Tournament: Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: Georgetown BL | Judge: Andres Gannon
1ac Texas
Plan
The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the war powers authority of the President of the United States to indefinitely detain persons legally located within the United States.
1
Advantage one – terrorism
High risk of nuclear terrorism – feasible and it escalates
Dvorkin 12 – senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy
(Vladimir Z., Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html mtc )
Nuclear Terrorism as a Destabilizing Factor¶ Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been
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a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.
Nuclear terror causes accidental US-Russia nuclear war
Barrett 13 – et al, PhD, Engineering and Public Policy from Carnegie Mellon University, Director of Research, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, Fellow in the RAND Stanton Nuclear Security Fellows Program, Seth Baum, PhD, Geography, Pennsylvania State University, Executive Director, GCRI, Research Scientist at the Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, former Visiting Scholar position at the Center for Research on Environmental Decisions at Columbia University, and Kelly Hostetler, Research Assistant, GCRI
(6/28, Anthony, “Analyzing and Reducing the Risks of Inadvertent Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia,” Science and Global Security 21(2): 106-133, pre-print, available online)
War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals,
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making one or both nations more likely to misinterpret events as attacks.16
Even absent retaliation, leads to extinction
Toon 7 - chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al.
Owen B., April 19, 2007, “Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism,” online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers,
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should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.
New tech makes bioterror feasible
Myhrvold 13
Bynathan Myhrvold, former Chief Technology Officer at Microsoft, MA and PhD from Princeton University, he held a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Cambridge working under Stephen Hawking¶ Strategic Terrorism a Call to Action, The Lawfare Research Paper Series¶ research paper no. 2 – 2013¶ July 2013¶ http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf
The novelty of our present situation is that modern ¶ technology can provide small groups
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what is being contemplated, much less being ¶ done, is staggering.
There is motive and capability for bioweapons
AP 12
(“Clinton warns of bioweapon threat from gene tech,” http://kolins7.blogspot.com/2012/03/clinton-warns-of-bioweapon-threat-from.html )
GENEVA — New gene assembly technology that offers great benefits for scientific research could also
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for nuclear weapons — saying it is too complicated to monitor every lab's activities

