strikes massively increase terrorism
Carvin, International Relations Lecturer, ‘12
(Stephanie, PhD London School of Economics, former Research Officer for the Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies, former Editorial Production Manager of the European Journal of International Relations, University of London “The Trouble with Targeted Killing” Fall 2012 Security Studies http://cips.uottawa.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/SCarvin_The-Trouble-with-Targeted-Killing_2012.pdf accessed: 8-8-13 mlb)

It should be noted that much of ……. a “hit rate of less than 2 percent” (2009: 18-19). 

Oil prices:
No impact to oil prices
Decressin, IMF Research Department, 12
(Jorg, “Global Economy Learns to Absorb Oil Price Hikes”, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2012/NUM052512A.htm, 05/25/2012, accessed 07/29/2012, lmm) 

Despite a fourfold increase in oil prices over …….. hydro, nuclear and renewables accounting for the remaining 10 percent. 

US primacy ensures conflict with China
Layne, government professor at Texas AandM, 2007
(Christopher, "The Case Against the American Empire, American Empire: A Debate”, pg 75, ldg)

So what should the United States do about China? If the United States per¬sists with its strategy of primacy, the odds of a Sino-American conflict are high. Current American strategy commits the United States to maintaining the geopolitical status quo in East Asia, a status quo that reflects American primacy. The United States' desire to preserve the status quo, however, clashes with the ambitions of a rising China. As a rising great power, China has its own ideas about how East Asia's political and security order should be orga¬nized. Unless U.S. and Chinese interests can be accommodated, the potential for future tension—or worse—exists. Moreover, as I already have demon¬strated, the very fact of American primacy is bound to produce a geopolitical backlash—with China in the vanguard—in the form of counter-hegemonic balancing. Nevertheless, the United States cannot be completely indifferent to China's rise.

Hegemony causes continuous interventions and overextension
Layne, government professor at Texas AandM, 2006
(Christopher, “The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present”, pg 152-3, ldg)

There is another road …..off more than they can chew.

Tournament: Adanationals | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mary Washington McElhinny-Pacheco | Judge: Bagwell
Drones are sustainable – US government won’t react to backlash
Wittes, Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution, 13
Benjamin Wittes, editor in chief of Lawfare, Senior Fellow in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution,  member of the Hoover Institution's Task Force on National Security and Law, “In Defense of the Administration on Targeted Killing of Americans,” 2-27-13, www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/in-defense-of-the-administration-on-targeted-killing-of-americans/, DOA: 10-4-13, ara)

This view has ….. in formulating its legal views.

Alt cause – Egypt
Elmenshawi, Ahram Online, 3-1
(Mohamed “ Egypt, the wound in US-Saudi relations” 3-1-14 http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/4/95930/Opinion/Egypt,-the-wound-in-USSaudi-relations.aspx accessed: 3-14-14 mlb)

 Hence, we can ………. the US and Obama’s administration for abandoning its key Egyptian ally. 

High prices are the main driver behind Russian growth
Kramer, writer for NY Times, 11
Andrew, March 8, 2011, “Russia Cashes In on Oil Supply Anxiety”, http://www.cnbc.com/id/41963140/Russia_Cashes_In_on_Oil_Supply_Anxiety, 10/27/11, atl

Whatever the eventual …. outbreak of social unrest.

Russian economic collapse spreads globally and goes nuclear
David, writer for Foreign Affairs, 99
Steven R, “Saving America from the Coming Civil Wars”, Foreign Affairs -Volume 8 No. 1, 10/25/11, atl

If internal war does strike …. a Russian civil war.

Retrenchment solves
MacDonald and Parent, Political Science Assistant Professor, 11
(Paul K., Williams College, and Joseph M., University of Miami, “The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment” International Security 35.4 via Project Must accessed: 9-30-13 mlb)

Based on our universe of cases, … with the benefit of hindsight. 

U.S. leadership isn’t key to international stability
Zakaria, 08 (Fareed, editor of Newsweek International, The Post American World, pages 242-243) 

What if that hegemony is ….. be just as effective.

US can’t project power now
Parent et al., Miamia political science professor, 2011
(Joseph, “The Wisdom of Retrenchment”, Foreign Affairs, Nov/Dec, ebsco, ldg)

The trend of the last /, and the United States is leaking cash. 

Hegemony triggers conflicts around the globe and undermines cooperation-culminates in extinction.
Boggs, National University social science professor, 2005
(Carl, “Planetary Politics: human rights, terror, and global society” ed. Stephen Eric Bronner, pg 80-1, ldg)

A potentially …– are certain to be disastrous. 

*1NR

Drone strikes undermine Pakistan democracy causing backlash
Sedeghi 13
(Parisa, Common Defense Campaign Intern Center for International Policy. “Democracy and Drones in Pakistan” 7/21/13 http://www.winwithoutwar.org/blog/entry/democracy-and-drones-in-pakistan/ accessed 7/29/13)RAM

Pakistan recently …….. values that the United States so fervently champions. 

Drones ineffective on terrorists networks
Wolff, Birmingham International Security Professor, ‘13
(Stefan, “Drone Warfare: Effective or counter-productive?” 4-28-13 http://www.stefanwolff.com/files/Drone20Warfare~-~-effective20or20counter-productive.pdf accessed: 8-8-13 mlb)

 Drones have arguably been ……….ern Afghanistan. 

Drones cause anti-American sentiment, sectarianism and violence – only completely stopping them solves
Ahmed, American University Islamic Studies chair, 13
(Akbar, former Pakistani high commissioner to Britain, “The Drone War is far from over” 5-30-13 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/31/opinion/the-drone-war-is-far-from-over.html?_r=0 accessed: 7-26-13 mlb)

 Drone strikes like Wednesday’s, in Waziristan, are destroying already weak tribal structures and throwing communities into disarray …… hundred years said, I took it quickly.” 

