C'mon. You've entered info for 12 rounds, and only entered cites for 4? That's only 33.3%. Open Source is NOT a replacement for good disclosure practices.
Tournament
Round
Report
texas
4
Opponent: baylor bb | Judge:
1nc ptx T increase restrictions Security K Taliban PIC 2nc1nr Security K T 2nr T
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
The President of the United States should submit the authority for unilaterally deploying Armed Forces on Responsibility to Protect missions for binding and sole compulsory adjudication by the International Court of Justice. The President should ask that the case take priority.
Competes – it’s not a statutory or judicial restriction
Solves – ICJ will rule against harmful use of force – ruling against the US boosts credibility
Murphy 8 - Professor of Law, George Washington University (Sean, "The United States and the International Court of Justice: Coping with Antinomies," in THE UNITED STATES AND INTERNATIONAL COURTS AND TRIBUNALS) The formal means for mediating antimonies have been largely unchanged since the inception of the AND welcome opportunities to speak to the legality of U.S. actions.
Net-benefit – subjecting use of force to ICJ jurisdiction invigorates the credibility of the institution – solves global stability
Meyer 3 – JD, American Society for International Law (Howard, "Isn’t It Time We Rejoin the World Court? (We Left in 1986)," http://hnn.us/articles/1465.html) George W. Bush drew fire from law and order advocates when in 2002 he AND stronger institutions of international justice would make the United States a safer place.
ICJ credibility solves Asian territorial disputes and leads to Asian regionalism
Strachan 9 – Research Intern, IPCS, New Delhi (Anna Louise, "Resolving Southeast Asian Territorial Disputes: A Role for the ICJ," http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/IB133-SEARP-AnnaICJ_(Read-Only).pdf) Southeast Asia is currently embroiled in a number ¶ of territorial disputes, the resolution AND initiatives are a step ¶ towards eliminating territorial disputes within the ¶ region.
Senkaku conflict escalates – extinction
Khan 10 – Financial Express (Maswood, September 22, "An islet straining China and Japan" http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/more.php?news_id=11244726date=2010-09-22) ONE thing leads to another. Tensions between neighbours flare up at the slightest provocation AND showing its muscle to Japan the way America showed its muscle to Iraq.
So does SCS
Wesley 12 (Michael, Former Professor of International Relations and Director of the Griffith Asia Institute at Griffith University, Former Executive Director of the Lowy Institute for International Policy, "What’s at stake in the South China Sea?", 7/25/12, http://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/whats-stake-south-china-sea) The South China Sea is the flashpoint in the Pacific where conflict is most likely to break out through miscalculation. It is a crowded maritime environment contested by some inexperienced maritime forces with underdeveloped naval doctrine, among whom there are no established and accepted rules for managing maritime incidents.~1~ And the combination of the claimant states’ power asymmetries, overlapping prerogatives, and growing nationalism mean that incidents, once they occur, are likely to escalate.
"It meant a lot in the Senate to have the president weigh in like AND side, where we had stronger vote totals than we were necessarily expecting."
====Plan’s a loss – causes defection==== Loomis 7 Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at Georgetown University, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy", March 2, 2007, pg 36-37, http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php Declining political authority encourages defection. American political analyst Norman Ornstein writes of the domestic AND affects the character of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic.
Patent reform key to the economy – drives innovation
Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8 Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, "The Dangers of a Diminished America" http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world’s financial architecture AND of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.
Interpretation – restriction requires prohibition of an entire topic list area
Restriction means prohibition
Corpus Juris Secundum 31 Volume 54, p. 735 RESTRICT: To confine; to limit; to prevent (a person or thing) from passing a certain limit in any kind of action; to restrain; to restrain without bounds.
Authority is power delegated to an agent
Kelly 3 - judge for the State of Michigan (JOSEPH ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff, and LULA ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY and DANIEL P. BENNETT, Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants., No. 236749, COURT OF APPEALS OF MICHIGAN, 259 Mich. App. 187; 673 N.W.2d 776; 2003 Mich. App. LEXIS 2649; 93 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 244; 92 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1557, Lexis) Applying agency principles, a principal is responsible for the acts of its agents done AND be delegated in carrying out the principal’s business." Id. at 1348.