Bioterror spreads globally in weeks and is easily dispersed
Levy 7 - consultant for ESG Consulting, an organization that provides consulting services for project development and management primarily related to national security and terrorism
(Janet, “The Threat of Bioweapons”, The American Thinker, 6-8-2007, http://www.americanthinker.com/2007/06/the_threat_of_bioweapons.html)
Biological weapons are among the most dangerous in the world today and can be engineered and disseminated to achieve a more deadly result than a nuclear attack. Whereas the explosion of a nuclear bomb would cause massive death in a specific location, a biological attack with smallpox could infect multitudes of people across the globe. With incubation periods of up to 17 days, human disseminators could unwittingly cause widespread exposure before diagnosable symptoms indicate an infection and appropriate quarantine procedures are in place. Unlike any other type of weapon, bioweapons such as smallpox can replicate and infect a chain of people over an indeterminate amount of time from a single undetectable point of release. According to science writer and author of The Hot Zone, Richard Preston, "If you took a gram of smallpox, which is highly contagious and lethal, and for which there's no vaccine available globally now, and released it in the air and created about a hundred cases, the chances are excellent that the virus would go global in six weeks as people moved from city to city......the death toll could easily hit the hundreds of millions.....in scale, that's like a nuclear war."1 More so than chemical and nuclear research, bioweapons development programs lend themselves to stealth development. They are difficult to detect, can be conducted alongside legimate research on countermeasures, sheltered in animal research facilities within sophisticated pharmaceutical corporations, disguised as part of routine medical university studies, or be a component of dual use technology development. Detection is primarily through available intelligence information and location-specific biosensors that test for the presence of pathogens. Biological weapons have many appealing qualities for warfare and their effects can be engineered and customized from a boutique of possibilities. Offensive pathogens are inexpensive compared to conventional weapons and small quantities can produce disproportionate damage. They have unlimited lethal potential as carriers and can continue to infect more people over time. Bioweapons are easy to dispense through a variety of delivery systems from a missile, an aerosol or a food product. They can be placed into a state of dormancy to be activated at a later stage allowing for ease of storage. Pathogens are not immediately detectable or identifiable due to varying incubation periods and can be rapidly deployed, activated and impossible to trace. The technology to develop biological agents is widely available for legitimate purposes and large quantities can be developed within days.
Bioterrorism risks extinction
Myhrvold 13
Bynathan Myhrvold, former Chief Technology Officer at Microsoft, MA and PhD from Princeton University, he held a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Cambridge working under Stephen Hawking¶ Strategic Terrorism a Call to Action, The Lawfare Research Paper Series¶ research paper no. 2 – 2013¶ July 2013¶ http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf
¶ For the first time in human history, the curve of cost ¶ versus
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or in a ¶ Pakistani suburb—can potentially have “the button.”
Agroterrorism is likely – even limited instances escalate
Schneider et al. 11 – PhD in Food Science and Human Nutrition
(R. Goodrich, pg. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs126)
Various factors lead to the heightened state of vulnerability of the U.S.
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-of-scale, they also lead to these types of vulnerabilities.
This collapses genetic diversity
Dudley 2 - Institute of Arctic Biology – U Alaska Fairbanks
JP Dudley, , and M.H. Wolford, Chair – Office International des Epizooties Working Group on Wildlife Diseases, Portugal, Bioweapons, Bioterrorism, and Biodiversity, 2002, http://www.oie.int/eng/publicat/rt/2....20DUDLEY.pdf
Military and terrorist applications of biotechnology are threats to more than just human lives and
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that may be subject to severe damage from deliberate or accidental bioweapon releases.
Genetic diversity solves extinction
Boyce 4
James K, July 2004. Department of Economics and Political Economy Research and Environmental research at the University of Massachusetts, "A Future for Small Farms? Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture". Political Economic Research Institute, http://ideas.repec.org/p/uma/periwp/wp86.html
There is a future for small farms. Or, to be more precise,
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the spotted  owls found in the ancient forests of the northwestern United States.
Collapsing US ag leads to global wars
Lugar 2k – Chairman of the Senator Foreign Relations Committee and Member/Former Chair of the Senate Agriculture (Committee Richard, a US Senator from Indiana, is Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and a member and former chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee. “calls for a new green revolution to combat global warming and reduce world instability,” http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html)
In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the Middle East, burgeoning
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in the survival of billions of people and the health of our planet.
2 links –
FIRST – allies – Domestic detention undermines our allies willingness to cooperate on terrorism – specifically Britain
Chesney 13 - Professor of Law at the University of Texas School of Law and Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution
Robert Chesney, “PROTECTING U.S. CITIZENS' CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS DURING THE WAR ON TERROR” House Hearing, 5/22, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-113hhrg81173/html/CHRG-113hhrg81173.htm
Mr. Chesney. Thank you, Ranking Member Conyers. I'll take those in
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past. It's a conflict with al-Qaeda and its associated forces.
The plan is a critical step for reviving allied terrorism cooperation
This card is a little disgusting
Atwood et al 9
J. Brian Atwood served as Under Secretary for Management in 1993 and as Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development from 1993 to 1999. Harry G. Barnes, Jr. served as Ambassador to Romania from 1974 to 1977, Director General of the Foreign Service and Director of Personnel in the Department of State from 1977 to 1981, Ambassador to India from 1981 to 1985, and Ambassador to Chile from 1985 to 1988. F. Allen “Tex” Harris retired after serving with the United States Department of State for thirty-five years, including Foreign Service posts in Argentina, Australia, South Africa, and Venezuela. Mr. Harris is a past President of the American Foreign Service Association. Samuel F. Hart served as Ambassador to Ecuador from 1982 to 1985 John L. Hirsch served as Ambassador to Sierra Leone from 1995 to 1998. Genta Hawkins Holmes served as Ambassador to Namibia from 1990 to 1992, Director General of the Foreign Service and Director of Personnel for the Department of State from 1992 to 1995, and Ambassador to Australia from 1997 to 2000. Gilbert D. Kulick served as a Foreign Service Officer from 1966 to 1989, retiring as Deputy Director of Southern Africa Affairs. L. Bruce Laingen served as Ambassador to Malta from 1977 to 1979 and Charges D’Affaires in Tehran from 1979 to 1981. Elijah Parish Lovejoy IV served as a consular officer at the Bridgetown, Barbados Embassy from 1997 to 1999. Laurence E. Pope served as Associate Coordinator for Counter-terrorism from 1991 to 1993, Ambassador to Chad from 1993 to 1996, and Political Advisor to the Commander in Chief, U.S. Central Command, from 1997 to 2000. Paul K. Stahnke is Minister Counselor, retired. Among other posts, he was Counselor of Mission at the United States Mission to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in Paris from 1978 to 1982, and Permanent Representative to the United Nations ESCAP (Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific) from 1982 to 1988, while also serving as Economic Counselor in the United States Embassy in Bangkok during the same period. Alexander F. Watson served as Ambassador to Peru from 1986 to 1989, Ambassador and Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 1989 to 1993, and Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs from 1993 to 1996, Amicus Brief, Al-Marri v Spagone, Jan 28, 2009, http://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/Justice/20090128.Almarri.v.Sapgone.Amicus.Brief-Former.U.S.Diplomats.pdf
We, the amici curiae lending our names in support of this brief, have
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enforcement capacities while at the same time promoting democracy and human rights.19
Allied cooperation solves all internal links to global terrorism
Terkel 4 - researcher @ the Center for American Progress
(Amanda, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2004/08/b165288.html)
Our credibility at home and abroad has never been lower. With no weapons of
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alone. Cooperation matters and we need our credibility intact to secure it.
Only Congress solves – The executive will never use indefinite detention domestically—leaving the option available creates the misperception of support for domestic military capture
Chesney and Wittes, 13 (Robert Chesney, Professor of Law at the University of Texas School of Law and Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, and Benjamin Wittes, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, “Protecting U.S. Citizens’ Constitutional Rights During the War on Terror”, 5/22/13 http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2013/05/22-war-on-terror-chesney-wittes)
What Should Congress Do? In our view, Congress should put this issue to
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the utter implausibility of the claim that they might be subjected to it).
SECOND – domestic intel gathering – Perceptions of procedural justice are key to local cooperation
Tyler et al 10
(Tom, Stephen Schulhofer, Aziz Huq, University of Chicago School of Law, PUBLIC LAW AND LEGAL THEORY WORKING PAPER NO. 296, “LEGITIMACY AND DETERRENCE EFFECTS IN COUNTER? TERRORISM POLICING: A STUDY OF MUSLIM AMERICANS”)
Our principal findings are as follows. We find a robust correlation between perceptions of
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of anti-terrorism policing strategies concerning Muslim Americans within the United States.
Domestic indefinite detention alienates allies and collapses local intel gathering—key to solve terrorism
Nachman et al 9
David E. Nachman, Counsel of Record, Bradley T. Meissner, Emily T. Wright, Muslim Advocates, The Sikh Coalition, American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, Japanese American Citizens League, and South Asian Americans Leading Together, Amicus Brief, Al-Marri, January 2009
Sacrificing The Rule Of Law Alienates Domestic Communities And International Allies Whose Help Is Needed
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statement of Dennis C. Blair, nominee for Director of National Intelligence)
Preventative intel gathering solves and prevents violent lash-outs against domestic populations in the event of a terrorist attack
Innes 6 – senior lecturer in sociology at the University of Surrey
(Martin, “Policing Uncertainty: Countering Terror through Community Intelligence and Democratic Policing,” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 2006; 605; 222 DOI: 10.1177/0002716206287118)
Terrorists can seek to act upon political processes and public perceptions in two subtly different
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als that governments tend to issue in the wake of major terrorist incidents.
This internal link is based on robust evidence – empirics prove successful local intelligence can disrupt terror infrastructures
Innes 6 – senior lecturer in sociology at the University of Surrey
(Martin, “Policing Uncertainty: Countering Terror through Community Intelligence and Democratic Policing,” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 2006; 605; 222 DOI: 10.1177/0002716206287118)
The empirical data informing this article were collected between January and March 2005 as part
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Thacher (2005) dubbed “the offender search” strategy of counterterrorism.
2
Advantage two – Israel
Israeli-Palestinian peace talks are coming in 2 months
Sharma 14
(Vandana, “Kerry in Israel on new Middle East peace push,” 1-3, http://www.newsx.com/world/others/item/16091-kerry-in-israel-on-new-middle-east-peace-push)
US Secretary of State John Kerry met Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on Thursday as
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hope to have the framework in place soon, addressing the core issues.
Talks will fail without a limitation on Israeli detention
Niraj 13 – Analyst @ Beachcomber Online
(Anshika, “Palestinians Deserve Human Rights,” http://www.bcomber.org/editorials/2013/04/30/palestinians-deserve-human-rights/)
Firstly, I think it is important to recognize that if Israel respects the rights of the Palestinian people, it will not threaten Israel because many of these people already live there. There are millions of Palestinians who live in Israel-in fact the Israeli Central Statistics Bureau notes that around 20 of Israel’s population identifies as Palestinian. Not all of these people are sympathetic to Israel or respect its sovereignty, yet the rights of democracy in Israel are also granted to these Palestinians despite being such a controversial minority group. That is something to be admired in Israel’s conduct. However, the situation is still far from ideal. The Economist Magazine notes that these individuals have been marginalized in Israeli society, receive much less government funding than Jewish towns do even in education, and have often found that political parties that are more focused on Arab citizen issues are banned. This is certainly not a fair system and is based on valid fears that the Israeli government has about these Palestinians. Having such a large population of educationally marginalized individuals certainly is not beneficial to any country’s economy for one. But more importantly, these people already live in Israel, so any harm they may cause is already a risk that is unlikely to be alleviated by unequal treatment. In fact, it will probably fuel resentment by Palestinians in and outside of these areas-and that resentment certainly is not going to aid the peace process. Even if Israel is uncomfortable granting full rights to all Palestinians, addressing the ones who are already citizens of their country could be a step in the right direction. Of course, the most contentious issues in the Israel-Palestine conflict are the restrictions of the rights of the Palestinians in things like freedom of movement and freedom from indefinite detention and settlement-building. On the former, Human Rights Watch reports that Israel has been holding 178 Palestinians in “administrative detentions”. An administrative detention is when the military is allowed to hold prisoners without charge or trial and by keeping the evidence for this detention secret. In Israel, these detentions are 6 months long but can be renewed over and over again. - See more at: http://www.bcomber.org/editorials/2013/04/30/palestinians-deserve-human-rights/#sthash.PUjtGTvV.dpuf
It’s reverse causal – Limiting Israeli detention is a key confidence-building-measure – jumpstarts broader efforts at peace
Doyle 12 – Director of advancing Arab-British Relations
(“Palestinian detainees: no security in injustice,” http://caabu.org/sites/default/files/resources/0802_CAABU_Palestinian20detainees_singles20SMALL.pdf)
In autumn 2011, after five years of negotiations, Hamas and Israel concluded a swap deal in Egypt that led to the release of over 1,000 prisoners. On 17 October, Sergeant Gilad Shalit crossed from southern Gaza into Egypt, released by Hamas after five years of captivity. In return, 1,027 Palestinians in Israeli jails were freed in a two-phased release.
Most of the international attention focused on the fate of Shalit, who had been
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for Palestinians and would be an essential part of any sustainable peace process.
The plan restores US ability to persuade allies to also abandon detention
Atwood et al 9
J. Brian Atwood served as Under Secretary for Management in 1993 and as Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development from 1993 to 1999. Harry G. Barnes, Jr. served as Ambassador to Romania from 1974 to 1977, Director General of the Foreign Service and Director of Personnel in the Department of State from 1977 to 1981, Ambassador to India from 1981 to 1985, and Ambassador to Chile from 1985 to 1988. F. Allen “Tex” Harris retired after serving with the United States Department of State for thirty-five years, including Foreign Service posts in Argentina, Australia, South Africa, and Venezuela. Mr. Harris is a past President of the American Foreign Service Association. Samuel F. Hart served as Ambassador to Ecuador from 1982 to 1985 John L. Hirsch served as Ambassador to Sierra Leone from 1995 to 1998. Genta Hawkins Holmes served as Ambassador to Namibia from 1990 to 1992, Director General of the Foreign Service and Director of Personnel for the Department of State from 1992 to 1995, and Ambassador to Australia from 1997 to 2000. Gilbert D. Kulick served as a Foreign Service Officer from 1966 to 1989, retiring as Deputy Director of Southern Africa Affairs. L. Bruce Laingen served as Ambassador to Malta from 1977 to 1979 and Charges D’Affaires in Tehran from 1979 to 1981. Elijah Parish Lovejoy IV served as a consular officer at the Bridgetown, Barbados Embassy from 1997 to 1999. Laurence E. Pope served as Associate Coordinator for Counter-terrorism from 1991 to 1993, Ambassador to Chad from 1993 to 1996, and Political Advisor to the Commander in Chief, U.S. Central Command, from 1997 to 2000. Paul K. Stahnke is Minister Counselor, retired. Among other posts, he was Counselor of Mission at the United States Mission to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in Paris from 1978 to 1982, and Permanent Representative to the United Nations ESCAP (Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific) from 1982 to 1988, while also serving as Economic Counselor in the United States Embassy in Bangkok during the same period. Alexander F. Watson served as Ambassador to Peru from 1986 to 1989, Ambassador and Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 1989 to 1993, and Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs from 1993 to 1996, Amicus Brief, Al-Marri v Spagone, Jan 28, 2009, http://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/Justice/20090128.Almarri.v.Sapgone.Amicus.Brief-Former.U.S.Diplomats.pdf
One hallmark of a dictatorship is the government’s assertion of a right to arrest and
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Chechnya, has also heralded the war on terror as its primary justification.
Specifically – Israel will model US domestic detention decisions
Bali 5 – JD @ Yale and PhD Candidate @ Princeton
(Asli, JD from Yale, doctoral candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton, where her dissertation focuses on questions of international relations and international law, Scapegoating the vulnerable: preventive detention of immigrants in America’s “war on terror,” Google Scholar)
For the readers of this journal, the greatest contribution of an analysis of administrative
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an alarming convergence in the violation of basic rights by both governments.99
New releases build public support for peace agreements and overcomes alternate causes
Williams 13 – Analyst @ Reuters
(Dan, “To coax peace talks, Israel frees 26 Palestinian prisoners,” Reuters, http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/29/21238755-to-coax-peace-talks-israel-frees-26-palestinian-prisoners?lite)
Though thousands of Palestinians remain in Israeli custody, the releases could help the credibility
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attempt by Israel to "trade" prisoners for continued settlement-building.
Successful peace negotiations solve global nuclear war
Chomsky 99 - Professor of Linguistics @ MIT
(Noam, “Fateful Triangle,” pg. 449)
The disasters threatening the Palestinians and Israel are evident enough. It also does not
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. rejectionism in perpetuating the conflict and undermining the possibility for political settlement.
Traditional checks on conflict don’t apply to Israel – makes nuclear war particularly likely
Schoenfeld 98 - Senior Editor – Commentary
(Gabriel, “Thinking About the Unthinkable in the Middle East,” Commentary, December, Lexis)
If preemption is largely ruled out as an option, what then? To reduce
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military movement, and take a no less heavy toll on civilian morale.