Drone strikes massively increase terrorism
Carvin, International Relations Lecturer, ‘12
(Stephanie, PhD London School of Economics, former Research Officer for the Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies, former Editorial Production Manager of the European Journal of International Relations, University of London “The Trouble with Targeted Killing” Fall 2012 Security Studies http://cips.uottawa.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/SCarvin_The-Trouble-with-Targeted-Killing_2012.pdf accessed: 8-8-13 mlb)

It should be noted that much of ……. a “hit rate of less than 2 percent” (2009: 18-19). 

Oil prices:
No impact to oil prices
Decressin, IMF Research Department, 12
(Jorg, “Global Economy Learns to Absorb Oil Price Hikes”, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2012/NUM052512A.htm, 05/25/2012, accessed 07/29/2012, lmm) 

Despite a fourfold increase in oil prices over …….. hydro, nuclear and renewables accounting for the remaining 10 percent. 

US primacy ensures conflict with China
Layne, government professor at Texas AandM, 2007
(Christopher, "The Case Against the American Empire, American Empire: A Debate”, pg 75, ldg)

So what should the United States do about China? If the United States per¬sists with its strategy of primacy, the odds of a Sino-American conflict are high. Current American strategy commits the United States to maintaining the geopolitical status quo in East Asia, a status quo that reflects American primacy. The United States' desire to preserve the status quo, however, clashes with the ambitions of a rising China. As a rising great power, China has its own ideas about how East Asia's political and security order should be orga¬nized. Unless U.S. and Chinese interests can be accommodated, the potential for future tension—or worse—exists. Moreover, as I already have demon¬strated, the very fact of American primacy is bound to produce a geopolitical backlash—with China in the vanguard—in the form of counter-hegemonic balancing. Nevertheless, the United States cannot be completely indifferent to China's rise.

Hegemony causes continuous interventions and overextension
Layne, government professor at Texas AandM, 2006
(Christopher, “The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present”, pg 152-3, ldg)

There is another road …..off more than they can chew.

Tournament: Adanationals | Round: 4 | Opponent: Samford Kimball-Sessions | Judge: Weiner
Iran won’t attack Israel- second-strike deters, no miscalc, no proxy wars
Trombly, 12-13
(Daniel, "Who shoots first?" Slouching Towards Columbia, l/n, accessed 1-3-12, mss)

One of the first things I ………. tempted to make a first strike - even if it fears an Israeli one.

They have not read a piece of evidence about how they solve this scenario 

Obama has already renewed sanctions for the next year and it didn’t derail negotiations
Press TV, 3-13
(“Obama renews ‘National Emergency Act’ against Iran,” accessed 3-14-14, http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/03/13/354504/us-extends-sanctions-against-iran/, hec)

US President Barack Obama …… Iranian nation and its national interests.

Sanctions don’t cause war
Rosen, American Jewish Committee director, 1-2
(John, “Senate bill shifts burden to Iran’s leaders,” accessed 1/30/14, http://www.njjewishnews.com/article/20235/senate-bill-shifts-burden-to-irans-leaders#.UuqTGdJdVwp, kns)

Sanctions work. They ….. failure to act in good faith.

Tournament: Adanationals | Round: 4 | Opponent: Samford Kimball-Sessions | Judge: Weiner
Alt Cause to cred decline – US support for Israel – outweighs gains from the aff
Hroub, Gulf Research Centre-Cambridge Director, ‘11
(Khaled “US fumbles Arab Spring gains over Palestine’s UN bid” 11-3-11 http://www.grc.net/?frm_action=view_newsletter_webandsec_code=grcanalysisandfrm_module=contentsandshow_web_list_link=1andint_content_id=76208 accessed: 9-15-13 accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 In a quick and angry ….. 'are ploughing the sea'!
 it.
Multilateralism fails – no consensus
Holmes, The Heritage Foundation fellow, ‘10
(Kim, former VP, former member of CFR, PhD from Georgetown, “Smart Multilateralism and the United Nations” 10-21-10 http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/09/smart-multilateralism-when-and-when-not-to-rely-on-the-united-nations accessed: 9-14-13 mlb)

The need for multilateralism is obvious. ………r of the statute despite U.S. objections.9 

Doesn’t solve war
McGinnis and Somin, Law Professor Northwestern and GMU, ‘9
(John O. and Ilya “Democracy and International Human Rights Law” Notre Dame Law Review 84.4 May 2009 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1116406 accessed: 10-1-13 mlb)

 Besides the influence of …… commitment to the norms embodied in them.126

Tournament: Adanationals | Round: 4 | Opponent: Samford Kimball-Sessions | Judge: Weiner
No North Korean war
Fisher, Washington Post foreign affairs blogger, 3-12-13
(Max, “Why North Korea loves to threaten World War III (but probably won’t follow through)”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/03/12/why-north-korea-loves-to-threaten-world-war-iii-but-probably-wont-follow-through/, DOA; 3-13-13, ldg)

But is North Korea …….l destruction. 

Deterrence fails- 10 reasons
Barash, president of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, 11
(David, “10 Serious Flaws in Nuclear-Deterrence Theory,” 3-3-11, da 1-21-13, http://chronicle.com/blogs/brainstorm/ten-serious-flaws-in-nuclear-deterrence-theory/32886, mee)

1. It is only a theory. It …… weapons pose to humanity.
   No Korean War – 

1. No aggression – US forces on the peninsula would crush North Korea
   Singer, Brookings 21st Century Defense Initiative director, 12
   (Peter W., "Measuring Its Impact on the Korean Peninsula," 9-27-12, http://nation.time.com/2012/09/27/measuring-its-impact-on-the-korean-peninsula/, accessed 10-18-12, mtf)

Yet, while the numbers of forces ….. by ground fire, but air power).

