Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dartmouth KS | Judge: Johnson,Fifelski, Petit
1
Contention 1: LOAC

US self-defense repudiates the entire legal system—collapse LOAC
Martin 11 – Associate Professor of Law at Washburn University School of Law
(Craig, 2011, “GOING MEDIEVAL: TARGETED KILLING, SELF?DEFENSE AND THE JUS AD BELLUM REGIME” SSRN)
There is a tendency in the U.S. approach to the so-
AND
a threat that is much less serious in the grand scheme of things.

Unregulated self-defense targeting nullifies the applicability of jus in bello
Corn 11 – Professor of Law and Presidential Research Professor @ South Texas College of Law, Houston
Geoffrey, 10-22-11, “Self-defense Targeting: Blurring the Line between the Jus ad Bellum and the Jus in Bello” International Law Studies - Volume 88 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1947838
This aspect of ad bellum/in bello compartmentalization is not called into ques-
AND
these consequences and offers a more rational approach to counterterrorism conflict regulation.98

Law of armed conflict controls deterrence—collapse causes global WMD conflict
Delahunty, associate prof – U St. Thomas Law, and Yoo, law prof – UC Berkeley, ‘10
(Robert and John, 59 DePaul L. Rev. 803)
Finally, the extension of IHRL to armed conflict may have significant consequences for the
AND
would be to adapt the legal system already specifically designed for armed conflict.

A strong, adaptive LOAC regime is key to regulate inevitable autonomous weapons – the impact is global war
Gubrud 14 - postdoctoral research associate in the Program on Science and Global Security at Princeton University and a member of the International Committee for Robot Arms Control
(Mark, January 2014, “Stopping killer robots” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 70 no.1 32-42 SagePub)
Since the first lethal drone strike in 2001, the US use of remotely operated
AND
present major-power governments with an irresistible demand: Stop killer robots.

US legal norms surrounding current targeted killing tech will shape future autonomous weapons
Anderson and Waxman 12 – *Prof. of Law @ American University and Research Fellow @ Hoover American law professor @ Columbia University and Fellow @ Hoover
(Kenneth and Matthew, 12-1-12, “Law and Ethics for Robot Soldiers” http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/135336)
INCREMENTAL AUTOMATION OF DRONES¶ The incremental march toward automated lethal technologies of the future
AND
policy toward autonomous weapons generally, including systems that are otherwise quite different.

That’s key to stabilizing the transition to autonomous weapons use—makes war obsolete
Krishnan 09
Armin Krishnan is a Senior Research Assistant in the National Centre for Research Methods at the University of Southampton, UK, Killer Robots: Legality and Ethicality of Autonomous Weapons, 2009, pg. 166-67
Conclusion: The Challenge Ahead¶ This book has developed the hypothesis of the ‘
AND
robots’ and it will be challenging to bypass the various roads to hell.
2
Contention 2: Self-Defense

US justifications for TK rely on unclear self-defense legal standards
Brooks 13 – Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow, New America Foundation
(Rosa, 4-23-13, “The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing” http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf)
C. Targeted Killing and the International Law of Self-Defense ¶ When faced
AND
the U.S. government's justification for killing is so ¶ malleable? 

US justifications for targeted killing will spill over to erode legal restraints on all violence and legitimize preventive war
Martin 11 – Associate Professor of Law at Washburn University School of Law
(Craig, 2011, “GOING MEDIEVAL: TARGETED KILLING, SELF?DEFENSE AND THE JUS AD BELLUM REGIME” SSRN)
The United States has been engaging in this practice of using drone-mounted mis
AND
without being subject to the limitations and conditions imposed by the IHL regime.

TK self-defense norms modeled globally—causes global war
Fisk and Ramos 13 – *PhD, visiting assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University PhD, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University
Kerstin and Jennifer, April 2013, “Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm” International Studies Perspectives Wiley Online Library
Conclusion¶ Preventive self-defense entails waging a war or an attack by choice
AND
it continues to provide other states with the justification to do the same.

Causes escalation everywhere
Bradford 4 – Assistant Professor of Law, Indiana University School of Law
William, July 2004, SYMPOSIUM: THE CHANGING LAWS OF WAR:  DO WE NEED A NEW LEGAL REGIME AFTER SEPTEMBER 11?: "THE DUTY TO DEFEND THEM": n1 A NATURAL LAW JUSTIFICATION FOR THE BUSH DOCTRINE OF PREVENTIVE WAR, 79 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1365
For restrictivists, n67 anticipatory self-defense, despite its pedigree, is "
AND
entire world on the false suspicion of threats emanating from every corner. n75

Self-defense norm modeled by China—causes SCS conflict
Fisk and Ramos 13 – *PhD, visiting assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University PhD, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University
Kerstin and Jennifer, April 2013, “Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm” International Studies Perspectives Wiley Online Library
China¶ Though scholars debate the strategic culture of China, the dominant view has
AND
drones are an obvious choice for states committed to preventive self-defense.

Extinction
Wittner 11 (Lawrence S., Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, Wittner is the author of eight books, the editor or co-editor of another four, and the author of over 250 published articles and book reviews. From 1984 to 1987, he edited Peace and Change, a journal of peace research., 11/28/2011, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)
The gathering tension between the United States and China is clear enough. Disturbed by
AND
—destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction.

Rising tensions and historical factors make conflict likely—economics can’t prevent
Tiezzi 14 – Associate Editor at The Diplomat, her main focus is on China, and she writes on China’s foreign relations, domestic politics, and economy. Shannon previously served as a research associate at the U.S.-China Policy Foundation, where she hosted the weekly television show China Forum. She received her A.M. from Harvard University
(Shannon, 1-25-14, “The New Cold War: China vs Japan” http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/the-new-cold-war-china-vs-japan/)
Lately, it seems that Japanese officials can’t sneeze without incurring the wrath of the
AND
Cold War, tensions are unlikely to end until one country claims victory.

India models US self-defense norm for TK—they’ll engage in cross-border incursions
Fisk and Ramos 13 – *PhD, visiting assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University PhD, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University
Kerstin and Jennifer, April 2013, “Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm” International Studies Perspectives Wiley Online Library
However, the Indian position on the Bush Doctrine is not so clear-cut
AND
of the norm set by the Bush administration with the invasion of Iraq.

Causes Pakistan retaliation that escalates   
Keck 13 – Associate Editor of The Diplomat
(Zachary, 8-29-13, “India Eyes Drone-Launched Smart Bombs” http://thediplomat.com/2013/08/india-eyes-drone-launched-smart-bombs/)
India will soon be equipping its drones with precision-guided munitions (PGMs),
AND
loss of resources, international embarrassment as well as an escalation of conflict.”

No defense—deterrence doesn’t apply
Boyle 13 – Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Political Science @ La Salle
Michael, 2013, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts
AND
powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.
3

Contention 3: Solvency

Limiting self-defense targeting using more restrictive guidelines solves inevitable damage to jus ad bellum expansiveness
Martin 11 – Associate Professor of Law at Washburn University School of Law
(Craig, 2011, “GOING MEDIEVAL: TARGETED KILLING, SELF?DEFENSE AND THE JUS AD BELLUM REGIME” SSRN)
Without going through the analysis for each of these scenarios in detail, we can
AND
the jus ad bellum and IHL regimes, to which we turn next.

Congress is necessary for legal clarity to prevent ad-hoc self-defense
Maxwell 12 – Colonel Mark David Maxwell, USA, is a Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army
(Mark David, 1st Quarter 2012, “TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS” Joint Force Quarterly Issue 64 ProQuest)
In the wake of the attacks by al Qaeda on September 11, 2001,
AND
international legal norms intersect and potentially conflict with measures stemming from domestic law.

Congress prevents circumvention and ensures sufficient clarity
Maxwell 12 – Colonel Mark David Maxwell, USA, is a Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army
(Mark David, 1st Quarter 2012, “TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS” Joint Force Quarterly Issue 64 ProQuest)
The weakness of this theory is that it is not codified in U.S
AND
eschews what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law. 

Obama complies with war power statutes
Barnes 12 – J.D. candidate, Boston University School of Law
Beau, Spring 2012, “ARTICLE: REAUTHORIZING THE "WAR ON TERROR": THE LEGAL AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE AUMF'S COMING OBSOLESCENCE” Military Law Review 211 Mil. L. Rev. 57, Lexis
Unsurprisingly, this article embraces an interpretation of the Constitution that is at odds with
AND
its precise scope, authorization, and continuing vitality matter a great deal.

Best recent scholarship and examples prove that law can constrain the exec
Huq 12 – Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School
(Aziz, 5-25-12, "Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)” www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/400-ah-binding.pdf)
There is some merit to this story. But in my view it again understates
AND
account of executive discretion that omits law and legal institutions will be incomplete .

The United States Congress should statutorily limit the war powers authority of the President of the United States for self-defense targeted killings to jus ad bellum standards of necessity, proportionality and impending peril of the threat. 

Congress key to institutionalize reforms—that’s key to solve legitimacy concerns
Anderson 13 – Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University, and Research Fellow, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University and Member of its Task Force on National Security and the Law
(Kenneth, 5-22-13, “The Case for Drones” http://www.volokh.com/2013/05/22/the-case-for-drones/)
Call this “institutional settlement” in counterterrorism strategy.  We need an institutional settlement
AND
of the framework over time and administrations of different parties, matters hugely.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: SFSU AT | Judge:
1ac
9/11 created a unique opening for the expansion of presidential war powers - the rhetorical frame "war on terror" strips complexity from non-state violence, imposing a friend/enemy framework that makes deliberation impossible - the result is an approach to non-state violence that makes diplomacy and global cooperation impossible, making future attacks inevitable
Meierhenrich 6 – PhD, Assistant Professor of Government and of Social Studies @ Harvard
Jens, 2-3-06,
AND
Conflict and Security Law Volume 11, Issue 1
The President embraced his real identity as commander
AND
sovereign power in these acts of suspension.153
Indefinite detention represents the most extreme end-point of presidential tyranny - it submits prisoners to the pure force of the law, rendering them objects without status to contest their treatment - allowing indefinite detention to continue leaves the law useless as a mere instrument of violence
Loizidou 7 – Lecturer in the School of Law, Birkbeck College
Elena, 2007, “Judith Butler:
AND
, and politics” p. 114-116
This new coalition between governmental and sovereign power
AND
and conditions some lives are deemed bare life.
They can't win defense - deliberation and democracy are impossible if the president can use the war on terrorism to detain individuals without right of redress - only attacking indefinite detention directly can end the ceaseless militarization of everyday life
Butler 4 – PhD, Hannah Arendt Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School
Judith, 2004, “Precarious Life:
AND
Mourning and Violence” p. 63-8
We might, and should, object that
AND
is highly, if not fatally, politicized.
The neg will object that few people are indefinitely detained - the number is irrelevant - the power to indefinitely detain creates a public life that denies the face of the Other - that produces a culture of violence and maintains national identity through aggressive, adversarial relationships
Butler 4 – PhD, Hannah Arendt Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School
Judith, 2004, “Precarious Life:
AND
Mourning and Violence” p. xvii-xix
"Precarious Life" approaches the question of
AND
all forms of mourning lead to that conclusion.
The impact is serial policy failure and annihilation - the enemies the war on terror seeks to overcome are PRODUCED by indefinite detention's denial of the Other's face - failure to ethically account for Others pushes them outside society and demands escalation from them
Butler 4 – PhD, Hannah Arendt Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School
Judith, 2004, “Precarious Life:
AND
Mourning and Violence” p. 88-94
The fact that these prisoners are seen as
AND
the death penalty ought¶ to be applied.
We must seize back the law from presidential tyranny - the aff is a call for self-determination that fights against expansion of sovereignty and militarization of everyday life - even if the law is flawed, the alternative is global expansion of indefinite detention policy
Butler 4 – PhD, Hannah Arendt Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School
Judith, 2004, “Precarious Life:
AND
Mourning and Violence” p. 97-100
Although I cannot within the confines of the
AND
, for the time being, indefinitely foreclosed.
Thus the plan:
The United States federal government should substantially increase judicial restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States in the area of indefinite detention by offering trials to indefinite detainees.
Offering trials to detainees vitalizes life through political antagonism within the law—reduces the lethality of executive power
Loizidou 7 – Lecturer in the School of Law, Birkbeck College
Elena, 2007, “Judith Butler:
AND
, and politics” p. 108-10
It is at this point that both Agamben
AND
or at least that is what Butler argues.
Law as used by the executive produces a lethal institution—the plan is a way of putting the executive on trial ensuring our political survival
Loizidou 7 – Lecturer in the School of Law, Birkbeck College
Elena, 2007, “Judith Butler:
AND
, and politics” p. 91-2
But law is by no means perceived as
AND
necessary when even survival is not a choice.
The law is not inherently bad - the plan re-frames the law as a site for agonism and contestation that affirms difference, rather than an instrument for brute enforcement of violent presidential enframing
Loizidou 7 – Lecturer in the School of Law, Birkbeck College
Elena, 2007, “Judith Butler:
AND
, and politics” p. 102-3
We may visualise the 'force of law' as
AND
and draw our parallels between these two thinkers.
The aff is a strategy for limiting US force of law globally - refusing indefinite detention accepts American vulnerability and dismantles narratives of legal exceptionalism - its key to limit global expansion of US force of law
Brassett 8 – PhD, Director of Graduate Studies in PAIS @ University of Warwick
James, October 2008, “COSMOPOLITANISM VS
AND
1/WRAP_Brassett_25208.pdf
However, for writers in a long tradition
AND
¶ and discursive relation with 7/7.
The impact is massive global violence - US legal exceptionalism produces the illusion of the US as immortal and at the end of history - this fiction can only be upheld by globally reducing the life expectancy of all those others who refuse our way of life - only the aff's use of vulnerability can dismantle forced conditions of extermination
Peterson ‘7
(Christopher, Lecturer @ University of Western
AND
American Affinity, pgs. 3-8)
While this study accords with the claim that
AND
an exception" (67, his emphasis).
The aff is a key moment of imagination - we recognize the plan is not sufficient to dismantle exceptionalism - however, the aff gestures towards creation of a New International where a new, global condition of vulnerability prevails between states, diffusing US exceptionalism
Caputo ‘97
(John D., David R. Cook
AND
Jacques Derrida, pgs. 116-120)
This is not to say that Derrida lacks
AND
in a nutshell, by their "difference."

Tournament: UTD | Round: 7 | Opponent: Baylor SW | Judge: Bunas, Shae
Self-defense norm modeled by China—causes SCS conflict
Fisk and Ramos 13 – *PhD, visiting assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University PhD, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University
Kerstin and Jennifer, April 2013, “Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm” International Studies Perspectives Wiley Online Library
China¶ Though scholars debate … committed to preventive self-defense.

Extinction
Wittner 11 (Lawrence S., Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, Wittner is the author of eight books, the editor or co-editor of another four, and the author of over 250 published articles and book reviews. From 1984 to 1987, he edited Peace and Change, a journal of peace research., 11/28/2011, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)
The gathering tension between the … famine, and generating chaos and destruction.

Senkaku war’s likely in the short-term, and goes nuclear
Blaxland 13 – Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University, and Rikki Kersten, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University
John, 2/13/13, “Escalating territorial tension in East Asia echoes Europe’s descent into world war,” http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/13/escalating-territorial-tension-in-east-asia-echoes-europes-descent-into-world-war/
The recent activation of Chinese … as proponents conceived at the outset.

Tournament: UK | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston BL | Judge: Russell

*1ac Norms Advantage

US justifications for strikes serves as the key precedent for drone prolif

Dworkin 13 – senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations
Anthony, July 2013, "DRONES AND TARGETED KILLING: DEFINING A EUROPEAN POSITION" http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR84_DRONES_BRIEF.pdf
Second, the day before his speech, ~…~ flagged these questions for consideration.

Unrestrained drone use outside zones of active hostilities collapses legal norms governing targeted killing – only the plan solves

Brooks 13 – Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow, New America Foundation
Rosa, 4-23-13, "The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing" http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf
Mr. Chairman, I would like to ~…~ of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

US power establishes a drone precedent

Whibley 13 – M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington
James, 2-6-13, "The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent" http://journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/
If drones are destined to proliferate~…~ international norms about drone operations.

Drone precedent undermines nuclear deterrence and international order—causes intentional and accidental wars that escalate

Boyle 13 – Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Political Science @ La Salle
Michael, 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare" http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The emergence of this arms ~…~ like a dirty bomb if they crash.144

Absence of drone norms will cause major war in Asia—tensions high now

Brimley et al 9-17-13 – vice president of the Asia Program at the Center for a New American Security
Shawn, Ben FitzGerald, director of the Technology and National Security Program of the Asia Program at the Center for a New American Security, and Ely Ratner, deputy director of the Asia Program at the Center for a New American Security, 9-17-13, "The Drone War Comes to Asia" http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia?page=full
It’s now been a year since Japan’s ~…~ well lead the region into war.

Asian war goes nuclear—-no defense—-interdependence and institutions don’t check

C. Raja Mohan 13, distinguished fellow at the Observer Research Foundation in New Delhi, March 2013, Emerging Geopolitical Trends and Security in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the People’s Republic of China, and India (ACI) Region," background paper for the Asian Development Bank Institute study on the Role of Key Emerging Economies, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/10737.pdf-http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/10737.pdf
Three broad types of conventional ~…~ the normative basis for a future security order in Asia.

*1ac Pakistan Advantage

Unaccountable targeted killings cause Pakistan instability

Boyle 13 – Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Political Science @ La Salle
Michael, 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare" http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
Pakistan¶ The escalation of drone strikes ~…~ ¶ coups before, remains a popular force.77

Radicalizes the moderates in Pakistan—key internal link to stability

Afzal 13 – Nonresident Fellow, Global Economy and Development @ AEI
Madiha, 2-7-13, "Drone Strikes and Anti-Americanism in Pakistan" http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/02/07-drones-anti-americanism-pakistan-afzal
The debate on whether drone strikes increase ~…~ Pakistani hearts and minds might be lost forever.

Instability causes loose nukes—security measures don’t solve

Kerr and Nikitin 13 – *Analyst in Nonproliferation @ CRS Specialist in Nonproliferation @ CRS
Paul and Mary Beth, 3-19-13, "Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation and Security Issues" http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RL34248.pdf
Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal probably consists of ~…~ R41832, Pakistan-U.S. Relations, by K. Alan ¶ Kronstadt.

There’s a unique resurgence from the TTP—military won’t prevent

Rafiq 13 – Middle East Institute adjunct scholar
Arif, Vizier Consulting LLC president, "The Battle for Islamabad" http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/07/18/the_battle_for_islamabad_pakistan_taliban_syria?page=full
The Pakistani Taliban are heading to Syria ~…~ and plenty of Shiites to kill.

Causes Indo-Pak war—extinction

Andrew Phillips ’12, PhD in IR from Cornell and professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Queensland, 3/16/13, "Horsemen of the apocalypse? Jihadist strategy and nuclear instability in South Asia," International Politics: 49 pp. 297-317
The rising prominence of South ~…~ China and the United States (Ayson, 2010, pp. 586–587).

Deterrence won’t check – terrorism disrupts conventional norms

Sharma 12 – Professor of Political Science at University of Auckland
Ashok, Winter/Spring, "The Enduring Conflict and the Hidden Risk of India-Pakistan War" SAIS Review, Vol 32 No 1, ProjectMuse
Despite the diplomatic and political ~…~ military muscle against India.

Without reforms, Pakistan will not cooperate and even kick out US drones

Markey 13 – Senior Fellow @ CFR
Daniel, 8-8-13, "A New Drone Deal For Pakistan" http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139584/daniel-markey/a-new-drone-deal-for-pakistan?page=show
While on an official visit to Islamabad ~…~ Salala incident at the Afghan border.)