"In the area" means all of the activities
United Nations 13 (United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty, http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm) PART I¶ INTRODUCTION¶ Article 1 Use of terms and scope¶ 1. For the purposes of this Convention:¶ (1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;¶ (2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;¶ (3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area;
Violations – the affirmative doesn’t prohibit
—either it sets conditions that can be met, or just limits the scope
Voting issue –
Limits – absent prohibition of an area, every single condition or regulation acts as a functional restriction on some single process of war powers authority – dozens of tiny mechanisms and small subsets of areas create an infinite number of affs that core lit doesn’t check
Bidirectionality – absent a prohibition, the aff can create meaningless "conditions" that EXPAND presidential power – commission consultation proves
Threat construction is a self-fulfilling prophecy resulting in endless war
Wendt 99 (Alexander, Ralph D. Mershon Professor of International Security at the Ohio State University, "Social Theory of International Politics", pg. 261-266) Enemy images have a long pedigree, and some states continue to position each other AND geography’s significance is itself subject to material changes in technology (nuclear weapons).
Securitization justifies massive violence
Friis 2k (Karsten, UN Sector at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Peace and Conflict Studies 7.2, "From Liminars to Others: Securitization Through Myths", http://shss.nova.edu/pcs/journalsPDF/V7N2.pdf~~23page=2) The problem with societal securitization is one of representation. It is rarely clear in AND on behalf of the natural and eternal, where truth is never questioned.
The alternative is to rethink security
Cheeseman and Bruce 96 (Graeme Cheeseman, Senior Lecturer at New South Wales University, and Robert Bruce, Associate Professor of social sciences Curtin University "Discourses of Danger 26 Dread Frontiers", pg. 5-9) This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of AND resistant to them, or choose not to understand them, and why?
3/29/14
NDT Rnd 5 1nc vs Minn CE
Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Minn CE | Judge: D Heidt, Weiner, Polin 1nc Interpretation – restriction requires prohibition of an entire topic list area Restriction means prohibition Corpus Juris Secundum 31 Volume 54, p. 735 RESTRICT: To confine; to limit; to prevent (a person or thing) from passing a certain limit in any kind of action; to restrain; to restrain without bounds.
Authority is power delegated to an agent Kelly 3 - judge for the State of Michigan (JOSEPH ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff, and LULA ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY and DANIEL P. BENNETT, Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants., No. 236749, COURT OF APPEALS OF MICHIGAN, 259 Mich. App. 187; 673 N.W.2d 776; 2003 Mich. App. LEXIS 2649; 93 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 244; 92 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1557, Lexis) Applying agency principles, a principal is responsible for the acts of its agents done AND be delegated in carrying out the principal's business." Id. at 1348.
“In the area” means all of the activities United Nations 13 (United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty, http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm) PART I¶ INTRODUCTION¶ Article 1 Use of terms and scope¶ 1. For the purposes of this Convention:¶ (1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;¶ (2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;¶ (3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area; Violations – the affirmative doesn’t prohibit --either it sets conditions that can be met, or just limits the scope
Voting issue – Limits – absent prohibition of an area, every single condition or regulation acts as a functional restriction on some single process of war powers authority – dozens of tiny mechanisms and small subsets of areas create an infinite number of affs that core lit doesn’t check Bidirectionality – absent a prohibition, the aff can create meaningless “conditions” that EXPAND presidential power – commission consultation proves 1nc Threat construction is a self-fulfilling prophecy resulting in endless war Wendt 99 (Alexander, Ralph D. Mershon Professor of International Security at the Ohio State University, “Social Theory of International Politics”, pg. 261-266) Enemy images have a long pedigree, and some states continue to position each other
3/29/14
NDT Rnd 5 1nr vs Minn CE
Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Minn CE | Judge: D Heidt, Weiner, Polin 1nr CP Perm do both