Tournament: Adanationals | Round: 4 | Opponent: Samford Kimball-Sessions | Judge: Weiner
The plan won’t be enforced – no incentive to enforce the aff
Nzelibe, Law Professor, Northwestern University, 7
(Jide, “Are Congressionally Authorized Wars Perverse?” February 2007, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40040345, Stanford Law Review, Vol. 59, DOA: 10-26-13, ara, language modified)

These assumptions are all questionable. …….. to fall on deaf ears be ignored

State secret doctrine means no checks –we don’t need to win open noncompliance
Bazzle, JD, Georgetown University Law Center, 12
(Timothy, litigation associate at Goodwin Procter LLP, “Shutting The Courthouse Doors: Invoking The State Secrets Privilege To Thwart Judicial Review In The Age Of Terror,” 2012, http://civilrightslawjournal.com/issues/23.29.pdf, DOA: 9-30-13, ara)

The war on terror has …….. wrongdoing retain their due process rights. 

No impact – allies won’t abandon us and adversaries can’t exploit it
Walt, Harvard International Affairs Professor ‘11
(Stephen, former Professor at Princeton and Chicago, resident associate of Carnegie Endowment for Peace,  “Does the U.S. still need to reassure its allies?” 12-5-11 http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/05/us_credibility_is_not_our_problem accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 A perennial preoccupation ….. to actually do

No spillover – lack of cred in one commitment doesn’t affect others at all
MacDonald and Parent, Assistant Professors of Political Science, ‘11
(Paul K., Williams College,  and Joseph M., U Miami “Graceful Decline?” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ISEC_a_00034-MacDonald_proof2.pdf accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 Second, pessimists …….. an area of greater signiªcance.

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 3 | Opponent: Samford Carley-Higgins | Judge: Holland
Rulings don’t change executive behavior – judiciary will pull back
Posner and Vermeule, law professors, 10
(Eric, law professor, University of Chicago, and Adrian, law professor at Harvard, The Executive Unbound, accessed 1-27-14 p. 35-36 JMM)

By 2006, the Bush administration had …… driven by political imperatives, not judicial orders or legal norms.

Circumvention – plan will fail first challenge from the executive
Pushaw, Professor at Pepperdine University School of Law, 11
(Robert, “SYMPOSIUM: SUPREME MISTAKES: Explaining Korematsu: A Response to Dean Chemerinsky,” accessed 1-28-2014, http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1357andcontext=plr, mac)

As our debate over Korematsu illustrates, … will avoid similar decisions in the future.

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 3 | Opponent: Samford Carley-Higgins | Judge: Holland
Other countries can’t get the tech
Zenko, Douglas Dillon Fellow, 13
(Micah, Council on Foreign Relations, January 2013, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” Council Special Report, da 9-14-13, http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736, mee)

Based on current trends, it is unlikely… …. drones in the near term.

No drone prolif- their ev misunderstands the international system- political costs, air defenses, expenses, deployment, retal all prevent
Singh, researcher at the Center for a New American Security, 12
(Joseph, 8-13-12, “Betting Against a Drone Arms Race,” da 9-14-13, http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/#ixzz2etdWwTG8, mee)

Bold predictions of a …… and security risks associated with their use.

Deterrence fails- 10 reasons
Barash, president of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, 11
(David, “10 Serious Flaws in Nuclear-Deterrence Theory,” 3-3-11, da 1-21-13, http://chronicle.com/blogs/brainstorm/ten-serious-flaws-in-nuclear-deterrence-theory/32886, mee)

1. It is only a theory/ nuclear weapons pose to humanity. 

Judicial restrictions on president’s ability to use force kill military effectiveness
Knott, United States Naval War College prof of National Security Affairs, 13
(Stephen F., 8-22-13, “War By Lawyer,” da 9-19-13, http://www.libertylawsite.org/2013/08/22/war-by-lawyer/, mee)

It is important to keep this in mind /………… toward the death of common sense.

Loss of readiness collapses primacy
Donnelly, AEI scholar, 3
(Thomas, 2/1/03, “The Underpinnings of the Bush Doctrine,” accessed 9/2/13, http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/the-underpinnings-of-the-bush-doctrine/, kns)

The preservation of today's Pax …….logic of primacy.

Guarantees great power war
Zhang et al., Carnegie Endowment researcher, 11
(Yuhan, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry”, 1-22-11, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/, DOA: 9-21-11, ldg)

This does not necessarily mean ………. in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Tournament: Bulldogdebates | Round: 3 | Opponent: Samford Carley-Higgins | Judge: Holland
Global multilateralism is impossible, but regional solutions check the impact
Khanna, New America Foundation senior research fellow, 10
(Parag, December 2010, “How’s the New World Order Working Out?,” Foreign Policy, accessed 9/29/13, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/11/29/hows_that_new_world_order_working_out, kns)

Bush Sr. chose to give the speech at …… it's happening from the bottom up rather than the top down.

No chance the Courts enforce I-Law
Posner and Abebe, Professors of Law, 11
(Eric and Daniel, at the University of Chicago Law School, Spring, “The Flaws of Foreign Affairs Legalism”, Virginia Journal of International Law, 51 Va. J. Int'l L. 507, L/N) NJR

Foreign affairs legalists make sweeping claims ………. n125 Bush had tried to order state courts

No impact to air pollution- studies prove
Schwartz, professor, Environmental Epidemiology, Harvard, 6
(Joel, “Getting Real on Air Pollution and Health,” American Enterprise Institute, June 14, 2006, http://www.aei.org/article/energy-and-the-environment/contaminants/air/getting-real-on-air-pollution-and-health/, accessed 3/31/13, kns) 

The EPA attributes well over 90 percent of the …. occur in the United States.

Legal limitations on war fail and a laundry list of military invasions thump their internal link.
Posner, Chicago Professor, ‘13
(Eric “The U.S. Has No Legal Basis to Intervene in Syria” 8-28-13 http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/08/the_u_s_has_no_legal_basis_for_its_action_in_syria_but_that_won_t_stop_us.html accessed: 10-1-13 mlb)

 Inter arma enim silent leges, said the Romans—……. invoke the law, they don’t actually believe what they are saying. 

