Tournament: UNT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Texas CM | Judge: JT

Specifically, the aff should have to defend a parametricization of their method

Violation- the aff only discusses issues with existing scholarship without proposing an alternative or defending an alternative system of knowledge- even if they do, they need to defend a particular context where that method should be applied

Vote neg-
1.) Aff conditionality- absent defense of a specific advocacy the aff can shift their interpretation of their argument in every speech to dodge method criticisms, counter-methods and impact turns to their understanding of scholarship- a moving target affirmative makes all of their truth claims falsifiable, which replicates the form of hegemonic knowledge production they criticize

2.) Neg ground- no robust defense of an abstract method- all the
AND
their aff isn’t subjected to rigorous scrutiny to determine if it’s true or not

The aff will always win that the principles of their advocacy are good in the abstract – we can only debate the merits of their framework if they defend the specific consequences of political implementation

Ignatieff 4—Prof of Human Rights @ Harvard
Michael, Lesser Evils p. 20-1
As for moral perfectionism, this would be the doctrine that a liberal state should
AND
, and thus respect for one right might lead us to betray another.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Texas CM | Judge: JT

Status quo logic of drones suspends flesh-and-blood risk assessments.

Pugliese 11 Joseph, Associate Professor at Macquarie University. "Prosthetics of law and the Anomic Violence of Drones," Grifith Law Review Vol 20 No 4, HeinOnline rcm
The parenthetical logic of drone war brackets off the ethical questions concerning the waging of
AND
location and screen technologies, from the risk and violence on the battlefield. 

The AFF thus makes nuclear war planning impossible.

NRDC, 2001
Exposing the U.S. Nuclear War Plan, 6/17/2001
http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/nwarplan.asp
The United States has an overwhelming economic and military advantage over Russia. The two
AND
to correspond, major reforms of American nuclear war planning must be undertaken.

Collapses nuclear deterrence.

Dunap, 1997 (Charles J., Taming Shiva: Applying International Law to Nuclear Operations, 42 A.F.L. Rev 157, lexis)
Like the Hindu deity Shiva, a nuclear weapon has inherent duality: it can
AND
war is being conducted in an unfair, inhumane, or iniquitous way.

If war is inevitable then it’s only a question of ’how to best ensure US victory’—that’s the difference between surviving and perishing.

Colin S. Gray and Dr. Keith B. Payne 1980 "VICTORY IS POSSIBLE" Under the Nuclear Gun (1)
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/pdf/victory_is_possible.pdf
No matter how grave the Soviet offense, a U.S. president cannot
AND
would have to calculate whether an improved outcome is possible through further escalation.

Distancing is necessary in order to formulate nuclear strategy should war occur. The alternative, then, is to consider our options.

Colin S. Gray and Dr. Keith B. Payne 1980 "VICTORY IS POSSIBLE" Under the Nuclear Gun (1)
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/pdf/victory_is_possible.pdf
Ironically, it is commonplace to assert that war-survival theories affront the crucial
AND
likelihood that political goals will be achieved—that is, a strategy.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: ASU MY | Judge: Eric Robinson
Obama is pushing Congress to resolve the debt ceiling – political capital is key to success
Pace 9/12
Julie, AP White House correspondent, Syria debate on hold, Obama refocuses on agenda, The Fresno Bee, 9/12/13, http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/09/12/3493538/obama-seeks-to-focus-on-domestic.html
With a military strike against Syria on hold, President Barack Obama tried Thursday to
AND
Speaker John Boehner on Thursday said the GOP will insist on curbing spending.
Failure collapses the economy – goes global and past events don’t disprove
Davidson 9/10
Adam, co-founder of NPR’s “Planet Money,” Our Debt to Society, New York Times, 9/10/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.
Nuclear war
Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8  
Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, “The Dangers of a Diminished America” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world's financial architecture
AND
of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: OU MM | Judge: Chris Loghry
REDUCTION OF CLASS TO A LEVEL AMONG ALL OTHER OPPRESSIONS DESTROYS ITS EMANCIPATORY POTENTIAL—CLASS MUST BE RECOGNIZD AS QUALITATIVELY MORE IMPORTANT AS A UNIVERSALIZING MECHANISM TO OVERCOME CAPITALIST OPPRESSION
gimenez 2001
Martha, Prof. Of Sociology at CU Boulder, “Marxism and Class, Gender and Race”, Race Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online
There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society,
AND
what happens in social interactions grounded in and#34;intersectionalityand#34; is class power.

THE DETERMINISM OF CAPITAL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR INSTRUMENTALIZATION—THIS MOBILIZES AND ALLOWS FOR THE 1AC’S SCENARIOS 

dyer-witherford 99
Nick, Prof at U. of Western Ontario, Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism
For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of “will over nature”
AND
degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.

The Alternative is to
Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC.

METHOD IS THE FOREMOST POLITICAL QUESTION BECAUSE ONE MUST UNDERSTAND THE EXISTING SOCIAL TOTALITY BEFORE ONE CAN ACT—GROUNDING THE SITES OF POLITICAL CONTESTATION OUTSIDE OF LABOR HUMANIZE CAPITAL AND PREVENT A TRANSITION 

tumino 2001
Stephen, Prof English at Pitt, ““What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever”, Red Critique, p. online
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
determinism of corporate theory (and#34;knowledge workand#34 that masquerades as social theory.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 1 | Opponent: GSU FF | Judge: Sam Allen

The affirmative is a fundamental misreading of politics and the reproduction of social relations.  There is no such thing as the ’biopolitical state’ that seeks to manage and control populations for the sake of power.  The state and capital move hand in glove—one cannot exist without the other.  Only a total distance from the modern state can allow for the destruction of capital.  Otherwise what is pushed out the door only comes back in through the window

Meszaros 95
~Istavan, Prof. Emeritus at Sussex, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition~P. 65
The modern state as the comprehensive political command structure of capital — is both the
AND
faithful to the Marxian concern with the ’withering away’ of the state.