2ac AT: Release Link Their framing of the perpetual terrorist is inaccurate and continues exceptionalist detention Pitter 13 – counterterrorism advisor at Human Rights Watch Laura, 5-1-13, “How to Close Guantanamo” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/01/how_to_close_guantanamo?page=full Yes, there is some risk that detainees released from Guantanamo may engage in terrorism AND on an individual basis, not based on the behavior of other detainees. Link – Terrorism Discourse of a terrorist threat locks in violence and ensures a self-fulfilling prophecy Jackson 7 (Volume 42, Issue 3, Pages 394-426 Published Online: 21 Jun 2007, Constructing Enemies: 'Islamic Terrorism' in Political and Academic Discourse Richard Jackson) The discourse is first and foremost founded on the deployment of a series of core AND like – as well as position them as the enemy of Western societies. Terrorism is a paranoid fantasy rooted in America’s psychological need for a new enemy to replace the USSR Bleiker, Professor of IR @ Queensland University, 2005 p. 189-190 (Roland, International Society and Its Critics Ed. Bellamy) . Let us come back to contemporary world politics in an attempt to illuminate the AND a transition period to a new order: it is the order itself. AT: Perm do CP Counter-interp: restrictions are nominal AT: Trials Good Empirically when government “proof” of future dangerousness has been presented in public it has relied on racist methodologies labeling people of Islamic faith as inherently dangerous Turner 10 Jennifer Turner, Human Rights Researcher, Human Rights Program, ACLU Government Witness Claims Gitmo Radicalized Child Soldier, https://www.aclu.org/blog/human-rights-national-security/government-witness-claims-gitmo-radicalized-child-soldier Since Omar Khadr's guilty plea this Monday, the case has moved into the sentencing AND that Khadr is a future danger contradicts everything we already know about him. Detention based on future dangerousness is an act that colonizes the future and dehumanizes individuals Bigo 10 Didier Bigo is Professor of international relations Po King's College, The future perfect of (in)security (P8) : Pre-crime strategy, Proactivity, Preemption, Prevention, Precaution, Profiling, Prediction, and Privacy - http://www.interdisciplines.org/paper.php?paperID=342#sthash.F3weZd6T.dpuf Punishing someone for a preparatory act is much more future-oriented and prophetic than AND may change with the rapport de force and inverse the position of victim. Trials elide the distinction between ethics and law, making justice impossible Agamben 99 Giorgio, professor of aesthetics at the University of Verona in Italy, Remnants of Auschwitz: The Witness and the Archive, trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen, p. 17-19 myost 1.3 In Latin there are two words for “witness.” The first AND the one who goes through life without judgment” (ibid.: 27). Post-Boumediene lower court decisions that authorize lower evidentiary standards have made habeas useless Ajuha and Tutt 12, Staff Member of Foreign Affairs Committee and Visiting Fellow Fall, 2012, Jasmeet K. Ahuja is a Professional Staff Member for AND Effects and Consequences”, 31 Yale L. and Pol'y Rev. 185 Beginning in 2001, the United States began transporting hundreds of persons captured overseas in AND Boumediene, granting executive detention at Guantánamo Bay judicial sanction without judicial scrutiny. Hyperbolized fear and the view that “danger is just around the corner” produce a self-fulfilling prophecy that cause the violence they aim to prevent – pre-crime produces the very dangerousness it seeks to prevent Dillon and Reid ‘9, (Michael, Prof. of IR @ Lancaster University, Julian, Lecturer in IR @ King’s College London, The Liberal Way of War: Killing to make life live, pgs. 30-33) One way of expressing the core problematic that we pursue in this book is, AND finitude, politically, has thus arisen an infinity of securitization and fear. AT: Spec Ops Add-On Their ev says because of classification issues, special operations by international coalitions often lack access to the best available intelligence. That’s something the aff can’t solve
3/29/14
NDT Rnd 5 2nc vs Minn CE
Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Minn CE | Judge: D Heidt, Weiner, Polin 2nc O/V Threat construction is a self-fulfilling prophecy – Identifying other states as threats creates a cycle of enmity that leads to conflict – We alter our policies to behave as if they were threats, forcing them to respond – Worst case planning means we interpret every action as threating causing us to see threats even where none exist – This sets countries on a collision course, making conflict more likely – That’s Wendt The Kritik turns and outweighs the case – Militarism sustains hierarchies of inequality directly responsible for global economic oppression along with racial and ethnic violence – This structural violence not only outweighs deaths from armed conflict, it fuels the psychological enemy creation needed to legitimize militarized violence – That’s Friis Rational impact calculus goes neg – The everyday violence endemic to the security state outweighs hypothetical wars Reject their scenarios – International relations scholarship