Following Law of Armed Conflict is key

Chesney 12 – professor at the University of Texas School of Law, a nonresident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution, and a distinguished scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law
Robert, 8-29-12, "Beyond the Battlefield, Beyond Al Qaeda: The Destabilizing Legal Architecture of Counterterrorism" Michigan Law Review, Forthcoming U of Texas Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 227 SSRN
The use of drones in combat is evolutionary ~…~ and an¶ avoidance of the rule of law.

Solves Pakistan stability and global terrorist attacks

-kill leaders
-hurt recruitment
-hurt training
Byman 13 – Research Director, Saban Center for Middle East Policy @ Brookings
Daniel, July 2013, "Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice" Foreign Affairs 92.4 ProQuest
Despite President Barack Obama’s ~…~ areas or use scorched-earth tactics against militant groups.

The availability of new technological makes a bioweapons attack leading to extinction highly probable

Myhrvold 13
Bynathan Myhrvold, former Chief Technology Officer at Microsoft, MA and PhD from Princeton University, he held a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Cambridge working under Stephen Hawking¶ Strategic Terrorism a Call to Action, The Lawfare Research Paper Series¶ research paper no. 2 – 2013¶ July 2013¶ http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf-http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf
¶ As horrible as this would be, such a ~…~ human race has faced.

*Plan

The United States Congress should apply jus ad bellum and jus in bello to restrict the President’s war powers authority to conduct targeted killings.

Solvency

Law of Armed Conflict restrictions shore up legitimacy—solves precedent and blowback

Chesney 12 – professor at the University of Texas School of Law, a nonresident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution, and a distinguished scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law
Robert, 8-29-12, "Beyond the Battlefield, Beyond Al Qaeda: The Destabilizing Legal Architecture of Counterterrorism" Michigan Law Review, Forthcoming U of Texas Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 227 SSRN
Congress could require, as a matter ~…~ the teeth of some future election campaign season.

Congressional action key to strengthen US legal rationale—solves international disputes

Anderson 10 – Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University, and Research Fellow, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University and Member of its Task Force on National Security and the Law
Kenneth, 2-8-10, "Rise of the Drones: Unmanned Systems and the Future of War" digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100226context=pub_disc_cong
• First, the United States government urgently ~…~ their limits in law.

Review of targeted killings outside hostilities is key

Daskal 13 – Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law, Georgetown University Law Center
Jennifer, April 2013, "ARTICLE: THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BATTLEFIELD: A FRAMEWORK FOR DETENTION AND TARGETING OUTSIDE THE "HOT" CONFLICT ZONE" University of Pennsylvania Law Review 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165 Lexis
B. Setting the Standards¶ ¶ Law-of-war ~…~ secure consent or cooperation.

Tournament: D3 | Round: 6 | Opponent: UNT QS | Judge: Joel Reed
Independently, the plan’s vital to avoid dangerous modeling in the Middle East---legal rules key
Roberts 13, news editor for National Journal, master's in security studies from Georgetown University, master's degree in journalism from Columbia University, March 21st, "When the Whole World Has Drones," National Journal, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321
To implement this covert … robotics capabilities of this generation.

Global nuclear war
James Russell 9, Senior Lecturer Department of National Security Affairs, Spring, “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East” Security Studies Center Proliferation Papers, http://www.analyst-network.com/articles/141/StrategicStabilityReconsideredProspectsforEscalationandNuclearWarintheMiddleEast.pdf
Strategic stability in the … substantial risk for the entire world.

Your war defense is old
Michael Singh 11, Washington Institute director, 9/22, “What has really changed in the Middle East?”, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/09/22/what_has_really_changed_in_the_middle_east
Third, and most troubling, … regional primacy into overdrive.

Tournament: D3 | Round: 3 | Opponent: OU LM | Judge: Loghry
Contention 1 is space militarization 

US-China climate cooperation is high now – solves key pollutants and spills over to broader multilateral agreements
Selighson 13 – Researcher of environmental governance, University of California at San Diego
(Deborah, “Reinvigorating the U.S.-China Climate Change Relationship,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/deborah-seligsohn/reinvigorating-the-us-china_b_3574898.html)
There is good news on international … in the multilateral arena, as well.
US-China cooperation goes global – incorporates other major powers and solves warming
Jolly 13 – Analyst @ NYT
(David, “U.S. and China Find Convergence on Climate Issue,” NYT, Proquest)
But with China having recently … India and South Africa to join.

Climate leadership isn’t zero-sum, especially with the trust-building of the aff
King 13 – analyst @ RTCC
(Ed, “USA plans ‘accelerated’ climate change cooperation with China,” Responding to Climate Change, http://www.rtcc.org/2013/04/15/usa-plans-accelerated-climate-change-cooperation-with-china/)
China and the USA have … of strong and stable growth.”

US space weaponization leads to resentment and disrupts the delicate balance of trust
Englehart 8 – JD, patent litigation attorney practicing in the firm's Litigation, ITC Litigation and Patent Interferences groups
(Alex, COMMON GROUND IN THE SKY: EXTENDING THE 1967 OUTER SPACE TREATY TO RECONCILE U.S. AND CHINESE SECURITY INTERESTS, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 17.1)
A U.S. Deployment of These … than for everyone to have them.

This collapses climate cooperation
Moore 8 – Research Fellow @ TII, articles have appeared in the Brown Journal of World Affairs, Foreign Service Journal, Yes! A Journal of Positive Futures, and The SAIS Review and International Affairs.
(Mike, “Twilight War: The Folly of U.S. Space Dominance,” Carnegie Council)
Now, there is another … in order to solve these problems.

It’s reverse causal – the plan is a significant confidence-building measure that invigorates a resilient partnership
Walsh 7 – JD @ Georgetown
(Frank, “ARTICLE: FORGING A DIPLOMATIC SHIELD FOR AMERICAN SATELLITES: THE CASE FOR REEVALUATING THE 2006 NATIONAL SPACE POLICY IN LIGHT OF A CHINESE ANTI-SATELLITE SYSTEM,” 72 J. Air L. and Com. 759)
China has actively advocated … the nation currently relies.

Global climate cooperation solves warming
Burleson 7 – Pace University School of Law, LLM London School of Economics and Political Science, JD University of Connecticut School of Law
(Elizabeth Burleson, “Multilateral Climate Change Mitigation” 41 U.S.F. Law Review 373, January 1 2007, Environmental Law Commons)
The international community can … multilateral cooperation immediately. 

Multilateral warming solutions avoid 4 degree warming – anything higher is catastrophic
Kim 12 – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank
(Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix)
The 4°C scenarios are devastating: the … will step up to the challenge.

Warming is anthropogenic – most comprehensive analysis to date proves
Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis
*Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,
(“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)
An accurate perception of the degree of … scientific consensus on AGW.

There is a low threshold for RUNAWAY warming – newest studies prove
Goldblatt 13 – PhD in Environmental Sciences, Research Associate, Virtual Planetary Laboratory and Astronomy Department @ U Washington
(Colin, et al., “Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates,” Nature Geoscience 6, 661–667, doi:10.1038/ngeo1892)
Here, we present the most … and no empirical comparison cases.

The risk is existential
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)
The best estimates for global … social, cultural and political changes.

Warming destroys all human and non-human life on earth
Brandenberg 99 – PhD, Physicist
(Dr. John, Physicist, Dead Mars, Dying Earth, p. 232-233)
The world goes on its merry …perhaps a few hardy microbes surviving.

Warming disrprotionately impacts periphery communities who are least responsible for climate change – crosses lines of race, class, gender, and social status
Burkett 8 – Professor of Law
Maxine Burkett, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Law School, 2008, “Just Solutions to Climate Change: A Climate Justice Proposal for a Domestic Clean Development Mechanism,” 56 Buffalo L. Rev. 169, Lexis
The profound injustices that … "fair outcomes will only ever be coincidental." 

Plan
The United States Congress should restrict the President’s war powers by applying the restrictions of the Chinese Treaty on Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space through statute.

Contention two – solvency

That jumpstarts binding international agreements on space weapons
Jaramillo 9 – MA in Global Governance, Program Officer at Project Ploughshares working on the Space Security and Nuclear Disarmament programs
(Cesar, “In Defence of the PPWT Treaty: Toward a Space Weapons Ban,” The Ploughshares Monitor, 30.4)
The existing legal regime … a peaceful global commons.

New preventive measures are key to prevent the growing trend towards space weapons
Wu 12 – Permanent Representative of China to the Conference on Disarmament
(Haito, “Statement by H.E. Ambassador Wu Haitao, on PAROS,” http://www.china-un.ch/eng/hom/t938642.htm)
Firstly, arms race in outer … legal instrument on outer space.

Contention three is risk

The 1ac’s narrative of environmental risk is motivating and drives individual activism
Veldman 12 – PhD Candidate Religion and Nature at U of Florida
(Robin- National Foundation Fellow at the Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship, Spring, “Narrating the Environmental Apocalypse: How Imagining the End Facilitates Moral Reasoning Among Environmental Activists” Ethics and the Environment, Vol 17 No 1, ProjectMuse)
Environmental Apocalypticism and Activism … moral reasoning looks like in practice. End Page 12

There is intrinsic value to the future-counterfactual simulation of the 1ac – representations of future climate change impacts leads to new solutions external to the aff and avoid traditional pedagogical dilemmas of role-playing
--sex edited
--attempts to project conceptions of the past into the future rely on an anchoring bias that is flawed – new scenarios must be injected to understand new futures
Junio 13 – PhD in Political Science @ Penn, currently @ Stanford
(Timothy and Thomas Mahnken, “Conceiving of Future War: The Promise of Scenario Analysis for International Relations,” International Studies Review, 15)
As noted in our discussion of the … processes of teaching and theory building.

Scenario-testing is no different than everyday decision-making – our reliance on social scientific and hard scientific evidence just makes our method more rigorous
Bricmont 1 – Professor of Theoretical Physics @ U of Louvain
(Jean, professor of theoretical physics at the University of Louvain, “Defense of a Modest Scientific Realism”, September 23, http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/bielefeld_final.pdf)
So, how does one obtain … should be regarded as different theories.

Each iteration of the 1ac moves the needle away from conservative co-optation of the warming debate
Romm 12 – PhD in Physics @ MIT
Joe, “Apocalypse Not: The Oscars, The Media And The Myth of ‘Constant Repetition of Doomsday Messages’ on Climate”, http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2012/02/26/432546/apocalypse-not-oscars-media-myth-of-repetition-of-doomsday-messages-on-climate/#more-432546
The two greatest myths about … media, intelligentsia and popular culture.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 6 | Opponent: Baylor BB | Judge: JStan
Contention 1: Legal Regimes

Mixing of legal justifications for targeted killing wrecks separation of jus ad bellum and jus in bello—ensures unregulated war

Blank 12 – Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Emory University School of Law
Laurie, 2012, "TARGETED STRIKES: THE CONSEQUENCES OF BLURRING THE ARMED CONFLICT AND SELF-DEFENSE JUSTIFICATIONS" William Mitchell Law Review, Vol. 38 http://www.wmitchell.edu/lawreview/Volume38/documents/11.BlankFINAL.pdf
For the past several years, ~…~ invitation to unregulated warfare.11

This degrades the entire collective security structure resulting in widespread interstate war

Martin 12 – Associate Professor of Law at Washburn University School of Law
Craig, 2012, "GOING MEDIEVAL: TARGETED KILLING, SELF?DEFENSE AND THE JUS AD BELLUM REGIME" in Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World p. 248-251
The United States has been ~…~ the grand scheme of things.

Robust support for the impact—legal regime conflation results in uncontrollable conflict escalation

Goodman 10 – Anne and Joel Ehrenkranz Professor of Law @ NYU School of Law
Ryan, 8-26-10, "Controlling the Recourse to War by Modifying Jus in Bello" http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=166619826download=yes
The developments regulating jus ad ~…~ their leaders did not initially intend.

Authority overlap destroys both the self-defense and armed conflict legal regimes

Blank 12 – Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Emory University School of Law
Laurie, 2012, "TARGETED STRIKES: THE CONSEQUENCES OF BLURRING THE ARMED CONFLICT AND SELF-DEFENSE JUSTIFICATIONS" William Mitchell Law Review, Vol. 38 http://www.wmitchell.edu/lawreview/Volume38/documents/11.BlankFINAL.pdf
In contrast, human rights law’s ~…~ outside of armed conflict.

Law of armed conflict controls deterrence—collapse causes global WMD conflict

Delahunty, associate prof – U St. Thomas Law, and Yoo, law prof – UC Berkeley, ’10
(Robert and John, 59 DePaul L. Rev. 803)
Finally, the extension of IHRL ~…~ specifically designed for armed conflict.

LOAC key to norm against CBW use

Mardini 13
Robert Mardini, head of operations for the Near and Middle East, ICRC, July 18, 2013, "Chemical weapons: An absolute prohibition under international humanitarian law", http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/interview/2013/07-18-syria-chemical-weapons.htm
Why are chemical and ~…~ to preventing violations of the law.

The availability of new technological makes a bioweapons attack leading to extinction highly probable

Myhrvold 13
Bynathan Myhrvold, former Chief Technology Officer at Microsoft, MA and PhD from Princeton University, he held a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Cambridge working under Stephen Hawking¶ Strategic Terrorism a Call to Action, The Lawfare Research Paper Series¶ research paper no. 2 – 2013¶ July 2013¶ http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf-http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf
¶ As horrible as this would be, ~…~ human race has faced.

TK self-defense norms modeled globally—causes global war

Fisk and Ramos 13 – *PhD, visiting assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University PhD, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University
Kerstin and Jennifer, April 2013, "Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm" International Studies Perspectives Wiley Online Library
Conclusion¶ Preventive self-defense ~…~ justification to do the same.

Causes escalation everywhere

Bradford 4 – Assistant Professor of Law, Indiana University School of Law
William, July 2004, SYMPOSIUM: THE CHANGING LAWS OF WAR:  DO WE NEED A NEW LEGAL REGIME AFTER SEPTEMBER 11?: "THE DUTY TO DEFEND THEM": n1 A NATURAL LAW JUSTIFICATION FOR THE BUSH DOCTRINE OF PREVENTIVE WAR, 79 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1365
For restrictivists, n67 anticipatory ~…~ emanating from every corner. n75

Russia models US self-defense precedent —- causes regional escalation

Fisk and Ramos 13 – *PhD, visiting assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University PhD, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University
Kerstin and Jennifer, April 2013, "Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm" International Studies Perspectives Wiley Online Library
In 2003, within the context of ~…~ to the norm of preventive self-defense.

Extinction

Blank 2k
~Stephen J. - Expert on the Soviet Bloc for the Strategic Studies Institute, "American Grand Strategy and the Transcaspian Region", World Affairs. 9-22~
Thus many structural conditions ~…~ capable of settling the situation.(77)

Expansive self-defense regime enables Israel strike on Iran —- escalates and causes World War 3

Slager 12 (Katherine, J.D. Candidate 2013, University of North Carolina School of Law, "Legality, Legitimacy and Anticipatory Self-Defense: Considering an Israeli Preemptive Strike on Iran’s Nuclear Program" Fall, 2012, 38 N.C.J. Int’l L. 26 Com. Reg. 267)
I. Introduction¶ World War III is an ~…~into World War III.
Plan

The United States Federal Government should limit the war power authority of the president for self-defense targeted killings to outside an armed conflict.

Contention 2: Solvency

Legal clarification can resolve regime authority overlap

Dorsey and Paulussen 13 – *JD, ICCT Research Fellow and a Researcher at the T.M.C. Asser Institute in the areas of International Humanitarian Law, International Human Rights Law and International Criminal Law PhD, ICCT Research Fellow and a senior researcher international humanitarian law/international criminal law at the T.M.C. Asser Instituut, coordinator of the inter-faculty research platform ’International Humanitarian and Criminal Law Platform’ and Research Fellow at the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague. After a propedeuse Dutch law (cum laude), a doctoraal International and European Law (with distinction) and a research master (cum laude)
Jessica and Christophe, April 2013, "The Boundaries of the Battlefield: A Critical Look at the Legal Paradigms and Rules in Countering Terrorism" http://ssrn.com/abstract=2251866
Concerning the topic of the jus ad ~…~ interplay between IHRL and IHL.70

Congressional clarification is key

Maxwell 12 – Colonel Mark David Maxwell, USA, is a Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army
Mark David, 1^st Quarter 2012, "TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS" Joint Force Quarterly Issue 64 ProQuest
Anticipatory Self-defense¶ This ~…~ stemming from domestic law.

Mixing applications is the reason why drones use causes war

Blank 12 – Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Emory University School of Law
Laurie, 2012, "TARGETED STRIKES: THE CONSEQUENCES OF BLURRING THE ARMED CONFLICT AND SELF-DEFENSE JUSTIFICATIONS" William Mitchell Law Review, Vol. 38 http://www.wmitchell.edu/lawreview/Volume38/documents/11.BlankFINAL.pdf
Second, on a broader level of ~…~ sharper delineations ¶ for other purposes. 

This is a problem with United States policy decisions—not the law itself—clarification solves

Blank 12 – Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Emory University School of Law
Laurie, 2012, "TARGETED STRIKES: THE CONSEQUENCES OF BLURRING THE ARMED CONFLICT AND SELF-DEFENSE JUSTIFICATIONS" William Mitchell Law Review, Vol. 38 http://www.wmitchell.edu/lawreview/Volume38/documents/11.BlankFINAL.pdf
As noted in the introduction to ~…~parameters of the two paradigms.

Obama complies with war power statutes

Barnes 12 – J.D. candidate, Boston University School of Law
Beau, Spring 2012, "ARTICLE: REAUTHORIZING THE "WAR ON TERROR": THE LEGAL AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE AUMF’S COMING OBSOLESCENCE" Military Law Review 211 Mil. L. Rev. 57, Lexis
Unsurprisingly, this article embraces ~…~ vitality matter a great deal.

Simulating high magnitude scenarios in security policy are an exercise in problem-based learning—it’s a unique venue where we can make mistakes and develop strategies to cope with info overload

Donohue, 13 ~2013 Nation al Security Pedagogy: The Role of Simulations, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=217226context=facpub-http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=217226context=facpub~~
V . T OTAL I MMERSION S IMULATION S The ~…~ opportunities for learning in the future . The course then c o n c l u d e s . 17V I .

Tournament: UK | Round: 5 | Opponent: OU LS | Judge: Andy Casey

*1ac Norms

US justifications for strikes serves as the key precedent for drone prolif

Dworkin 13 – senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations
Anthony, July 2013, "DRONES AND TARGETED KILLING: DEFINING A EUROPEAN POSITION" http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR84_DRONES_BRIEF.pdf
Second, the day before his speech, ~…~ flagged these questions for consideration.

Unrestrained drone use outside zones of active hostilities collapses legal norms governing targeted killing – only the plan solves

Brooks 13 – Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow, New America Foundation
Rosa, 4-23-13, "The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing" http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf
Mr. Chairman, I would like to ~…~ of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

US power establishes a drone precedent

Whibley 13 – M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington
James, 2-6-13, "The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent" http://journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/
If drones are destined to proliferate~…~ international norms about drone operations.

The best scholarship validates our theory of arms races – unless norms precede formal agreements, they’ll be ineffective

Farley 11 – assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky
Robert, 10-12-11, "Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent" http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
Is the world about to ~…~ to the precedent they’re setting.

Drone precedent undermines nuclear deterrence and international order—causes intentional and accidental wars that escalate

Boyle 13 – Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Political Science @ La Salle
Michael, 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare" http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The emergence of this arms ~…~ like a dirty bomb if they crash.144

Absence of drone norms will cause major war in Asia—tensions high now

Brimley et al 9-17-13 – vice president of the Asia Program at the Center for a New American Security
Shawn, Ben FitzGerald, director of the Technology and National Security Program of the Asia Program at the Center for a New American Security, and Ely Ratner, deputy director of the Asia Program at the Center for a New American Security, 9-17-13, "The Drone War Comes to Asia" http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia?page=full
It’s now been a year since Japan’s ~…~ well lead the region into war.