Furthermore, the absence of structural historicism is no mere oversight, nor is it enough to simply mention economics in a few of your cards— the reliance of indenty-based politics is not an accidental instance of ignoring class.  The demand arises out of the crisis of liberalism—such politics particularizes the oppressions of capitalism to the point that the universal system is naturalized.  Attaining white, male bourgeoisse privilege becomes the bench-mark of political success, re-entrenching the very foundation of the system

BROWN 93
~Wendy, Professor and Genius, "Wounded Attachments", Political Theory, Aug~
Although this détente between universal and particular within liberalism is potted with volatile conceits,
AND
produced by capitalism in addition to that bound to the explicitly politicized marking.

Next, the reduction of class to a neutral level among a long list of other oppressions such as race and gender, destroys the emancipatory potential of class to reach across all lines of indentity and forge political action.  Class must be recognized as qualitatively more important—otherwise the system is able to satisfy demands on grounds of formal equality, destroying attempts to overcome capitalist oppression*

gimenez 2001
~Martha, Prof. Of Sociology at CU Boulder, "Marxism and Class, Gender and Race", Race Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online~
There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society,
AND
what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.

Next, the determinism of capital is responsible for the instrumentalization of all life—it is this logic that mobilizes and allows for the 1ac’s scenarios in the first place

dyer-witherford 99
~Nick, Prof at U. of Western Ontario, Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism ~
For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of "will over nature"
AND
degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.

Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC.

This is not the alternative, but in truth the only option— method is the foremost political question because one must understand the existing social totality before one can act on it—grounding the sites of political contestation or knowledge outside of labor and surplus value merely serve to humanize capital and prevent a transition to a society beyond oppression

tumino 2001
~Stephen, Prof English at Pitt, ""What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever", Red Critique, p. online~
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

And next, resistance to capital must be a total negation of the system from out-side of government—while some inside political gains are possible, they are trumped by the ability of the system to use reforms to restabilize capital and marginalize labor as a social alternative

Meszaros 95
~Istavan, Prof. Emeritus at Sussex, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition~p. 738
Thus the role of labour’s extra-parliamentary movement is twofold. On the one
AND
a vital precondition for countering the massive extra-parliamentary power of capital.

And so much for your permutation—capitalism is an inertial system—any vesitage left remaining by the permutation will inevitably spin back up.  Like a many-headed hydra, it will regenerate with every attempt that attacks the instruments as oppossed to the system itself*

kovel 2002
~Joel, Prof at Bard, Enemy of Nature, Zed Books~p. 142-3
The value-term that subsumes everything into the spell of capital sets going a
AND
field into zones of greater concentration, expanded profitability - and greater ecodestruction.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: ASU MY | Judge: Eric Robinson
Interpretation – authority is the JUSTIFICATION for action, not the ACTION itself
Zimmerman 9 – Fellow, Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress
(Adam, "The Politics Economics Make,” http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2009/Colgate_Zimmerman.pdf)
Skowronek distinguishes between presidential power and authority. Power is the¶ formal and informal
AND
expands; the ability of the president to exercise those powers has narrowed.
The restriction must be DIRECTLY on the authority
Supreme Court of Canada 96
(1996 S.C.J. No. 46, File No.: 23802, http://www.mandellpinder.com/pdf/cases/R-v-Lewis-1996-1-SCR-921.pdf)
The appellants submit that the ordinary meaning of the word "on" embraces the
AND
signifies "within the¶ reserve", not "adjacent to the reserve".

Tournament: UTD | Round: 2 | Opponent: Texas CD | Judge: JT
T
A. Interpretation – The affirmative’s advocacy must be grounded in both parts of the topic – They must advocate increasing restrictions on the President’s war powers authority
Statutory restrictions require legislation
Black’s Law
(“statutory restriction”, 2nd Edition http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/)
Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.
Judicial means the judicial branch
Your Dictionary 13
(“Examples of Judicial Powers,” http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples/examples-of-judicial-powers.html)
The term judicial powers refers to the power of the Judicial Branch of the United States government to hear cases and interpret, enforce or nullify laws and statutes in order to render verdicts.
The president’s war powers authority is control over the military
Cravens 7 –
(RG, “The War Within: Presidential Versus Congressional Supremacy in War Powers,” http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2008/Cravens.pdf)
The specific power concerning war granted to the President by the Constitution is that of
AND
reinvigorated ¶ debate over the topic of war powers and presidential versus congressional preeminence
B. Violation – The aff ignores the first half of the topic – Their advocacy only deals with the listed areas in the second half, not restrictions or war powers
C. Vote Neg

1. Stasis – Debate requires a stable point of contestation – The four areas are incredibly broad and have separate literature bases, but the first half of the resolution ties them together by requiring restrictions on war powers authority – The word “restrictions” provides a direction and a mechanism – Without that the aff could interrogate anything even tangentially related to one of the four areas – Debate’s benefits come from arguing against a well prepared opponent – Stasis is the only way we have any idea what anyone will say
   2. Opportunities for negation – The negative needs a way to engage in the debate – Grounding advocacy in both parts of the resolution gives us a point of clash – Otherwise the aff can take a moral high ground and force the neg into morally reprehensible positions – An even division of the literature is necessary for a beneficial discussion
   3. Education – It’s more beneficial to debate about restrictions on war powers authority – It provides the civic education necessary to challenge unfettered executives
   Buchanan 13 - Government professor, UT Austin
   (Bruce, Presidential Power and Accountability: Toward a Presidential Accountability System, Routledge, pg. 21-23)
   When it is authoritatively marshaled (i.e., mobilized, unified, clear
   AND
   popular opinion gained authoritative constitutional recognition" (Ackerman, 1991: 41).
    Independently, the aff should have to defend a written parametricization of their method – which is a written statement that defends a particular instance nin which their method should be applied
   Vote neg-
   1.) Aff conditionality- absent defense of a specific advocacy the aff can shift their interpretation of their argument in every speech to dodge method criticisms, counter-methods and impact turns to their understanding of scholarship- a moving target affirmative makes all of their truth claims falsifiable, which replicates the form of hegemonic knowledge production they criticize

2.) Neg ground- no robust defense of an abstract method- all the
AND
their aff isn’t subjected to rigorous scrutiny to determine if its claims are accurate
The aff will always win that the principles of their advocacy are good in the abstract – we can only debate the merits of their framework if they defend the specific consequences of political implementation
Ignatieff 4—Prof of Human Rights @ Harvard
Michael, Lesser Evils p. 20-1
As for moral perfectionism, this would be the doctrine that a liberal state should
AND
, and thus respect for one right might lead us to betray another.

