Tournament: CEDA | Round: 8 | Opponent:  | Judge:
----T Authority----
Interpretation – authority is the JUSTIFICATION for action, not the ACTION itself
Zimmerman 9 – Fellow, Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress
(Adam, "The Politics Economics Make,” http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2009/Colgate_Zimmerman.pdf)
Skowronek distinguishes between presidential power and authority. Power is the¶ formal and informal
AND
expands; the ability of the president to exercise those powers has narrowed.

The restriction must be DIRECTLY on the authority
Supreme Court of Canada 96
(1996 S.C.J. No. 46, File No.: 23802, http://www.mandellpinder.com/pdf/cases/R-v-Lewis-1996-1-SCR-921.pdf)
The appellants submit that the ordinary meaning of the word "on" embraces the
AND
signifies "within the¶ reserve", not "adjacent to the reserve".

Violation – the plan restricts the usage of UAVs, not the war powers authority or WARRANT for action

Voting issue – 

--Limits – They allow for several different solvency mechanisms that each have their own literature base and advantage ground

--Ground – moots alternative authority counterplans and solvency arguments – 

Competing interps is the only framework that is objective and avoids intervention

----Courts CP----
Text: The Supreme Court of the United States should rule that the use of remote controlled aerial vehicle targeted killings outside of geographic locations housing active American combat troops is unconstitutional. 

Courts can apply statutory restrictions by interpreting laws in ways to now apply to current war powers.
Barron 08
David J. Barron, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, and Martin S. Lederman,¶ Visiting Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, 2008, “THE¶ COMMANDER IN CHIEF AT THE LOWEST EBB - FRAMING THE PROBLEM, DOCTRINE, AND¶ ORIGINAL UNDERSTANDING,” Harvard Law Review, January, pp. LN.
4. Judicial Enforcement of Implied Statutory Restrictions. - The way the Supreme Court
AND
preclusive executive powers a more likely occurrence than war powers scholarship typically assumes.

----Asia Pivot----
Obama is resetting Asian assurances – it’s his last chance to promote Asian peace and, he’ll succeed as long as he can avoid perceptions of domestic weakness
Epstein 14 - White House reporter at POLITICO, Epstein graduated in 2008 with an A.B. degree in history from Princeton University
(Jennifer, President Obama’s overseas agenda gets fresh spring focus, February 11, http://www.politico.com/story/2014/02/barack-obama-foreign-policy-agenda-103359.html#ixzz2tUDXivdx)
President Barack Obama has watched his foreign policy agenda, like those of so many
AND
weapons.”¶ “So,” he added, “the clock is ticking.”

New statutory restrictions undermine the clarity of Obama’s message – collapses US commitments to Asia
Waxman 13 - law professor at Columbia Law School, co-chairs the Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security
(Matthew Waxman, “The Constitutional Power to Threaten War,” August 27, 2013, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2316777)
As a prescriptive matter, Part II also shows that examination of threatened force and
AND
preserved in legal doctrine, enhances the credibility of presidential threats to escalate.

Lack of credible assurances lead to war
Goh 8 - Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Univ of Oxford
(Evelyn, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, “Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order,” 2008 8(3):353-377, Oxford)
The centrality of these mutual processes of assurance and deference means that the stability of
AND
as a result of not doing so would appear to be much worse. 

Asian conflict leads to extinction – draws in nuclear powers and the most populous countries
Mead 10 - senior fellow @ the Council on Foreign Relations
(Walter, American Interest, “Obama in Asia”, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2010/11/09/obama-in-asia/)
The decision to go to Asia is one that all thinking Americans can and should
AND
, and that reality is what President Obama’s trip is intended to address.

----Coloniality----

Their discourse is premised upon emancipation, rather than liberation – emancipation treats the damned as objects of knowledge to be rescued, affirming Europe as a prior, privileged locus of enunciation – only liberation, which begins with self-determination grounded in subaltern knowledge, can resolve reproduction of wretchedness
Mignolo 07
Walter Mignolo is a Professor of Cultural Anthropology and Literature at Duke University who’s published work extensively dealing with semiotics, literary theory and different aspects of the modern and colonial world. “Delinking”, Cultural Studies. March 3, 2007. 21: 2-3; 449-514.
The concept of ‘emancipation’, as Dussel implies, belongs to the discourse of
AND
political, economic and spiritual (epistemic, philosophical, religious) decolonization.

The plan is a strategy of legitimation – bringing the US in line with international law expands the model of US law and entrenches an Americanized legal class – that produces justification for imperial violence against non-Western societies
Mattei 3
(Ugo, Hastings College of the Law; Univ. of Turin, Italy, “A Theory of Imperial Law: A Study on U.S.
Hegemony and the Latin Resistance”, Global Jurist Frontiers , Vol. 3 2003, Iss. 2, Art. 1)
Neo-colonial practices in the Third World are to a great extent originated by
AND
law, the notion of counter-hegemony as used in this article.

Coloniality generates a permanent state of exception that is the root cause of the death ethics of war and underwrites a hellish existence where death, murder, war, rape, and racism are ordinary
Maldonado-Toress 08
Nelson Maldonado-Torres is an associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers. Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 217-21. 2008.
Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in
AND
such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested." 