is a gated community where entry is dependent on speaking a particular language of “expertise” and “policy analysis” – The demand for policy solutions serves to maintain these power relations because ideas are discredited unless they share the same assumptions of violence and conflict as the foundations of the international arena – This narrow focus precludes considerations that problematize that logic, which guarantees policy failure Expertise is a link – We place our faith in so called security experts, but their prophecies aren’t objective – They have a financial and political stake in the continued existence of the military-industrial complex – Expertise is a product of an exclusionary and insular community, resulting in epistemic closure This impact turns affirmative claims about specificity – The more “specific” their scenarios, the more likely they are to be the result of insular scholarship that refuses to consider alternate perspectives The alternative is to rethink security – We need to refuse the demand to present solutions in a familiar format and instead critically examine the dominant discourses of IR scholarship – This is a prerequisite to even conceptualizing what a good form of policy analysis would look like – That’s Cheeseman Link Legitimacy – Their Knowles card claims that U.S. “cultural norms” cause other countries to be less violent – As if every other country and culture is fundamentally violent – This creates a racist dichotomy between good, enlightened liberal states who do everything the U.S. says and irrational, backwards states who don’t, justifying management to impose U.S. will – The fact that we fought wars in Iraq and Afghanistan to promote democracy proves that violent intervention is the underside of legitimacy Presumed universality of U.S. values is false – They assume that deep down, everyone is American – Justifies war when the other inevitably deviates from our model Mattei 3 (Ugo, Hastings College of the Law; Univ. of Turin, Italy, “A Theory of Imperial Law: A Study on U.S. Hegemony and the Latin Resistance”, Global Jurist Frontiers , Vol. 3 2003, Iss. 2, Art. 1)
Neo-colonial practices in the Third World are to a great extent originated by AND law, the notion of counter-hegemony as used in this article. Terrorism studies that inform government policy are flawed—data doesn’t explain phenomenon Sageman 13 Marc, former C.I.A. operations officer and a psychiatrist and sociologist who has taught at various universities and spent the last eight years working with the intelligence community, “The Stagnation of Research on Terrorism,” April 30, http://chronicle.com/blogs/conversation/2013/04/30/the-stagnation-of-research-on-terrorism/ There is no academic discipline on terrorism, so after the shock of 9/ AND the flaws in such reasoning that send young men to prison for life. The claim that Russia is “internally unstable” because they lack “rule of law” is code for they’re bad because they aren’t like us – Justifies adversarial politics that make war inevitable Jæger 00 (Øyvind, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs and the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute, “Securitizing Russia: Discurisve Practices of the Baltic States”, http://shss.nova.edu/pcs/journalsPDF/V7N2.pdf) The Russian war on Chechnya is one event that was widely interpreted in the Baltic AND the privileged identity as the subversive errand boys of the prime external enemy. The idea that we need military effectiveness to respond to some unknowable future threat is not benign – The MIC constructs threats to sustain itself financially fueling structural violence and permanent war Kirk and Okazawa-Rey 2K (Gwyn, taught courses in women’s studies, environmental studies, political science, and sociology at US universities and colleges, most recently at the University of Oregon, a Ph.D. in sociology from the London School of Economics, founding member of the International Women’s Network Against Militarism, Margo, Professor at Fielding Graduate University and one of the founding members of the International Network of Women Against Militarism, “Neoliberalism, Militarism, and Armed Conflict”, Social Justice Vol. 27, No. 4 (2000), http://www.socialjusticejournal.org/SJEdits/82Edit.html) Worldwide military spending totaled a massive $785 billion in 1998, of which the AND may lead to the militarization of another (Ibid.: 245, 258x260). This turns the bioweapons impact – The reason the military is allowed to pursue bioweapons in secret is because of our ideological faith in the need for “military effectiveness” – Only the alt solves Their author says they improve military biomedical research – Proves their shoddy scholarship Parasidis 12 – Aff Author (Efthimios, Assistant Professor of Law, Center for Health Law Studies, Saint Louis University School of Law, “Article: Justice and Beneficence in Military Medicine and Research”, Ohio State Law Journal, 73 Ohio St. L.J. 723, Lexis) Military commanders have frequently characterized experimental research as a