Marx
The affirmative is a fundamental misreading of politics and the reproduction of social relations.  There is no such thing as the ‘biopolitical state’ that seeks to manage and control populations for the sake of power.  The state and capital move hand in glove—one cannot exist without the other.  Only a total distance from the modern state can allow for the destruction of capital.  Otherwise what is pushed out the door only comes back in through the window
Meszaros 95
Istavan, Prof. Emeritus at Sussex, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of TransitionP. 65
The modern state as the comprehensive political command structure of capital — is both the
AND
faithful to the Marxian concern with the ‘withering away’ of the state.
Furthermore, the absence of structural historicism is no mere oversight, nor is it enough to simply mention economics in a few of your cards-- the reliance of indenty-based politics is not an accidental instance of ignoring class.  The demand arises out of the crisis of liberalism—such politics particularizes the oppressions of capitalism to the point that the universal system is naturalized.  Attaining white, male bourgeoisse privilege becomes the bench-mark of political success, re-entrenching the very foundation of the system
BROWN 93
Wendy, Professor and Genius, “Wounded Attachments”, Political Theory, Aug
Although this détente between universal and particular within liberalism is potted with volatile conceits,
AND
produced by capitalism in addition to that bound to the explicitly politicized marking.
Next, the reduction of class to a neutral level among a long list of other oppressions such as race and gender, destroys the emancipatory potential of class to reach across all lines of indentity and forge political action.  Class must be recognized as qualitatively more important—otherwise the system is able to satisfy demands on grounds of formal equality, destroying attempts to overcome capitalist oppression*
gimenez 2001
Martha, Prof. Of Sociology at CU Boulder, “Marxism and Class, Gender and Race”, Race Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online
There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society,
AND
what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.
Observation Two: Moving on up?
From the perspective of structural kritik, there can be no such thing as ‘making things better’— their model of politics, no matter how subversive or conservative, all fundamentally exagerate the importance of the formal institution of politics and power, ignoring the ways such a system creates knowledge—only a marxist shift to kritik the structure and create mass social consciousness will overcome this failure of politics
HARNECKER 2000
Marta, Dir of MEPLA, Links, p. online: http://www.dsp.org.au/links/back/issue16/harnecker.html
To think about the construction of forces and the correlation of forces is to change
AND
to be stirred up, but as something that has to be built.
Next, the determinism of capital is responsible for the instrumentalization of all life—it is this logic that mobilizes and allows for the 1ac’s scenarios in the first place
dyer-witherford 99
Nick, Prof at U. of Western Ontario, Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism
For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of “will over nature”
AND
degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.
Finally, there is no such thing as an ethical action that stands outside of politics—your ethical demand to come prior to the structural negation of capital is the largest violation of ethics
Meszaros 95
Istavan, Prof. Emeritus at Sussex, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transitionp. 409-10
Politics and morality are so closely intertwined in the real world that it is hardly
AND
strategy, taking fully on board the painful lessons of the recent past.
Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC.
This is not the alternative, but in truth the only option— method is the foremost political question because one must understand the existing social totality before one can act on it—grounding the sites of political contestation or knowledge outside of labor and surplus value merely serve to humanize capital and prevent a transition to a society beyond oppression
tumino 2001
Stephen, Prof English at Pitt, ““What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever”, Red Critique, p. online
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.
And next, resistance to capital must be a total negation of the system from out-side of government—while some inside political gains are possible, they are trumped by the ability of the system to use reforms to restabilize capital and marginalize labor as a social alternative
Meszaros 95
Istavan, Prof. Emeritus at Sussex, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transitionp. 738
Thus the role of labour’s extra-parliamentary movement is twofold. On the one
AND
a vital precondition for countering the massive extra-parliamentary power of capital.
And so much for your permutation—capitalism is an inertial system—any vesitage left remaining by the permutation will inevitably spin back up.  Like a many-headed hydra, it will regenerate with every attempt that attacks the instruments as oppossed to the system itself*
kovel 2002
Joel, Prof at Bard, Enemy of Nature, Zed Booksp. 142-3
The value-term that subsumes everything into the spell of capital sets going a
AND
field into zones of greater concentration, expanded profitability - and greater ecodestruction.
Finally, methodology is the foremost point of departure to any political query.  You should evaluate epistemology first because the way you think about problems determines how you respond to them and the consequences they engender
Smith ‘96
Steve, Professor of International Politics at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, “Positivism and Beyond,” International theory: Positivism and beyond, New York: Cambridge University Press, 12-1 3
But the stakes are also high because of the links between theory and practice.
AND
are far more considerable than at first sight seem to be the case.