Global emission reduction schemes fail – states won’t be willing to harm the economy
Washington Post, 07
(2-6-, “Global Warming and Hot Air”, Accessed 9-22-13, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/06/AR2007020601526.html) NJR

Don't be fooled. The dirty secret about global ……..or exceptions and special treatment. Hello, influence-peddling and sleaze.

International institutions encourage nations to develop water treaties, nullifying any risk of water war
Tir et al., Associate professor of Political Science at The University of Colorado at Boulder, 12
(Jaroslav, “Weathering climate change: Can institutions mitigate international water conflict?”, The Journal of Peace Research, January 2012, vol 49 no 1, pgs 214-215, accessed 6-8-12 wdw)

While this study is motivated by …….. conflict (Wolf, Yoffe and Giordano, 2003).

Warming won’t cause extinction
Barrett, professor of natural resource economics, 07
(Scott, at Columbia University, “Why Cooperate? The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods”, pg. Introduction) NJR

First, climate change does not ……., but we would have done much more about it by now. 

Co-evolution and adaptation prevents risk of extinction
Achenbach, Washington Post Staff Writer, 03
Joel, November, 2003, “Our Friend, the Plague”, http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0311/resources_who.html, 9/22/11, atl

Whenever a new disease appears ……just a touch of plague. 

Global drone norms are impossible
McGinnis, Northwestern law professor, 10
(John O, “Accelerating AI,” April 2010, 104 Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy 366, l/n, ara)

It is hard to overstate the extent to which ……. no richer than colleges and perhaps would require even less substantial resources.

One ruling doesn’t solve
Glensy, Associate Professor, Drexel University College of Law, 11
(Rex, “The Use Of International Law In U.S. Constitutional Adjudication,” International Law in U.S. Constitutional Adjudication, Vol. 25, 2011, DOA: 1-28-14, ara)

The other side of the coin is represented by …., thus enhancing its stature on the international legal stage. 

Multilat fails- conflicting interests, more players, and new coalitions
Naim, Carnegie Endowment for Peace International Economics Program Senior associate, 13
(Moises, 2/15/13, “The G20 is a Sad Sign of Our Uncooperative World,” accessed 9/29/13, http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/02/15/g20-is-sad-sign-of-our-uncooperative-world/fgvs, kns)

The changing landscape of global …. on trade liberalisation and curbing global warming.

US won’t exert effective diplomacy
Walt, Harvard School of Government International Affairs professor, 13
(Stephen, 3/4/13, “Is this any way to run U.S. Foreign Policy?,” accessed 9/29/13, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/03/04/is_this_any_way_to_run_us_foreign_policy, kns)

Watching the musical chairs …….. to say, speak for themselves. 

Can’t solve climate
Victor et al, IR and Pacific Studies Professor, ‘12
(David G., Charles F. Kennel, Distinguished Professor at Scripps Institution of Oceanography.  Veerabhadran Ramanathan is Distinguished professor of Atmospheric and Climate Sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography “The Climate Threat We Can Beat” http://ssi.ucsd.edu/scc/images/Victor_Kennel_Ramanathan_FINAL.pdf accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 For more than two decades, ……. political gridlock. 

x
Experts agree
HSU, Live Science staff, 2010
(Jeremy, “Can Humans Survive?”, 7-19, http://www.livescience.com/9956-humans-survive.html, DOA: 10-4-12, ldg)

His views deviate sharply from those of ….. whose result remains uncertain."

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Strauss
Doesn’t spillover
Goppel, University of Zurich Work and Research Centre for Ethics assistant researcher, 2013
(Anna, “Killing Terrorists: A Moral and Legal Analysis,” Ideen and Argumente, 2013, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, accessed 7/29/13, kns)

Jakobs replies I this argument. He argues …… for the validity of a norm.

No HR solvency – too many alt causes and institutional barriers
Nossel, The Guardian, ‘8
(Suzanne “Closing Gitmo is just the beginning” 11-19-8 http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2008/nov/19/obama-guantanamo-human-rights accessed: 9-16-13 mlb)

 While abuses carried out ……Guantánamo look like the easy part. 

Authoritarian states don’t follow norms
McGinnis and Somin, ‘7
(John O. Ilya “ Global Constitutionalism: Global Influence On U.S. Jurisprudence: Should International Law Be Part Of Our Law?” Stanford Law Review via lexis accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 The second benefit to foreigners …… international law to trump domestic law. 

Accountability problems still exist with drone courts
Mulrine, CS monitor Staff writer, 13
(Anna, “Would a US 'drone court' to authorize drone strikes be a good idea?”, May 24, 2013, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/2013/0524/Would-a-US-drone-court-to-authorize-drone-strikes-be-a-good-idea-video,8/6/13, vc)

Critics of the drone ……… executions and remedy for victims,” he says.

Norms fail- nations pick and choose and only cite norms to cover decisions
McGinnis and Somin, Northwestern University School of Law professor and George Mason University School of Law professor, 7
(John and Ilya, 3/17/07, “Global Constitutionalism: Global Influence on U.S. Jurisprudence: Should International Law Be Part of Our Law?,” accessed 9/28/13, lexis nexis, kns)

The second benefit to foreigners of ………… international law to trump domestic law.

Peace theory wrong-either historical cases disprove it OR the theory is watered down to the point it doesn’t explain anything.
Rosato, Notre Dame political science professor, 2011
(Sebastian, The Handbook on the Political Economy of War, google books, DOA: 8-30-11, ldg)

In this section I evaluate ………. exception to the finding. 