The alterative is the death of the American Man. Epistemic and semiotic struggle key – must seek the Death of American Man to solve war culture and propel decoloniality
Maldonado-Torres 5
Nelson Maldonado-Torres is an associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers “Decolonization and the New Identitarian Logics after September 11,” Radical Philosophy Review 8, n. 1 (2005): 35-67.
Inspired by these Fanonian insights l have articulated elsewhere the idea of a weak utopian
AND
a nation-in-relation rather than as a continental being.71

Tournament: CEDA | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison | Judge:
----Framework----
Interpretation:
Topical affirmatives must affirm the resolution through instrumental defense of federal government action. This can come as a result of affirming the te, but it must be a definitive example of the resolution.
Definitions
Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan
AHD 2k
(American Heritage Dictionary 2000 (Dictionary.com))
should. The will to do something or have something take place: I shall go out if I feel like it.  
Federal government is in DC
Encarta Online 5
(http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500781_6/United_States_(Government).html#howtocite)
United States (Government
AND
centered in Washington, D.C.
Resolved implies a policy
Louisiana House 5
(http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm)
Resolution  A legislative instrument
AND
introduction nor to governor's veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)
Net-benefits:
FIRST – Unified stasis
They explode the number of potential affs to anything that has a loose relationship to war – making it impossible for the neg to engage in crucial pre-round research and shifting the debate away from the unifying and stable reference point.
Debate’s benefits come from arguing against a well prepared opponent – that preparation is the only way to test the epistemology of the aff, their impact claims are false until tested
Talisse 5 – Professor of Philosophy @ Vandy
(Robert, Philosophy and Social Criticism, “Deliberativist responses to activist challenges,” 31(4) p. 429-431)
The argument thus far might appear to turn exclusively upon different conceptions of what reasonableness
AND
of justice. Insofar as the activist denies this, he is unreasonable.
Even if the affirming the resolution is factually wrong having a devil’s advocate for deliberation is crucial to critical thinking skills and avoiding groupthink
Mercier and Landmore 11 – Professor of Political Science @ Yale
(Hugo and Helene, “Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation” Political Psychology, http://sites.google.com/site/hugomercier/publications)
Reasoning can function outside of its normal conditions when it is used purely internally.
AND
(e.g. Schweiger, Sandberg, and Ragan, 1986).
SECOND – Institutional competence
By investigating paths of government action, debate teaches us to be organizationally relevant – trains us to challenge dominant institutions from within
Algoso 11 – writes on international development, aid, politics, management, complexity
(May 31, Dave, “Why I got an MPA: Because organizations matter” http://findwhatworks.wordpress.com/2011/05/31/why-i-got-an-mpa-because-organizations-matter/)
 Because organizations matter. Forget the stories of heroic individuals written in your middle
AND
right program for you and use your time well, can do both.
THIRD – war powers literacy
Simulated national security law debates preserve agency and enhance decision-making – avoids cooption  
Donahue 13 - Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law
(Laura K, “National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations”, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf)
The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education, or in the law
AND
undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.
Evaluate this debate based on competing pedagogical interpretations of debate, not the substance of the 1ac alone – it’s a logical consequence of their choice to ignore the topic in this debate.

----Transhumanism K----

Artificial life development is inevitable the only question is how we will respond.
Leaver 08
(Tama "Humanity's Children": Constructing and Confronting the Cylons in Cylons in America: Critical Studies in Battlestar Galactica edited by Tiffany Potter and C.W. Marshall Pages 131-132)

In Mind Children, Hans Moravec, director of the Mobile Robot Laboratory at Carnegie
AND
bigger issues confronted by the show all the much more immediate and engaging.

Their criticism of science and technology results in mass skepticism and supplants support of new tech
Hughes 6 doctorate in sociology from the University of Chicago, sociologist and bioethicist teaching health policy at Trinity College (James, “Democratic Transhumanism 2.0, modified 1/6/06, http://www.changesurfer.com/Acad/DemocraticTranshumanism.htm)
The Estrangement of Technology and the Left So why did these two strains of thought
AND
to cover up their complicity in napalming babies. Activists fight the machine. 

We must maximize efficiency, master nature, pacify humanity, and objectify the world as much as possible to develop alife as soon as posssible because a-life will break down the modern subject at root in the aff’s impacts
Zimmerman 08 (Michael E.  Department of Philosophy University of Colorado at Boulder The Singularity: A Crucial Phase in Divine Self-Actualization? Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, What is Life?)
Even when explicitly opposed to theistic religion, trans- and posthumanists usually represent coming
AND
all bent on projects that would mostly be incomprehensible to us.(16)

This human-machine dictotomy ensures artificial life will enslave humanity.
Abrams 08(Jerold J. Associate Prof of Philosophy at Creighton Univ. Embracing the "Children of Humanity": How to Prevent the Next Cylon War Battlestar Galactica and Philosophy. 2008 Amazon) (ct)
The reimagined Battlestar Galactica boasts stronger roles for women, subtler politics, and more
AND
of President Roslin, posthumanity is "the shape of things to come."

Solves all forms of suffering
Bostrom 9  PhD from the London School of Economics (Nick, 2/5/2009, “IN DEFENSE OF POSTHUMAN DIGNITY”, http://www.psy.vanderbilt.edu/courses/hon182/Posthuman_dignity_Bostrom.pdf)
The prospect of posthumanity is feared for at least two reasons. One is that
AND
reform ourselves and our natures in accordance with humane values and personal aspirations. 