Terror DA
Targeted killing is vital to counterterrorism---disrupts leadership and makes carrying out attacks impossible
Kenneth Anderson 13, Professor of International Law at American University, June 2013, “The Case for Drones,” Commentary, Vol. 135, No. 6
Targeted killing of high-value terrorist targets, by contrast, is the end result of a long, independent intelligence process. What the drone adds to that intelligence might be considerable, through its surveillance capabilities -- but much of the drone's contribution will be tactical, providing intelligence that assists in the planning and execution of the strike itself, in order to pick the moment when there might be the fewest civilian casualties.
Nonetheless, in conjunction with high-quality intelligence, drone warfare offers an unparalleled means to strike directly at terrorist organizations without needing a conventional or counterinsurgency approach to reach terrorist groups in their safe havens. It offers an offensive capability, rather than simply defensive measures, such as homeland security alone. Drone warfare offers a raiding strategy directly against the terrorists and their leadership.
If one believes, as many of the critics of drone warfare do, that
AND
common enemies are examples of the methods that are just of military nature.
Drone warfare today is integrated with a much larger strategic counterterrorism target -- one in
AND
acknowledged in communications, have a significant impact on planning and organizational effectiveness.
Constraining targeted killing’s role in the war on terror causes extinction
Louis Rene Beres 11, Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue, 2011, “After Osama bin Laden: Assassination, Terrorism, War, and International Law,” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 44 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 93
Even after the U.S. assassination of Osama bin Laden, we are
AND
that it could represent distinctly, even especially, law-enforcing behavior.
For this to be the case, a number of particular conditions would need to
AND
populations than would all of the alternative forms of anticipatory self-defense.
Such an argument may appear manipulative and dangerous; permitting states to engage in what
AND
international law may sometimes still require extraordinary methods of law-enforcement. n71
Let us suppose, for example, that a particular state determines that another state
AND
assassination could prove reasonable, life-saving, and cost-effective.
What of another, more common form of anticipatory self-defense? Might a conventional military strike against the prospective attacker's nuclear, biological or chemical weapons launchers and/or storage sites prove even more reasonable and cost-effective? A persuasive answer inevitably depends upon the particular tactical and strategic circumstances of the moment, and on the precise way in which these particular circumstances are configured.
But it is entirely conceivable that conventional military forms of preemption would generate tangibly greater harms than assassination, and possibly with no greater defensive benefit. This suggests that assassination should not be dismissed out of hand in all circumstances as a permissible form of anticipatory self-defense under international law.  *115
What of those circumstances in which the threat to particular states would not involve higher
AND
, it could be followed, in certain circumstances, by unconventional attacks.
Nuclear terrorism is feasible---high risk of theft and attacks escalate
Vladimir Z. Dvorkin ‘12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html
Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
AND
a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.
Extinction---equivalent to full-scale nuclear war
Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, “Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism,” online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers,
AND
should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes. 

Case
Casualties are way down and drones are far more precise than alternatives---our ev uses the best data
Michael Cohen 13, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 5/23/13, “Give President Obama a chance: there is a role for drones,” The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/23/obama-drone-speech-use-justified
Drone critics have a much different take. They are passionate in their conviction that
AND
" and "makes their lives into a nightmare worthy of dystopian novels".
I disagree. Increasingly it appears that arguments like Friedersdorf makes are no longer sustainable (and there's real question if they ever were). Not only have drone strikes decreased, but so too have the number of civilians killed – and dramatically so.
This conclusion comes not from Obama administration apologists but rather, Chris Woods, whose research has served as the empirical basis for the harshest attacks on the Obama Administration's drone policy.
Woods heads the covert war program for the Bureau of Investigative Journalism (TBIJ),
AND
of numbers here speaks to the extraordinary challenge in tabulating civilian death rates.
There is little local reporting done on the ground in northwest Pakistan, which is the epicenter of the US drone program. As a result data collection is reliant on Pakistani news reporting, which is also dependent on Pakistani intelligence, which has a vested interest in playing up the negative consequences of US drones.
When I spoke with Woods last month, he said that a fairly clear pattern has emerged over the past year – far fewer civilians are dying from drones. "For those who are opposed to drone strikes," says Woods there is historical merit to the charge of significant civilian deaths, "but from a contemporary standpoint the numbers just aren't there."
While Woods makes clear that one has to be "cautious" on any estimates of casualties, it's not just a numeric decline that is being seen, but rather it's a "proportionate decline". In other words, the percentage of civilians dying in drone strikes is also falling, which suggests to Woods that US drone operators are showing far greater care in trying to limit collateral damage.
Woods estimates are supported by the aforementioned databases. In Pakistan, New America Foundation claims there have been no civilian deaths this year and only five last year; Long War Journal reported four deaths in 2012 and 11 so far in 2013; and TBIJ reports a range of 7-42 in 2012 and 0-4 in 2013. In addition, the drop in casualty figures is occurring not just in Pakistan but also in Yemen.
These numbers are broadly consistent with what has been an under-reported decline in
AND
in Somalia there has been no strike reported for more than a year.
Ironically, these numbers are in line with the public statements of CIA director Brennan, and even more so with Senator Dianne Feinstein of California, chairman of the Select Intelligence Committee, who claimed in February that the numbers she has received from the Obama administration suggest that the typical number of victims per year from drone attacks is in "the single digits".
Part of the reason for these low counts is that the Obama administration has sought to minimize the number of civilian casualties through what can best be described as "creative bookkeeping". The administration counts all military-age males as possible combatants unless they have information (posthumously provided) that proves them innocent. Few have taken the White House's side on this issue (and for good reason) though some outside researchers concur with the administration's estimates.
Christine Fair, a professor at Georgetown University has long maintained that civilian deaths from drones in Pakistan are dramatically overstated. She argues that considering the alternatives of sending in the Pakistani military or using manned aircraft to flush out jihadists, drone strikes are a far more humane method of war-fighting.
Drones/tech development ensures military effectiveness and reduced moral hazard—alternatives are worse
Singh and Wittes 12 – *Research Assistant, Governance Studies @ AEI Senior Fellow, Governance Studies @ AEI
Ritka and Benjamin, 1-11-12, “Drones Are a Challenge — and an Opportunity” http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/01/11-drones-wittes
As drones become smaller, more lethal, and more autonomous, they do present
AND
been politically possible had U.S. forces been seriously at risk.
Instrumental thought and language don’t cause militarism and resisting them can’t break it down
Ken Hirschkop 7, Professor of English and Rhetoric at the University of Waterloo, July 25, 2007, “On Being Difficult,” Electronic Book Review, online: http://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/criticalecologies/transitive
First, by transparency Chow seems to mean a kind of spontaneous empiricism we adopt
AND
the act of referring, which can coexist with a variety of epistemologies.
Second, and perhaps more serious, is the confusion of "instrumentalism", a mode of action, with referring. It's hard to conceive of instrumental relationships without acts of reference, but you can't conceive of non-instrumental relationships without them, either ("I love you", after all, requires reference). In and of itself, referring in language doesn't incline us towards any particular mode of social existence, or any particular politics: it's just something we do in language, and do naturally.
Put another way, to imagine that language is only acknowledged in philosophy and poetry
AND
and you can find traces of it in everyone from Herder to Habermas.
For sure, human cooperation is inconceivable without the activities gathered under the title of
AND
, and it's more than disingenuous to pretend these two facts aren't connected.
Sisyphus was condemned to his task by Zeus. Cultural critics are free to stop pushing language up the hill whenever they want. Rey Chow can't emancipate the injured and exploited by giving up her vision of self-referentiality; but she'll free her readers from an illusion, and open up more promising political paths when she does.
No risk of endless warfare
Gray 7—Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, graduate of the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, Founder and Senior Associate to the National Institute for Public Policy, formerly with the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Hudson Institute (Colin, July, “The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration”, http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf)
7. A policy that favors preventive warfare expresses a futile quest for absolute security
AND
strategy, though not always policy, must be nothing if not pragmatic.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 4 | Opponent: Trinity VY | Judge: Corey Stone
Topicality
A. Interpretation – The affirmative’s advocacy must be grounded in both parts of the topic – They must advocate increasing restrictions on the President’s war powers authority
Statutory restrictions require legislation
Black’s Law
(“statutory restriction”, 2nd Edition http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/)
Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.
Judicial means the judicial branch
Your Dictionary 13
(“Examples of Judicial Powers,” http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples/examples-of-judicial-powers.html)
The term judicial powers refers to the power of the Judicial Branch of the United States government to hear cases and interpret, enforce or nullify laws and statutes in order to render verdicts.
The president’s war powers authority is control over the military
Cravens 7 –
(RG, “The War Within: Presidential Versus Congressional Supremacy in War Powers,” http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2008/Cravens.pdf)
The specific power concerning war granted to the President by the Constitution is that of
AND
reinvigorated ¶ debate over the topic of war powers and presidential versus congressional preeminence
B. Violation – The aff ignores the first half of the topic – Their advocacy only deals with the listed areas in the second half, not restrictions or war powers
C. Vote Neg