Congressional involvement destroys war-fighting – extinction
Weinberger, Govt Professor, University of Puget Sound, 9
(Seth, M.A. and Ph.D. in Political Science from Duke University, “Balancing War Powers in an Age of Terror,” 2009, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/good_society/v018/18.2.weinberger.html, DOA: 9-27-13, ara)

In wartime, however, it ….. laws to advance the war effort

Turns heg
Bolton, senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, 9
(John R., former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, 10-18-09, “The danger of Obama's dithering,” da 9-19-13, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/oct/18/opinion/oe-bolton18, mee)

Weakness in American …mbodies weakness and indecision.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Strauss
Scenario Two
Criterion for killing solves due process
Wittes, Brookings Senior Fellow, ‘13
(Benjamin “Drones and the war on Terror: When Can the U.S. Target Alleged American Terrorists Overseas” 2-27-13 Statement before the House Committee on the Judiciary http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/113th/02272013_2/Wittes2002272013.pdf accessed: 8-8-13 mlb)

 This point ………
Can’t solve Mexico – internal link is surveillance drones – plan is targeted killing – drone courts don’t get surveillance over it
\
Alt causes to relations
Starr, Georgetown University Latin American Studies professor, 2007
Pamela, Eurasia Group analyst, former Instituto Technologico Autonomo de Mexico political economy professor (Mexico City), former CSIS research fellow, Law and Business Review of the Americas, "Challenges for a Postelection Mexico Issues for U.S. Policy," 13 Law and Bus. Rev. Am. 799, Fall, l/n, accessed 8-5-10, mss

This does not mean, ….. relationship with the United States.

Warming won’t cause extinction
Barrett, professor of natural resource economics, 07
(Scott, at Columbia University, “Why Cooperate? The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods”, pg. Introduction) NJR

First, climate change ……. much more about it by now.

Federal courts turn due process
Roberston, former US DC District Court judge and FISC judge, 13
(James, 2/15/13, “Judges shouldn’t decide about drone strikes,” Washington Post, accessed 9/14/13, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-02-15/opinions/37117878_1_drone-strikes-justice-department-white-paper-federal-courts, kns)

In the wake of the recent ………….: A search warrant is not a death warrant.

Turn- drone courts lead executive to rely on signature strikes
Ohlin, Cornell Law School prof, 13
(Jens David, 2-13-13, “Would A Federal District Court for Drones Increase Collateral Damage?,” da 9-15-13, http://www.liebercode.org/2013/02/would-federal-district-court-for-drones.html, mee)

First, the court would be ……… staffers have in mind.

2NC – Transparency Fails

Perception links are based on flawed cognitive biases – other nations dismiss the aff
Zenko, CFR Center for Preventive Action fellow, 13
(Micah, vice chair of the World Economic Forum Global Agenda Council on Terrorism, worked for five years at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government, “The Signal and the Noise”, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/02/20/the_signal_and_the_noise, DOA: 10-2-13, ara)

These routine and unchallenged ……. made to appease domestic audiences. 

Transparency doesn’t check secret interpretations of law – FISA proves
Rumold, staff attorney, Electronic Frontier Foundation, 13
(Mark, staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, “A New Year, a New FISA Amendments Act Reauthorization, But the Same Old Secret Law,” 1-10-13, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2013/01/new-year-new-fisa-amendments-act-reauthorization-same-old-secret-law, DOA: 10-4-13, ara)

Secret Law? What Secret Law? …….. of legal privileges available to the government.

Your authors are biased - CO2 not key, no weather events, models fail, and other countries don’t model
Watts, WUWT, ‘12
(Anthory “ Lindzen at Sandia National Labs: ‘climate models are flawed’” A press release provided by Sandia National Labs to Wattsupwiththat, 7-25-12 accessed: 9-24-12 mlb)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor ……… by tenths of a degree.

Congressional restrictions kill presidential credibility – tanks flexibility and invites attacks – their ev
Waxman, Columbia Law School prof, 13
(Matthew C., Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, 08-25-13, “The Constitutional Power to Threaten War,” Forthcoming in Yale Law Journal, vol. 123 (2014), da 9-19-13, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2316777, mee)

A claim previously advanced from a ….. of presidential threats to escalate.

Executive power key to effective deployment of forces
Kahn, Yale Law School professor of Law and Humanities, 2000
(Paul, “THE SEVENTH ANNUAL FRITZ B. BURNS LECLTURE THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION AND KOSOVO: WAR POWERS AND THE MILLENNIUM,”, Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, November 2000, lexis nexis, accessed 7/5/13, kns)

Domestically, Congress often works best ……especially on the use of force. n66 

Strong presidential leadership key
Bolton, senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, 9
(John R., former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, 10-18-09, “The danger of Obama's dithering,” da 9-19-13, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/oct/18/opinion/oe-bolton18, mee)

Weakness in American …… weakness and indecision.

Drone courts fail – violates Constitution and zero accountability
Epps, University of Baltimore Law Prof., 13
(Garrett, a former reporter for The Washington Post, is a novelist and legal scholar, “Why a Secret Court Won't Solve the Drone-Strike Problem,” 2-16-13, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/02/why-a-secret-court-wont-solve-the-drone-strike-problem/273246/#, accessed 7-30-13, hec)

Washington's idea of the week is a secret …… the drone-strike decision.
 