The alternative is the only way to harness nanotech peacefully – which would solve all impacts, ever
Wang 05(Sinclair T. Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, Taipei, Taiwan Propel to a new socioeconomic system in an unlimited-sum world enabled by molecular nanotechnologyTaiwan Nanotechnology Newsletter; North-South Dialogue on Nanotechnology: Challenges and Opportunities Expert Group Meeting, International Centre for Science and High Technology United Nations Industrial Development Organization  10 – 12 February 2005) (ct) (http://www.ics.trieste.it/Documents/Downloads/df2550.pdf)
World socioeconomic system has evolved form zero-sum or negative-sum guardian system
AND
individual and each species on earth is a goal for us to strive.

The alternative is to actively embrace democratic transhumanism as the first concern- it’s the best way to solve all problems
Bostrom 3 PhD from the London School of Economics  (Nick, 2003, “Transhumanism FAQ”, http://www.paulbroman.com/myspace/Transhumanism_FAQ.txt) 

Shouldn’t we concentrate on current problems such as improving the situation of the poor,
AND
efforts. Even one extra person can still make a significant difference here.

Tournament: CEDA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Samford BM | Judge:
----Framework----

1. Interpretation – Topical affirmatives must affirm the resolution through instrumental defense of judicial or statutory restrictions on the war power’s authority of the president. This can come as a result of embracing Veganism, but must be a specific example of the resolution. 

Statutes require congress
Hill 13 – Gerald Hill, Juris Doctor from Hastings College of the Law of the University of California, Executive Director of the California Governor’s Housing Commission, AB from Stanford University and Kathleen Hill, M.A. in Political Psychology from California State University, Sonoma, Fellow in Public Affairs at the Coro Foundation
(The People’s Law Dictionary, http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=2010)
statute n. a Federal or state written law enacted by the Congress or state legislature, respectively. Local statutes or laws are usually called "ordinances." Regulations, rulings, opinions, executive orders and proclamations are not statutes.

Judicial requires the court
Webster’s 1 – Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Law, "Judicial", http://research.lawyers.com/glossary/judicial.html
Judicial: Definition - adj¶ Latin judicialis, from judicium judgment, from
AND
created, ordered, or enforced by a court a  foreclosure

2. Violation – the affirmative does not defend a statutory or judicial restriction should be imposed on the war powers authority of the president. 

3. Reasons to Prefer

a. Extra T – Their aff is about their performance not about the end point of their plan. Don’t let the plan text seem like a token topic to get out of T, advantages not based on the endpoint of their advocacy make debate impossible. Independent voter for fairness and education.

b. ASPEC – They don’t specify who is restricting the President. They can spike out of solvency deficits, counterplans, and disadvantages by saying the President will just do it. Kills clash and negative ground. Independent voter for fairness and education. 

c. Stasis – Research and clash on predetermined policy issues is key to critical thinking skills and content-specific knowledge
English et al 7
Eric English, Stephen Llano, Gordon R. Mitchell, Catherine E. Morrison, John Rief and Carly Woods, all former debate coaches, “Debate as a Weapon of Mass Destruction” http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/JPubs/EnglishDAWG.pdf
It is our position, however, that rather than acting as a cultural technology
AND
heirs to brand the activity as a ‘‘weapon of mass destruction.’’

d. Institutional Competence – Our model for debate stimulates contestation that fosters pragmatic thinking.

By investigating paths of government action, debate teaches us to be organizationally relevant – trains us to challenge dominant institutions from within
Algoso 11 – writes on international development, aid, politics, management, complexity
(May 31, Dave, “Why I got an MPA: Because organizations matter” http://findwhatworks.wordpress.com/2011/05/31/why-i-got-an-mpa-because-organizations-matter/)
Because organizations matter. Forget the stories of heroic individuals written in your middle school
AND
right program for you and use your time well, can do both.

Comparative institutional analysis is vital to realization of any educational benefit of debate
Komesar 94 - professor of law at the University of Wisconsin
(Neil, “Imperfect Alternatives: Choosing Institutions in Law, Economics, and Public Policy,” p. 41-42)
Even the constitutions of totalitarian states have contained high-sounding announcements of rights.  
AND
from Boomer are even more appropriate with more complex definitions of the good.

e. Topical version of the affirmative is to have Congress impose a particular statutory restriction or the Courts impose a judicial restriction on the President’s war powers authority. This solves all of their theoretical offense. 

----Marx----
Capitalism reinforces speciesism, the aff is doomed to fail without this analysis
Best 07
Steven Best, Chair of Philosophy at UT-EP, 2007 JCAS 5.2
A truly revolutionary social theory and movement seeks to emancipate members ¶ of one species
AND
of a larger struggle against class domination and¶ hierarchies of all kinds¶ 

Class comes first—situating it on equal footing allows the system to meet small demands, masking the larger structure that created the conditions for rape culture
Gimenez 1
Martha, Prof. Of Sociology at CU Boulder, “Marxism and Class, Gender and Race”, Race Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online
There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society,
AND
what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.

The determinism of capital is responsible for the instrumentalization of all life—it is this logic that mobilizes and allows for the 1ac’s scenarios in the first place
Dyer-Witherford 99
Nick, Prof at U. of Western Ontario, Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism
For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of “will over nature”
AND
degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.