Tournament: KCKCC | Round: 1 | Opponent: ESU BT | Judge: Toni Cabezas
1ac
Contention 1: Warming
Advantage one – weaponization
Weaponization is coming
Wu 12 – Permanent Representative of China to the Conference on Disarmament
(Haito, “Statement by H.E. Ambassador Wu Haitao, on PAROS,” http://www.china-un.ch/eng/hom/t938642.htm)
Firstly, arms race in outer space is posing an immediate security challenge to international
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in place to negotiate and conclude new international legal instrument on outer space.
US weaponization leads to arms racing – spills over to nuclear warfare
Tannenwald 4 - Assistant Professor and Director of the International Relations Program, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University
(Nina, Article: Law Versus Power on the High Frontier: The Case for a Rule-Based Regime for Outer Space, 29 Yale J. Int'l L. 363)
A more elaborated legal regime would be aimed at preventing destabilizing conflicts over the use
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-tech arms race and renew emphasis on doctrines of nuclear warfare. n25
Independently, US plans to weaponize space leads to diplomatic backlash – undercut multilateral burden-sharing
Brown 9 – PhD @ Auburn
(Trevor, “Soft Power and Space Weaponization” Air and Space power Journal Volume 23 No 1, Spring, pg. 67)
The United States has plans to weaponize space and is already deploying missile-defense
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difficult politically for the Air Force to make plans to offer such protection.
Space weapons backlash spills over
Marshall 5 – PhD, Former Research Fellow, International Security Program @ Belfer Center
(William, et al, “Space weapons: the urgent debate,” ISYP Journal on Science and World Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1)
On the other hand, a range of short term disadvantages are possible, 1
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view that any weapon in outer space violates the spirit of that Treaty.
Specifically – space backlash collapses climate and disease cooperation
Moore 8 – Research Fellow @ TII, articles have appeared in the Brown Journal of World Affairs, Foreign Service Journal, Yes! A Journal of Positive Futures, and The SAIS Review and International Affairs.
(Mike, “Twilight War: The Folly of U.S. Space Dominance,” Carnegie Council)
Now, there is another moral issue. We are triggering a new arms race
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have? Nations need to work together in order to solve these problems.