Drone courts fail and disrupt military effectiveness – turns the aff
Groves, Bernard and Barbara Lomas Senior Research Fellow, 13
(Steven, The Heritage Foundation, “Drone Strikes: The Legality of U.S. Targeting Terrorists Abroad,” http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/drone-strikes-the-legality-of-us-targeting-terrorists-abroad, accessed 7-7-13, hec)

The U.S. drone program and its practices regarding targeted strikes against al-Qaeda and its associated forces are lawful. They are lawful because the United States is currently engaged in an armed conflict with those terrorist entities and because the United States has an inherent right to defend itself against imminent threats to its security. Moreover, the available evidence indicates that U.S. military and intelligence forces conduct targeted strikes in a manner consistent with international law. Military and intelligence officials go to great lengths to identify al-Qaeda operatives that pose an imminent threat and continually reassess the level of that threat. Decisions on each potential target are debated among U.S. officials before the target is placed in the “disposition matrix.” In conducting targeted strikes U.S. forces strive to minimize civilian casualties, although such casualties cannot always be prevented. The United States will continue to face asymmetric threats from non-state actors operating from the territory of nations that are either unwilling or unable to suppress the threats. To confront these threats, the United States must retain its most effective operational capabilities, including targeted strikes by armed drones, even if U.S. forces degrade al-Qaeda and its associated forces to such an extent that the United States no longer considers itself to be in a non-international armed conflict. Moreover, the United States must continue to affirm its inherent right to self-defense to eliminate threats to its national security, regardless of the presence or absence of an armed conflict recognized by international law. To that end, the United States should: Continue to affirm existing use-of-force authorities. During the past three years, senior officials of the Obama Administration have publicly set out in significant detail U.S. policies and practices regarding drone strikes. The Administration should continue to do so, emphasizing that U.S. policies adhere to widely recognized international law. Critics of the United States will continue to claim that a lack of transparency surrounds U.S. policy and actions. Such critics will likely never be satisfied, not even with full disclosure of the relevant classified legal memoranda, and their criticism will not cease until the United States abandons its practice of targeting terrorist threats in Pakistan, Yemen, and elsewhere. However, consistent repetition of the U.S. legal position on targeted drone strikes may blunt such criticism. Not derogate from the AUMF. At the 2012 NATO summit in Chicago, NATO agreed that the vast majority of U.S. and other NATO forces would be withdrawn from Afghanistan by the end of 2014, a time frame that President Obama confirmed during this year’s State of the Union address. Some critics of U.S. drone policy will inevitably argue that due to the drawdown the United States may no longer credibly claim that it remains in a state of armed conflict with the Taliban, al-Qaeda, and its associated forces, whether they are located in Afghanistan, the FATA, or elsewhere. Congress should pass no legislation that could be interpreted as a derogation from the AUMF or an erosion of the inherent right of the United States to defend itself against imminent threats posed by transnational terrorist organizations. Not create a drone court. The concept of a drone court is fraught with danger and may be an unconstitutional interference with the executive branch’s authority to wage war. U.S. armed forces have been lawfully targeting enemy combatants in armed conflicts for more than 200 years without being second-guessed by Congress or a secret “national security court.” Targeting decisions, including those made in connection with drone strikes, are carefully deliberated by military officers and intelligence officials based on facts and evidence gathered from a variety of human, signals, and imagery intelligence sources. During an armed conflict, all al-Qaeda operatives are subject to targeting; therefore, a drone court scrutinizing targeting decisions would serve no legitimate purpose. Rather than creating a special tribunal that is ill equipped to pass judgment on proportionality and military necessity, and that will never fully assuage the concerns of the critics of drone strikes, Congress should continue to leave decisions pertaining to the disposition of al-Qaeda terrorists—including U.S. citizens—with military and intelligence officials.

Accountability problems still exist with drone courts
Mulrine, CS monitor Staff writer, 13
(Anna, “Would a US 'drone court' to authorize drone strikes be a good idea?”, May 24, 2013, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/2013/0524/Would-a-US-drone-court-to-authorize-drone-strikes-be-a-good-idea-video,8/6/13, vc)

Critics of the drone program, however, are generally not reassured by the notion of oversight from a special drone court. They note that the FISA courts, on which the drone courts would be modeled, operate largely in secret, doing little to improve accountability to the public. What’s more, they say, national and international laws are already in place governing when drone strikes are legal. Those laws, they add, offer greater transparency than would a secret court. “I’m not big on this,” Sarah Holewinski, executive director of the Center for Civilians in Conflict, says of the drone courts. “The fact is, we have international laws. We have domestic laws. I would focus on those and say, ‘Look, here’s the due diligence you need to do in targeting a combatant. Here’s what you need to do in order to avoid civilians. Here’s what proportionality looks like.’ ” Zeke Johnson, director of Amnesty International’s Security and Human Rights Campaign, argues that drone courts would do little to change critics' fundamental concerns about drone strikes. “What’s needed on drones is not a ‘kill court,’ but a rejection of the radical redefinition of ‘imminence’ used to expand who can be killed – as well as independent investigations of alleged extrajudicial executions and remedy for victims,” he says.

Drone Courts fail- no precedent
Katya, professor of national security law at Georgetown, 13
(Neal k., former acting solicitor general, “Who Will Mind the Drones?”, February 20, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/opinion/an-executive-branch-drone-court.html, accessed 8/6/13,vc) 

But the drone court idea is a mistake. It is hard to think of something less suitable for a federal judge to rule on than the fast-moving and protean nature of targeting decisions. Fortunately, a better solution exists: a “national security court” housed within the executive branch itself. Experts, not generalists, would rule; pressing concerns about classified information would be minimized; and speedy decisions would be easier to reach. There is, of course, a role for federal courts in national security. In 2006, I argued and won Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, a Supreme Court case that struck down President George W. Bush’s use of military tribunals at Guantánamo Bay. But military trials are a far cry from wartime targeting decisions. And the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, which reviews administration requests to collect intelligence involving foreign agents inside the country and which some have advocated as a model for the drone court, is likewise appropriately housed within the judicial system — it rules on surveillance operations that raise questions much like those in Fourth Amendment “search and seizure” cases, a subject federal judges know well. But there is no true precedent for interposing courts into military decisions about who, what and when to strike militarily. Putting aside the serious constitutional implications of such a proposal, courts are simply not institutionally equipped to play such a role. There are many reasons a drone court composed of generalist federal judges will not work. They lack national security expertise, they are not accustomed to ruling on lightning-fast timetables, they are used to being in absolute control, their primary work is on domestic matters and they usually rule on matters after the fact, not beforehand. Even the questions placed before the FISA Court aren’t comparable to what a drone court would face; they involve more traditional constitutional issues — not rapidly developing questions about whether to target an individual for assassination by a drone strike.