The judge should vote negative to validate and adopt the method of Marxist structural/historical criticism. 

This is not the alternative, but in truth the only option—method is the foremost political question because one must understand the existing social totality before one can act on it—grounding the sites of political contestation or knowledge outside of labor and surplus value merely serve to humanize capital and prevent a transition to a society beyond oppression
Tumino 1
Stephen, Prof English at Pitt, ““What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever”, Red Critique, p. online
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

Tournament: CEDA | Round: 5 | Opponent: UMKC CW | Judge:
----Topicality----
A. Interpretation – The affirmative’s advocacy must be grounded in both parts of the topic – They must advocate increasing restrictions on the President’s war powers authority

Statutory restrictions require legislation
Black’s Law
(“statutory restriction”, 2nd Edition http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/)
Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.

Judicial means the judicial branch
Your Dictionary 13
(“Examples of Judicial Powers,”
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples/examples-of-judicial-powers.html)
The term judicial powers refers to the power of the Judicial Branch of the United States government to hear cases and interpret, enforce or nullify laws and statutes in order to render verdicts.

The president’s war powers authority is control over the military
Cravens 7 –
(RG, “The War Within: Presidential Versus Congressional Supremacy in War Powers,” http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2008/Cravens.pdf)
The specific power concerning war granted to the President by the Constitution is that of
AND
reinvigorated ¶ debate over the topic of war powers and presidential versus congressional preeminence

B. Violation – The aff ignores the first half of the topic – Their advocacy only deals with the listed areas in the second half, not restrictions or war powers

C. Vote Neg

1. Stasis – Debate requires a stable point of contestation – The four areas are incredibly broad and have separate literature bases, but the first half of the resolution ties them together by requiring restrictions on war powers authority – The word “restrictions” provides a direction and a mechanism – Without that the aff could interrogate anything even tangentially related to one of the four areas – Debate’s benefits come from arguing against a well prepared opponent – Stasis is the only way we have any idea what anyone will say

2. Opportunities for negation – The negative needs a way to engage in the debate – Grounding advocacy in both parts of the resolution gives us a point of clash – Otherwise the aff can take a moral high ground and force the neg into morally reprehensible positions – An even division of the literature is necessary for a beneficial discussion

3. Education – It’s more beneficial to debate about restrictions on war powers authority – It provides the civic education necessary to challenge unfettered executives
Buchanan 13 - Government professor, UT Austin
(Bruce, Presidential Power and Accountability: Toward a Presidential Accountability System, Routledge, pg. 21-23)
When it is authoritatively marshaled (i.e., mobilized, unified, clear
AND
popular opinion gained authoritative constitutional recognition" (Ackerman, 1991: 41).

----T TK----
A. Interpretation – Targeted killing requires an identified target and a name on a kill list – Signature strikes are distinct
Uebersax 12 - psychologist, writer and former RAND Corporation military analyst.
(John, “The Four Kinds of Drone Strikes,” http://satyagraha.wordpress.com/2012/05/23/the-four-kinds-of-drone-strikes/)
We must begin with clear terms, and that is the purpose of the present article. Drone strikes, that is, the launching of explosive missiles from a remotely operated aerial vehicle, come in four varieties: targeted killings, signature strikes, overt combat operations, and covert combat operations. We shall consider each in turn.
Targeted killing. This occurs when a drone strike is used to kill a terrorist
AND
the government likes to crow when it kills a high-ranking terrorist.
Signature strikes. In signature strikes, the target is a person whose name is
AND
assign strikes against anonymous non-leaders to the two further categories below.
Overt combat operation. This category includes drone strikes conducted as part of regular military
AND
the need to report casualties, especially civilian casualties, are in effect.
Covert combat operation. Finally, there are covert combat operations. These, like the former category, are launched against usual military targets – e.g., any hostile militant, not just high-ranking ones. But why should these strikes be covert? The obvious answer is: to mask something shady. Covert combat strikes can evade all those irritating constraints on military tactics imposed by the Geneva Conventions, International Law, public opinion, and basic human decency.
B. Vote Neg

1. Limits – They expand the topic to include anything the U.S. does with drones or any form of killing – This devastates limits
   Silva 3 - Faculte de Droit de l'Universite de Montreal
   (Sebastian Jose Silva, “Death For Life: A Study of Targeted Killing by States In International Law,” Thesis, http://www.researchgate.net/publication/35710449_Death_for_life_microforme__a_study_of_targeted_killing_by_States_in_international_law_)
   As defined by Steven R. David, targeted killing is the "intentional slaying
   AND
   their very suggestion. David's definition is essentially correct but over-inclusive.
   2. Precision – They conflate drones and targeted killing
   Anderson 13 (Kenneth, Professor of Law, Visiting Fellow, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, “The Case for Drones”, 5/24/13, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/05/24/the_case_for_drones_118548.html)
   This feature of Predators and Reapers—the two forms of drones really at issue
   AND
   order to pick the moment when there might be the fewest civilian casualties.