routine part of military training. AND should hold their elected officials accountable for doing so. n521 VI. Conclusion Their Card Starts The military has long nurtured a culture and identity that is fundamentally distinct from civil AND of military accountability than from the lack of military discipline or aggressiveness." n531 Their Card Ends Despite the Supreme Court's deference to military judgment, the Court has also indicated that AND religiously follow policies that promote justice and beneficence in military medicine and research. Rule of law modeling claims are epistemologically flawed and reproduce violent power relations – institutional arrangements are products of local context, and cannot be replicated – their belief that other countries CAN or WILL implement the same system of norms as the US is the product of ideological exceptionalism Peck and Theodore 10 (Jamie, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Nik, Center for Urban Economic Development and Department of Urban Planning and Policy, “Mobilizing policy: Models, methods, and mutations”, Geoforum 41 (2010) 169–174)
Which policies rise to the status of ‘‘models,” or objects of emulation? AND and World Bank, 2004; Goldman, 2005; Peet, 2007). Their 1ac is the epitome of scenario construction through shoddy scholarship in debate – It’s a million 3 card advantages – Be highly skeptical – The 2ar will collapse down to one or two and say we under covered them, but the nature of the 1ac justifies YOU reading in to their evidence to see if it makes sense even if WE don’t point out all the reasons why it doesn’t AT – PDB The perm doesn’t solve the K – We have to refuse the demand for policy solutions, otherwise we’re tacitly endorsing the status quo – Current policy analysis is locked into outdated assumptions and is incapable of considering alternate perspectives – Problematizing these notions is a prerequisite – That’s Cheeseman The links are disads – They orient themselves towards IR in a violent way – That constrains and enables the range of policies and shapes implementation – They don’t get to sever 8:50 of the 1ac because the other 10 seconds were ok Must totally eschew the logic of security Neocleous 8 (Mark, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, Critique of Security, 185-6) The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is AND
it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift.143 Case O/W Traditional impact calculus is ideologically biased – Extreme emphasis on magnitude and timeframe corrupts decision making, as epitomized by Cheney’s 1 risk doctrine – Low threshold for threats is the lifeblood of militarism, and guarantees that the military-industrial complex lies outsides the realm of legitimate inquiry as an ideological sacred cow – The logic of “try or die” fuels structural violence Critical intellectualism key to solve extinction – Voting negative outweighs hypothetical plan consequences Jones 99 (Richard, IR, Aberystwyth, “6. Emancipation: Reconceptualizing Practice,” Security, Strategy and Critical Theory, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/wynjones/wynjones06.html) The central political task of the intellectuals is to aid in the construction of a AND should act as both an inspiration and a challenge to critical security studies. AT – Threat Deflation/Schweller Threat deflation doesn’t assume the war on terror – Schweller’s book is based on case studies from the 1800s – The current political climate is defined by extreme overreaction to threats The Wendt evidence answers this – Identifying other countries as threats creates a cycle of enmity that leads to conflict Schweller’s arguments don’t apply to a hegemon in a unipolar system Herrington 12 (Luke, Graduate student at the Center for Global and International Studies at the University of Kansas, “Review – Unanswered Threats”, 3/19/12, http://www.e-ir.info/2012/03/19/review-unanswered-threats/) Yet, he fails to concede that the very existence of a hegemon seemingly undermines AND underbalancing contribute to the emergence of hegemonic powers or specific forms of polarity? AT – Threats Real Even if threats are real the aff’s framing of those threats locks in particular responses that guarantee escalation and precludes alternate mechanisms of non-violent conflict resolution – That’s Wendt – Even if threats are real, the alternative is still a better approach because we can de-escalate tensions instead of getting trapped in a cycle of enmity 2nc Reps First It’s impossible to make sense of political reality absent evaluation of representations – The aff doesn’t get access to plan-based offense prior to winning their world-view is productive Jourde 6 (Cedric, Ph.D., Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, “Hegemony or Empire?: The redefinition of US Power under George W Bush” Ed. David and Grondin pg. 182-3) Relations between states are, at least in part, constructed upon representations. Representations AND course of action one will adopt in order to deal with this 'other'.