Courts subvert ocnsitition by sending drones into places they can’t go and there’s no accountability – there is no precedent and courts can’t act quickly enough tot solve  - that’s epps

Mexico-US relations resilient- growing military cooperation
Walser and Zuckerman, policy analysts at The Heritage Foundation, 13
(Ray, PhD, Senior Policy Analyst for Latin America and Jessica, Research Associate in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, “U.S.–Mexico Border: Tighter Border Security Requires Mexico’s Cooperation,” 2-20-13, da 3-21-13, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/02/us-mexico-border-tighter-border-security-requires-mexico-s-cooperation, mee)

Under Presidents George W. Bush ……. is unprecedented and will likely continue to grow.

Mexico relations are resilient-
A. Calderon shared values prevents escalation of frictions
Starr, Georgetown University Latin American Studies professor, 2007
Pamela, Eurasia Group analyst, former Instituto Technologico Autonomo de Mexico political economy professor (Mexico City), former CSIS research fellow, Law and Business Review of the Americas, "Challenges for a Postelection Mexico Issues for U.S. Policy," 13 Law and Bus. Rev. Am. 799, Fall, l/n, accessed 8-5-10, mss

Felipe Calderon's presidency . and aspirations.

B. Self-interest- Mexico needs the US …..more
Feinstein and Dajani-Daoudi, 2000
Barry, Senior Lecturer, School of Law, Netanya Academic College, and Mohammed, Ph.D., International Relations, with a specialization in International Political Economy, Director, Technical Assistance and Training Department, Palestinian Economic Council for Development and Reconstruction, American University International Law Review, "Permeable Fences Make Good Neighbors," 16 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 1, l/n, accessed 8-5-10, mss

Given the tremendously …… the United States. n619 

C. Conflict dispute mechanisms, self-interest, and public support
Starr, Georgetown University Latin American Studies professor, 2007
Pamela, Eurasia Group analyst, former Instituto Technologico Autonomo de Mexico political economy professor (Mexico City), former CSIS research fellow, Law and Business Review of the Americas, "Challenges for a Postelection Mexico Issues for U.S. Policy," 13 Law and Bus. Rev. Am. 799, Fall, l/n, accessed 8-5-10, mss

This does not mean, …… relationship with the United States.

Tournament: Adanationals | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mary Washington McElhinny-Pacheco | Judge: Bagwell
No impact to drone prolif
Masters, CFR Deputy Editor, 13
(Jonathan (Presider), questioning Admiral Dennis Blair, Former Director of National Intelligence, January 22, 2013, “U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” Council on Foreign Relations, da 9-16-13, http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/us-drone-strike-policies/p29849?cid=rss-fullfeed-u.s._drone_strike_policies-012213, mee)

BLAIR: I think we've … defensive measures in the future.

No Chinese aggression- political constraints
Erickson and Strange, assoc prof and researcher at Naval War College, 13
(Andrew, associate professor at the Naval War College and an Associate in Research at Harvard University's Fairbank Centre, and Austin, researcher at the Naval War College's China Maritime Studies Institute, May 29, 2013, “China has drones. Now how will it use them?,” Foreign Affairs, McClatchy-Tribune, da 9-14-13, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html, mee)

Indeed, the time to …….. with its own drone programme.

No impact—drones make wars less intense
McGinnis, Northwestern law professor, 10
(John O, “Accelerating AI,” April 2010, 104 Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy 366, l/n, ara)

It is not as if in ……. must also be counted as a benefit.

Global drone norms are impossible
McGinnis, Northwestern law professor, 10
(John O, “Accelerating AI,” April 2010, 104 Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy 366, l/n, ara)

It is hard to overstate ……less substantial resources.

No aggression-China knows it will backfire
Gupta, Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses associate fellow, 2011
(Rukmani, “South China Sea Conflict? No Way”, http://the-diplomat.com/2011/10/23/south-china-sea-conflict-no-way/2/, DOA: 10-2-12, ldg)

Despite what opinion ……. secure a better negotiating stance.

Tournament: Adanationals | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mary Washington McElhinny-Pacheco | Judge: Bagwell
No impact to drone prolif
Masters, CFR Deputy Editor, 13
(Jonathan (Presider), questioning Admiral Dennis Blair, Former Director of National Intelligence, January 22, 2013, “U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” Council on Foreign Relations, da 9-16-13, http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/us-drone-strike-policies/p29849?cid=rss-fullfeed-u.s._drone_strike_policies-012213, mee)

BLAIR: I think we've … defensive measures in the future.

No Chinese aggression- political constraints
Erickson and Strange, assoc prof and researcher at Naval War College, 13
(Andrew, associate professor at the Naval War College and an Associate in Research at Harvard University's Fairbank Centre, and Austin, researcher at the Naval War College's China Maritime Studies Institute, May 29, 2013, “China has drones. Now how will it use them?,” Foreign Affairs, McClatchy-Tribune, da 9-14-13, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html, mee)

Indeed, the time to …….. with its own drone programme.

No impact—drones make wars less intense
McGinnis, Northwestern law professor, 10
(John O, “Accelerating AI,” April 2010, 104 Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy 366, l/n, ara)

It is not as if in ……. must also be counted as a benefit.

Global drone norms are impossible
McGinnis, Northwestern law professor, 10
(John O, “Accelerating AI,” April 2010, 104 Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy 366, l/n, ara)

It is hard to overstate ……less substantial resources.

No aggression-China knows it will backfire
Gupta, Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses associate fellow, 2011
(Rukmani, “South China Sea Conflict? No Way”, http://the-diplomat.com/2011/10/23/south-china-sea-conflict-no-way/2/, DOA: 10-2-12, ldg)

Despite what opinion ……. secure a better negotiating stance.