1. Stasis – Debate requires a stable point of contestation – The four areas are incredibly broad and have separate literature bases, but the first half of the resolution ties them together by requiring restrictions on war powers authority – The word “restrictions” provides a direction and a mechanism – Without that the aff could interrogate anything even tangentially related to one of the four areas – Debate’s benefits come from arguing against a well prepared opponent – Stasis is the only way we have any idea what anyone will say
   2. Opportunities for negation – The negative needs a way to engage in the debate – Grounding advocacy in both parts of the resolution gives us a point of clash – Otherwise the aff can take a moral high ground and force the neg into morally reprehensible positions – An even division of the literature is necessary for a beneficial discussion
   3. Education – It’s more beneficial to debate about restrictions on war powers authority – It provides the civic education necessary to challenge unfettered executives
   Buchanan 13 - Government professor, UT Austin
   (Bruce, Presidential Power and Accountability: Toward a Presidential Accountability System, Routledge, pg. 21-23)
   When it is authoritatively marshaled (i.e., mobilized, unified, clear
   AND
   popular opinion gained authoritative constitutional recognition" (Ackerman, 1991: 41).

Aff is extra topical--The majority of the US targeted killing program is under covert authority done by the CIA—means they’re extra topical or they solve 0 of their aff
Mazzetti 13 – Analyst @ NYT
(Mark, “A Secret Deal on Drones, Sealed in Blood,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/world/asia/origins-of-cias-not-so-secret-drone-war-in-pakistan.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)
That back-room bargain, described in detail for the first time in interviews
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that Pakistan would either take credit for the individual killings or remain silent.
This is distinct from war powers authority
Damrosch 89 – Professor of Law @ Columbia U
(Lori, “SPECIAL ISSUE: THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION IN ITS THIRD CENTURY: FOREIGN AFFAIRS: DISTRIBUTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY: COVERT OPERATIONS,” 83 A.J.I.L. 795)
Much recent writing focuses on ways that the Executive has undermined or circumvented constitutional and
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operations, Congress has chosen to give the Executive a relatively free hand.
I. COVERT ACTION AND WAR POWERS COMPARED
The debate over the constitutionality of executive covert operations echoes the war powers controversy,
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Executive, and there is as yet little indication that Congress wants it otherwise
Weapons Supply
The arms-for-hostages dealings with Iran and the long-running controversy
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it has been persuaded of their rationale, effectiveness and political acceptability. n33
Assassination
Contrary to what many believe, Congress has not acted to prohibit assassination as an
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as implicit authority for the President to retain this particularly odious policy option.
Counterterrorism
Certain aspects of the U.S. counterterrorist program, such as the bombing
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have endorsed and that few would expect Congress to micro-manage. n4
Covert Political Actions
As with military and paramilitary operations, overt and covert political programs coexist under separate
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n45 covert political funding is consistent with U.S. domestic law.
Covert powers are distinct from war powers – multiple congressional resolutions prove
Chen 12 – JD Candidate
(Julia, “NOTE: RESTORING CONSTITUTIONAL BALANCE: ACCOMMODATING THE EVOLUTION OF WAR,” 53 B.C. L. Rev 1767)
The Commission thus drafted the War Powers Consultation Act of 2009 to "codify the
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ensures that information does not slip between the cracks of different committees. n126
Marx K

The affirmative is a fundamental misreading of politics and the reproduction of social relations.  There is no such thing as the ‘biopolitical state’ that seeks to manage and control populations for the sake of power.  The state and capital move hand in glove—one cannot exist without the other.  Only a total distance from the modern state can allow for the destruction of capital.  Otherwise what is pushed out the door only comes back in through the window
Meszaros 95
Istavan, Prof. Emeritus at Sussex, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of TransitionP. 65
The modern state as the comprehensive political command structure of capital — is both the
AND
faithful to the Marxian concern with the ‘withering away’ of the state.
Furthermore, the absence of structural historicism is no mere oversight, nor is it enough to simply mention economics in a few of your cards-- the reliance of indenty-based politics is not an accidental instance of ignoring class.  The demand arises out of the crisis of liberalism—such politics particularizes the oppressions of capitalism to the point that the universal system is naturalized.  Attaining white, male bourgeoisse privilege becomes the bench-mark of political success, re-entrenching the very foundation of the system
BROWN 93
Wendy, Professor and Genius, “Wounded Attachments”, Political Theory, Aug
Although this détente between universal and particular within liberalism is potted with volatile conceits,
AND
produced by capitalism in addition to that bound to the explicitly politicized marking.
Next, the determinism of capital is responsible for the instrumentalization of all life—it is this logic that mobilizes and allows for the 1ac’s scenarios in the first place
dyer-witherford 99
Nick, Prof at U. of Western Ontario, Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism
For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of “will over nature”
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degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.
Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC.
This is not the alternative, but in truth the only option— method is the foremost political question because one must understand the existing social totality before one can act on it—grounding the sites of political contestation or knowledge outside of labor and surplus value merely serve to humanize capital and prevent a transition to a society beyond oppression
tumino 2001
Stephen, Prof English at Pitt, ““What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever”, Red Critique, p. online
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
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determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