Makes them extra topical—the violence described in the 1AC is conducted by signature strikes, not all forms of targeted killing
Evaluate T through competing interps, other frameworks are arbitrary and force judge intervention

----Asia Pivot----
Obama is resetting Asian assurances – it’s his last chance to promote Asian peace and, he’ll succeed as long as he can avoid perceptions of domestic weakness
Epstein 14 - White House reporter at POLITICO, Epstein graduated in 2008 with an A.B. degree in history from Princeton University
(Jennifer, President Obama’s overseas agenda gets fresh spring focus, February 11, http://www.politico.com/story/2014/02/barack-obama-foreign-policy-agenda-103359.html#ixzz2tUDXivdx)
President Barack Obama has watched his foreign policy agenda, like those of so many
AND
weapons.”¶ “So,” he added, “the clock is ticking.”
New statutory restrictions undermine the clarity of Obama’s message – collapses US commitments to Asia
Waxman 13 - law professor at Columbia Law School, co-chairs the Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security
(Matthew Waxman, “The Constitutional Power to Threaten War,” August 27, 2013, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2316777)
As a prescriptive matter, Part II also shows that examination of threatened force and
AND
preserved in legal doctrine, enhances the credibility of presidential threats to escalate.
Lack of credible assurances lead to war
Goh 8 - Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Univ of Oxford
(Evelyn, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, “Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order,” 2008 8(3):353-377, Oxford)
The centrality of these mutual processes of assurance and deference means that the stability of
AND
as a result of not doing so would appear to be much worse.
Asian conflict leads to extinction – draws in nuclear powers and the most populous countries
Mead 10 - senior fellow @ the Council on Foreign Relations
(Walter, American Interest, “Obama in Asia”, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2010/11/09/obama-in-asia/)
The decision to go to Asia is one that all thinking Americans can and should
AND
, and that reality is what President Obama’s trip is intended to address.

----Marx----
The concept of the West mystifies systematic patterns of economic exploitation behind cultural categories- makes unified resistance impossible to state exploitation of labor power and produces essentialist concepts of culture
Lazarus ‘4,
(Neil, Professor of English and Comparative Literary Studies at Warwick University, “The Fetish of the ‘West’ in Postcolonial Theory”, in Marxism, Modernity, and Postcolonial Studies, ed. by Crystal Bartolovich and Neil Lazarus, pg. 46-48)

Here “the West” – not, as with Giddens, say, a
AND
Westerners” as a geographically identified population, as the agents of revolution.
Class comes first—situating it on equal footing allows the system to meet small demands, masking the larger structure that created the conditions for racism
Gimenez 01
Martha, Prof. Of Sociology at CU Boulder, “Marxism and Class, Gender and Race”, Race Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online
There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society,
AND
what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.
The determinism of capital is responsible for the instrumentalization of all life—it is this logic that mobilizes and allows for the 1ac’s scenarios in the first place
Dyer-Witherford 99
Nick, Prof at U. of Western Ontario, Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism
For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of “will over nature”
AND
degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.
There is no such thing as an ethical action that stands outside of politics—your ethical demand to come prior to the structural negation of capital is the largest violation of ethics
Meszaros 95
Istavan, Prof. Emeritus at Sussex, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transitionp. 409-10
Politics and morality are so closely intertwined in the real world that it is hardly
AND
strategy, taking fully on board the painful lessons of the recent past.
Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC.
Method is the foremost question because one must understand the existing social totality before one can act on it- grounding knowledge outside of labor and surplus merely humanizes capital and prevents a transition
Tumino 01
 Stephen, Prof English at Pitt, ““What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever”, Red Critique, p. online
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

Tournament: Previously Read | Round: 1 | Opponent: Everyone | Judge: 

Coloniality

The aff operates as a gift to the damned – their plan and impacts are framed within the epistemic perspective of coloniality, recognizing violence against the non-West in order to expand the scope of the West’s control – de-linking from the colonizer/colonized binary is only possible by first adopting the perspective of the damned
Mignolo 07
Walter Mignolo is a Professor of Cultural Anthropology and Literature at Duke University who’s published work extensively dealing with semiotics, literary theory and different aspects of the modern and colonial world. “Delinking”, Cultural Studies. March 3, 2007. 21: 2-3; 449-514.
Nobody has access to an ultimate truth, and, consequently, no one person
AND
the logic of coloniality and the rhetoric of modernity) but highly insufficient. 

Coloniality generates a permanent state of exception that is the root cause of the death ethics of war and underwrites a hellish existence where death, murder, war, rape, and racism are ordinary
Maldonado-Toress 08
Nelson Maldonado-Torres is an associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers. Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 217-21. 2008.
Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in
AND
such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested." 

The roll of the ballot is whoever best epistemologically and methodological creates safe spaces for liberation movements
The alterative is the death of the American Man. Epistemic and semiotic struggle key – must seek the Death of American Man to solve war culture and propel decoloniality
Maldonado-Torres 5
Nelson Maldonado-Torres is an associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers “Decolonization and the New Identitarian Logics after September 11,” Radical Philosophy Review 8, n. 1 (2005): 35-67.
Inspired by these Fanonian insights l have articulated elsewhere the idea of a weak utopian
AND
a nation-in-relation rather than as a continental being.71

We must change the terms of discussion to cause concrete change - focusing on the enunciated conceals inherent injustice while focus on the enunciation has the ability to break down racism and patriarchy by changing what it means to be human
Mignolo 09
Walter Mignolo is an professor of Literature in Duke University, Joint Appointments in Cultural Anthropology and Romance Studies. “Epistemic Disobedience, Independent Thought and Decolonial Freedom,” Theory, Culture, and Society, 163-166, NDW. 2009.
The introduction of geo-historical and bio-graphical configurations in processes of knowing
AND
is being asked today by Latino and Latina philosophers in the United States.