Diseases cause extinction  
Keating 9 – Foreign Policy Web Editor
Joshua, "The End of the World," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full
How it could happen: Throughout history, plagues have brought civilizations to their knees
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. Biological weapons experimentation has added a new and just as troubling complication.
No burnout
Torrey 5 - Directors Stanley Medical Research Institute
(E. Fuller and Robert H Yolken, Beasts of the Earth: Animals, Humans and Disease, pp. 5-6)
The outcome of this marriage, however, is not as clearly defined as it
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HIV or SARS virus may be truly capable of eradicating the human race.

Global climate cooperation solves warming
Burleson 7 – Pace University School of Law, LLM London School of Economics and Political Science, JD University of Connecticut School of Law
(Elizabeth Burleson, “Multilateral Climate Change Mitigation” 41 U.S.F. Law Review 373, January 1 2007, Environmental Law Commons)
The international community can overcome political and economic disparity to achieve climate stabilization. The
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of policy instruments. Avoiding catastrophic climate change requires genuine multilateral cooperation immediately. 

Global climate cooperation solves warming
Burleson 7 – Pace University School of Law, LLM London School of Economics and Political Science, JD University of Connecticut School of Law
(Elizabeth Burleson, “Multilateral Climate Change Mitigation” 41 U.S.F. Law Review 373, January 1 2007, Environmental Law Commons)
The international community can overcome political and economic disparity to achieve climate stabilization. The
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of policy instruments. Avoiding catastrophic climate change requires genuine multilateral cooperation immediately.
Warming is anthropogenic – most comprehensive analysis to date proves
Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis
*Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,
(“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)
An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public
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1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
The risk is existential
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
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adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

Contention 2: Advocacy
The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the President’s war powers authority with the Treaty on Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects.
Solvency
The plan jumpstarts binding international agreements on space weapons
Jaramillo 9 – MA in Global Governance, Program Officer at Project Ploughshares working on the Space Security and Nuclear Disarmament programs
(Cesar, “In Defence of the PPWT Treaty: Toward a Space Weapons Ban,” The Ploughshares Monitor, 30.4)
The existing legal regime that tackles the potential weaponization of outer space is outdated,
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deserves, so that space can be preserved as a peaceful global commons.