Asian war goes nuclear—-no defense—-interdependence and institutions don’t check

C. Raja Mohan 13, distinguished fellow at the Observer Research Foundation in New Delhi, March 2013, Emerging Geopolitical Trends and Security in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the People’s Republic of China, and India (ACI) Region," background paper for the Asian Development Bank Institute study on the Role of Key Emerging Economies, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/10737.pdf-http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/10737.pdf
Three broad types of conventional ~…~ the normative basis for a future security order in Asia.

Relying on the heuristic of scenario planning is best – it allows us to cope with impossibly complex systems and use that complexity to our advantage

Gorka et al 12 (Dr. Sebastian L. V., Director of the Homeland Defense Fellows Program at the College of International Security Affairs, National Defense University, teaches Irregular Warfare and US National Security at NDU and Georgetown, et al., Spring 2012, "The Complexity Trap," Parameters, http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/parameters/Articles/2012spring/Gallagher_Geltzer_Gorka.pdf-http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/parameters/Articles/2012spring/Gallagher_Geltzer_Gorka.pdf)
Once we abandon complexity and begin ~…~ decide—that is, let us strategize.

*1ac Plan

The United States Congress should use the Law of Armed Conflict to restrict the President’s war powers authority to conduct targeted killings.

*1ac Solvency

US won’t give up on the War on Terror, but the plan can resolve global war paradigm

Daskal 13 – Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law, Georgetown University Law Center
Jennifer, April 2013, "ARTICLE: THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BATTLEFIELD: A FRAMEWORK FOR DETENTION AND TARGETING OUTSIDE THE "HOT" CONFLICT ZONE" University of Pennsylvania Law Review 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165 Lexis
It is commonly accepted that ~…~ limits on the scope of the conflict. n23

Law of Armed Conflict restrictions shore up legitimacy—solves precedent and blowback

Chesney 12 – professor at the University of Texas School of Law, a nonresident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution, and a distinguished scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law
Robert, 8-29-12, "Beyond the Battlefield, Beyond Al Qaeda: The Destabilizing Legal Architecture of Counterterrorism" Michigan Law Review, Forthcoming U of Texas Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 227 SSRN
Congress could require, as a matter ~…~ the teeth of some future election campaign season.

Congressional action key to strengthen US legal rationale—solves international disputes

Anderson 10 – Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University, and Research Fellow, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University and Member of its Task Force on National Security and the Law
Kenneth, 2-8-10, "Rise of the Drones: Unmanned Systems and the Future of War" digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100226context=pub_disc_cong
• First, the United States government urgently ~…~ their limits in law.

Review of targeted killings outside hostilities is key

Daskal 13 – Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law, Georgetown University Law Center
Jennifer, April 2013, "ARTICLE: THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BATTLEFIELD: A FRAMEWORK FOR DETENTION AND TARGETING OUTSIDE THE "HOT" CONFLICT ZONE" University of Pennsylvania Law Review 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165 Lexis
B. Setting the Standards¶ ¶ Law-of-war ~…~ secure consent or cooperation.

Obama will comply—fears Constitutional impact

Barron 8 – Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center
(David J. Barron, "The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb — A Constitutional History", Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis)
In addition to offering important guidance ~…~ itself for most of our history of war powers development.

Best recent scholarship and examples prove that law can constrain the exec

Aziz Z. Huq 12, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School, "Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)", May 25, www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/400-ah-binding.pdf
There is some merit to this story. ~…~ institutions will be incomplete .

Discussion of drone policies prevent unfettered war mindset

Druck 12 – JD candidate, editor for the Cornell Law Review
Judah, 2012, "DRONING ON: THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION AND THE NUMBING EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN WARFARE" http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf
First, from a practical standpoint, ~…~ regime, that conversation never occurs.149

Simulating high magnitude scenarios in security policy are an exercise in problem-based learning—it’s a unique venue where we can make mistakes and develop strategies to cope with info overload

Donohue, 13 ~2013 Nation al Security Pedagogy: The Role of Simulations, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=217226context=facpub-http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=217226context=facpub~~
V . T OTAL I MMERSION S IMULATION S The concept ~…~ how to create opportunities for learning in the future . The course then c o n c l u d e s . 17V I .

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dartmouth KS | Judge: Johnson,Fifelski, Petit
XO
2ac
Conditionality is a voting issue- skews 2AC time and divides answers which guts aff strategic decision making and encourages lazy negs that undermine advocacy skills—counter-interp:
Congress key to signal allies and the public
Wainstein 13 – Sheila and Milton Fine distinguished visiting fellow at The Washington Institute, focusing on counterterrorism issues
Kenneth, 9-18-13, "The Changing Nature of Terror: Law and Policies to Protect America" http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/09/the-changing-nature-of-terror-law-and-policies-to-protect-america
Call for Congressional Action While it is important that the Administration undergo this strategic reorientation
AND
that Congress is poised to become substantially engaged in counterterrorism matters once again.
Internal fixes aren’t credible
Jack Goldsmith 13, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, May 1 2013, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror,” http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism
For official secrecy abroad to work, the secrets must be kept at home as
AND
, even if it means that secret war abroad is harder to conduct.
Executive transparency fails—not legally binding, no cred, raises expectations
Knuckey 13 – NYU Law School Project on Extrajudicial Executions Director, Special Advisor to the UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial executions
Sarah, 10-1-13, “Transparency on Targeted Killings: Promises Made, but Little Progress” justsecurity.org/2013/10/01/transparency-targeted-killings-promises-made-progress/
Some interpreted these efforts and the President’s speech to mark the beginning of improved transparency
AND
had “expanded the scope” of who could be targeted in Yemen).
Perm do both—shields the link to ptx
Congress key to international model
a) shows legitimacy through dual branch cooperation—that’s Maxwell
b) codification into law
Maxwell ’12 (Mark David Maxwell, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html, Winter 2012)
Congress key to institutionalize reforms—that’s key to solve legitimacy concerns
Anderson 13 – Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University, and Research Fellow, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University and Member of its Task Force on National Security and the Law
(Kenneth, 5-22-13, “The Case for Drones” http://www.volokh.com/2013/05/22/the-case-for-drones/)
Call this “institutional settlement” in counterterrorism strategy.  We need an institutional settlement
AND
of the framework over time and administrations of different parties, matters hugely.
Zero chance of Congressional follow-on AND CP links to politics
Kevin Drum, Mother Jones, 4/22/13, Maureen Dowd and Presidential Leverage, www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/04/maureen-dowd-and-presidential-leverage
Finally, there's the most obvious change of all: the decision by Republicans to
AND
in to Obama. That's a kiss of death with the party's base.
Self-restraint is a voter—avoids the core topic question by fiating away Obama’s behavior in the squo—no comparative lit means the neg wins every debate—counter-interp—you get executive counterplans, not self-restraint—war powers DA solves their education.
Obama and future presidents rollback the CP
Harvard Law Review ‘12
“Developments in the Law - Presidential Authority”, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf
The recent history of signing statements demonstrates how public opinion can effectively check presidential expansions
AND
practices.147 Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dartmouth KS | Judge: Johnson,Fifelski, Petit
F/W
The role of the ballot is to determine whether or not the actualization of the affirmative is a good idea versus a actualization of a competitive method as applied in the broader institutional system.
Any role of the ballot that doesn't compete with the affirmatives advocacy is arbitrary and self serving.  
a) Moots the aff -- the neg will self-serve and choose an impact that the 1ac didn't read
b) Predictability -- skirts any discussion of war power or topic education
c) Realistic education -- speech act theory alone ignores how systems of power respond to their speech act.  Only questioning its application in a broader institution provides a check on utopian, improbable or irrelevant theoretical propositions.
Governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking – that’s true regardless of this debate
Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50
One important aspect of this relational ontology is that these relations constitute our identity as
AND
upon it, upon its specific characteristics, its constants and its variables’.
2ac Security
The plan gives security transformative potential --- alt alone fails and their impact is false
Nunes 12
Reclaiming the political: Emancipation and critique in security studies, João Nunes, Security Dialogue 2012 43: 345,Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, UK, p. sage publications
In the works of these authors, one can identify a tendency to see security
AND
to address these limitations, the next section revisits emancipatory understandings of security.
Security isn’t fundamental – the alt causes conservative backlash and threats real
Nunes, 12 Reclaiming the political: Emancipation and critique in security studies, João Nunes, Security Dialogue 2012 43: 345,Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, UK, p. sage publications
Conclusion This article advanced three main arguments. First, the commitment to politicization that
AND
security literature and provide critique with a renewed strength and sense of purpose.
One speech act doesn’t cause securitization – it’s an ongoing process
Ghughunishvili 10
Securitization of Migration in the United States after 9/11: Constructing Muslims and Arabs as Enemies  Submitted to Central European University Department of International Relations European Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Professor Paul Roe http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2010/ghughunishvili_irina.pdf
As provided by the Copenhagen School securitization theory is comprised by speech act, acceptance
AND
the same language as the securitizing actors and can relate to their speeches.
AT: China Link
“China not a threat” args generate Chinese nationalism – signals US paternalism – turns their impacts and means the alt links
Gries 7
(Peter Hayes, Harold J. and Ruth Newman Chair in U.S.-China Issues and Director of the Institute for U.S.- China Issues at the University of Oklahoma, “Harmony, Hegemony and U.S.-China Relations”, World Literature Today, July 2007 issue)
Conversely, Chinese nationalists’ anger at Westerners who deny “China’s rise” represents the
AND
interest, revealing the multiple and contradictory motives that drive Chinese nationalism today.
View the debate through a lens of specificity – rigid rejection of “China threat” gets warped into a new orthodoxy and fuels extremism. Recognizing plural interpretations and linkages is more productive.
Callahan 5 (William A., Professor of Politics – University of Manchester, “How to Understand China: The Dangers and Opportunities of Being a Rising Power”, Review of International Studies, 31)
Although ‘China threat theory’ is ascribed to the Cold War thinking of foreigners who
AND
more interesting to examine the debates that produced the threat/opportunity dynamic.
AT: Norms Link
Their K of “intervention” is asinine---they collapse a core difference between neoconservative militarism and liberalism
Jim Arkedis 11, the director of the National Security Project at the Progressive Policy Institute and a principal fellow of the Truman National Security Project "Not All Interventions Are The Same" March 28 www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/28/not_all_interventions_are_the_same?print=yesandhidecomments=yesandpage=full
"Liberal interventionists are just 'kinder, gentler' neocons, and neocons are just liberal
AND
and looking to shape the world as both more democratic and ultimately safer.
We have a defense of the way we view international relations---game-theory proves that liberal internationalism is effective and peaceful
Recchia and Doyle 11 Stefano, Assistant Professor in International Relations at the University of Cambridge, and Michael, Harold Brown Professor of International Affairs, Law and Political Science at Columbia University, “Liberalism in International Relations”, In: Bertrand Badie, Dirk Berg-Schlosser, and Leonardo Morlino, eds., International Encyclopedia of Political Science (Sage, 2011), pp. 1434-1439
Relying on new insights from game theory, scholars during the 1980s and 1990s emphasized
AND
, and ¶ it usefully complements liberal scholarship on the ¶ democratic peace.
2ac AT: LOAC K
States choose to follow LOAC based on a system of incentives – studies prove that solves violence
Prorock and Appel ’13 (Alyssa, and Benjamin, Department of Political Science, Michigan State University, “Compliance with International Humanitarian Law: Democratic Third Parties and Civilian Targeting in Interstate War,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 00(0) 1-28)
Coercion is a strategy of statecraft involving the threat or use of positive inducements and
AND
law and greater punishment for violating it when the clarity condition is met.
AT: Indo-Pak Link
Our deterrence stability reps cause positive action
Perkovich 12 – Vice President for Studies @ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
George, 11-13-12, “THE NON-UNITARY MODEL AND DETERRENCE STABILITY IN SOUTH ASIA” http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/11/13/non-unitary-model-and-deterrence-stability-in-south-asia/eihm#
Prioritizing prevention of India-Pakistan conflict and augmenting deterrence ¶ stability has several implications
AND
perhaps to steal Pakistan’s nuclear assets to prevent anti-American ¶ terrorism.
2ac Consequences
Evaluate consequences – key to ethics
Isaac 2 (Jeffrey Isaac, Professor of political science at Indiana University, Ph.D Yale, Director of Center for Study of Democracy and Public Life, Spring 2002, “End, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazinze, vol. 49, no. 2)
As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
are not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness
2AC War T/ Structural Violence
War turns structural violence
Bulloch 8 Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595 Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science. He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies
But the idea that poverty and peace are directly related presupposes that wealth inequalities are
AND
problems as fundamentally economic rather than deeply – and potentially radically – political.
AT: Endless War
No risk of endless war
Gray 7—Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, graduate of the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, Founder and Senior Associate to the National Institute for Public Policy, formerly with the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Hudson Institute (Colin, July, “The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration”, http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf)
7. A policy that favors preventive warfare expresses a futile quest for absolute security
AND
strategy, though not always policy, must be nothing if not pragmatic.
Threat Deflation
Turn – traditional security studies incorrectly deflate threats – the affirmative is necessary to reverse this trend
Schweller 4
Randall L. Schweller, Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at The Ohio State University, “Unanswered Threats A Neoclassical RealistTheory of Underbalancing,” International Security 29.2 (2004) 159-201, Muse
Despite the historical frequency of underbalancing, little has been written on the subject.
AND
domestic-level variables that regularly intervene to thwart balance of power predictions.
AT: Discourse
Focus on discourse trades off with focus on materiality – trains us to ignore oppressive power relationships
Cromby and Nightingale 99 - *Professor of Psychology, Senior Lecturer in Psychology
John and David, “Social Constructionist Psychology: a critical analysis of theory and practice,” Chapter 1
Of course, we are not suggesting that social constructionists have ignored power. As
AND
irrelevant and trivial, and so waste the valuable gains it has made.
2ac Legal Reform Good
Legal reforms restrain the cycle of violence and prevent error replication
Colm O’Cinneide 8, Senior Lecturer in Law at University College London, “Strapped to the Mast: The Siren Song of Dreadful Necessity, the United Kingdom Human Rights Act and the Terrorist Threat,” Ch 15 in Fresh Perspectives on the ‘War on Terror,’ ed. Miriam Gani and Penelope Mathew, http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html
This ‘symbiotic’ relationship between counter-terrorism measures and political violence, and the
AND
repression: the need for mobilisation in response may therefore also be diluted.
Security Good
Without security policy options the security sector will be dominated by the most conservative policymakers
Knudsen 1
Olav. F. Knudsen, Prof @ Södertörn Univ College, Security Dialogue 32.3, “Post-Copenhagen Security Studies: Desecuritizing  Securitization,” p. 366
A final danger in focusing on the state is that of building the illusion that  
AND
sector of security  policymaking, unheeded by any but the most uncritical minds.  
Security Inev
Securitization is psychologically engrained – the alternative can’t solve
Stein 13 – Professor of Political Science and IR @ U of Toronto
Jance, “THREAT PERCEPTION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS,” The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, 2 nd ed. Edited by Leonie Huddy, David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy
Related evidence suggests the concerning proposition that policy makers are predisposed to believe advisers who
AND
These processes take leaders far beyond prudential reasoning and reasoned assessment of threat.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dartmouth KS | Judge: Johnson,Fifelski, Petit
Ptx
2ac Iran Impact
Self-defense norms ensures Israeli strike on Iran—escalates to WW3
Slager 12 (Katherine, J.D. Candidate 2013, University of North Carolina School of Law, “Legality, Legitimacy and Anticipatory Self-Defense: Considering an Israeli Preemptive Strike on Iran's Nuclear Program” Fall, 2012, 38 N.C.J. Int'l L. and Com. Reg. 267)
Under both traditional and alternative analyses, Israel would not be presently justified to preemptively
AND
thus foiling the trigger that would lead the world into World War III.
2ac Iran U/X
Uniqueness overwhelms the link – the Iran sanctions bill is dead AND PC is not key
Tobin 3/19
Jonathan, Commentary Magazine, Senate Iran Letter Ends Sanctions Fight, 3/19/14, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2014/03/19/senate-iran-letter-ends-sanctions-fight-nuclear/
Supporters of tough sanctions on Iran hailed the publication of a letter from 83 members
AND
who is willing to do anything to avoid accountability on this vital issue.
2ac PC Low
No PC – multiple issues thump
Galen 3/17
Rich, former press secretary to Dan Quayle and Newt Gingrich, Obama Is Poisonous, 3/17/14, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2014/03/17/obama_is_poisonous_121954.html
President Obama has used up his political capital. The cupboard is bare. His
AND
the disappearance of that Malaysian airliner.¶ The rest, is political poison.
2ac Ukraine Thumper
Ukraine thumps and PC fails
Sink 3/20
Justin, The Hill, Obama’s bully pulpit struggle, 3/20/14, http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/russia/201333-obamas-bully-pulpit-struggle
President Obama’s reliance on the bully pulpit to bump up ObamaCare’s enrollment and hammer Republicans
AND
in this room are producing,” he told reporters at his daily briefing.
2ac Losses Now – AT Loomis
Losses now – IMF
Weisman 3/25
Jonathan, New York Times, Senate Democrats Drop I.M.F. Reforms From Ukraine Aid, 3/25/14, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/26/world/europe/senate-democrats-drop-imf-reforms-from-ukraine-aid-package.html?_r=0
Senate Democrats, bowing to united House Republican opposition, dropped reforms of International Monetary
AND
had signaled that the administration would push for the monetary fund language separately.
2ac Link
Squo restrictions thump the link
AP 2-6-13
(Associated Press, “Congress looks to limit drone strikes” http://www.cbsnews.com/news/congress-looks-to-limit-drone-strikes/)
Uncomfortable with the Obama administration's use of deadly drones, a growing number in Congress
AND
, including drone strikes, can be used to kill American citizens abroad.
Plan allows Obama to pursue his second-term agenda – allows debate about national security
- changes perceptions
- ignites national debate
Epps 12/20
Garrett, a former reporter for The Washington Post, is a novelist and legal scholar. He teaches courses in constitutional law and creative writing for law students at the University of Baltimore, How Obama Can Save His Legacy by Reining In the Security State, 12/20/13, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/12/how-obama-can-save-his-legacy-by-reining-in-the-security-state/282568/
People like to say that there are no second chances in American politics. In
AND
—and perhaps salvage what remains of his second term in the process.
Obama pushes the plan
Bannon 13— pollster and political consultant
(Brad, “An Offer We Can’t Refuse,” US News, May 28, 2013, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/brad-bannon/2013/05/28/obama-wants-us-to-take-away-his-war-powers~-~-we-should)
President Obama kicked off the long Memorial Day weekend with a speech which had a
AND
Federal Intelligence Security Act – to review drone strikes against American citizens abroad.
Obama will avoid the fight
William Howell and Jon Pevehouse, Associate Professors at the Harris School of Public Policy at the University of Chicago, 2007, When Congress Stops Wars, Foreign Affairs, EBSCO
After all, when presidents anticipate congressional resistance they will not be able to overcome
AND
Pace, so as to avoid a clash with Congress over his reappointment.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dartmouth KS | Judge: Johnson,Fifelski, Petit
2ac Resolve
Self-defense TK undermines legal authority causes overall backlash
Kels 12 – major in the Air Force Reserve and an attorney for the Department of Homeland Security
Charles, 7-16-12, “Mixed messages on drone strikes” https://wiki.nps.edu/display/CRUSER/2012/07/16/Mixed+messages+on+drone+strikes
Finally, the administration emphasizes its "rigorous standards and process of review ... when
AND
targeting rules to degrade the efficient and lawful application of our military might.
Unitary executive weakens the presidency
John W. Dean 9, former Counsel to the President, Chief Minority Counsel to the Judiciary Committee of the United States House of Representatives, the Associate Director of a law reform commission, and Associate Deputy Attorney General of the United States, graduate fellowship from American University to study government and the presidency, before entering Georgetown University Law Center, 1/9/09, http://writ.news.findlaw.com/dean/20090109.html
During the past eight years, President Bush has asserted presidential power in a singular
AND
and unity, and that means give and take, not just pronouncing.”
No spillover to other situations
Sitaraman 14 – Assistant Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School
(Ganesh, January 2014, “Credibility and War Powers” 127 Harv. L. Rev. F. 123 http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/127/january14/forum_1024.php)
In the context of military threats and the use of force, credibility arguments suffer
AND
may ignore the Micronesian case because it is fundamentally different from their own.
AT: Flex
“Flexibility” kills credibility
Engelhardt ‘5 (Tom Engelhardt 5, created and runs the Tomdispatch.com website, a project of The Nation Institute where he is a Fellow. Each spring he is a Teaching Fellow at the Graduate School of Journalism at the University of California, Berkeley. http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/32668/)
Here it is worth reviewing the positions Yoo advocated while in the executive branch and
AND
the rule of law. Perhaps that is why we are not prevailing.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wake CV | Judge: J Herndon
Implementation of existing system of executive policy solves legitimacy—-no DA’s since its US policy now
Daskal 13 - Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law
University of Penn L. Rev., THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BATTLEFIELD: A FRAMEWORK FOR DETENTION AND TARGETING OUTSIDE THE "HOT" CONFLICT ZONE, April, 2013, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, Lexis
One might be skeptical that a ~…~ and security benefits. n218

Jus ad bellum now:

Libya

Linden 12 – Professor @ Butler U
(Harry, "Barack Obama as Just War Theorist: The Libyan Intervention," http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=123526context=facsch_papers)
Obama’s Address offers a ~…~ and, to some extent, last resort.