Tournament: Adanationals | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mary Washington McElhinny-Pacheco | Judge: Bagwell
The plan won’t be enforced – no incentive to enforce the aff
Nzelibe, Law Professor, Northwestern University, 7
(Jide, “Are Congressionally Authorized Wars Perverse?” February 2007, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40040345, Stanford Law Review, Vol. 59, DOA: 10-26-13, ara, language modified)

These assumptions are all …….. to fall on deaf ears be ignored

Drone courts fail – violates Constitution and zero accountability
Epps, University of Baltimore Law Prof., 13
(Garrett, a former reporter for The Washington Post, is a novelist and legal scholar, “Why a Secret Court Won't Solve the Drone-Strike Problem,” 2-16-13, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/02/why-a-secret-court-wont-solve-the-drone-strike-problem/273246/#, accessed 7-30-13, hec)

Washington's idea of the …. for the drone-strike decision.

Tournament: Adanationals | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mary Washington McElhinny-Pacheco | Judge: Bagwell
The plan won’t be enforced – no incentive to enforce the aff
Nzelibe, Law Professor, Northwestern University, 7
(Jide, “Are Congressionally Authorized Wars Perverse?” February 2007, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40040345, Stanford Law Review, Vol. 59, DOA: 10-26-13, ara, language modified)

These assumptions are all …….. to fall on deaf ears be ignored

Drone courts fail – violates Constitution and zero accountability
Epps, University of Baltimore Law Prof., 13
(Garrett, a former reporter for The Washington Post, is a novelist and legal scholar, “Why a Secret Court Won't Solve the Drone-Strike Problem,” 2-16-13, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/02/why-a-secret-court-wont-solve-the-drone-strike-problem/273246/#, accessed 7-30-13, hec)

Washington's idea of the …. for the drone-strike decision.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 4 | Opponent: James Madison Lepp-Miller | Judge: Ridley
Drone prolif is inevitable BUT popularity guarantees international norms, even if developed nations try breaking the rules
Beard, professorial lecturer, UCLA Law, 9
(Jack M., former Associate Deputy General Counsel (International Affairs), Department of Defense, “Law And War In The Virtual Era,” July 2009, 103 A.J.I.L. 409, l/n, DOA: 10-4-13, ara)

The implications of the ……..respects a study in irony.

No spillover – lack of cred in one commitment doesn’t affect others at all
MacDonald and Parent, Assistant Professors of Political Science, ‘11
(Paul K., Williams College,  and Joseph M., U Miami “Graceful Decline?” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ISEC_a_00034-MacDonald_proof2.pdf accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 Second, pessimists …….. greater signiªcance. 

No drone norms – nations will not unilateral relinquish any tech especially coutnries with different systems of voernment
No drone prolif- their ev misunderstands the international system- political costs, air defenses, expenses, deployment, retal all prevent
Singh, researcher at the Center for a New American Security, 12
(Joseph, 8-13-12, “Betting Against a Drone Arms Race,” da 9-14-13, http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/#ixzz2etdWwTG8, mee)

Bold predictions of a ……. requires an ability to meet the political and security risks associated with their use.

De facto constraints solve presidential adventurism
Posner and Vermuele, Chicago and Harvard Law School, ‘9
(Eric and Adrian, “Tyrannophobia” 9-15-9 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1473858 accessed: 10-10-13 mlb)

 Demography and the Administrative State……. hypothesis for further research. 

No impact to drone prolif
Masters, CFR Deputy Editor, 13
(Jonathan (Presider), questioning Admiral Dennis Blair, Former Director of National Intelligence, January 22, 2013, “U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” Council on Foreign Relations, da 9-16-13, http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/us-drone-strike-policies/p29849?cid=rss-fullfeed-u.s._drone_strike_policies-012213, mee)

BLAIR: I think we've ……. measures in the future.

China’s drone development is slow—ensures U.S. lead
Moss, The Diplomat, 13
(Trefor, former editor for the Asia-Pacific at Jane’s Defence Weekly, “Here Come…China’s Drones,” 3-2-13, http://thediplomat.com/2013/03/02/here-comes-chinas-drones/?all=true, DOA: 10-4-13, ara)

Dozens of Chinese ….. operational niches than others.

No war or escalation over Senkaaku
Givens, Center for Asian Democracy Researcher, ‘12
(John Wagner, former  Clarendon Scholar at the University of Oxford “Disputed Islands in the Sun” 10-2-12 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-wagner-givens/disputed-islands-in-the-s_b_1924631.html accessed: 12-18-12 mlb)

There are many good ….. ready to go to war. 

No Impact – probability is 1 in 3.5 billon AND no loose nukes
Schniedmiller ‘9
(Chirs “ Experts Debate Threat of Nuclear, Biological Terrorism” 1-13-9 http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/experts-debate-threat-of-nuclear-biological-terrorism/ accessed: 9-15-13 mlb)

 WASHINGTON -- There is an "almost …….. or use one that has been stolen.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 4 | Opponent: James Madison Lepp-Miller | Judge: Ridley
DOD shift now—it’s public and credible
Corn, Mother Jones, 13
(David, Washington bureau chief of Mother Jones magazine and an MSNBC commentator, "Obama's Counterterrorism Speech: A Pivot Point on Drones and More?" 5-23-13, http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/05/obama-speech-drones-civil-liberties, DOA: 10-2-13, ara)

So Obama's speech Thursday on …… though, may be a long one.

Can’t solve transparency
Kuyers, Professor of Law at American University Washington College of Law, 13
(Josh, 4-4, “CIA or DoD: Clarifying the Legal Framework Applicable to the Drone Authority Debate”, date accessed: 9-16-13, http://nationalsecuritylawbrief.com/2013/04/04/cia-or-dod-clarifying-the-legal-framework-applicable-to-the-drone-authority-debate/, LMM)

Scholars and practitioners ….. briefings rather than shifting operational command and control.