The state is an inevitable and indispensable part of the solution to warming
Eckersley 4 Robyn, Reader/Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Melbourne, “The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty”, MIT Press, 2004, Google Books, pp. 3-8
While acknowledging the basis for this antipathy toward the nation- state, and the
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at least as a potentially more significant ally in the green cause.17
The discourse of environmental action must be attached to the state garner public support and lead to policy action
Note: EM = ecological modernization
Doran and Barry 6 – worked at all levels in the environment and sustainable development policy arena - at the United Nations, at the Northern Ireland Assembly and Dáil Éireann, and in the Irish NGO sector. PhD--AND-- Reader in Politics, Queen's University School of Politics, International Studies, and Philosophy. PhD Glasgow (Peter and John, Refining Green Political Economy: From Ecological Modernisation to Economic Security and Sufficiency, Analyse and Kritik 28/2006, p. 250–275, http://www.analyse-und-kritik.net/2006-2/AK_Barry_Doran_2006.pdf)
Viewed in isolation EM can be painted as a reformist and limited strategy for achieving
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‘greenprint’ of an abstract and utopian vision of the ‘sustainable society’.
Public advocacy is key to effective action on climate change
CAG 10—Climate Change Communication Advisory Group. Dr Adam Corner School of Psychology, Cardiff University - Dr Tom Crompton Change Strategist, WWF-UK - Scott Davidson Programme Manager,  Global Action Plan - Richard Hawkins Senior Researcher,  Public Interest Research Centre - Professor Tim Kasser, Psychology department, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, USA.  - Dr Renee Lertzman, Center for Sustainable Processes and  Practices, Portland State University, US. - Peter Lipman, Policy Director, Sustrans. - Dr Irene Lorenzoni, Centre for Environmental Risk,  University of East Anglia. - George Marshall, Founding Director, Climate Outreach , Information Network - Dr Ciaran Mundy, Director, Transition Bristol - Dr Saffron O’Neil, Department of Resource Management and Geography, University of Melbourne, Australia.  - Professor Nick Pidgeon, Director, Understanding Risk Research Group, School of Psychology, Cardiff University. - Dr Anna Rabinovich, School of Psychology, University of Exeter - Rosemary Randall, Founder and director of Cambridge Carbon Footprint - Dr Lorraine Whitmarsh, School of Psychology, Cardiff University and Visiting Fellow at the, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. (Communicating climate change to mass public audience, http://pirc.info/downloads/communicating_climate_mass_audiences.pdf)
This short advisory paper collates a set of recommendations about how best to shape mass
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they would like structural barriers to behavioural/societal change to be removed.

Cooperative climate mitigation is possible—it’s a question of US ability to generate cooperation
Eizenstat 9 – partner at Covington and Burling LLP, lead U.S.
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ECONOMIC DOWNTURN” ENERGY LAW JOURNAL Volume 30, No. 1 2009)
Nonetheless, I am cautiously optimistic—both about prospects for U.S.
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, the United States appears poised to again engage, cooperate and lead.

Taking action against warming represents an opportunity to rebuild progressive politics for a better society – we must set aside differences based on identity in favor of a broad-based coalition
Smith 10 Brendan, co-founder of Labor Network for Sustainability, 11-23, “Fighting Doom: The New Politics of Climate Change,” Common Dreams, http://www.commondreams.org/view/2010/11/23-1
I admit I have arrived late to the party. Only recently have I begun
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said to me, "God help us, I hope you're right."
Engagement within the existing system of market mechanisms is necessary to avoid reproducing the status quo
Bryant 12—professor of philosophy at Collin College (Levi, We’ll Never Do Better Than a Politician: Climate Change and Purity, 5/11/12, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/well-never-do-better-than-a-politician-climate-change-and-purity/)
However, pointing this out and deriding market based solutions doesn’t get us very far
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there’s no way around this, and we do need to act now.
Simulation and institutional deliberation motivate effective responses to climate risks
Marx et al. 7 (Sabine M, Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (CRED) @ Columbia University, Elke U. Weber, Graduate School of Business and Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Benjamin S. Orlovea, Department of Environmental Science and Policy @ University of California Davis, Anthony Leiserowitz, Decision Research, David H. Krantz, Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Carla Roncolia, South East Climate Consortium (SECC), Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering @ University of Georgia and Jennifer Phillips, Bard Centre for Environmental Policy @ Bard College, “Communication and mental processes: Experiential and analytic processing of uncertain climate information”, 2007, http://climate.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/Marx_GEC_2007.pdf)
Based on the observation that experiential and analytic processing systems compete and that personal experience
AND
engage both systems in the process of individual and group decision-making.

Institutions  can be pragmatic and are necessary to solve the aff
Grossberg, 92 (Lawrence, Morris Davis Professor of Communication Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, “We Gotta Get Out of this Place: Popular Conservatism and Postmodern Culture”, page 388-389)
The demand for moral and ideological purity often results in the rejection of any hierarchy
AND
reasonably democratic structures of institutionalization, even if they are impure and compromised.  
Exposing the flaws of the system does nothing – real change must start with the state
Johnston 5 (Adrian, Dept of Philosophy, New Mexico University, International Journal of Zizek Studies, Vol. 1)JFS
However, the absence of this type of Lacan-underwritten argument in Žižek’s socio
AND
in the streets, then why dirty one’s hands bothering with the latter?
And, only Institutional Action sends the message that spurs social changes
Stoddard ‘97
(Thomas B. Stoddard, Former Professor of Law at NYU Law School, November 1997, New York University Law Review, “Bleeding Heart: Reflection on Using Law to Make Social Change,” pg. 7, http://law.ubalt.edu/law/downloads/law_downloads/Stoddard.pdf) Dan Li
Let me also suggest this: the Civil Rights Act of 1964 has had such
AND
matters almost as much as what is, in the end, done.
?
No impact turns – liberal international institutions are inevitable even absent the plan – it’s only a question of their effectiveness – US key to create a sustainable model
Ikenberry 11
John, “The Future of the Liberal World Order” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67730/g-john-ikenberry/the-future-of-the-liberal-world-order May/June mtc
Some anxious observers argue that the world will not just look less American -- it
AND
security and prosperity that it has provided since the middle of the twentieth century

Tournament: Texas | Round: 4 | Opponent: OU MM | Judge: Kaitlyn Haynal

1ac

Contention 1: Warming

Advantage one – weaponization

Weaponization is coming

Wu 12 – Permanent Representative of China to the Conference on Disarmament
(Haito, "Statement by H.E. Ambassador Wu Haitao, on PAROS," http://www.china-un.ch/eng/hom/t938642.htm)
Firstly, arms race in outer space is posing an immediate security challenge to international
AND
in place to negotiate and conclude new international legal instrument on outer space.