Terror DA
Targeted killing is vital to counterterrorism---disrupts leadership and makes carrying out attacks impossible
Kenneth Anderson 13, Professor of International Law at American University, June 2013, “The Case for Drones,” Commentary, Vol. 135, No. 6
Targeted killing of high-value terrorist targets, by contrast, is the end result of a long, independent intelligence process. What the drone adds to that intelligence might be considerable, through its surveillance capabilities -- but much of the drone's contribution will be tactical, providing intelligence that assists in the planning and execution of the strike itself, in order to pick the moment when there might be the fewest civilian casualties.
Nonetheless, in conjunction with high-quality intelligence, drone warfare offers an unparalleled means to strike directly at terrorist organizations without needing a conventional or counterinsurgency approach to reach terrorist groups in their safe havens. It offers an offensive capability, rather than simply defensive measures, such as homeland security alone. Drone warfare offers a raiding strategy directly against the terrorists and their leadership.
If one believes, as many of the critics of drone warfare do, that
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common enemies are examples of the methods that are just of military nature.
Drone warfare today is integrated with a much larger strategic counterterrorism target -- one in
AND
acknowledged in communications, have a significant impact on planning and organizational effectiveness.
Constraining targeted killing’s role in the war on terror causes extinction
Louis Rene Beres 11, Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue, 2011, “After Osama bin Laden: Assassination, Terrorism, War, and International Law,” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 44 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 93
Even after the U.S. assassination of Osama bin Laden, we are
AND
that it could represent distinctly, even especially, law-enforcing behavior.
For this to be the case, a number of particular conditions would need to
AND
populations than would all of the alternative forms of anticipatory self-defense.
Such an argument may appear manipulative and dangerous; permitting states to engage in what
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international law may sometimes still require extraordinary methods of law-enforcement. n71
Let us suppose, for example, that a particular state determines that another state
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assassination could prove reasonable, life-saving, and cost-effective.
What of another, more common form of anticipatory self-defense? Might a conventional military strike against the prospective attacker's nuclear, biological or chemical weapons launchers and/or storage sites prove even more reasonable and cost-effective? A persuasive answer inevitably depends upon the particular tactical and strategic circumstances of the moment, and on the precise way in which these particular circumstances are configured.
But it is entirely conceivable that conventional military forms of preemption would generate tangibly greater harms than assassination, and possibly with no greater defensive benefit. This suggests that assassination should not be dismissed out of hand in all circumstances as a permissible form of anticipatory self-defense under international law.  *115
What of those circumstances in which the threat to particular states would not involve higher
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, it could be followed, in certain circumstances, by unconventional attacks.
Nuclear terrorism is feasible---high risk of theft and attacks escalate
Vladimir Z. Dvorkin ‘12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html
Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
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a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.
Extinction---equivalent to full-scale nuclear war
Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, “Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism,” online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers,
AND
should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes. 

Case
Plan causes a shift to signature strikes – increases the number of strikes and collateral damage
Ohlin 13 – law professor @ Cornell
Jens David, “Would A Federal District Court for Drones Increase Collateral Damage?” http://www.liebercode.org/2013/02/would-federal-district-court-for-drones.html February 13 mtc
As some of my colleagues have already explained, it is unlikely and improbable that
AND
the drone court. So ignorance would maintain the legality of the strike¶ 

Drones/tech development ensures military effectiveness and reduced moral hazard—alternatives are worse
Singh and Wittes 12 – *Research Assistant, Governance Studies @ AEI Senior Fellow, Governance Studies @ AEI
Ritka and Benjamin, 1-11-12, “Drones Are a Challenge — and an Opportunity” http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/01/11-drones-wittes
As drones become smaller, more lethal, and more autonomous, they do present
AND
been politically possible had U.S. forces been seriously at risk.