Pakistan and Yemen

Sangha 13
(Karina, "Obama, drones and Just War," http://ploughshares.ca/2013/06/obama-drones-and-just-war/)
U.S. President Barack Obama’s ~…~ that violates the idea of just war?

Tournament: UTD | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Texas CM | Judge: Loghry, Allen, Kurr
Governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking – that’s true regardless of this debate
Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50
One important aspect of this … its constants and its variables’.
TURN – they render the state monolithic, this renders attempts to resist domination impossible
Krause and Williams 97
Prof. Political Sci. at Geneva Graduate Institute ofInt' I Studies and Asst. Prof. Political Sci. at University of South em Main Keith and Michael, Critical Security Studies. Pg, XV-XVI
These (and other) critical … actor in contemporary world politics.
PERM is key – only an institutional focus can uncover power relations necessary to mediate the experiences of the oppressed
Welcome 2004 – completing his PhD at the sociology department of the City University of New York's Graduate Center (H. Alexander, "White Is Right": The Utilization of an Improper Ontological Perspective in Analyses of Black Experiences, Journal of African American Studies, Summer-Fall 2004, Vol. 8, No. 1 and 2, pp. 59-73)
In Reproduction in Education, Society … plague the black community.
War is inevitable—having rules that regulate when and how wars occur is necessary to prevent them
Shue 8 – Senior Research Fellow at Merton and Professor of Politics and International Relations @ Merton College, Oxford
Henry, 2008, “Do We Need a ‘Morality of War’?” in Just and Unjust Warriors p. 104-6
This does in fact seem to me to be a …, but about which is possible.
Overreliance on self-defense and preemption is the reason why just war is bad—restrictions are key
Crawford 3 – associate professor at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University and associate professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts
Neta, March 2003, “Just War Theory and the U.S. Counterterror War” Perspective on Politics Volume Issue 01 p. 5-25
Can counterterror war be just, and … in a context of counterterror war. 106
No one will accept major changes to the structure of sovereignty
Brooks ’12 (Rosa, Professor of Law at Georgetown University Law Center and a Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, “Strange Bedfellows: The Convergence of Sovereignty-Limiting Doctrines in Counterterrorist and Human Rights Discourse,” Law and Ethics Summer/Fall 2012)
None of these projects would be … organized hypocrisy is the best we can do.
Violence is proximately caused – root cause logic is poor scholarship
Sharpe 10 lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University, (Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 231 – 233)
We realise that this argument, …neither reading it nor taking it seriously.
No risk of endless war
Gray 7—Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, graduate of the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, Founder and Senior Associate to the National Institute for Public Policy, formerly with the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Hudson Institute (Colin, July, “The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration”, http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf)
7. A policy that favors preventive warfare … must be nothing if not pragmatic.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas CM | Judge: Kurr
Governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking – that’s true regardless of this debate
Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50
One important aspect of this … its constants and its variables’.
TURN – they render the state monolithic, this renders attempts to resist domination impossible
Krause and Williams 97
Prof. Political Sci. at Geneva Graduate Institute ofInt' I Studies and Asst. Prof. Political Sci. at University of South em Main Keith and Michael, Critical Security Studies. Pg, XV-XVI
These (and other) critical perspectives … contemporary world politics.
Their assumption of ontological blackness essentializes blackness as a racial category subservient to whiteness
Welcome 2004 – completing his PhD at the sociology department of the City University of New York's Graduate Center (H. Alexander, "White Is Right": The Utilization of an Improper Ontological Perspective in Analyses of Black Experiences, Journal of African American Studies, Summer-Fall 2004, Vol. 8, No. 1 and 2, pp. 59-73)
In many of the studies of … effect of power imbalances.
Backlash to the alternative prevents solvency and leads to war – liberal reform is the only solution that avoids backlash while preserving the green agenda
Hailwood 4 – Lecturer in Philosophy @ Liverpool
(Simon, “How to be a green liberal,” Berne Convention)
First, it is not just state personnel … equality as an obstacle to progress.
Legal reforms restrain the cycle of violence and prevent error replication
Colm O’Cinneide 8, Senior Lecturer in Law at University College London, “Strapped to the Mast: The Siren Song of Dreadful Necessity, the United Kingdom Human Rights Act and the Terrorist Threat,” Ch 15 in Fresh Perspectives on the ‘War on Terror,’ ed. Miriam Gani and Penelope Mathew, http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html
This ‘symbiotic’ relationship between … also be diluted.
War is inevitable—having rules that regulate when and how wars occur is necessary to prevent them
Shue 8 – Senior Research Fellow at Merton and Professor of Politics and International Relations @ Merton College, Oxford
Henry, 2008, “Do We Need a ‘Morality of War’?” in Just and Unjust Warriors p. 104-6
This does in fact seem to … but about which is possible.
Overreliance on self-defense and preemption is the reason why just war is bad—restrictions are key
Crawford 3 – associate professor at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University and associate professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts
Neta, March 2003, “Just War Theory and the U.S. Counterterror War” Perspective on Politics Volume Issue 01 p. 5-25
Can counterterror war be just, … in a context of counterterror war. 106
No one will accept major changes to the structure of sovereignty
Brooks ’12 (Rosa, Professor of Law at Georgetown University Law Center and a Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, “Strange Bedfellows: The Convergence of Sovereignty-Limiting Doctrines in Counterterrorist and Human Rights Discourse,” Law and Ethics Summer/Fall 2012)
None of these projects would … organized hypocrisy is the best we can do.
Violence is proximately caused – root cause logic is poor scholarship
Sharpe 10 lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University, (Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 231 – 233)
We realise that this argument, … reading it nor taking it seriously.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Texas FM | Judge: Arnett

Absent these questions shifts in knowledge production are useless – governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking – that’s true regardless of this debate

Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50
One important aspect of this relational ~…~ its constants and its variables’.

Perm- do both.

View the alternative as a corrective for why the aff didn’t focus on animals—the reduction of bare life is the same process that is used to commit violence against animals—proves our strategy is inclusive—that’s key

Barry 99 –Lecturer in Politics
John Barry, Lecturer in Politics @ Keele, 1999, Rethinking Green politics, pg. 7-8
Ecological stewardship, ~…~ cover social-environmental interaction.

only combining biocentric perspectives with short term human centered approaches can solve short term environmental catastrophes

Bartkowiak 02
Julia J. Bartkowiak is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Clarion University in Pennsylvania In Just Ecological Integrity: The Ethics of Maintaining Planetary Life
 edited by Peter Miller, Laura Westra pp. 61-2
¶ Biocentrism is problematic in ~…~ pertaining to hu¬man rights.

Violence doesn’t beget violence – the just war doctrine is inherently limiting and reversible

Falk 1 – Professor of IR @ Princeton
(Richard, "In Defense of ’Just War’ Thinking," The Nation, 273.21)
Should military force subsequently ~…~ thus confined to Afghanistan.

Their decisional calculus turns itself—demanding universal respect for nature only affirms human’s transcendence over nature, turning the case

Beckerman 26 Pasek 9 
~Wilford, emeritus fellow at Balliol College, Oxford, Environmental Ethics: The Big Questions, p. google books~
Now the demand that human ~…~ anthropocentric must itself be a human refusal’ (1992: 68). 

Claims of Root Causality are Grounded in Deterministic Theories That Preclude Effective Solutions

Hutchinson ’4
Fred Hutchison-http://www.renewamerica.us/columns/hutchison - March 22, 2004. "American innovation and the culture war: A golden age of American innovation". http://www.renewamerica.com/columns/hutchison/040322
When liberals speak of the "root causes" ~…~ and return to adolescence.

Anthro prevents extinction

Murdy 75 – Professor of Biology @ Emory
W. H., Prof. Bio. @ Emory U., Science, "Anthropocentrism: A Modern Version", 187:4182, pp.1168-1172, JSTOR
An anthropocentric faith ~…~ human species and its cultural values.

The alt prevents animal testing

Cohen 86 – Professor @ U of M
Carl, Professor @ U Mich, http://spot.colorado.edu/~~heathwoo/phil1200,Spr07/cohen.pdf-http://spot.colorado.edu/~heathwoo/phil1200,Spr07/cohen.pdf
Humans owe to other humans ~…~ attainable only through their use. 

That creates a chilling effect that prevents new medical breakthroughs – ensures hundreds of millions of deaths

Sperling 89 – PhD, President @ Chabot College
Susan, Unkind to Animals, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/4078
In his review of The Use of Laboratory ~…~ research, regardless of its potential merit.

Diseases lead to extinction

Fox 97
C. William. Lieutenant COLONEL. 6/24/97. http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=ISN26fileid=4341F68C-1AF1-FEB7-10D7-5EE127216D0526lng=en-http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=ISN26fileid=4341F68C-1AF1-FEB7-10D7-5EE127216D0526lng=en.
HIV is a pandemic killer without a cure, and ~…~ weapons of mass destruction.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 1 | Opponent: UNI AE | Judge: Bunas
Governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking – that’s true regardless of this debate
Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50
One important aspect of this … its constants and its variables’.
Human-centering is key to make environmental ethics institutionally palatable – only way to prevent environmental harm
---if you have an arg about improving material reality for those in need, it turns their impact
Gandhi 7 - J.D. Candidate, University of Michigan Law School, 2008; M.A., Illinois State University, 2005
(Devadatta, “The Limits and Promise of Environmental Ethics: Eco-Socialist Thought and Anthropocentrism's Virtue,” 31 Environs Envtl. L. and Pol'y J. 35, Lexis)
The short answer to this … insufficiently or inaptly motivated. 9
Outright rejection fails – limited use is more valuable
Barry 99 – Lecturer in Politics
(John Barry, Lecturer in Politics @ Keele, Rethinking Green politics, pg. 7-8)
Ecological stewardship, … cover social-environmental interaction.
Backlash to the alternative prevents solvency and leads to war – liberal reform is the only solution that avoids backlash while preserving the green agenda
Hailwood 4 – Lecturer in Philosophy @ Liverpool
(Simon, “How to be a green liberal,” Berne Convention)
First, it is not just state … equality as an obstacle to progress.
Legal reforms restrain the cycle of violence and prevent error replication
Colm O’Cinneide 8, Senior Lecturer in Law at University College London, “Strapped to the Mast: The Siren Song of Dreadful Necessity, the United Kingdom Human Rights Act and the Terrorist Threat,” Ch 15 in Fresh Perspectives on the ‘War on Terror,’ ed. Miriam Gani and Penelope Mathew, http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html
This ‘symbiotic’ relationship between … in response may therefore also be diluted.
Dubbing people “anthropocentric” because they didn’t talk about animals makes the creation of an effective environmental movement impossible, and isn’t accurate
Lewsi 92 – Professor of Environment
(Martin Lewis professor in the School of the Environment and the Center for International Studies at Duke University. Green Delusions, 17-18)
Nature for Nature’s Sake—And Humanity … anthropocentric versus nonanthropocentric dichotomy, see Nor¬ton 1987, chapter ir.)
The environment is resilient; human impact is minimal
Easterbrook 96
(Gregg, sr editor, The New Republic, former fellow at the Brookings Institute, A Movement on the Earth, p. 25) LL
"Fragile environment" has become a … of the magnitude nature is accustomed to resisting.
Merely changing our mental relationship to the environment doesn’t prevent destruction
Kirkman 2 – Professor of Science and Tech
Robert, Assistant Professor of Science and Technology at the Lumann Briggs School @ MDU, Skeptical Environmentalism, pg. 27
For Plato, the cosmos is … strikes me as unlikely.
Anthropocentism is critical to global survival—motivates participatory evolution
Murdy 75
(W. H., Prof. Bio. @ Emory U., Science, “Anthropocentrism: A Modern Version”, 187:4182, pp.1168-1172, JSTOR)
Unbridled self-indulgence on the … species and its cultural values.
Human life should be prioritized
---Ability to protect other species
Younkins 4 – Professor @ Wheeling
(Edward, Professor @ Wheeling, THE FLAWED DOCTRINE OF NATURE'S INTRINSIC VALUE, http://www.quebecoislibre.org/04/041015-17.htm)
Many environmentalists contend … fitting to make use of nature.

Tournament: UK | Round: 5 | Opponent: OU LS | Judge: Andy Casey

Obama called for transparency

Roberts 13 – News Editor for National Journal
Kristin, 3-22-13, "When the Whole World Has Drones" http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321
Obama promised in his 2013 ~…~ in support of targeted killing.

Obama only uses Congressional authorization

Bellinger 13 – Adjunct Senior Fellow for International and National Security Law
John, 3-29-13, "Seeking Daylight on U.S. Drone Policy" http://www.cfr.org/drones/seeking-daylight-us-drone-policy/p30348
The president also has additional ~…~ given to them by Congress.

Presidents follow restrictions – acquiescence is the status quo – aff reverses it

Buchanan 13 – Professor of Government @ UT-Austin
(Bruce, Presidential Power and Accountability: Toward a Presidential Accountability System, Routledge, pgs. 31-2)
Effectively deployed, the ~…~ performance challenges like Korea.

President believes he is constrained by statute

Saikrishna Prakash 12, professor of law at the University of Virginia and Michael Ramsey, professor of law at San Diego, "The Goldilocks Executive" Feb, SSRN
We accept that the President’s ~…~ courts, and the public.

Tournament: UK | Round: 3 | Opponent: UTD GL | Judge: Witmore

Obama is shifting away from covert ops

Klaidman 13 – national political correspondent for Newsweek and The Daily Beast
Daniel, 3-19-13, "Exclusive: No More Drones for CIA" http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/19/exclusive-no-more-drones-for-cia.html
The move could potentially ~…~ the plan. "It would be a pretty strong statement."

Shift is rapid

Klaidman 13 – national political correspondent for Newsweek and The Daily Beast
Daniel, 3-19-13, "Exclusive: No More Drones for CIA" http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/19/exclusive-no-more-drones-for-cia.html
Officials anticipate a phased-in ~…~ target suspected terrorists.

Officials make the plan apply—uniformity

Zenko 13 – Douglas Dillon Fellow @ CFR
Micah, 5-28-13, "Confront and Confuse" http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/28/confront_and_confuse_obama_drone_speech?page=full
Second, in responding to a question ~…~ be it military or nonmilitary."

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wake CV | Judge: J Herndon

Obama and future presidents rollback the CP

Harvard Law Review ’12
"Developments in the Law - Presidential Authority", http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf
The recent history of signing ~…~ Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.

Congress key—codification into law

Maxwell ’12 (Mark David Maxwell, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html-http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html, Winter 2012)
The weakness of this ~…~ safety: the rule of law.  

Only Congress can clearly limit the scope of the Zone

Cole 13 David, The Nation’s legal affairs correspondent, is the author of The Torture Memos: Rationalizing the Unthinkable, "What’s Wrong With Obama’s Drone Policy", February 13, www.thenation.com/article/172898/whats-wrong-obamas-drone-policy~23
The power to kill by remote ~…~ of law. What happened to that promise?

Geography disputes short-circuit all other cooperation

Kebriaei 12 – Senior Attorney, Center for Constitutional Rights
Pardiss, Fall 2012, The Distance Between Principle and Practice in the Obama Administration’s Targeted Killing Program: A Response to Jeh Johnson, http://yalelawandpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Kebriaei_The20Distance20Between20Principle20and20Practice20in20the20Obama20Administration27s20Targeted20Killing20Program-20A20Response20to20Jeh20Johnson.pdf
The broad geographic scope ~…~ the concept of a ’global battlefield.’"43

It’s a lightning rod

Vogel 10 – JD, Foreign Affairs Specialist, Office of the Secretary of Defense, U.S. Department of Defense
Ryan, 12-1-10, "DRONE WARFARE AND THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT" http://djilp.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/3-Vogel.pdf
This geographical expansiveness~…~ forfeited their protected status.44

Tournament: UK | Round: 3 | Opponent: UTD GL | Judge: Witmore

No econ decline war—-best and most recent data

Daniel W. Drezner 12, Professor, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, October 2012, "The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked," http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf-http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf
The final outcome … as fortunate."42

No impact

O’Toole 9/30/13 (James, CNN Money Writer, "Rating Agencies An Afterthought in Debt Ceiling Fight")
No one can predict exactly what the … create a cascade of selling," he said. 

China sea conflict kills the economy – disrupts trade lanes and makes conflict go global

Cossa 98 (Ralph, president of the Pacific Forum Center for Strategic and International Studies, March 1998, Security Implications of Conflict in the South China Sea: Exploring Potential Triggers of Conflict" http://www.southchinasea.org/docs/Cossa,20Security20Implications20of2020Conflict20in20the20S.ChinaSea.pdf ACC 10/24/10)
Broader Consequences of Conflict … heavily-travelled sea lanes. 

Won’t pass – GOP

Sargent 10/2
Greg, Washington Post, The Morning Plum: Governing crisis set to escalate dramatically, 10/2/13, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/10/02/the-morning-plum-governing-crisis-set-to-escalate-dramatically/
But here’s the problem: Conservative … and destruction.

Obama will unilaterally resolve the crisis if Congress fails—-game theory proves

IHT 10-4 – International Herald Tribune, 10/4/13 edition, "White House has options if impasse arises on debt ceiling," p. lexis
As a result, economists and … suppress insurrections, ’’shall not be questioned.’’

Capital isn’t key

Allen 9/27 
Jonathan, Politico, President Obama’s distance diplomacy, 9/27/13, http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=08D59595-1734-4952-914A-AC1ED51FB516
The White House’s distance diplomacy … legislating and horse-trading.

Obama pushes the plan—means plan’s not a loss

Bannon 13— pollster and political consultant
(Brad, "An Offer We Can’t Refuse," US News, May 28, 2013, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/brad-bannon/2013/05/28/obama-wants-us-to-take-away-his-war-powers—we-should)
President Obama kicked off … review drone strikes against American citizens abroad.