Structural violence is the proximate cause of all war- creates priming that psychologically structures escalation
Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois ‘4
(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn)
(Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22) 

This large and at first sight “messy” Part VII is central to this
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including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

State PIC

The 1AC endorses an impoverished understanding of the State by portraying it as a homogenous entity capable of acting in predictable, rational ways—ignores the multiplicity of institutional desires
Claude, ’88 (Prof. of Gov. and Foreign Affairs, U of VA, States and the Global System, p. 18)

This view of the state as an institutional monolith is fostered by the notion of
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doing, or whatever the line of least resistance would seem to suggest.
Academic preoccupation with the making of policy is accompanied by academic neglect of the execution
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good as done and might as well be declared to have been done.

These transcendent ethics create a slave-ontology which replicates oppression and prevents liberatory politics
Smith ‘98
(Daniel W. Prof at Grimmell “The Place of Ethics in Deleuze’s Philosophy”; New Mappings in Politics, Philosophy and Culture)
2. How is a mode of existence evaluated? The first ethical question concern¬ing
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of its power, in other words, how it can become active. 

Parametrics

Interpretation- the aff should have to defend a parametricization of their method
Violation- the aff only discusses issues with existing scholarship without proposing an alternative or defending an alternative system of knowledge- even if they do, they need to defend a particular context where that method should be applied
Vote neg-
1.) Aff conditionality- absent defense of a specific advocacy the aff can shift their interpretation of their argument in every speech to dodge method criticisms, counter-methods and impact turns to their understanding of scholarship- a moving target affirmative makes all of their truth claims falsifiable, which replicates the form of hegemonic knowledge production they criticize
2.) Neg ground- no robust defense of an abstract method- all the best responses are in the context of particularized discussion- even if the aff is correct about the way that Presidential War powers works, how should we change it, what should be restricted, how would these policies affect People? Those are questions the negative can contest- lack of clear point of contestation makes it impossible to be negative and undermines in-depth clash- it also means their aff isn’t subjected to rigorous scrutiny to determine if it’s true or not
The aff will always win that the principles of their advocacy are good in the abstract – we can only debate the merits of their framework if they defend the specific consequences of political implementation
Ignatieff 4—Prof of Human Rights @ Harvard
Michael, Lesser Evils p. 20-1
As for moral perfectionism, this would be
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and thus respect for one right might lead us to betray another.

Opacity

The 1AC’s performance of reading narratives of violence towards Veterans mirrors a politics of insurrection through breaking silence. This confessional practice confines survivors of oppression to the status of victim in the public sphere and allows forces of power to them via the truth of their universal experiences.
Brown 2005 – Class of 1936 First Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley (Wendy, Edgework : Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics, p. 84-85)
Here is the way this problem unfolds politically: insurrection requires breaking silence about the
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but to instigate the further regulation of those lives while depoliticizing their conditions. 

Their political strategy of breaking silence through reflecting on personal experience is particularly problematic in the context of war powers. Empirically, dominant forces have manipulated their conversational model to bolster harmful ideologies and perpetuate  violent military intervention.
Boor Tonn 2005 – Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Maryland (Mari Boor Tonn, “Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public” Rhetoric and Public Affairs Vol. 8, No. 3)
This widespread recognition that access to public deliberative processes and the ballot is a baseline
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therapeutic conversation and dialogue jeopardizes the very pulse and lifeblood of democracy itself. 

Mason and I affirm the right of the Veteran to Opacity—this is a strategy of concealment that offers shelter from the exploitative gaze of Oppression
Britton 99
Celia Britton is a professor of French at University College of London. Her research areas include French Caribbean literature and thought, especially Glissant, Fanon, Condé; postcolonial theory; surrealism in the Caribbean; psychoanalysis and colonialism; literature and ideology; images of community; the Nouveau Roman. Edouard Glissant and Postcolonial Theory: Strategies of Language and Resistance, University of Virginia Press. 1999.
Glissant even applies this principle of non understanding to understanding of oneself-with further
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those who are seen cannot themselves"see" those who see them.

The Role of the Ballot is to plead the Fifth and refuse to comment on the 1AC. Voting for the 1AC subjects their speech act to unitary discourses of power within the debate community and is the ultimate act of colonization. Only silence preserves opacity of the colonized
Brown 2005 – Class of 1936 First Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley (Wendy, Edgework : Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics, p. 87-90)
The paradoxical capacity of silence to engage opposites with regard to power— both to
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Commission on pornography as the violence done to all women by all pornography. 

Trans K

There are those who serve who are denied their Identity. Those people are veterans and service members who identify as Trans-gender. They cannot be recognized as veterans because accepting one identity means giving up another
Sandeen 13
Autumn Sandeen is a retired, disabled, U.S. Navy Persian Gulf War Navy veteran who served as a Petty Officer between 1980 and 2000 “How the Military Discriminates Against Transgender Individuals”  Sept 13 2013 http://rhrealitycheck.org/article/2013/09/06/how-the-military-discriminates-against-transgender-individuals/
Chelsea Manning, who enlisted under the name Bradley Manning—and who in August
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as initiating their separation from the military services. This is settled law.