Casualties are way down and drones are far more precise than alternatives---our ev uses the best data
Michael Cohen 13, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 5/23/13, “Give President Obama a chance: there is a role for drones,” The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/23/obama-drone-speech-use-justified
Drone critics have a much different take. They are passionate in their conviction that
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" and "makes their lives into a nightmare worthy of dystopian novels".
I disagree. Increasingly it appears that arguments like Friedersdorf makes are no longer sustainable (and there's real question if they ever were). Not only have drone strikes decreased, but so too have the number of civilians killed – and dramatically so.
This conclusion comes not from Obama administration apologists but rather, Chris Woods, whose research has served as the empirical basis for the harshest attacks on the Obama Administration's drone policy.
Woods heads the covert war program for the Bureau of Investigative Journalism (TBIJ),
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of numbers here speaks to the extraordinary challenge in tabulating civilian death rates.
There is little local reporting done on the ground in northwest Pakistan, which is the epicenter of the US drone program. As a result data collection is reliant on Pakistani news reporting, which is also dependent on Pakistani intelligence, which has a vested interest in playing up the negative consequences of US drones.
When I spoke with Woods last month, he said that a fairly clear pattern has emerged over the past year – far fewer civilians are dying from drones. "For those who are opposed to drone strikes," says Woods there is historical merit to the charge of significant civilian deaths, "but from a contemporary standpoint the numbers just aren't there."
While Woods makes clear that one has to be "cautious" on any estimates of casualties, it's not just a numeric decline that is being seen, but rather it's a "proportionate decline". In other words, the percentage of civilians dying in drone strikes is also falling, which suggests to Woods that US drone operators are showing far greater care in trying to limit collateral damage.
Woods estimates are supported by the aforementioned databases. In Pakistan, New America Foundation claims there have been no civilian deaths this year and only five last year; Long War Journal reported four deaths in 2012 and 11 so far in 2013; and TBIJ reports a range of 7-42 in 2012 and 0-4 in 2013. In addition, the drop in casualty figures is occurring not just in Pakistan but also in Yemen.
These numbers are broadly consistent with what has been an under-reported decline in
AND
in Somalia there has been no strike reported for more than a year.
Ironically, these numbers are in line with the public statements of CIA director Brennan, and even more so with Senator Dianne Feinstein of California, chairman of the Select Intelligence Committee, who claimed in February that the numbers she has received from the Obama administration suggest that the typical number of victims per year from drone attacks is in "the single digits".
Part of the reason for these low counts is that the Obama administration has sought to minimize the number of civilian casualties through what can best be described as "creative bookkeeping". The administration counts all military-age males as possible combatants unless they have information (posthumously provided) that proves them innocent. Few have taken the White House's side on this issue (and for good reason) though some outside researchers concur with the administration's estimates.
Christine Fair, a professor at Georgetown University has long maintained that civilian deaths from drones in Pakistan are dramatically overstated. She argues that considering the alternatives of sending in the Pakistani military or using manned aircraft to flush out jihadists, drone strikes are a far more humane method of war-fighting.
Instrumental thought and language don’t cause militarism and resisting them can’t break it down
Ken Hirschkop 7, Professor of English and Rhetoric at the University of Waterloo, July 25, 2007, “On Being Difficult,” Electronic Book Review, online: http://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/criticalecologies/transitive
First, by transparency Chow seems to mean a kind of spontaneous empiricism we adopt
AND
the act of referring, which can coexist with a variety of epistemologies.
Second, and perhaps more serious, is the confusion of "instrumentalism", a mode of action, with referring. It's hard to conceive of instrumental relationships without acts of reference, but you can't conceive of non-instrumental relationships without them, either ("I love you", after all, requires reference). In and of itself, referring in language doesn't incline us towards any particular mode of social existence, or any particular politics: it's just something we do in language, and do naturally.
Put another way, to imagine that language is only acknowledged in philosophy and poetry
AND
and you can find traces of it in everyone from Herder to Habermas.
For sure, human cooperation is inconceivable without the activities gathered under the title of
AND
, and it's more than disingenuous to pretend these two facts aren't connected.
Sisyphus was condemned to his task by Zeus. Cultural critics are free to stop pushing language up the hill whenever they want. Rey Chow can't emancipate the injured and exploited by giving up her vision of self-referentiality; but she'll free her readers from an illusion, and open up more promising political paths when she does.

No risk of endless warfare
Gray 7—Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, graduate of the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, Founder and Senior Associate to the National Institute for Public Policy, formerly with the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Hudson Institute (Colin, July, “The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration”, http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf)
7. A policy that favors preventive warfare expresses a futile quest for absolute security
AND
strategy, though not always policy, must be nothing if not pragmatic.
No risk of a total drone takeover – tons of effective and simple counter-measures
Hall 13
(Ellie, “22 Super Easy Ways To Avoid Getting Killed By Drones,” http://www.buzzfeed.com/ellievhall/22-super-easy-ways-to-avoid-getting-killed-by-drones)
Al-Qaeda extremists fleeing a hideout in northern Mali accidentally left behind a tip
AND
through which the enemy can identify the speaking person and then locate him.
Western ocular-centric domination is inevitable – google earth
Kingsbury 9 – Professor of Geography @ Simon Fraser University
(Paul, “Walter Benjamin’s Dionysian Adventures on Google Earth,” Geoforum, 40)
Exemplifying the Apollonian view of Google Earth is a recent¶ paper by Chad Harris
AND
asserts, it¶ is ‘‘implicitly Imperial...” (p. 119)
Specifically – google earth makes the “god trick” inevitable – it’s an attempt to see everywhere from nowhere
Kingsbury 9 – Professor of Geography @ Simon Fraser University
(Paul, “Walter Benjamin’s Dionysian Adventures on Google Earth,” Geoforum, 40)
High-dissolution keeps us guessing and enables us to ‘miss’¶ Google Earth’s
AND
attacked villages. Visualize what genocide looks like¶ today in Darfur.”16

Surveillance solves disease in 2 ways – 1 – prevents bioweapons manufacturing, 2 – key to effective response if one is released
Armstrong 13 – PhD, Faculty @ Oxford
(Stuart, “The Benefits of Living in a Total Surveillance State,” http://gizmodo.com/the-benefits-of-living-in-a-total-surveillance-state-1428001561)
Of course, these considerations pale when compared with the potential for mass surveillance to
AND
increase our understanding of disasters, and help us to mitigate their effects.
Largest risk of extinction
Matheny 7 - MPH from Johns Hopkins, PhD Candidate @ Johns Hopkins
Jason, research associate with the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, where his work focuses on technology forecasting and risk assessment - particularly of global catastrophic risks and existential risks.1 He previously worked for the World Bank, the Center for Biosecurity, the Center for Global Development, and on national security projects for the US government. He is a Sommer Scholar and PhD candidate in Applied Economics at Johns Hopkins University. He holds an MPH from Johns Hopkins, an MBA from Duke University, and a BA from the University of Chicago, Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, “Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction,” http://www.physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/pmpmta/Mahoney_extinction.pdf
Of current extinction risks, the most severe may be bioterrorism. The knowledge needed
AND
such experiments because the bene?ts do not seem to be worth the risks.
Fast time frame
Nixdorf 10  - Professor in the Department of Microbiology and Genetics at Darmstadt University of Technology
Katheryn, Professor in the Department of Microbiology and Genetics at Darmstadt University of Technology, Germany, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, she serves on the Board of Directors of the BioWeapons Prevention Project as a representative of the International Network of Engineers and Scientists for Global Responsibility (INES), January/February, “Advances in targeted delivery and the future of bioweapons,”
What aerosols tell us about bioweapons. Concerns about advances in science and technology leading
AND
terrorists to disseminate biological agents as weapons in the not too distant future.
Preparedness is key
Global Security 11
“Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response,” http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/systems/bioterrorism.htm
Bioterrorism agents can be separated into three categories, depending on how easily they can
AND
of chemical (eg, sarin, mustard gas) and biological agents.
High risk –countermeasures are key
Glassman 12 - former undersecretary of state for public affairs and public diplomacy
James, “We're Letting Our Bioterrorism Defenses Down,” Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesglassman/2012/04/04/were-letting-our-bioterrorism-defenses-down/3/
Both Michael Chertoff, former secretary of Homeland Security, and Admiral Mike McConnell,
AND
to keep people alive and healthy before, during and after an attack.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Texas CM | Judge: JT

A. Interpretation – The affirmative’s advocacy must be grounded in both parts of the topic – They must advocate increasing restrictions on the President’s war powers authority

Statutory restrictions require legislation

Black’s Law
("statutory restriction", 2^nd Edition http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/)
Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.