3/29/14
Topicality 1nc V Towson JR
Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Towson JR | Judge: Topical affirmatives must affirm the resolution through instrumental defense of judicial or statutory restrictions on war power’s authority of the president. This can come as a result of their scholarship, but must be a specific example of the resolution. Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan AHD 2k (American Heritage Dictionary 2000 (Dictionary.com)) should. The will to do something or have something take place: I shall go out if I feel like it. Federal government is in DC Encarta Online 5 (http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500781_6/United_States_(Government).html#howtocite) United States (Government), the combination....centered in Washington, D.C. Resolved implies a policy Louisiana House 5 (http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm) Resolution A legislative instrument....governor's veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4) Statutes require congress Hill 13 – Gerald Hill, Juris Doctor from Hastings College of the Law of the University of California, Executive Director of the California Governor’s Housing Commission, AB from Stanford University and Kathleen Hill, M.A. in Political Psychology from California State University, Sonoma, Fellow in Public Affairs at the Coro Foundation (The People’s Law Dictionary, http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=2010) statute n. a Federal or....orders and proclamations are not statutes. Judicial requires the court Webster’s 1 – Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Law, "Judicial", http://research.lawyers.com/glossary/judicial.html Judicial: Definition....enforced by a court a foreclosure Debate’s benefits come from arguing against a well prepared opponent – that preparation is the only way to test the epistemology of the aff, their impact claims are false until tested Talisse 5 – Professor of Philosophy @ Vandy (Robert, Philosophy and Social Criticism, “Deliberativist responses to activist challenges,” 31(4) p. 429-431) The argument thus far might appear to turn exclusively upon different conceptions of what reasonableness entails. The deliberativist view I have sketched holds that reasonableness involves some degree of....denies this, he is unreasonable. Stasis is the internal link to solving the aff – debate has the ability to change people’s attitudes because it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a focused topic of debate Goodin and Niemeyer 3 – Australian National University (Robert and Simon, “When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy” Political Studies, Vol 50, p 627-649, WileyInterscience) What happened in this particular....of those key features. By investigating paths of government action, debate teaches us to be organizationally relevant – trains us to challenge dominant institutions from within Algoso 11 – writes on international development, aid, politics, management, complexity (May 31, Dave, “Why I got an MPA: Because organizations matter” http://findwhatworks.wordpress.com/2011/05/31/why-i-got-an-mpa-because-organizations-matter/) Because organizations matter....and use your time well, can do both. Racism results from structures not individuals—an institutional challenge is key *edited for ableist language McWhorter 2006 – associate professor of English and comparative literature at Columbia University. He earned his PhD in linguistics from Stanford University in 1993 and became associate professor of linguistics at UC Berkeley after teaching at Cornell University. He was senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute from 2002 until 2010 (John, Winning the Race: Beyond the Crisis in Black America, 366-367) An idea we must be....lives of blacks left behind? Simulated national security law debates preserve agency and enhance decision-making – avoids cooption Donahue 13 - Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law (Laura K, “National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations”, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf) The concept of simulations ....for the years to come. Civic education about how to restrain the president is vital to actualizing restrictions – a critical mass of public opposition is the only effective remedy to runaway imperialism Buchanan 13 - Government professor, UT Austin (Bruce, Presidential Power and Accountability: Toward a Presidential Accountability System, Routledge, pg. 23-24) Public influence within the....limits on presidential power.