Independently, US plans to weaponize space leads to diplomatic backlash – undercut multilateral burden-sharing

Brown 9 – PhD @ Auburn
(Trevor, "Soft Power and Space Weaponization" Air 26 Space power Journal Volume 23 No 1, Spring, pg. 67)
The United States has plans to weaponize space and is already deploying missile-defense
AND
difficult politically for the Air Force to make plans to offer such protection.

Space weapons backlash spills over

Marshall 5 – PhD, Former Research Fellow, International Security Program @ Belfer Center
(William, et al, "Space weapons: the urgent debate," ISYP Journal on Science and World Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1)
On the other hand, a range of short term disadvantages are possible, 1
AND
view that any weapon in outer space violates the spirit of that Treaty.

Specifically – space backlash collapses climate and disease cooperation

Moore 8 – Research Fellow @ TII, articles have appeared in the Brown Journal of World Affairs, Foreign Service Journal, Yes21 A Journal of Positive Futures, and The SAIS Review and International Affairs.
(Mike, "Twilight War: The Folly of U.S. Space Dominance," Carnegie Council)
Now, there is another moral issue. We are triggering a new arms race
AND
have? Nations need to work together in order to solve these problems.

Diseases cause extinction

Keating 9 – Foreign Policy Web Editor
Joshua, "The End of the World," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full
How it could happen: Throughout history, plagues have brought civilizations to their knees
AND
. Biological weapons experimentation has added a new and just as troubling complication.

Global climate cooperation solves warming

Burleson 7 – Pace University School of Law, LLM London School of Economics and Political Science, JD University of Connecticut School of Law
(Elizabeth Burleson, "Multilateral Climate Change Mitigation" 41 U.S.F. Law Review 373, January 1 2007, Environmental Law Commons)
The international community can overcome political and economic disparity to achieve climate stabilization. The
AND
of policy instruments. Avoiding catastrophic climate change requires genuine multilateral cooperation immediately. 

Warming is anthropogenic – most comprehensive analysis to date proves

Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis
*Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,
("Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature," Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)
An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public
AND
1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.

Causes extinction—4 degree projections trigger a laundry list of extinction scenarios

Roberts 13—citing the World Bank Review’s compilation of climate studies
- 4 degree projected warming, can’t adapt
- heat wave related deaths, forest fires, crop production, water wars, ocean acidity, sea level rise, climate migrants, biodiversity loss
David, "If you aren’t alarmed about climate, you aren’t paying attention" ~http://grist.org/climate-energy/climate-alarmism-the-idea-is-surreal/~~ January 10 mtc
We know we’ve raised global average temperatures around 0.8 degrees C so far
AND
, but a world that is inexorably more inhospitable with every passing decade.

The risk is existential

Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, "Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it," pg. 122)
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

Contention 2: Advocacy

The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the President’s war powers authority to introduce space armed forces into hostilities

The plan jumpstarts binding international agreements on space weapons

Jaramillo 9 – MA in Global Governance, Program Officer at Project Ploughshares working on the Space Security and Nuclear Disarmament programs
(Cesar, "In Defence of the PPWT Treaty: Toward a Space Weapons Ban," The Ploughshares Monitor, 30.4)
The existing legal regime that tackles the potential weaponization of outer space is outdated,
AND
deserves, so that space can be preserved as a peaceful global commons.

The state is an inevitable and indispensable part of the solution to warming

Eckersley 4 Robyn, Reader/Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Melbourne, "The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty", MIT Press, 2004, Google Books, pp. 3-8
While acknowledging the basis for this antipathy toward the nation- state, and the
AND
at least as a potentially more significant ally in the green cause.17

The discourse of environmental action must be attached to the state garner public support and lead to policy action

~Note: EM = ecological modernization~
Doran and Barry 6 – worked at all levels in the environment and sustainable development policy arena - at the United Nations, at the Northern Ireland Assembly and Dáil Éireann, and in the Irish NGO sector. PhD—AND— Reader in Politics, Queen’s University School of Politics, International Studies, and Philosophy. PhD Glasgow (Peter and John, Refining Green Political Economy: From Ecological Modernisation to Economic Security and Sufficiency, Analyse 26 Kritik 28/2006, p. 250–275, http://www.analyse-und-kritik.net/2006-2/AK_Barry_Doran_2006.pdf)
Viewed in isolation EM can be painted as a reformist and limited strategy for achieving
AND
’greenprint’ of an abstract and utopian vision of the ’sustainable society’. 

Public deliberation over climate policy interventions is critical to create an effective solution

CAG 10—Climate Change Communication Advisory Group. Dr Adam Corner School of Psychology, Cardiff University - Dr Tom Crompton Change Strategist, WWF-UK - Scott Davidson Programme Manager,  Global Action Plan - Richard Hawkins Senior Researcher,  Public Interest Research Centre - Professor Tim Kasser, Psychology department, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, USA.  - Dr Renee Lertzman, Center for Sustainable Processes 26  Practices, Portland State University, US. - Peter Lipman, Policy Director, Sustrans. - Dr Irene Lorenzoni, Centre for Environmental Risk,  University of East Anglia. - George Marshall, Founding Director, Climate Outreach , Information Network - Dr Ciaran Mundy, Director, Transition Bristol - Dr Saffron O’Neil, Department of Resource Management and Geography, University of Melbourne, Australia.  - Professor Nick Pidgeon, Director, Understanding Risk Research Group, School of Psychology, Cardiff University. - Dr Anna Rabinovich, School of Psychology, University of Exeter - Rosemary Randall, Founder and director of Cambridge Carbon Footprint - Dr Lorraine Whitmarsh, School of Psychology, Cardiff University 26 Visiting Fellow at the, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. (Communicating climate change to mass public audience, http://pirc.info/downloads/communicating_climate_mass_audiences.pdf)
This short advisory paper collates a set of recommendations about how best to shape mass
AND
they would like structural barriers to behavioural/societal change to be removed.