The Aff’s exclusion of the trans is a violent exclusionary act,  this re-entrenches cisprivilege world wide. We must prioritize combating cisprivilege which is the largest proximal cause of violence, on the individual and trans-national levels
 Shepherd and Sjoberg 12
 Laura J. Shepherd Laura J. Shepherd is an Associate Professor of International
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of a social order that excludes their existence both de jure and de facto

The 1AC fails to recognize transgender veterans who cannot access the public sphere that debate is. These people are relegated further into the periphery. That even their aff can’t This failure to recognize difference is what has leads to war and marginalization that you have felt.
Shepherd and Sjoberg 12
Laura J. Shepherd Laura J. Shepherd is an Associate Professor of International Relations at the School of Social Sciences and International Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, at the University of New South Wales,..and Laura Sjoberg University of Florida Department of Political Science JD Boston College, PhD in IR USC “trans- bodies in/of war(s): cisprivilege and contemporary security strategy” Feminist Review June 2012 google scholar                                                                                                             
¶ ¶ As mentioned above, in addition to wrestling with concepts of identity,
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existence of subjects who do not conform” (Munoz 1999:4).

The Alternative is to adopt a method of Trans-Theorizing.

The role of the Ballot is to vote for the team who bets makes the debate space safe for all.

A Transgender Method solves root cause of war, it creates an understanding of the liminal states that veterans live in and how we can combat the cisprivilege that  
Sjoberg 12
Toward Trans-gendering International Relations?† Laura Sjoberg University of Florida Dec. 2012
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ips.12005/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=anduserIsAuthenticated=false
Even assuming a clear ability to both recognize and treat fairly potential actors¶ ¶
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IR theorists are interested in locating for global politics’ marginal/liminal participants.

Prison Industrial Complex

Their alternative is color-blindness for animals—instead of grouping beings whose narratives of oppression are fundamentally different into the collective “Animal”, we should act ethically based on acknowledgement of that difference
Schillmoller 11 – Lecturer in the School of Law and Justice at Southern Cross University
(Anne, “Gaining ground: towards a discourse of posthuman animality: a geophilosophical journey”, Southern Cross University Law Review, vol. 14, pp. 41-73, dml)  
While preparing for her journey into ... ‘That the other must prove to be somehow like me.’ 37 

The US carceral system is built on violence towards economically exploitable black individuals—it routinizes imprisonment and violent rape-experiences into the every-day life of American culture
Gopnik ‘12
(Adam, writer for the New Yorker since 1986, “The Caging of America”, January 30th, 2012)
http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/atlarge/2012/01/30/120130crat_atlarge_gopnik?currentPage=all
For most privileged, professional people, ..., the reality of incarceration that acts as a hidden foundation for the country.

Their politics aren’t accessible to victims of the Prison Industrial Complex—people who are brutalized daily don’t have the option to shed their human identity and collapse the Human/Animal divide—being vegan in prison means killing yourself. This focus puts suffering of colored bodies on the ethical backburner
Yancy ‘8
(George, PhD and Professor of Philosophy, works primarily in the areas of critical philosophy of race, critical whiteness studies, and philosophy of the Black experience, “Black Bodies, White Gazes: the continuing significance of race” 2008, pg 229-)
The white student's objection raised the ... The sheer weight of this reality mocks the patience of theory.

Thus Mason and I advocate the deconstruction of Indefinite Detainment 

You should evaluate this argument by voting for whichever team creates the best epistemological and historical space for discussing the Executive’s War powers over detainment—animals are detained via anthropocentric logic that precludes questions of whether or not we introduce them as technologies of war

And, Our Criticism recognizes the violence of Indefinite Detainment not as a new phenomenon, but a re-organization of similar historical power-structures as part of the Prison Industrial Complex and consequently the Farm Industrial Complex—only by breaking down the notion of temporal ruptures and investigating new continuities between the past and present can we formulate successful resistance to contemporary violence
Chapell ’6
(Ben, anthropologist and assistant professor of sociology/cultural studies at Bridgewater College, Virginia and honorary member of the Knights of Pleasure car club, Austin, Texas, “Rehearsals of The Sovereign: States of Exception and Threat Governmentality”, Cultural Dynamics 2006 18: 313)
http://cdy.sagepub.com/content/18/3/313
Yet we continue to pose questions ... present historical situation cannot effectively be resisted.

Kansas GP rd 1 UMKC

Topicality

Interpretation – judicial restrictions on war power require the Supreme Court
Bejesky 12 – * M.A. Political Science (Michigan), M.A. Applied Economics (Michigan), LL.M. International Law (Georgetown). The author has taught international law courses for Cooley Law School and the Department of Political Science at the University of Michigan, American government and constitutional law courses for Alma College, and business law courses at Central Michigan University and the University of Miami
(Robert, “WAR POWERS PURSUANT TO FALSE PERCEPTIONS AND ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION IN THE "ZONE OF TWILIGHT,” 44 St. Mary's L. J. 1, Lexis)
The Supreme Court is the  
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interfering with the President's powers. n508
unpredictable because can fiat over a hundred federal courts
TCCL 12
(Tulsa City-County Library, http://guides.tulsalibrary.org/judicial)
The Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court is the
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 appeals from decisions of federal administrative agencies.