Judicial means the judicial branch

Your Dictionary 13
("Examples of Judicial Powers," http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples/examples-of-judicial-powers.html)
The term judicial powers refers to the power of the Judicial Branch of the United States government to hear cases and interpret, enforce or nullify laws and statutes in order to render verdicts.

The president’s war powers authority is control over the military

Cravens 7 –
(RG, "The War Within: Presidential Versus Congressional Supremacy in War Powers," http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2008/Cravens.pdf)
The specific power concerning war granted to the President by the Constitution is that of
AND
reinvigorated ¶ debate over the topic of war powers and presidential versus congressional preeminence

B. Violation – The aff ignores the first half of the topic – Their advocacy only deals with the listed areas in the second half, not restrictions or war powers

C. Vote Neg

1. Stasis – Debate requires a stable point of contestation – The four areas are incredibly broad and have separate literature bases, but the first half of the resolution ties them together by requiring restrictions on war powers authority – The word "restrictions" provides a direction and a mechanism – Without that the aff could interrogate anything even tangentially related to one of the four areas – Debate’s benefits come from arguing against a well prepared opponent – Stasis is the only way we have any idea what anyone will say

2. Opportunities for negation – The negative needs a way to engage in the debate – Grounding advocacy in both parts of the resolution gives us a point of clash – Otherwise the aff can take a moral high ground and force the neg into morally reprehensible positions – An even division of the literature is necessary for a beneficial discussion

3. Education – It’s more beneficial to debate about restrictions on war powers authority – It provides the civic education necessary to challenge unfettered executives

Buchanan 13 - Government professor, UT Austin
(Bruce, Presidential Power and Accountability: Toward a Presidential Accountability System, Routledge, pg. 21-23)
When it is authoritatively marshaled (i.e., mobilized, unified, clear
AND
popular opinion gained authoritative constitutional recognition" (Ackerman, 1991: 41).

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: ASU MY | Judge: Eric Robinson
Their approach to international law turns the aff - The institutional and normative biases of international law are situated within the larger neoliberal project of homogenization and exclusion that reifies the securitization drive at the heart of world politics
Kearn, 11
David W. Kearn, Jr., Department of Government and Politics, St. John’s University, “The hard truths about soft power,” Journal of Political Power, Vol. 4, No. 1, April 2011, 65–85
The first major criticism of soft power pertains to scope. Nye notes the importance
AND
interdependent system, soft power is less likely to play a major role.
The ontology of security makes extinction inevitable.
Dillon and Campbell 93
(David and Michael, Prof of International Politics @ U of Newcastle, and Prof of Politics and Lancaster U, The political Subject of Violence, 163-165)
It might have once been the case that the prospect of a transformation of nature
AND
indeed, one who would not be at home in any other house.
The Alt is to reject the 1AC.
You should place questions of knowledge production first- acting to change theory is an effective form of practice, all their evidence obscures non-state actor agency and overestimates the role of the state in security
Bilgin 5
(Assistant Prof of International Relations at Bilkent University, Regional Security in the Middle East: A Critical Perspective, pgs. 54-59)
The state, as noted above, has traditionally been viewed as both the primary
AND
of constituting 'threats to the future' (Kubalkova 1998: 193-201).

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: Whitman | Judge: Bolin-Jackson

A. Interpretation – Targeted killing requires an identified target and a name on a kill list – Signature strikes are distinct

Uebersax 12 - psychologist, writer and former RAND Corporation military analyst.
(John, "The Four Kinds of Drone Strikes," http://satyagraha.wordpress.com/2012/05/23/the-four-kinds-of-drone-strikes/)
We must begin with clear terms, and that is the purpose of the present article.  Drone strikes, that is, the launching of explosive missiles from a remotely operated aerial vehicle, come in four varieties: targeted killings, signature strikes, overt combat operations, and covert combat operations.  We shall consider each in turn.
Targeted killing. This occurs when a drone strike is used to kill a terrorist
AND
the government likes to crow when it kills a high-ranking terrorist.
Signature strikes.  In signature strikes, the target is a person whose name is
AND
assign strikes against anonymous non-leaders to the two further categories below.
Overt combat operation. This category includes drone strikes conducted as part of regular military
AND
the need to report casualties, especially civilian casualties, are in effect.
Covert combat operation. Finally, there are covert combat operations. These, like the former category, are launched against usual military targets – e.g., any hostile militant, not just high-ranking ones.  But why should these strikes be covert?  The obvious answer is: to mask something shady. Covert combat strikes can evade all those irritating constraints on military tactics imposed by the Geneva Conventions, International Law, public opinion, and basic human decency.

Vote Neg

1. Limits – They expand the topic to include anything the U.S. does with drones or any form of killing – This devastates limits

Silva 3 - Faculte de Droit de l’Universite de Montreal
(Sebastian Jose Silva, "Death For Life: A Study of Targeted Killing by States In International Law," Thesis, http://www.researchgate.net/publication/35710449_Death_for_life_microforme__a_study_of_targeted_killing_by_States_in_international_law_)
As defined by Steven R. David, targeted killing is the "intentional slaying
AND
their very suggestion. David’s definition is essentially correct but over-inclusive.

2. Precision – They conflate drones and targeted killing

Anderson 13 (Kenneth, Professor of Law, Visiting Fellow, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, "The Case for Drones", 5/24/13, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/05/24/the_case_for_drones_118548.html)
This feature of Predators and Reapers—the two forms of drones really at issue
AND
order to pick the moment when there might be the fewest civilian casualties.