Tournament: UTD | Round: Finals | Opponent: Houston LR | Judge: Moore, Gerber, Murray
Governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking – that’s true regardless of this debate
Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50
One important aspect of this … its constants and its variables’.
Things getting better/using the law good
Harpur 13
(Paul, BBus (HRM), LLB (Hons), LLM, PhD, Solicitor of the High Court of Australia, “FROM UNIVERSAL EXCLUSION TO UNIVERSAL EQUALITY: REGULATING ABLEISM IN A DIGITAL AGE” N. Ky. L. Rev. 40 (2013): 529-665, L/N)
The United Nations Convention … substantive realization of rights.
Omission is not exclusion: NO discursive act can include everything; this doesn't mean we reject or marginalize these concerns
Rorty ‘2
 (Professor of Comparative Literature @ Stanford, `02 (Richard, Peace Review, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 152-153)
I have no quarrel with … in many other ways.
We are all impaired in some way – we shouldn’t get blamed for society’s attitudes towards disability
-esp true for people who wear glasses
Lang 07
(Raymond, Dr and Leonard Cheshire Disability and Inclusive Development Centre, leading charity provider of services for disabled people in the UK and operate in 57 countries across the world, “The Development and Critique of the Social Model of Disability” http://www.ucl.ac.uk/lc-ccr/centrepublications/workingpapers/WP03_Development_Critique.pdf)
This paper has so far outlined the … homophobic or sexist attitudes
Focusing on the visibility of disability produces exclusion
Mollow 4
(Anna, PhD candidate in English at the University of California, Berkeley. IDENTITY POLITICS ANDDISABILITY STUDIES:A CRITIQUE OF RECENT THEORY quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?cc=mqr;c=mqr;c=mqrarchive;idno=act2080.0043.218;rgn=main;view=text;xc=1;g=mqrg)
Identity politics movements also … disempowering definitions of disability.
Social model can’t convince society to not be abliest
Donoghue 3
 (Christopher, Assistant Professor of Sociology at Montclair State University, “Challenging the authority of the medical definition of disability: an analysis of the resistance to the social constructionist paradigm”, Disability and Society 18.2, pg 199-208)
In an effort to debunk the … they best serve their interests.
Social model fails to produce actual change
Samaha 07
(Adam, “What Good is the Social Model of Disability?” University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 74, 2007
University of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper No. 166)
Despite the apparent connection … causation description and public policy.
Their conception of violence is reductive and can’t be solved
Boulding 77 Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung Author(s): Kenneth E. BouldingReviewed work(s):Source: Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1977), pp. 75-86Published Kenneth Ewart Boulding (January 18, 1910 – March 18, 1993) was an economist, educator, peace activist, poet, religious mystic, devoted Quaker, systems scientist, and interdisciplinary philosopher.12 He was cofounder of General Systems Theory and founder of numerous ongoing intellectual projects in economics and social science. He graduated from Oxford University, and was granted United States citizenship in 1948. During the years 1949 to 1967, he was a faculty member of the University of Michigan. In 1967, he joined the faculty of the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he remained until his retirement.
Finally, we come to the great … preventing us from finding the answer.
Violence is proximately caused – root cause logic is poor scholarship
Sharpe 10 lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University, (Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 231 – 233)
We realise that this argument, … neither reading it nor taking it seriously.

Tournament: UK | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston BL | Judge: Russell

Governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking – that’s true regardless of this debate

Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50
One important aspect of this relational … constants and its variables’.

Even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key

Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute
Friedrich, "The Puzzles of Politics," pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at …  be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.

====Evaluate consequences====
Isaac 2 (Jeffrey Isaac, Professor of political science at Indiana University, Ph.D Yale, Director of Center for Study of Democracy and Public Life, Spring 2002, "End, Means, and Politics," Dissent Magazinze, vol. 49, no. 2)
As a result, the most important political … political effectiveness

====The alt fails – material habits influence state action more than discourse – they can’t change top-level state behavior====
Hopf 10
(Ted, Associate Professor of Political Science at The Ohio State University, "The logic of habit in International Relations", European Journal of International Relations published online 16 June 2010, http://ejt.sagepub.com/content/early/2010/06/08/1354066110363502)
The logics of habit and practice differ … that the logic of habit foregrounds (Eidelman and Crandall, 2009: 85–106).

A) Advocacy which prioritizes personal experience makes public deliberation impossible – opponents don’t have room to speak because any challenge is reduced to a personal attack

Subotnik 98 – Professor of Law, Touro College, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center. 7 Cornell J. L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 681
Having traced a major strand in the … the streets and the airwaves.

B) This turns the K—allowing them to universalize the experience of the oppressed grants them ownership over experience for the purpose of a ballot. This silences the oppressed they attempt to liberate.

Donofrio 2010 – doctoral fellow in the Department of Communication at the University of Maryland (Theresa Ann, "Ground Zero and Place-Making Authority: The Conservative Metaphors in 9/11 Families’ ’’Take Back the Memorial’’ Rhetoric," Western Journal of Communication Vol. 74, No. 2, March–April 2010, pp. 150–169)
Regardless of the 9/11 family members’ … our ways of understanding trauma.

Universalism is wrong and bad – ends up being MIRED in reductionism – perm solves best.

Hughes 07 (Head of Division of Sociology Glasgow Caledonian University Bill Being disabled: towards a critical social ontology for disability studies Disability 26 Society 22.7 Taylor 26 Francis)
In summary, the universalistic approach to … and sometimes destroy disabled peoples lives.

That’s biological reductionism – turns their critiuqe

Hughes 09 (Head of Division of Sociology Glasgow Caledonian University Bill Wounded/monstrous/abject: a critique of the disabled body in the sociological imaginary Disability 26 Society 24.4)
The position taken by Turner (2001) and Shakespeare … is a status reserved for disability.

No alternative to the law/legal system—-other ideas bring more inequality and abuse

Jerold S. Auerbach 83, Professor of History at Wellesley, "Justice Without Law?", 1983, p. 144-146
As cynicism about the legal … the prospect of equal justice.

War turns structural violence

Bulloch 8 Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595 Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science. He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies
But the idea that poverty … and potentially radically – political. 

Their conception of violence is reductive and can’t be solved

Boulding 77 Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung Author(s): Kenneth E. BouldingReviewed work(s):Source: Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1977), pp. 75-86Published Kenneth Ewart Boulding (January 18, 1910 – March 18, 1993) was an economist, educator, peace activist, poet, religious mystic, devoted Quaker, systems scientist, and interdisciplinary philosopher.~1~~2~ He was cofounder of General Systems Theory and founder of numerous ongoing intellectual projects in economics and social science. He graduated from Oxford University, and was granted United States citizenship in 1948. During the years 1949 to 1967, he was a faculty member of the University of Michigan. In 1967, he joined the faculty of the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he remained until his retirement.
Finally, we come to the great Galtung … preventing us from finding the answer. 

2. Personal experience isn’t bad for debate, but debate is bad for personal experience—it forces you, the judge, to render the value of a person’s intimate and many times traumatic experiences—this is epistemically violent and turns the case

Judith BUTLER is Maxine Elliot Professor in the Departments of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature at the University of California, Berkeley, 1 ~"Giving an Account of Oneself," Diacritics 31.4 (2001) 22-40, Project Muse~
But here, and for the time being, … and defensive mastery restored?

engaging in institutions does not mean we legitimize them

Frost 96 Mervyn FROST, Professor, University of Kent ~Ethics In International Relations A Constitutive Theory, pp. 90-91~
A first objection which seems … representative government and so on.

Tournament: UK | Round: 3 | Opponent: UTD GL | Judge: Witmore

Shutdown thumps cred

Gvosdev 10-2-13 – PhD, professor of national security studies at the U.S. Naval War College
Nikolas, "Shutdown Amplifies Middle East Policy Problems" http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/shutdown-amplifies-middle-east-policy-problems-9160
The failure to get even a short-term ~…~ highlighted in his UN General Assembly address.

Stronger statutory checks on prez war powers increase the foreign perception of US resolve by providing credibility behind threats

Matthew C. Waxman 13, Professor of Law, Columbia Law School; Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, "The Constitutional Power to Threaten War", Forthcoming in Yale Law Journal, vol. 123 (2014), 2013, PDF
A second argument, this one advanced ~…~ or process for reading them.

"Flexibility" kills credibility

Engelhardt ’5 (Tom Engelhardt 5, created and runs the Tomdispatch.com website, a project of The Nation Institute where he is a Fellow. Each spring he is a Teaching Fellow at the Graduate School of Journalism at the University of California, Berkeley. http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/32668/-http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/32668/)
Here it is worth reviewing the positions ~…~ is why we are not prevailing.

All evidence shows heg impacts are wrong

Fettweis 10 (Christopher, Assistant professor of political science at Tulane, Survival, Volume 52, Issue 2, April)
One potential explanation for the growth of ~…~ the conclusion that world peace and US military expenditure are unrelated.

Tournament: UTD | Round: Doubles | Opponent: WSU MO | Judge: Ermo, Bonnet, Scott
The plan gives security transformative potential --- alt alone fails and their impact is false
Nunes 12
Reclaiming the political: Emancipation and critique in security studies, João Nunes, Security Dialogue 2012 43: 345,Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, UK, p. sage publications
In the works of these … emancipatory understandings of security.
Security isn’t fundamental – the alt causes conservative backlash and threats real
Nunes, 12 Reclaiming the political: Emancipation and critique in security studies, João Nunes, Security Dialogue 2012 43: 345,Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, UK, p. sage publications
Conclusion This article advanced … strength and sense of purpose.
Turn – essentialism – their re-thinking inscribes essentialist conceptions of “woman” that make inequality and anti-feminism more likely
Witworth ‘94
Witworth, Prof of political science and female studies @ York U. Feminism and International Relations, pg 20, 1994
Even when not concerned with mothering as such, much …nd the New Right.  As some writers suggest, this in itself
Fem doesn’t open up space for divergent perspectives in IR – they just create a new closed system – exclusion is inevitable.
Caprioli 4  
“Feminist IR Theory and Quantitative Methodology: A Critical Analysis” Mary Caprioli, Dept. of Political Science, University of Tennessee. International Studies Review. Volume 42 Issue 1 Page 193-197, March 2004. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/0020-8833.00076
Conventional feminist IR … prescriptions should be sought.
The state is not gendered, and the alt doesn’t affect how states will act.
Elshtain 9 – Professor of Political and Social Ethics @ U Chicago
Jean, “Woman, the State, and War,” International Relations, 23, SAGE
Women the world over … cogency of his thought has rubbed off.
State-centrism is the only way to produce human security and limit everyday injustice – material change should be preferred
-alternatives to the state will not be democratically accountable – can’t give content to rights claims
-key to value to life
McCormack 10 – PhD in IR
Tara McCormack, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, pg. 140-142
Critical and emancipatory … practices of contemporary powers.
No one will accept major changes to the structure of sovereignty
Brooks ’12 (Rosa, Professor of Law at Georgetown University Law Center and a Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, “Strange Bedfellows: The Convergence of Sovereignty-Limiting Doctrines in Counterterrorist and Human Rights Discourse,” Law and Ethics Summer/Fall 2012)
None of these projects would be … hypocrisy is the best we can do.

Tournament: UK | Round: 3 | Opponent: UTD GL | Judge: Witmore

Our framework is that the alternative should be judged on the efficacy of its response to existing institutional practices—the international order is inevitable—it is just a question of its effectiveness

Governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking – that’s true regardless of this debate

Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50
One important aspect of this ~…~ characteristics, its constants and its variables’.

Plan focus is key – A) it’s the only stable and predictable point for offense B) its key to fairness because any other framework moots the 1ac.

External checks are effective

Aziz Z. Huq 12, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School, "Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)", May 25, www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/400-ah-binding.pdf
Paulson ’ s genuflection and Obama ’ s reticence, I will contend here, are symptomatic of our political system ’ s operation rather than being aberration al . It is generally the case that ~…~ in limiting such discretion.

No alternative to the law/legal system—-other ideas bring more inequality and abuse

Jerold S. Auerbach 83, Professor of History at Wellesley, "Justice Without Law?", 1983, p. 144-146
As cynicism about the legal ~…~ the prospect of equal justice.

Tournament: UK | Round: 5 | Opponent: OU LS | Judge: Andy Casey

Our framework is that the alternative should be judged on the efficacy of its response to existing institutional practices—the international order is inevitable—it is just a question of its effectiveness

Governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking – that’s true regardless of this debate

Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50
One important aspect of this relational ~…~ its constants and its variables’.

Plan focus is key – A) it’s the only stable and predictable point for offense B) its key to fairness because any other framework moots the 1ac.

Perm: do both—solves the links to the aff

Even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key

Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute
Friedrich, "The Puzzles of Politics," pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at the ~…~ recalcitrant to analytical treatment.

Drones solve global terrorist attacks

-kill leaders
-hurt recruitment
-hurt training
Byman 13 – Research Director, Saban Center for Middle East Policy @ Brookings
Daniel, July 2013, "Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice" Foreign Affairs 92.4 ProQuest
Despite President Barack Obama’s ~…~ tactics against militant groups.

The availability of new technological makes a bioweapons attack leading to extinction highly probable

Myhrvold 13
Bynathan Myhrvold, former Chief Technology Officer at Microsoft, MA and PhD from Princeton University, he held a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Cambridge working under Stephen Hawking¶ Strategic Terrorism a Call to Action, The Lawfare Research Paper Series¶ research paper no. 2 – 2013¶ July 2013¶ http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf-http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf
¶ As horrible as this would be, such a pandemic ~…~ that the human race has faced.

Negative peace should be our first priority because the stakes are human survival.

Boulding ’90
Kenneth E. Boulding, Prof UC Boulder Conflict: Readings in Management and Resolution, Ed: John Burton, 1990, pg. 40-41.
Then, do we go from here? Can we ~…~ technology either of war or of peace.

The environment is resilient; human impact is minimal

Easterbrook 96 
(Gregg, sr editor, The New Republic, former fellow at the Brookings Institute, A Movement on the Earth, p. 25) LL
"Fragile environment" has become ~…~ magnitude nature is accustomed to resisting.

No risk of endless militarism and war – their impact is made up and doesn’t assume external constraints

Gray 7—Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, graduate of the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, Founder and Senior Associate to the National Institute for Public Policy, formerly with the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Hudson Institute (Colin, July, "The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration", http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf)
7. A policy that favors preventive ~…~ must be nothing if not pragmatic.

States choose to follow LOAC based on a system of incentives – studies prove that solves violence

Prorock and Appel ’13 (Alyssa, and Benjamin, Department of Political Science, Michigan State University, "Compliance with International Humanitarian Law: Democratic Third Parties and Civilian Targeting in Interstate War," Journal of Conflict Resolution 00(0) 1-28)
Coercion is a strategy of ~…~ when the clarity condition is met.

No alternative to the law/legal system—-other ideas bring more inequality and abuse

Jerold S. Auerbach 83, Professor of History at Wellesley, "Justice Without Law?", 1983, p. 144-146
As cynicism about the ~…~ the prospect of equal justice.

Legal reforms restrain the cycle of violence and prevent error replication

Colm O’Cinneide 8, Senior Lecturer in Law at University College London, "Strapped to the Mast: The Siren Song of Dreadful Necessity, the United Kingdom Human Rights Act and the Terrorist Threat," Ch 15 in Fresh Perspectives on the ’War on Terror,’ ed. Miriam Gani and Penelope Mathew, http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html-http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html
This ’symbiotic’ relationship between ~…~ therefore also be diluted.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 7 | Opponent: OU CO | Judge: Bonnet
Even if extinction is inevitable – taking steps to postpone it solves suffering and adds value to life.
Epstein and Zhao in ‘9
Richard J. Epstein and Y. Zhao, Laboratory of Computational Oncology,Department of Medicine,University of Hong Kong, Professorial
Block,Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong. “The Threat That Dare Not Speak Its Name: Human Extinction”. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, volume 52, number 1 (winter 2009):116–25. Project Muse.
Human extinction is 100 certain—… burden of human suffering.
Minimizing suffering is best – the alternative destroys life and is faulty analysis
Edelglass 6 William Edelglass is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Marlboro College, “LEVINAS ON SUFFERING AND COMPASSION” Sophia, Vol. 45, No. 2, October 2006
Because suffering is a pure … that overwhelms subjectivity.
Their argument wrongly assumes that trying to reduce suffering will consume all of human existence. The project of helping people can exist in balance and is an extension of life and human will.
Conway ‘99
David Conway, Middlesex University. “Nietzsche's Revaluation of Schopenhauer as Educator”. June 5, 1999. http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/MPsy/MPsyConw.htm
Nonetheless, Nietzsche was mistaken … remains only a pupil". (9)
Action in the face of suffering creates value to life and is ethical
Hartwig 2K Mark Hartwig 2000, “Does Humanity Stand A Chance?” http://www.boundless.org/2000/features/a0000386.html
Nietzsche regarded Judeo-Christian … to which we can appeal.
Existence and choice come first. People should be able to choose their value to life
Kymlicka ‘3
(Will, professor of philosophy @ Queens University. Contemporary Political Thought:  A Reader And Guide.  Edited by Alan Finlayson, pp. 496-498)
The defining feature of liberalism is … about other ways of life.
Evaluate consequences
Isaac 2 (Jeffrey Isaac, Professor of political science at Indiana University, Ph.D Yale, Director of Center for Study of Democracy and Public Life, Spring 2002, “End, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazinze, vol. 49, no. 2)
As a result, the most important … undermines political effectiveness
Value to life is inevitable
Shermer 8 –Michael, founder of the Skeptics Society and Editor of Skeptic Magazine, “"The Meaning of Life, the Universe, and Everything"”—Commencement Speech at Whittier College, 5/23/08 http://www.whittier.edu/News/Articles/2008CommencementSpeech.aspx
Purpose is personal, and … is outside of ourselves.
Suffering is only inevitable absent the plan - only the aff overcomes suffering because it celebrates life
May 5 (Todd May, prof @ Clemson. “To change the world, to celebrate life,” Philosophy and Social Criticism 2005 Vol 31 nos 5–6 pp. 517–531)
Here, I take it, is where the idea … to take your world up for you.  
There is always value to life and it’s intrinsic
Vin Miller 9. The Meaning of Life From a Holocaust Survivor, Natural Bias. April 20th, 2009. http://naturalbias.com/the-meaning-of-life-from-a-holocaust-survivor/
Many of us fail to find meaning in … your life as a whole and last until death.

Tournament: UK | Round: 3 | Opponent: UTD GL | Judge: Witmore

Congress key to modeling

Maxwell ’12 (Mark David Maxwell, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html-http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html, Winter 2012)
The weakness of this theory is ~…~ a state its greatest safety: the rule of law.  

Only Congress resolves OLC secrecy

Anderson ’10 - Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University, and Research Fellow, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University and Member of its Task Force on National Security and the Law, 3/18/10, Rise of the Drones: Unmanned Systems and the Future of War, Kenneth Anderson,digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100226context=pub_disc_cong
29 It is no doubt unfair to say that the ~…~ in a confidential OLC opinion. 

Obama rolls back the OLC

Akcerman ’11
(Bruce Ackerman 11, Sterling Professor of Law and Political Science at Yale University, "LOST INSIDE THE BELTWAY: A REPLY TO PROFESSOR MORRISON," Harvard Law Review Forum Vol 124:13, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol124forum_ackerman.pdf-http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol124forum_ackerman.pdf)
The problem is confirmed by Morrison’s ~…~ detect informal modes of OLC resistance.