Cooperative climate mitigation is possible—it’s a question of US ability to generate cooperation

Eizenstat 9 – partner at Covington 26 Burling LLP, lead U.S.
AND
ECONOMIC DOWNTURN" ENERGY LAW JOURNAL Volume 30, No. 1 2009)
Nonetheless, I am cautiously optimistic—both about prospects for U.S.
AND
, the United States appears poised to again engage, cooperate and lead.

Taking action against warming represents an opportunity to rebuild progressive politics for a better society – we must set aside differences based on identity in favor of a broad-based coalition

Smith 10 Brendan, co-founder of Labor Network for Sustainability, 11-23, "Fighting Doom: The New Politics of Climate Change," Common Dreams, http://www.commondreams.org/view/2010/11/23-1
I admit I have arrived late to the party. Only recently have I begun
AND
said to me, "God help us, I hope you’re right."

Engagement within the existing system of market mechanisms is necessary to avoid reproducing the status quo

Bryant 12—professor of philosophy at Collin College (Levi, We’ll Never Do Better Than a Politician: Climate Change and Purity, 5/11/12, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/well-never-do-better-than-a-politician-climate-change-and-purity/)
However, pointing this out and deriding market based solutions doesn’t get us very far
AND
there’s no way around this, and we do need to act now.

Simulation and institutional deliberation motivate effective responses to climate risks

Marx et al. 7 (Sabine M, Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (CRED) @ Columbia University, Elke U. Weber, Graduate School of Business and Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Benjamin S. Orlovea, Department of Environmental Science and Policy @ University of California Davis, Anthony Leiserowitz, Decision Research, David H. Krantz, Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Carla Roncolia, South East Climate Consortium (SECC), Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering @ University of Georgia and Jennifer Phillips, Bard Centre for Environmental Policy @ Bard College, "Communication and mental processes: Experiential and analytic processing of uncertain climate information", 2007, http://climate.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/Marx_GEC_2007.pdf)
Based on the observation that experiential and analytic processing systems compete and that personal experience
AND
engage both systems in the process of individual and group decision-making.

====Institutions  can be pragmatic and are necessary to solve the aff ====
Grossberg, 92 (Lawrence, Morris Davis Professor of Communication Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "We Gotta Get Out of this Place: Popular Conservatism and Postmodern Culture", page 388-389)
The demand for moral and ideological purity often results in the rejection of any hierarchy
AND
reasonably democratic structures of institutionalization, even if they are impure and compromised.  

Exposing the flaws of the system does nothing – real change must start with the state

Johnston 5 (Adrian, Dept of Philosophy, New Mexico University, International Journal of Zizek Studies, Vol. 1)JFS
However, the absence of this type of Lacan-underwritten argument in Žižek’s socio
AND
in the streets, then why dirty one’s hands bothering with the latter? 

And, only Institutional Action sends the message that spurs social changes

Stoddard ’97
(Thomas B. Stoddard, Former Professor of Law at NYU Law School, November 1997, New York University Law Review, "Bleeding Heart: Reflection on Using Law to Make Social Change," pg. 7, http://law.ubalt.edu/law/downloads/law_downloads/Stoddard.pdf) ~Dan Li~
Let me also suggest this: the Civil Rights Act of 1964 has had such
AND
matters almost as much as what is, in the end, done.
?

No impact turns – liberal international institutions are inevitable even absent the plan – it’s only a question of their effectiveness – US key to create a sustainable model

Ikenberry 11
John, "The Future of the Liberal World Order" ~http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67730/g-john-ikenberry/the-future-of-the-liberal-world-order~~ May/June mtc
Some anxious observers argue that the world will not just look less American — it
AND
security and prosperity that it has provided since the middle of the twentieth century

Tournament: KCKCC | Round: 6 | Opponent: MoState HR | Judge: Scott Elliot
The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the President’s war powers authority to introduce space armed forces into hostilities with the Treaty on Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects.

Tournament: UMKC Baby Jo Memorial 2013 | Round: 2 | Opponent: USC PV | Judge: Jason Russell

1ac

1

Advantage one – weaponization

Weaponization is coming

Wu 12 – Permanent Representative of China to the Conference on Disarmament
(Haito, "Statement by H.E. Ambassador Wu Haitao, on PAROS," http://www.china-un.ch/eng/hom/t938642.htm)
Firstly, arms race in outer space is posing an immediate security challenge to international
AND
in place to negotiate and conclude new international legal instrument on outer space.

US weaponization leads to arms racing – spills over to nuclear warfare

Tannenwald 4 - Assistant Professor and Director of the International Relations Program, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University
(Nina, Article: Law Versus Power on the High Frontier: The Case for a Rule-Based Regime for Outer Space, 29 Yale J. Int’l L. 363)
A more elaborated legal regime would be aimed at preventing destabilizing conflicts over the use
AND
-tech arms race and renew emphasis on doctrines of nuclear warfare. n25

Space wars escalate to nuclear war

Englehart 8 – JD, patent litigation attorney practicing in the firm’s Litigation, ITC Litigation and Patent Interferences groups
(Alex, COMMON GROUND IN THE SKY: EXTENDING THE 1967 OUTER SPACE TREATY TO RECONCILE U.S. AND CHINESE SECURITY INTERESTS, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 17.1)
An Effective U.S. Space Weapons Deployment Would Neutralize the ¶ Effectiveness of
AND
order to avoid ¶ the total collapse of its strategic nuclear deterrent.64

Independently, US plans to weaponize space leads to diplomatic backlash – undercut multilateral burden-sharing

Brown 9 – PhD @ Auburn
(Trevor, "Soft Power and Space Weaponization" Air 26 Space power Journal Volume 23 No 1, Spring, pg. 67)
The United States has plans to weaponize space and is already deploying missile-defense
AND
difficult politically for the Air Force to make plans to offer such protection.

Space weapons backlash spills over

Marshall 5 – PhD, Former Research Fellow, International Security Program @ Belfer Center
(William, et al, "Space weapons: the urgent debate," ISYP Journal on Science and World Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1)
On the other hand, a range of short term disadvantages are possible, 1
AND
view that any weapon in outer space violates the spirit of that Treaty.