Security

Discourse of a nebulous “terrorist” threat creates a permanent state of exception and vastly overexaggerates the threat in order to justify intervention and genocide – their harms are only threats because we say they are
Jackson 5 (Richard, Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Manchester, “Language Power and Politics: Critical Discourse Analysis and the War on Terrorism,” 49th Parallel, http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/jackson1.htm, dml)

Another ubiquitous feature of the discourse
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 is co-constitutive of the practice of counter-terrorism.

Their securitized representations justify biopolitical control and genocide
Coviello 2K—Peter, assistant professor of English at Bowdoin College, Apocalypse From Now On

Perhaps. But to claim that American culture is at present
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that can scarcely be done without.

Their framework of control creates a hatred for life
James Der Derian, Watson Institute research professor of international studies and professor of political science at Brown University, 1998, “The Value of Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard”, On Security, CIAO, umn-rks

Nietzsche transvalues both Hobbes's and Marx's interpretations
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of mistrust and evil experiences." 39

The alternative is to vote negative – rejecting their representations is key to emancipatory politics
Mark Neocleous, Professor of the Critique of Political Economy; Head of Department of Politics and History Brunel Univ ‘8 Critique of Security, 185-6

The only way out of such a dilemma, to
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us to be brave enough to return the gift."' 

XO CP

Text: The President of the United States should create an internal national security court housed within the executive branch ruled by experts outside of the judicial branch for the purpose of creating an ex-ante review process for drone strikes ordered or approved by the President. 

CP creates executive accountability and transparency
Katyal 13
Neal, “Who Will Mind the Drones?” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/opinion/an-executive-branch-drone-court.html February 21 mtc

IN the wake of revelations about the Obama
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with those of liberty and justice.

Ptx

Obama is pushing Congress to resolve the debt ceiling – political capital is key
Pace 9/12
Julie, AP White House correspondent, Syria debate on hold, Obama refocuses on agenda, The Fresno Bee, 9/12/13, http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/09/12/3493538/obama-seeks-to-focus-on-domestic.html
With a military strike against Syria on hold, President
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the GOP will insist on curbing spending.

Plan’s a loss
Roberts 13 – News Editor for National Journal
Kristin, 3-22-13, “When the Whole World Has Drones” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321
Already, what’s become
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to intelligence officials and committee members.

Failure collapses the economy – goes global and past events don’t disprove
Davidson 9/10
Adam, co-founder of NPR’s “Planet Money,” Our Debt to Society, New York Times, 9/10/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall
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 economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Nuclear war
Harris and Burrows 09
Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer is a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf
Increased Potential for Global Conflict
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 rather than defense, potentially leading to escalating crises.

Adv 1.

Drone strikes decreasing, transparency increasing
Zenko 13 – Douglas Dillon Fellow @ CFR
Micah, 5-23-13, “How Barack Obama Has Tried to Open Up the One-Sided Drone War” http://www.cfr.org/drones/barack-obama-has-tried-open-up-one-sided-drone-war/p30775
The president was obligated to give his speech because drone
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president and secretary of defence make this a priority.

Drone court doesn’t solve Pakistan relations or anti-Americanism
Bloomberg 13 (“Why a ‘Drone Court’ Won’t Work”, 2/18/13, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-18/why-a-drone-court-won-t-work.html)
As loosely proposed by Senator Angus King of Maine
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stakes here are far higher than a simple wiretap.
Drones not the cause of anti-americanism
Etzioni 13 – professor of international relations at George Washington University
Amitai, March 2013, “Great Drone Debate” http://aladinrc.wrlc.org/bitstream/handle/1961/14729/Etzioni_DroneDebate.pdf?sequence=1
Other critics argue that drones strikes
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public relations purposes ¶ seems imprudent.

U.S. phasing out drones in Pakistan now
CNN 8/2 (“Kerry says Pakistan drone strikes to end 'very soon'”, 8/2/13, http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/01/politics/pakistan-drones)
Following talks with the
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in other countries, such as Yemen.

No impact or risk from Pakistani loose nukes
Mueller ’10 – professor of political science at OSU
John Mueller, professor of political science at Ohio State University, Calming Our Nuclear Jitters, Issues in Science and Technology, Winter 2010, Vol. 26, Issue 2
The terrorist group might also
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case of Pakistan, the weapons would be disassembled.

Pakistan’s nukes are safe—US experts agree
Kerr and Nikitin 13 – *Analyst in Nonproliferation @ CRS Specialist in Nonproliferation @ CRS
Paul and Mary Beth, 3-19-13, “Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation and Security Issues” http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RL34248.pdf
However, U.S. intelligence officials have expressed
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is willing ¶ and able to protect its nuclear arsenal.

Adv. 2

Drone prolif inev—good precedent irrelevant
Etzioni 13 – professor of international relations at George Washington University
Amitai, March 2013, “Great Drone Debate” http://aladinrc.wrlc.org/bitstream/handle/1961/14729/Etzioni_DroneDebate.pdf?sequence=1
Other critics contend that by the United States
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 the role ¶ of norms is much more limited.

Drone prolif inevitable—tech leadership solves tho
Singh and Wittes 12 – *Research Assistant, Governance Studies @ AEI Senior Fellow, Governance Studies @ AEI
Ritka and Benjamin, 1-11-12, “Drones Are a Challenge — and an Opportunity” http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/01/11-drones-wittes
Yes, as Cortright says, a great many other countries are
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going to be ahead of this curve or behind it.