OLC can’t solve and links to politics

Posner 11 Eric Posner is the Kirkland 26 Ellis Professor, University of Chicago Law School. "DEFERENCE TO THE EXECUTIVE IN THE UNITED STATES AFTER 9/11 CONGRESS, THE COURTS AND THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL" available at http://www.law.uchicago.edu/academics/publiclaw/index.html.
These two events neatly encapsulate the ~…~ the president would ignore it.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 7 | Opponent: Baylor SW | Judge: Bunas, Shae
Plan allows Obama to pursue his second-term agenda – allows debate about national security
- changes perceptions
- ignites national debate
Epps 12/20
Garrett, a former reporter for The Washington Post, is a novelist and legal scholar. He teaches courses in constitutional law and creative writing for law students at the University of Baltimore, How Obama Can Save His Legacy by Reining In the Security State, 12/20/13, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/12/how-obama-can-save-his-legacy-by-reining-in-the-security-state/282568/
People like to say that … remains of his second term in the process.
Obama pushes the plan
Bannon 13— pollster and political consultant
(Brad, “An Offer We Can’t Refuse,” US News, May 28, 2013, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/brad-bannon/2013/05/28/obama-wants-us-to-take-away-his-war-powers~-~-we-should)
President Obama kicked off … against American citizens abroad.
Obama will fights over the plan
William Howell and Jon Pevehouse, Associate Professors at the Harris School of Public Policy at the University of Chicago, 2007, When Congress Stops Wars, Foreign Affairs, EBSCO
After all, when presidents anticipate … a clash with Congress over his reappointment.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Texas FM | Judge: Arnett

That shuts down future oriented politics—the indeterminacy of the future does not necessitate passivity- making predictions while recognizing flaws in causal analysis enables responsibility for decisions as well as our generation’s role in the evolution of the world

Kurasawa ’4, (Fuyuki, Assistant Prof. of Sociology @ York University, Cautionary Tales, Constellations Vol. 11, No. 4, Blackwell Synergy)
When engaging in the labor of ~…~ harm to our successors.   

this culture of foresight is crucial if we are to avert the impact of climate change- we must be willing to transform debate in order to galvanize cooperation on long-term issues. Anything else lets nationalism and fundamentalism fill the void.

Kurasawa ’4, (Fuyuki, Assistant Prof. of Sociology @ York University, Cautionary Tales, Constellations Vol. 11, No. 4, Blackwell Synergy)
In addition, farsightedness has ~…~and Asian AIDS pandemics, appear  particularly glaring.  

Even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key

Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute
Friedrich, "The Puzzles of Politics," pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at ~…~ quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.

Hyperrefletivism worse

Niarguinen 1 – Professor of IR @ Central European University
Dmitri, IR at Central European University, Transforming Realism: Irreducible Core Gives Life to New Interpretations
and Flexible Incarnations, RUBIKON E-JOURNAL, December 2001, the original website is inactive but remains available at
http://web.archive.org/web/20060503234134/http://venus.ci.uw.edu.pl/~~rubikon/forum/dmitri.htm.
For the genuine link between constructivism ~…~of world politics"~71~. Ergo, ita est.

Infinite complexity is not inevitable – The aff (reference controlling impact here) channels complexity into non-violent outcomes

Page 97 – Professor of Economics @ Iowa
Scott, "System Effects: Complexity in Political and Social Life – Review," http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/2/1/review4.html
We must be careful here. ~…~that preclude undesirable patterns.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Gonzaga FS | Judge: Whitmore

The system will self correct – branches have conflicted before

Shane 9
Peter M. Shane is the Jacob E. Davis and Jacob E. Davis II Chair in Law at the Ohio State University’s Moritz College of Law, where he regularly teaches administrative law, constitutional law, law and the presidency, and courses at the intersection of law, democracy, and new media. Madison’s Nightmare: How Executive Power Threatens American Democracy. http://press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/749396.html
The attack on checks and balances ~…~ also supposed to advance.

IBC happens during each use of government power – it provides checks and balances

Zeisberg 4
Mariah, Ph.D. Candidate in Politics at Princeton, "Constitutional Fidelity and Interbranch Conflict", The Good Society, 13.3, 24-40
The first value revealed by the ~…~ American constitutional polity.17

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wake CV | Judge: J Herndon

Shutdown crushed Saudi’s confidence in US

Gaouette 10-2-13
Nicole, "Shutdown Undercuts Obama Defining America’s Global Role" http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-02/shutdown-undercuts-obama-defining-america-s-global-role.html
The U.S. government’s ~…~ allocations of military resources.

Impact empirically denied We suspended Strikes in 2010/11

Shane ’12 - N.Y.T. Reporter on the U.S. Intelligence Community
Yemen’s Leader Praises U.S. Drone Strikes, SCOTT SHANE, September 29, 2012
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/29/world/middleeast/yemens-leader-president-hadi-praises-us-drone-strikes.html?_r=0
American military strikes in … al-Awlaki and another American.

Yemen consents

McNeal 13, Associate Professor of Law, Pepperdine University, 3/5/13, "Targeted Killing and Accountability," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583, Gregory McNeal
Even if the U.S. sees itself ~…~ their approval of U.S. strikes.65

Their internal link says they’ll get nukes from Pakistan – Won’t happen – Also can’t build one

Keck 8/14 (Zachary Keck is Associate Editor of The Diplomat. He has previously served as a Deputy Editor for E-IR and as an Editorial Assistant for The Diplomat. Zach has published in various outlets such as Foreign Policy, The National Interest, The Atlantic, Foreign Affairs, and World Politics Review, "No, Pakistan Won’t Sell Saudi Arabia Nukes", 8/14/13, http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/08/14/no-pakistan-wont-sell-saudi-arabia-nukes/comment-page-1/-http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/08/14/no-pakistan-wont-sell-saudi-arabia-nukes/comment-page-1/)
Where the argument falters is when ~…~ not sell Saudi Arabia a nuclear weapon.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 6 | Opponent: Baylor BB | Judge: JStan
Governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking – that’s true regardless of this debate
Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50
One important aspect of this relational … characteristics, its constants and its variables’.
Humans inevitable turn to institutions to resolve conflict
Pinker 13 – Harvard College Professor and Johnstone Family Professor in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University
Steven, September 2013, “The Decline of War and Conceptions of Human Nature” in The Forum: The Decline of War International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3
4. Human Cognition Is an Open-ended … and political interests is, I suggest, no coincidence.
Perm solves—using international law to restrain nationalism is critical to developing space for reframing governance
Falk 8 – professor emeritus of international law @ Princeton
Richard, 2008, Chapter 6: Engaging Normative Consciousness in The Costs of War p. 94-6
Recall that the cultural shift of … despair about the human future.
Academic debate regarding war powers is makes checks on excessive presidential authority effective---college students key
Kelly Michael Young 13, Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Forensics at Wayne State University, "Why Should We Debate About Restriction of Presidential War Powers", 9/4, public.cedadebate.org/node/13
Beyond its obviously timeliness, … check on the presidency.
Even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key
Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute
Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at … recalcitrant to analytical treatment.
Overreliance on self-defense and preemption is the reason why just war is bad—restrictions are key
Crawford 3 – associate professor at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University and associate professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts
Neta, March 2003, “Just War Theory and the U.S. Counterterror War” Perspective on Politics Volume Issue 01 p. 5-25
Can counterterror war be just, … cannot ever be just in a context of counterterror war. 106
Legal restraints work – the theory of the exception is self-serving and wrong
William E. Scheuerman 6, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Carl Schmitt and the Road to Abu Ghraib, Constellations, Volume 13, Issue 1
Yet this argument relies on … problem of irregular combatants.

Legal norms don’t cause wars and the alt can’t effect liberalism
David Luban 10, law prof at Georgetown, Beyond Traditional Concepts of Lawfare: Carl Schmitt and the Critique of Lawfare, 43 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 457
Among these associations is … It would simply be a bad one.
War is inevitable—having rules that regulate when and how wars occur is necessary to prevent them
Shue 8 – Senior Research Fellow at Merton and Professor of Politics and International Relations @ Merton College, Oxford
Henry, 2008, “Do We Need a ‘Morality of War’?” in Just and Unjust Warriors p. 104-6
This does in fact seem to … about which is possible.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dartmouth MM | Judge: Crowe

Absent these questions shifts in knowledge production are useless – governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking – that’s true regardless of this debate

Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50
One important aspect of this relational ~…~ its constants and its variables’.

Their fears of epistemological bias are unfounded and exaggerated – even if our claims aren’t perfect, they are likely accurate and wholesale rejection is the worst approach*

Martin 1 – Professor of Geography @ Cambridge
Ron, "Geography and public policy: the case of the missing agenda," Progress in Human Geography 25, 2, http://geography.fullerton.edu/550/public20policy.pdf
A second source of the prejudice ~…~conduct and content of policy discourse.

You should trust quantified data prior to broad generalizations

Zellner 7 – Professor of Economics
Arnold Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago Philosophy and objectives of econometrics, Journal of Econometrics Volume 136, Issue 2, February 2007, Pages 331-339
On the relation of science and ~…~ unless shown otherwise."

Evaluate consequences – key to ethics

Isaac 2 (Jeffrey Isaac, Professor of political science at Indiana University, Ph.D Yale, Director of Center for Study of Democracy and Public Life, Spring 2002, "End, Means, and Politics," Dissent Magazinze, vol. 49, no. 2)
As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, ~…~ it undermines political effectiveness

There is always value to life and it’s intrinsic

Vin Miller 9. The Meaning of Life From a Holocaust Survivor, Natural Bias. April 20th, 2009. http://naturalbias.com/the-meaning-of-life-from-a-holocaust-survivor/
Many of us fail to find meaning ~…~ whole and last until death.

Rejection of securitization leads to instability and international intervention – turns their impact

McCormack 10 – Lecturer in International Politics
Tara McCormack, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, pg. 127-129
The following section will ~…~ framework proposed by critical and

Scenario construction is critical to policymaking—solves your error replication and serial policy failure arguments

Oppenheimer 12 – Prof of Global Affairs@NYU Graduate Global Affairs Program, lifetime member CFR
Michael F. Oppenheimer, "From Prediction to Recognition: Using Alternate Scenarios to Improve Foreign Policy Decisions", in SAIS Review, v 32 n 1, 2012, MUSE
Considering alternate scenarios ~…~ decisions taken, inevitably, in uncertainty.

Threatcon is completely backwards—risk we under-react is far greater

Posner and Vermeule, 7 – *Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School AND professor at Harvard Law School (Eric and Adrian, Terror in the Balance: Security, Liberty, and the Courts p. 65)
While, as we have noted, there is ~…~ prevent terrorist threats, not too much.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Gonzaga FS | Judge: Whitmore

Governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking – that’s true regardless of this debate

Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50
One important aspect of this … characteristics, its constants and its variables’.

Use of the term terrorist and Islamism is not Orientalist – the aff makes a distinction between terrorism the tactic and Islam.

Freund ’1
Charles Paul Freund, a senior editor at Reason magazine. "The End of Orientalist Critique". December 2001. Reason Magazine. http://reason.com/archives/2001/12/01/2001-nights
Yet in the weeks following the ~…~ or the readers of the scorned neo-Orientalists?

Terrorism is actually bad – fighting it is the most ethical act

Rosenfeld, Professor Human Rights Cardozo School of Law, ’5 (Michel, November, "Symposium: Derrida/America: The Present State Of America’s Europe: Law: Derrida’s Ethical Turn And America: Looking Back From The Crossroads Of Global Terrorism And The Enlightenment" Cardozo Law Review, 27 Cardozo L. Rev. 815, lexis)
If pure disregard of the ~…~ destroy the self’s identity.

Incomplete knowledge is sufficient—specificity is key

Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute
Friedrich, "The Puzzles of Politics," pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at ~…~ recalcitrant to analytical treatment.

Our deterrence stability reps cause positive action

Perkovich 12 – Vice President for Studies @ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
George, 11-13-12, "THE NON-UNITARY MODEL AND DETERRENCE STABILITY IN SOUTH ASIA" http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/11/13/non-unitary-model-and-deterrence-stability-in-south-asia/eihm~~23
Prioritizing prevention of ~…~ assets to prevent anti-American ¶ terrorism.

Rejection of securitization leads to instability and international intervention – turns their impact

McCormack 10 – Lecturer in International Politics
Tara McCormack, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, pg. 127-129
The following section will briefly ~…~ framework proposed by critical and

Neg impact claims mistake causation and correlation.  Orientalist representations don’t motivate concrete violence.

Rotter ’2k
(Andrew, Professor of History at Colgate, "Saidism without Said: Orientalism and U.S. Diplomatic History," AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW, 105(4), October)
A third and yet more troubling ~…~ relations, on which more shortly.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 3 | Opponent: GSU FF | Judge: JT
Governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking – that’s true regardless of this debate
Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50
One important aspect of this … its constants and its variables’.
Omission is not exclusion: NO discursive act can include everything; this doesn't mean we reject or marginalize these concerns
Rorty ‘2
 (Professor of Comparative Literature @ Stanford, `02 (Richard, Peace Review, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 152-153)
I have no quarrel with Cornell's … in many other ways.
Universal fails to create a successful struggle and results in exclusionary violence—only using particulars as universals unifies—perm is key
Loizidou 7 – Lecturer in the School of Law, Birkbeck College
Elena, 2007, “Judith Butler: ethics, law, and politics” p. 121-3
Influenced by Hegel, she understands … of social and political aims. ¶
Grief Hierarchy DA—determining relative values of persons maintains exclusion
Butler 4 – PhD, Hannah Arendt Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School
Judith, 2004, “Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence” p. xiv-xv
The second piece, "Violence, Mourning, Politics," … life and a grievable death?
The permutation is key to open space along lines of difference- we should be able to speak from our social locations AND interrogate larger political concepts- this does not erase identity but seeks inclusion of previously excluded voices
Aimee Carrillo Rowe (Ph. D Assistant Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Iowa. Her research and teaching emphasize feminist alliances, third world feminisms, whiteness, and antiracism. Her book in progress theorizes coalitional subjectivity by weaving a critical analysis of life stories of academic feminists with cultural theory and narrative nonfiction)  Be Longing: Toward a Feminist Politics of Relation  2005 by NWSA Journal NWSA Journal 17.2 (2005) 15-46 (Project Muse)
Differential belonging calls us … others. As in "becoming-other."
A) Advocacy which prioritizes personal experience makes public deliberation impossible – opponents don’t have room to speak because any challenge is reduced to a personal attack
Subotnik 98 – Professor of Law, Touro College, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center. 7 Cornell J. L. and Pub. Pol'y 681
Having traced a major strand in the … the streets and the airwaves.
B) This turns the case—allowing them to universalize the experience of the oppressed grants them ownership over experience for the purpose of a ballot. This silences the oppressed they attempt to liberate.
Donofrio 2010 – doctoral fellow in the Department of Communication at the University of Maryland (Theresa Ann, “Ground Zero and Place-Making Authority: The Conservative Metaphors in 9/11 Families’ ‘‘Take Back the Memorial’’ Rhetoric,” Western Journal of Communication Vol. 74, No. 2, March–April 2010, pp. 150–169)
Regardless of the 9/11 family … our ways of understanding trauma.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Gonzaga FS | Judge: Whitmore

Signature strikes are part of US targeted killing policy

Zenko ’12 
~Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, "Targeted Killings and Signature Strikes," June 16, http://blogs.cfr.org/zenko/2012/07/16/targeted-killings-and-signature-strikes/-http://blogs.cfr.org/zenko/2012/07/16/targeted-killings-and-signature-strikes/~~
No matter how U.S. officials ~…~ debate worth having?

Signature strikes are targeted killings—prefer our interp assumes US operational meanings

O’Connell ’12 
~Mary Ellen O’Connell, Robert and Marion Short Chair in Law and Research Professor of International Dispute Resolution, Kroc Institute for Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame, "The Right to Life in War and Peace," online~
Unlike torture, "targeted ~…~ at groups as well as individuals. 

Their rigid legal definitions are unworkable

Anderson ’11 
~Kenneth, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at Brookings, "Efficiency in Bello and ad Bellum: Targeted Killing Through Drone Warfare," online~
Speaking to the broad ~…~ is not sufficient.

Obama interprets the plan to apply to signature strikes

Sledge ’13 
~Matt Sledge Huffington Post staff writer, "Drone ’Signature Strike’ Witness Responds To Obama Speech: ’I Don’t Trust A Single Word,’" http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/19/drone-signature-strike_n_3421586.html~~
Such so-called "signature strikes" ~…~ their work must carry on.

There are no more signature strikes used

Brown 13 
Hayes, "Report: U.S. Drops Signature Strikes In Pakistan" http://thinkprogress.org/security/2013/07/25/2356391/pakistan-drones-signature-strikes/
The United States has ended ~…~ for execution is winding down.

Tournament: UTD | Round: Finals | Opponent: Houston LR | Judge: Moore, Gerber, Murray
“Targeted killing” and detention are the most precise and objective term which avoids euphemism---all alternative terms fail
Nils Melzer 8, Legal Advisor for the International Committee of the Red Cross, "Targeted Killing in International Law", May 29, Oxford University Press, Google Books, p. 6-8
Depending on factors such … preferred over alternative terms.
Discursive rejection is the worst possible option – it allows elites to fill in the vacuum of meaning – turns the impact
Schram, professor of social theory and policy – Bryn Mawr College, ‘95
(Sanford F, Words of welfare: The Poverty of Social Science and the Social Science of Poverty, pg. 20-26 “The sounds of silence…what isolated instances of renaming can accomplish”)

The sounds of silence are … help reinforce existing prejudices.

Tournament: UK | Round: 3 | Opponent: UTD GL | Judge: Witmore

we meet prohibition

Daskal 13 - Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law
University of Penn L. Rev., THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BATTLEFIELD: A FRAMEWORK FOR DETENTION AND TARGETING OUTSIDE THE "HOT" CONFLICT ZONE, April, 2013, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, Lexis
Of course, there are a number of ~…~support to a terrorist organization. n145

C/I —- Restriction is limitation, doesn’t have to be prohibition

CAC 12,COURT OF APPEAL OF CALIFORNIA, SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT, COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINAL CANNABIS COLLECTIVE et al., Defendants and Appellants, DIVISION ONE, 207 Cal. App. 4th 601; 143 Cal. Rptr. 3d 716; 2012 Cal. App. LEXIS 772
We disagree with County that in ~…~ patients in medical need of marijuana."

"On" means there’s no limits disad

Dictionary.com, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/on
On
preposition
1.so as to be or remain supported by or suspended from: Put your package down on the table; Hang your coat on the hook.
2.so as to be attached to or unified with: Hang the picture on the wall. Paste the label on the package.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 3 | Opponent: GSU FF | Judge: JT
Academic debate regarding war powers is makes checks on excessive presidential authority effective---college students key
Kelly Michael Young 13, Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Forensics at Wayne State University, "Why Should We Debate About Restriction of Presidential War Powers", 9/4, public.cedadebate.org/node/13
Beyond its obviously timeliness, … potential check on the presidency.
It’s more beneficial to debate about restrictions on war powers authority – It provides the civic education necessary to challenge unfettered executives
Buchanan 13 - Government professor, UT Austin
(Bruce, Presidential Power and Accountability: Toward a Presidential Accountability System, Routledge, pg. 21-23)
When it is authoritatively marshaled … constitutional recognition" (Ackerman, 1991: 41).

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dartmouth KS | Judge: Fifelski, Petit, PJohnson
1ac

Contention 1: LOAC

US self-defense repudiates the entire legal system—collapse LOAC
Martin 11 – Associate Professor of Law at Washburn University School of Law
(Craig, 2011, “GOING MEDIEVAL: TARGETED KILLING, SELF?DEFENSE AND THE JUS AD BELLUM REGIME” SSRN)
There is a tendency in the … much less serious in the grand scheme of things.

Unregulated self-defense targeting nullifies the applicability of jus in bello
Corn 11 – Professor of Law and Presidential Research Professor @ South Texas College of Law, Houston
Geoffrey, 10-22-11, “Self-defense Targeting: Blurring the Line between the Jus ad Bellum and the Jus in Bello” International Law Studies - Volume 88 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1947838
This aspect of ad bellum/in bello … approach to counterterrorism conflict regulation.98

Law of armed conflict controls deterrence—collapse causes global WMD conflict
Delahunty, associate prof – U St. Thomas Law, and Yoo, law prof – UC Berkeley, ‘10
(Robert and John, 59 DePaul L. Rev. 803)
Finally, the extension of IHRL to … specifically designed for armed conflict.