Multilateralism solves WMD conflicts

Montalván 10 - master’s of science from Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism
(Luis, "Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century" Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html)
Unilateralism is the wrong approach for American Diplomacy. There is nothing to suggest its
AND
us. Now is the time to create rather than divide common ground.

Specifically – space backlash collapses climate and disease cooperation

Moore 8 – Research Fellow @ TII, articles have appeared in the Brown Journal of World Affairs, Foreign Service Journal, Yes21 A Journal of Positive Futures, and The SAIS Review and International Affairs.
(Mike, "Twilight War: The Folly of U.S. Space Dominance," Carnegie Council)
Now, there is another moral issue. We are triggering a new arms race
AND
have? Nations need to work together in order to solve these problems.

Global climate cooperation solves warming

Burleson 7 – Pace University School of Law, LLM London School of Economics and Political Science, JD University of Connecticut School of Law
(Elizabeth Burleson, "Multilateral Climate Change Mitigation" 41 U.S.F. Law Review 373, January 1 2007, Environmental Law Commons)
The international community can overcome political and economic disparity to achieve climate stabilization. The
AND
of policy instruments. Avoiding catastrophic climate change requires genuine multilateral cooperation immediately. 

Warming is anthropogenic – most comprehensive analysis to date proves

Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis
*Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,
("Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature," Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)
An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public
AND
1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.

There is a low threshold for RUNAWAY warming – newest studies prove

Goldblatt 13 – PhD in Environmental Sciences, Research Associate, Virtual Planetary Laboratory 26 Astronomy Department @ U Washington
(Colin, et al., "Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates," Nature Geoscience 6, 661–667, doi:10.1038/ngeo1892)
Here, we present the most complete study of the runaway greenhouse for 25 years
AND
(with a major component being condensable), and no empirical comparison cases.

Runaway warming tipping points coming soon – must act now to avert extinction

Hamilton 10 – Professor of Public Ethics @ ANU
(Clive Hamilton, Professor of Public Ethics in Australia, 2010, "Requiem for a Species: Why We Resist the Truth About Climate Change," pg. 1-2)
One of the most striking features of the global warming debate has been how,
AND
will be gone and humans will enter a long struggle just to survive.

The risk is existential

Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, "Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it," pg. 122)
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

2

Advantage two – balancing

Space weapons restrictions reverse China-Russia counterbalancing

Englehart 8 – JD, patent litigation attorney practicing in the firm’s Litigation, ITC Litigation and Patent Interferences groups
(Alex, COMMON GROUND IN THE SKY: EXTENDING THE 1967 OUTER SPACE TREATY TO RECONCILE U.S. AND CHINESE SECURITY INTERESTS, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 17.1)
Beyond the Inevitable Direct Harm to Sino-American Relations, the ¶ Deployment of
AND
to negotiate on the space weapons issue would serve ¶ that goal well.

A legally binding agreement is key

Su 10 – Faculty @ Silk Road Institute of International and Comparative Law
(Jinyuan, "Towards an effective and adequately veri?able PPWT," Space Policy, p. 152)
Today the world is already half way down the road to space¶ weaponization,
AND
worsen if ASATs proliferated to more states and¶ non-state actors. 

Russia-China counterbalancing collapses hegemony leads to multiple scenarios for war

Blank 9 – Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College
(Stephen Blank, "Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?," online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub908.pdf)
Consequently, the danger is that this ideological-strategic rivalry will harden, leading
AND
of joint military action in response to a regime crisis in the DPRK.

Nuclear war

Brooks et al 13 - Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College
(Stephen G. Brooks, G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. "Don’t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment", Winter, 37.3)
A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
case would generate intensely competitive behavior, possibly including regional great power war). 

Primacy has resulted in the lowest level of war in history – best statistics prove

Owen 11 ~John Owen, Associate professor in the University of Virginia’s Department of Politics,  recipient of fellowships from the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard, and the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford, and the Center of International Studies at Princeton, PhD in international relations from Harvard, February 11, 2011, "Don’t Discount Hegemony, www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/~
Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
AND
part by the emergence of the United States as the global hegemon.?

Congress is key to international trust and credibility

Foust 11 – editor of the Space Review
(Jeff, The Space Review, "Debating a code of conduct for space," 3/7, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1794/1)
Even if the US was to sign on some version of the EU Code,
AND
GPS, they know there’s policy stability and they can rely on it."

Plan

The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the President’s war powers authority to introduce armed forces into hostilities with the Treaty on Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects.

Solvency

The plan jumpstarts binding international agreements on space weapons

Jaramillo 9 – MA in Global Governance, Program Officer at Project Ploughshares working on the Space Security and Nuclear Disarmament programs
(Cesar, "In Defence of the PPWT Treaty: Toward a Space Weapons Ban," The Ploughshares Monitor, 30.4)
The existing legal regime that tackles the potential weaponization of outer space is outdated,
AND
deserves, so that space can be preserved as a peaceful global commons.
?

International agreements spill over

MacDonald 9 – Senior Director of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States. He is based at the United States Institute of Peace
(Bruce, "Steps to strategic security and stability in space: a view from the United States," Scholar)
There is a larger point at work here as well. Space arms control is
AND
and¶ • seeking a KE-ASAT weapon testing moratorium or ban.

A legally binding and formal restriction is key – it’s trusted, prevents crisis-reversal and solves rollback by future administrations

Mutschler 10 – PhD @ Eberhard-Karls U, Researcher at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Berlin
(Max, "Keeping Space Safe, PRIF-Report No 98, Scholar)
The major arguments in favor of a "rules of the road" approach which
AND
space weapons is better suited to keeping space safe in the long term.

This comprehensive legal regime prevents space arms racing

Tannenwald 4 - Assistant Professor and Director of the International Relations Program, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University
(Nina, Article: Law Versus Power on the High Frontier: The Case for a Rule-Based Regime for Outer Space, 29 Yale J. Int’l L. 363)
The future of peace and security in outer space is at a critical juncture.
AND
preemptive attack that powerful but vulnerable weapons systems seem likely to create. n18

Tournament: UTD | Round: 1 | Opponent: UCO BH | Judge: Matt Munday
The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the President’s war powers authority to introduce space Armed Forces into hostilities