A strong, adaptive LOAC regime is key to regulate inevitable autonomous weapons – the impact is global war
Gubrud 14 - postdoctoral research associate in the Program on Science and Global Security at Princeton University and a member of the International Committee for Robot Arms Control
(Mark, January 2014, “Stopping killer robots” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 70 no.1 32-42 SagePub)
Since the first lethal drone strike … with an irresistible demand: Stop killer robots.

US legal norms surrounding current targeted killing tech will shape future autonomous weapons
Anderson and Waxman 12 – *Prof. of Law @ American University and Research Fellow @ Hoover American law professor @ Columbia University and Fellow @ Hoover
(Kenneth and Matthew, 12-1-12, “Law and Ethics for Robot Soldiers” http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/135336)
INCREMENTAL AUTOMATION OF DRONES¶ The … weapons generally, including systems that are otherwise quite different.

That’s key to stabilizing the transition to autonomous weapons use—makes war obsolete
Krishnan 09
Armin Krishnan is a Senior Research Assistant in the National Centre for Research Methods at the University of Southampton, UK, Killer Robots: Legality and Ethicality of Autonomous Weapons, 2009, pg. 166-67
Conclusion: The Challenge Ahead¶ This … to bypass the various roads to hell.

Contention 2: Self-Defense

US justifications for TK rely on unclear self-defense legal standards
Brooks 13 – Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow, New America Foundation
(Rosa, 4-23-13, “The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing” http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf)
C. Targeted Killing and the International … government's justification for killing is so ¶ malleable? 

US justifications for targeted killing will spill over to erode legal restraints on all violence and legitimize preventive war
Martin 11 – Associate Professor of Law at Washburn University School of Law
(Craig, 2011, “GOING MEDIEVAL: TARGETED KILLING, SELF?DEFENSE AND THE JUS AD BELLUM REGIME” SSRN)
The United States has been engaging … limitations and conditions imposed by the IHL regime.

TK self-defense norms modeled globally—causes global war
Fisk and Ramos 13 – *PhD, visiting assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University PhD, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University
Kerstin and Jennifer, April 2013, “Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm” International Studies Perspectives Wiley Online Library
Conclusion¶ Preventive self-defense … justification to do the same.

Causes escalation everywhere
Bradford 4 – Assistant Professor of Law, Indiana University School of Law
William, July 2004, SYMPOSIUM: THE CHANGING LAWS OF WAR:  DO WE NEED A NEW LEGAL REGIME AFTER SEPTEMBER 11?: "THE DUTY TO DEFEND THEM": n1 A NATURAL LAW JUSTIFICATION FOR THE BUSH DOCTRINE OF PREVENTIVE WAR, 79 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1365
For restrictivists, n67 anticipatory self-defense, … false suspicion of threats emanating from every corner. n75

Self-defense norm modeled by China—causes SCS conflict
Fisk and Ramos 13 – *PhD, visiting assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University PhD, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University
Kerstin and Jennifer, April 2013, “Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm” International Studies Perspectives Wiley Online Library
China¶ Though scholars debate the … states committed to preventive self-defense.

Extinction
Wittner 11 (Lawrence S., Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, Wittner is the author of eight books, the editor or co-editor of another four, and the author of over 250 published articles and book reviews. From 1984 to 1987, he edited Peace and Change, a journal of peace research., 11/28/2011, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)
The gathering tension between the United States … famine, and generating chaos and destruction.

Rising tensions and historical factors make conflict likely—economics can’t prevent
Tiezzi 14 – Associate Editor at The Diplomat, her main focus is on China, and she writes on China’s foreign relations, domestic politics, and economy. Shannon previously served as a research associate at the U.S.-China Policy Foundation, where she hosted the weekly television show China Forum. She received her A.M. from Harvard University
(Shannon, 1-25-14, “The New Cold War: China vs Japan” http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/the-new-cold-war-china-vs-japan/)
Lately, it seems that Japanese officials … to end until one country claims victory.

India models US self-defense norm for TK—they’ll engage in cross-border incursions
Fisk and Ramos 13 – *PhD, visiting assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University PhD, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University
Kerstin and Jennifer, April 2013, “Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm” International Studies Perspectives Wiley Online Library
However, the Indian position on the Bush … of the diffusion of the norm set by the Bush administration with the invasion of Iraq.

Causes Pakistan retaliation that escalates   
Keck 13 – Associate Editor of The Diplomat
(Zachary, 8-29-13, “India Eyes Drone-Launched Smart Bombs” http://thediplomat.com/2013/08/india-eyes-drone-launched-smart-bombs/)
India will soon be equipping its … embarrassment as well as an escalation of conflict.”

No defense—deterrence doesn’t apply
Boyle 13 – Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Political Science @ La Salle
Michael, 2013, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
A second consequence of the spread of … the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.

Contention 3: Solvency

Limiting self-defense targeting using more restrictive guidelines solves inevitable damage to jus ad bellum expansiveness
Martin 11 – Associate Professor of Law at Washburn University School of Law
(Craig, 2011, “GOING MEDIEVAL: TARGETED KILLING, SELF?DEFENSE AND THE JUS AD BELLUM REGIME” SSRN)
Without going through the analysis for each of … bellum and IHL regimes, to which we turn next.

Congress is necessary for legal clarity to prevent ad-hoc self-defense
Maxwell 12 – Colonel Mark David Maxwell, USA, is a Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army
(Mark David, 1st Quarter 2012, “TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS” Joint Force Quarterly Issue 64 ProQuest)
In the wake of the attacks by al Qaeda on … measures stemming from domestic law.

Congress prevents circumvention and ensures sufficient clarity
Maxwell 12 – Colonel Mark David Maxwell, USA, is a Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army
(Mark David, 1st Quarter 2012, “TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS” Joint Force Quarterly Issue 64 ProQuest)
The weakness of this theory is that it is not … gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law. 

Obama complies with war power statutes
Barnes 12 – J.D. candidate, Boston University School of Law
Beau, Spring 2012, “ARTICLE: REAUTHORIZING THE "WAR ON TERROR": THE LEGAL AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE AUMF'S COMING OBSOLESCENCE” Military Law Review 211 Mil. L. Rev. 57, Lexis
Unsurprisingly, this article … and continuing vitality matter a great deal.

Best recent scholarship and examples prove that law can constrain the exec
Huq 12 – Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School
(Aziz, 5-25-12, "Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)” www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/400-ah-binding.pdf)
There is some merit to this story. … legal institutions will be incomplete .

The United States Congress should statutorily limit the war powers authority of the President of the United States for self-defense targeted killings to jus ad bellum standards of necessity, proportionality and impending peril of the threat. 

2ac

XO

Internal fixes aren’t credible
Jack Goldsmith 13, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, May 1 2013, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror,” http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism
For official secrecy abroad to work, …secret war abroad is harder to conduct.

Congress key to institutionalize reforms—that’s key to solve legitimacy concerns
Anderson 13 – Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University, and Research Fellow, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University and Member of its Task Force on National Security and the Law
(Kenneth, 5-22-13, “The Case for Drones” http://www.volokh.com/2013/05/22/the-case-for-drones/)
Call this “institutional settlement” in … administrations of different parties, matters hugely.
Zero chance of Congressional follow-on AND CP links to politics
Kevin Drum, Mother Jones, 4/22/13, Maureen Dowd and Presidential Leverage, www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/04/maureen-dowd-and-presidential-leverage
Finally, there's the most obvious … a kiss of death with the party's base.

Iran Ptx

Self-defense norms ensures Israeli strike on Iran—escalates to WW3
Slager 12 (Katherine, J.D. Candidate 2013, University of North Carolina School of Law, “Legality, Legitimacy and Anticipatory Self-Defense: Considering an Israeli Preemptive Strike on Iran's Nuclear Program” Fall, 2012, 38 N.C.J. Int'l L. and Com. Reg. 267)
Under both traditional and alternative …the world into World War III.

Uniqueness overwhelms the link – the Iran sanctions bill is dead AND PC is not key
Tobin 3/19
Jonathan, Commentary Magazine, Senate Iran Letter Ends Sanctions Fight, 3/19/14, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2014/03/19/senate-iran-letter-ends-sanctions-fight-nuclear/
Supporters of tough sanctions on …to avoid accountability on this vital issue.

No PC – multiple issues thump
Galen 3/17
Rich, former press secretary to Dan Quayle and Newt Gingrich, Obama Is Poisonous, 3/17/14, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2014/03/17/obama_is_poisonous_121954.html
President Obama has used … is political poison.

Squo restrictions thump the link
AP 2-6-13
(Associated Press, “Congress looks to limit drone strikes” http://www.cbsnews.com/news/congress-looks-to-limit-drone-strikes/)
Uncomfortable with the Obama … to kill American citizens abroad.

Obama will avoid the fight
William Howell and Jon Pevehouse, Associate Professors at the Harris School of Public Policy at the University of Chicago, 2007, When Congress Stops Wars, Foreign Affairs, EBSCO
After all, when presidents anticipate … a clash with Congress over his reappointment.

Security

Governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking – that’s true regardless of this debate
Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50
One important aspect of this relational … its constants and its variables’.

The plan gives security transformative potential --- alt alone fails and their impact is false
Nunes 12
Reclaiming the political: Emancipation and critique in security studies, João Nunes, Security Dialogue 2012 43: 345,Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, UK, p. sage publications
In the works of these authors, one … revisits emancipatory understandings of security.

One speech act doesn’t cause securitization – it’s an ongoing process
Ghughunishvili 10
Securitization of Migration in the United States after 9/11: Constructing Muslims and Arabs as Enemies  Submitted to Central European University Department of International Relations European Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Professor Paul Roe http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2010/ghughunishvili_irina.pdf
As provided by the Copenhagen School … actors and can relate to their speeches. 

 “China not a threat” args generate Chinese nationalism – signals US paternalism – turns their impacts and means the alt links
Gries 7
(Peter Hayes, Harold J. and Ruth Newman Chair in U.S.-China Issues and Director of the Institute for U.S.- China Issues at the University of Oklahoma, “Harmony, Hegemony and U.S.-China Relations”, World Literature Today, July 2007 issue)
Conversely, Chinese nationalists’ anger … contradictory motives that drive Chinese nationalism today.

View the debate through a lens of specificity – rigid rejection of “China threat” gets warped into a new orthodoxy and fuels extremism. Recognizing plural interpretations and linkages is more productive.
Callahan 5 (William A., Professor of Politics – University of Manchester, “How to Understand China: The Dangers and Opportunities of Being a Rising Power”, Review of International Studies, 31)
Although ‘China threat theory’ is ascribed … the threat/opportunity dynamic.

Their K of “intervention” is asinine---they collapse a core difference between neoconservative militarism and liberalism
Jim Arkedis 11, the director of the National Security Project at the Progressive Policy Institute and a principal fellow of the Truman National Security Project "Not All Interventions Are The Same" March 28 www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/28/not_all_interventions_are_the_same?print=yesandhidecomments=yesandpage=full
"Liberal interventionists are just 'kinder, … democratic and ultimately safer.

States choose to follow LOAC based on a system of incentives – studies prove that solves violence
Prorock and Appel ’13 (Alyssa, and Benjamin, Department of Political Science, Michigan State University, “Compliance with International Humanitarian Law: Democratic Third Parties and Civilian Targeting in Interstate War,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 00(0) 1-28)
Coercion is a strategy of statecraft involving the …violating it when the clarity condition is met.

Our deterrence stability reps cause positive action
Perkovich 12 – Vice President for Studies @ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
George, 11-13-12, “THE NON-UNITARY MODEL AND DETERRENCE STABILITY IN SOUTH ASIA” http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/11/13/non-unitary-model-and-deterrence-stability-in-south-asia/eihm#
Prioritizing prevention of India-Pakistan … assets to prevent anti-American ¶ terrorism.

Evaluate consequences – key to ethics
Isaac 2 (Jeffrey Isaac, Professor of political science at Indiana University, Ph.D Yale, Director of Center for Study of Democracy and Public Life, Spring 2002, “End, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazinze, vol. 49, no. 2)
As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, … undermines political effectiveness

1ar

Security

War turns structural violence
Bulloch 8 Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595 Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science. He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies
But the idea that poverty and peace … and potentially radically – political. 

Threat Deflation
Turn – traditional security studies incorrectly deflate threats – the affirmative is necessary to reverse this trend
Schweller 4
Randall L. Schweller, Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at The Ohio State University, “Unanswered Threats A Neoclassical RealistTheory of Underbalancing,” International Security 29.2 (2004) 159-201, Muse
Despite the historical frequency of … intervene to thwart balance of power predictions.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: MSU RT | Judge: Gannon, Kallmyer, Zendeh
1ac

same as above

2ac

T

C/I --- Restriction is limitation, doesn’t have to be prohibition
CAC 12,COURT OF APPEAL OF CALIFORNIA, SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT, COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINAL CANNABIS COLLECTIVE et al., Defendants and Appellants, DIVISION ONE, 207 Cal. App. 4th 601; 143 Cal. Rptr. 3d 716; 2012 Cal. App. LEXIS 772
We disagree with County … patients in medical need of marijuana.”

“area” doesn’t require throughout – means any part within
MLW 13
(Michigan Legislative Website, “125.903 Urban redevelopment corporations law; definitions.,” http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(ljwnlw451lksdk45un0h1245))/mileg.aspx?page=getObjectandobjectName=mcl-125-903
The term “area” shall … improvements or real property form a part.

In means within
RHD 13
(Random House Dictionary)
in  in  Show IPA … walking in the park.

Increase requires a net increase
Words and Phrases 8  
(20B WandP – 265-265)
Cal.App.2 Dist. 1991.  Term “increase,” … other units at plant.  West’s Ann.Cal.Pub.Res.Code § 25123.

C/I – Substantial means a large amount
Dictionary.com 12
sub·stan·tial? ?suhb-stan-shuhl  Show IPA adjective 1. of ample or considerable amount, quantity, size, etc.: a substantial sum of money. 

“On” means there’s no limits disad
Dictionary.com, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/on
On
preposition
1.so as to be or remain supported by or suspended from: Put your package down on the table; Hang your coat on the hook.
2.so as to be attached to or unified with: Hang the picture on the wall. Paste the label on the package.

Terror DA

No nuclear terror—their evidence downplays obstacles
John J. Mearsheimer 14, R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, “America Unhinged”, January 2, nationalinterest.org/article/america-unhinged-9639?page=show
Am I overlooking the obvious … place nuclear materials in highly secure custody.

Self-defense TK undermines legal authority causes overall backlash
Kels 12 – major in the Air Force Reserve and an attorney for the Department of Homeland Security
Charles, 7-16-12, “Mixed messages on drone strikes” https://wiki.nps.edu/display/CRUSER/2012/07/16/Mixed+messages+on+drone+strikes
Finally, the administration emphasizes … lawful application of our military might.

Flexibility isn’t needed vis a vis targeted killing
Daskal, 13 The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside the 'Hot' Conflict Zone Jennifer Daskal American University Washington College of Law, April
Ex Ante Procedures Three key considerations … credible to achieve the desired legitimacy gains.

Deterrence K

Deterrence theory creates a mutual vulnerability and respect that ushers in a paradigm of onto-security – reduces the structural likelihood of violence
Lupovici 8
(Amir, Post-Doctoral Fellow Munk Centre for International Studies University of Toronto,¶ “Why the Cold War Practices of Deterrence are Still Prevalent: Physical Security, Ontological Security and Strategic Discourse”¶ http://cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2008/Lupovici.pdf)
Since deterrence can become part of … expectations of avoiding violence.

Without security policy options the security sector will be dominated by the most conservative policymakers
Knudsen 1
Olav. F. Knudsen, Prof @ Södertörn Univ College, Security Dialogue 32.3, “Post-Copenhagen Security Studies: Desecuritizing  Securitization,” p. 366
A final danger in focusing on the … but the most uncritical minds.  

ESR CP

Internal fixes aren’t credible
Jack Goldsmith 13, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, May 1 2013, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror,” http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism
For official secrecy abroad to work, … means that secret war abroad is harder to conduct.

CP is squo cuz Obama thinks he’s doing it right—only an external restriction solves
Corn 11 – Professor of Law and Presidential Research Professor @ South Texas College of Law, Houston
Geoffrey, 10-22-11, “Self-defense Targeting: Blurring the Line between the Jus ad Bellum and the Jus in Bello” International Law Studies - Volume 88 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1947838)
The first prong of this dualistic legal debate … attacking them is legally permissible.

Zero chance of Congressional follow-on AND CP links to politics
Kevin Drum, Mother Jones, 4/22/13, Maureen Dowd and Presidential Leverage, www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/04/maureen-dowd-and-presidential-leverage
Finally, there's the most obvious … That's a kiss of death with the party's base.

Iran Sanctions

Self-defense norms ensures Israeli strike on Iran—escalates to WW3
Slager 12 (Katherine, J.D. Candidate 2013, University of North Carolina School of Law, “Legality, Legitimacy and Anticipatory Self-Defense: Considering an Israeli Preemptive Strike on Iran's Nuclear Program” Fall, 2012, 38 N.C.J. Int'l L. and Com. Reg. 267)
Under both traditional and alternative … world into World War III.

No Israeli strike regardless of deal collapse
Keck 11/28/13
Zachary, associate editor of The Diplomat, “Five Reasons Israel Won't Attack Iran,” http://nationalinterest.org/print/commentary/five-reasons-israel-wont-attack-iran-9469
Although not a member of the P5+1 itself, … led to military action being stopped.”

Uniqueness overwhelms the link – the Iran sanctions bill is dead AND PC is not key
Tobin 3/19
Jonathan, Commentary Magazine, Senate Iran Letter Ends Sanctions Fight, 3/19/14, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2014/03/19/senate-iran-letter-ends-sanctions-fight-nuclear/
Supporters of tough sanctions on … avoid accountability on this vital issue.

No PC – multiple issues thump
Galen 3/17
Rich, former press secretary to Dan Quayle and Newt Gingrich, Obama Is Poisonous, 3/17/14, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2014/03/17/obama_is_poisonous_121954.html
President Obama has used up … rest, is political poison.

Ukraine thumps and PC fails
Sink 3/20
Justin, The Hill, Obama’s bully pulpit struggle, 3/20/14, http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/russia/201333-obamas-bully-pulpit-struggle
President Obama’s reliance on … told reporters at his daily briefing.

Negotiations fail – most qualified sources
Samore 2/18
Gary, Until recently, Gary Samore was the Barack Obama administration’s top expert on weapons of mass destruction and the go-to White House official on the complexities and challenges of the Iranian nuclear program, Obama Weapons Expert: No Chance of Success With Iran, 2/18/14, http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2014-02-18/obama-weapons-expert-no-chance-of-success-with-iran
Question: What would Iran have … to walk away from negotiations.

Squo restrictions thump the link
AP 2-6-13
(Associated Press, “Congress looks to limit drone strikes” http://www.cbsnews.com/news/congress-looks-to-limit-drone-strikes/)
Uncomfortable with the Obama … to kill American citizens abroad.

Obama will avoid the fight
William Howell and Jon Pevehouse, Associate Professors at the Harris School of Public Policy at the University of Chicago, 2007, When Congress Stops Wars, Foreign Affairs, EBSCO
After all, when presidents anticipate … a clash with Congress over his reappointment.

1ar

ESR CP

Congress key to signal Allies
Wainstein 13 – Sheila and Milton Fine distinguished visiting fellow at The Washington Institute, focusing on counterterrorism issues
Kenneth, 9-18-13, "The Changing Nature of Terror: Law and Policies to Protect America" http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/09/the-changing-nature-of-terror-law-and-policies-to-protect-america
Call for Congressional Action While it is important that … engaged in counterterrorism matters once again.

Tournament: ndt | Round: 7 | Opponent: kentucky gv | Judge:
Contention 1: Danger

Congress has given the President war powers authority to detain individuals based on predictions of dangerous
Elsea 14
Jennifer K. Elsea¶ Legislative Attorney, Congressional Research Service¶ Detention of U.S. Persons
as Enemy Belligerents, Jan 23, 2014  http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42337.pdf-http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42337.pdf
Enemy civilians may be interned for similar reasons, when found on the territory belonging
AND
fair trial in ¶ accordance with the relevant convention and other applicable international law

There are two impacts

First, is False Positives

The consensus of studies concludes that predictions of dangerous are the equivalent of throwing witches in water to see if they float
Radack 9
Jesselyn Radack is the director of National Security 26 Human Rights at the Government Accountability Project.  Defense Department Backs Indefinite Preventive Detention of ACQUITTED Detainees,
On May 21, 2009, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2009/07/08/751170/-Defense-Department-Backs-Indefinite-Preventive-Detention-of-ACQUITTED-Detainees
Even for those convicted of capital crimes in this country—and for Guantanamo detainees
AND
for 229 human beings potentially acquitted of wrongdoing—is illegal and immoral.

Predictions of future dangerousness are impossible—we only claim we're right because the error is never discovered
Kitai-Sangero 9 – Senior law lecturer, The Academic Center of Law and Business, Israel
(Rinat, 2009, "The Limits of Preventive Detention" 40 McGeorge L. Rev. 903 HeinOnline)
To detain someone on the ground of dangerousness, it must be proven that he
AND
but he does have the potential to act¶ differently in the future.

Detention based on prediction treats innocents as means to an end 
Foley 7
Brian J. Foley, Visiting Associate Professor of Law, Drexel University College of Law (2007-2008);
Associate Professor of Law, Florida Coastal School of Law, Guantanamo and Beyond: Dangers of Rigging the Rules, 97 J. Crim. L. 26 Criminology 1009 (2006-2007)
¶ The dangers I discuss were not exposed earlier because the debate¶ about Guantanamo
AND
thousands of lives are at risk from terrorism, as I will show.

This is a real impact that individuals face
Hudson 3
Barbara Hudson,  Professor School of Law Essex University, Justice in the Risk Society pp. 11-12
'Dangerousness' became a label that attached to individuals as well as to classes and sub
AND
tended to be at the margins of penal systems (Pratt, 2000a).

Second is Racism

The focus on future dangerousness is a proxy for racism
Harcourt 10
Bernard Harcourt is Julius Kreeger Professor of Law and Criminology, and Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science, The University of Chicago. RISK AS A PROXY FOR RACE. http://www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/535-323-bh-race.pdf
II.  From Race to Risk: Prior Criminal History as a Proxy for Skin Color
Today, risk is predominantly tied to prior criminal history, and prior criminality has
AND
these various trends has been to turn risk into a proxy for race.

Empirically when government "proof" of future dangerousness has been presented in public it has relied on racist methodologies labeling people of Islamic faith as inherently dangerous
Turner 10
Jennifer Turner, Human Rights Researcher, Human Rights Program, ACLU
Government Witness Claims Gitmo Radicalized Child Soldier, https://www.aclu.org/blog/human-rights-national-security/government-witness-claims-gitmo-radicalized-child-soldier
Since Omar Khadr's guilty plea this Monday, the case has moved into the sentencing
AND
that Khadr is a future danger contradicts everything we already know about him.

The process of defining individuals as dangerous promotes racism
Taylor 7
Paul Taylor is¶ Associate Professor of Philosophy and African American Studies¶ Head of the Department of African American Studies Penn State Univ¶ Race and Epistemologies of Ignorance pp. 136-7¶ edited by Shannon Sullivan, Nancy Tuana
Contemporary U.S. society systematically promotes social ignorance. That is, it
AND
goodwill in ways that allow us to mistreat others and ignore their suffering."
2

Contention 2: Solvency

Presidents will comply with injunctions
Prakash and Ramsay 12, Professors of Law
 ~2012, Saikrishna B. Prakash is a David Lurton Massee, Jr. Professor of Law and Sullivan and Cromwell Professor of Law, University of Virginia School of Law., and Michael D. Ramsey is a Professor of Law, University of San Diego School of Law; "The Goldilocks Executive", Review of THE EXECUTIVE UNBOUND:AFTER THE MADISONIAN REPUBLIC. By Eric A. Posner 26 Adrian Vermeule, 90 Texas L. Rev. 973, http://www.texaslrev.com/wp-content/uploads/Prakash-Ramsey-90-TLR-973.pdf~~
The Courts.—The courts constrain the Executive, both because courts are necessary to
AND
of law, including law defined as what a court will likely order.

Military won't follow illegal Presidential orders
Davies 2K
Major Kirk L. Davies, the Imposition of Martial Law in the United States, 49 Air Force Law Review 67-218, 107-109 (2000)¶ ¶ Bioterrorism, Public Health and the Law ¶ Law 801: Health Care Law Seminar¶ Professor Vernellia R. Randall¶ Military Law and Application to Military Commanders ¶ http://academic.udayton.edu/health/syllabi/bioterrorism/8military/MaritalLaw01e.htm
A presidential decision to impose martial law raises the most profound legal, ethical and
AND
democracy (i.e., the Posse Comitatus Act(8) ¶ 

Court intervention triggers observer effect – shifts presidential policy to favor court rulings to save face
Deeks 13
(2013, Ashley – Law Prof @ U of VA) "Courts Can Influence National Security Without Doing a Single Thing" http://www.newrepublic.com/article/115270/courts-influence-national-security-merely-watching
While courts rarely intervene directly in national security disputes, they nevertheless play a significant
AND
shape of those policies and, consequently, the constitutional national security order.
3

Contention 3: Colonizing the Future

Detention based on predictions of dangerousness is the enactment of an ontology based on Alice in Wonderland or minority report in which claims to be able to control the future are used to justify indefinite detention
Bigo 10
Didier Bigo is Professor of international relations Po King's College,
The future perfect of (in)security (P8) : Pre-crime strategy, Proactivity, Preemption, Prevention, Precaution, Profiling, Prediction, 26 Privacy - http://www.interdisciplines.org/paper.php?paperID=342~~23sthash.F3weZd6T.dpuf-http://www.interdisciplines.org/paper.php?paperID=342
¶ If any form of action, including thought, is temporally oriented (Ariel
AND
protection, preparadness, profiling, prediction, prevention, and even privacy.

Detention based on future dangerousness is an act that colonizes the future and dehumanizes individuals
Bigo 10
Didier Bigo is Professor of international relations Po King's College,
The future perfect of (in)security (P8) : Pre-crime strategy, Proactivity, Preemption, Prevention, Precaution, Profiling, Prediction, 26 Privacy - http://www.interdisciplines.org/paper.php?paperID=342~~23sthash.F3weZd6T.dpuf-http://www.interdisciplines.org/paper.php?paperID=342
Punishing someone for a preparatory act is much more future-oriented and prophetic than
AND
may change with the rapport de force and inverse the position of victim. 

Efforts to colonize the future are inevitably counterproductive
Gheciu 11
Alexandra Gheciu is an Associate Professor at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, and Associate Director of the Centre for International Policy Studies.¶ European Security Since the Fall of the Berlin Wall¶ edited by Frédéric Mérand, Martial Foucault, Bastien Irondelle ¶ p. 32¶
Particular attention is paid to global risks, which cannot be delimited spatially (think
AND
the more it slips out of our control' (Beck 1999:139).

Decision making based on trying to avoid future existential dangers makes those risks more likely
Ferudi 9
Frank Furedi is a professor of Sociology, School of Social Policy, Sociology, ¶ Social Research, PRECAUTIONARY CULTURE AND THE RISE OF ¶ POSSIBILISTIC RISK ASSESSMENT ¶ The University of Kent, Erasmus Law Review ~Volume 02 Issue 02 ¶ http://www.frankfuredi.com/images/uploads/Furedi_-_issue_Pieterman_d.d._27_augustus1.pdf¶
On the very day that Mumbai came under attack by small groups of mobile ¶
AND
terror or the panic about the ¶ millennium bug and environmental problems. ¶
¶ CONTINUING¶
¶ The significance that precautionary anti-terrorism attaches to the ¶ status of the
AND
Societies that are wedded to fantasizing worst cases soon learn to live them. 

Hyperbolized fear and the view that "danger is just around the corner" produce a self-fulfilling prophecy that cause the violence they aim to prevent – pre-crime produces the very dangerousness it seeks to prevent
Dillon and Reid '9,
(Michael, Prof. of IR @ Lancaster University, Julian, Lecturer in IR @ King's College London, The Liberal Way of War: Killing to make life live, pgs. 30-33)
One way of expressing the core problematic that we pursue in this book is,
AND
finitude, politically, has thus arisen an infinity of securitization and fear.

Possibilistic thinking makes effective decision making impossible—don't assume every part of their DA is true – instead you should have inherent skepticism
Schneier 10, Fellow at Harvard Law School
~05/12/10, Bruce Schneier is a fellow at the Berkman Center for Internet 26 Society at Harvard Law School and a program fellow at the New America Foundation's Open Technology Institute, He is an an internationally renowned security technologist, called a "security guru" by The Economist. He is the author of 12 books — including Liars and Outliers: Enabling the Trust Society Needs to Thrive — as well as hundreds of articles, essays, and academic papers. His influential newsletter "Crypto-Gram" and his blog "Schneier on Security" are read by over 250,000 people. He has testified before Congress, is a frequent guest on television and radio, has served on several government committees, and is regularly quoted in the press. Schneier is a fellow at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, a program fellow at the New America Foundation's Open Technology Institute, a board member of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, an Advisory Board Member of the Electronic Privacy Information Center, and the Chief Technology Officer at Co3 Systems, Inc. He has a Ph. D. from the University of Westminster by the Department of Electronics and Computer Science, "Worst-case thinking makes us nuts, not safe", http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/05/12/schneier.worst.case.thinking/-http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/05/12/schneier.worst.case.thinking/~~ we do not endorse this author's intent of ableist language and apologize for it, we have left it intact to preserve the article's completeness
(CNN) — At a security conference recently, the moderator asked the panel
AND
we tend to exaggerate are more easily justified by worst-case thinking. 

So terrorism fears trump privacy fears, and almost everything else; technology is hard
AND
don't need to refute counterarguments, there's no point in listening to them.
Plan

The United States federal government should impose a restrictive injunction against the use of the President's war power authority to indefinitely detain based on predictions of future dangerousness.

2ac

S

Prez will follow—Hamdan proves

Bradley and Morrison 13 – * William Van Alstyne Professor of Law, Professor of Public Policy Studies, and Senior Associate Dean for Academic Affairs @ Duke dean of the New York University School of Law
(Curtis and Trevor, 1-15-13, "PRESIDENTIAL POWER, HISTORICAL PRACTICE, AND LEGAL CONSTRAINT" Columbia Law Review, Forthcoming Columbia Public Law Research Paper No. 13-327 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2191700)
Insisting on a sharp distinction between the law governing presidential authority that ¶ is subject
AND
an internal sense of fidelity to law (or judicial ¶ review).114
Future

Nixon

We should prioritize probable systemic impacts over possibilistic spectacular impacts—the 9/11 focus on big unlikely impacts means we ignore violence that ends up causing the most deaths

Nixon '11
(Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 12-14)
Over the past two decades, this high-speed planetary modification has been accompanied
AND
how our rhetorical conventions for bracketing violence routinely ignore ongoing, belated casualties.

Tournament: ndt | Round: 7 | Opponent: kentucky gv | Judge: 

2ac Legal Reform Good

Legal reforms restrain the cycle of violence and prevent error replication

Colm O'Cinneide 8, Senior Lecturer in Law at University College London, "Strapped to the Mast: The Siren Song of Dreadful Necessity, the United Kingdom Human Rights Act and the Terrorist Threat," Ch 15 in Fresh Perspectives on the 'War on Terror,' ed. Miriam Gani and Penelope Mathew, http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html-http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html
This 'symbiotic' relationship between counter-terrorism measures and political violence, and the
AND
repression: the need for mobilisation in response may therefore also be diluted. 

Reforms Good

The alt's all-or-nothing choice fails —- small reforms like the plan are key to institutional change and getting others to sign on to the alt

Erik Olin Wright 7, Vilas Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin, "Guidelines for Envisioning Real Utopias", Soundings, April, www.ssc.wisc.edu/~wright/Published20writing/Guidelines-soundings.pdf
5. Waystations¶ The final guideline for discussions of envisioning real utopias concerns the
AND
empowering people in ways which enlarge their scope of action in the future.

Ontology

Ontological focus will forever delay political action.

Jarvis '2k
Darryl Jarvis, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, University of Sydney. International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism. P.139-140
This we might interpret as a faceless description without meaning, comment without purpose,
AND
when the greatest danger and contingencies in the world are global in character.

Tournament: ndt | Round: 7 | Opponent: kentucky gv | Judge: 

2ac Iran Impact

And, consensus of experts agree no impact to warming

Hsu '10
Jeremy, Live Science Staff, July 19, pg. http://www.livescience.com/culture/can-humans-survive-extinction-doomsday-100719.html
His views deviate sharply from those of most experts, who don't view climate change
AND
crop yields, so we're essentially doing an experiment whose result remains uncertain." 

2ac Won't Pass

Patent reform won't pass and court and state action solves

Wild 2/23 
Jeff, Intellectual Assessment Management Magazine, Concerns in Senate and approaching election could stymie patent litigation reform moves, 2/23/14, http://www.iam-magazine.com/blog/detail.aspx?g=0fe92d4e-915d-4f15-925e-60b452f2e093
The window of opportunity for the passing of a federal patent litigation reform law in
AND
welcome a pause that might allow wiser, more disinterested counsel to prevail.

2ac PC Low

No PC – multiple issues thump

Galen 3/17 
Rich, former press secretary to Dan Quayle and Newt Gingrich, Obama Is Poisonous, 3/17/14, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2014/03/17/obama_is_poisonous_121954.html
President Obama has used up his political capital. The cupboard is bare. His
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the disappearance of that Malaysian airliner.¶ The rest, is political poison.

2ac Link

Court shields

Stimson 9
~09/25/09, Cully Stimson is a senior legal fellow at the Heritage Foundation and an instructor at the Naval Justice School former American career appointee at the Pentagon. Stimson was the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Detainee Affairs., "Punting National Security To The Judiciary", http://blog.heritage.org/2009/09/25/punting-national-security-to-the-judiciary/~~
So what is really going on here? To those of us who have either
AND
the administration close Gitmo without taking the heat for actually releasing detainees

Tournament: ndt | Round: 7 | Opponent: kentucky gv | Judge: 

Presumed universality of U.S. values is false – They assume that deep down, everyone is American – Justifies war when the other inevitably deviates from our model

Mattei 3
(Ugo, Hastings College of the Law; Univ. of Turin, Italy, "A Theory of Imperial Law: A Study on U.S. Hegemony and the Latin Resistance", Global Jurist Frontiers , Vol. 3 ~2003~, Iss. 2, Art. 1)

Neo-colonial practices in the Third World are to a great extent originated by
AND
law, the notion of counter-hegemony as used in this article.

Tournament: ndt | Round: 7 | Opponent: kentucky gv | Judge: 

2ac ESR (Generic)

Courts are key to restrain—executive action alone causes expansive preventive detention

Lawson 12 – JD, Duke University School of Law
(Catherine, Spring 2012, THE UTILITY OF PREDICTING DANGEROUSNESS IN THE WAR ON TERROR" Duke journal of comparative 26 international law Vol. 22 Issue 3 Lexis)
This restraint on the executive is particularly important in the¶ terrorism context. The
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for the latitude¶ government claims is necessary to ensure national security.80

Links to politics through bypassing debate

Hallowell 13
Billy, writer for The Blaze, B.A. in journalism and broadcasting from the College of Mount Saint Vincent in Riverdale, New York and an M.S. in social research from Hunter College in Manhattan, "HERE'S HOW OBAMA IS USING EXECUTIVE POWER TO BYPASS LEGISLATIVE PROCESS" Feb. 11, 2013, http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/02/11/heres-how-obamas-using-executive-power-to-bylass-legislative-process-plus-a-brief-history-of-executive-orders/-http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/02/11/heres-how-obamas-using-executive-power-to-bylass-legislative-process-plus-a-brief-history-of-executive-orders/
"In an era of polarized parties and a fragmented Congress, the opportunities to
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a partisan content, with contemporary complaints coming from the incumbent president's opponents."

Tournament: ndt | Round: 7 | Opponent: kentucky gv | Judge: 

Impact D

Case has minimum impact bon actual treaties

Grossman 3-7-14
James Gossmann, Legislationand policy brief blog, http://www.legislationandpolicy.com/1262/bond-v-united-states-unintended-consequences-chemical-weapons-treaty/**
The issues of this Supreme Court case appear to dictate that a dramatic shift,
AND
Republican could ever imagine a ban against chemical weapons infringing on state's rights21

2ac Bond

Not unique Bond will win now overturning Holland

Ku 11-5-13
Julian Ku Professor of Law at Hofstra
http://opiniojuris.org/2013/11/05/quick-reaction-oral-argument-bond-v-u-s-missouri-v-holland-real-trouble/
A Quick Reaction to Oral Argument in Bond v. U.S.: Missouri v. Holland is in Real Trouble
¶ For my own part, I was also struck by how none of the
AND
be enough to tie together a pro-federalism majority on the court.

Link

Their link evidence doesn't say anything about a narrow ruling requiring political capital.  Their author in fact concludes the opposite of their link—Upholding Holland would not be controversial and would require no capital.  Their link is a turn

Their author— Spiro 2008
Peter J., Professor of Law, Temple University, Resurrecting Missouri v. Holland, Missouri Law Review http://law.missouri.edu/lawreview/files/2012/11/Spiro.pdf
That of course begs the question of what the Supreme Court would do with the
AND
attention, reaffirming the justices' membership in the global community of courts.43

Ideology

Ideology outweighs on controversies

Feldman 08
~Stephen, Jerry W. Housel/Carl F. Arnold Distinguished Professor of Law and Adjunct Professor of Political Science, University of Wyoming, Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal, Fall  2008, L/N~
So, did Roberts and Alito lie during their confirmation hearings? n4 Did they
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they understand the relevant legal texts, whether in constitutional or other cases.

1ar

Case

Injunctions are uniquely enforceable and government officials have to comply

Dorf 12
Michael C. Dorf is an American law professor and a scholar of U.S. constitutional law. He is currently a Professor of Law at Cornell Law School. http://www.dorfonlaw.org/2012/09/sdny-indefinite-detention-decision.html
As the Supreme Court held in Walker v. Birmingham, a party who believes
AND
unless and until her decision is overruled, such applications are indeed forbidden.

ESR

Self restraint fails and ensures racism

Gott 5, Professor of International Studies
~01/01/05, Gil Gott is a Professor of International Studies at DePaul University, "The Devil We Know: Racial Subordination and National Security Law" Villanova Law Review, Vol. 50, Iss. 4, p. 1075-1076, http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=123526context=vlr~~
Tushnet's social learning hypothesis posits a public awareness that the government has exaggerated the existence
AND
to what extent has the legal academy and the judiciary internalized these perspectives?

Bond

Their link ev is from 5 years before bond – It's about presidential capital being used to overturn Holland in the senate

Spiro 8
Peter J., Professor of Law, Temple University, Resurrecting Missouri v. Holland, Missouri Law Review http://law.missouri.edu/lawreview/files/2012/11/Spiro.pdf
The Bricker Amendment episode is crucial to this account of the Treaty Power. Several
AND
and that is how most contemporary com¬mentators process the episode.6

PC link is about the president pushing for treaty power

Spiro 8
Peter J., Professor of Law, Temple University, Resurrecting Missouri v. Holland, Missouri Law Review http://law.missouri.edu/lawreview/files/2012/11/Spiro.pdf
Which is not at all to say that Holland will be activated with consensus support
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been used with respect to minor agreements in the¶ inter war years.

The Court decides each case on the facts, not based on political calculations.

Rosen 12 (Jeffrey, legal affairs editor of The New Republic, "Welcome to the Roberts Court: How the Chief Justice Used Obamacare to Reveal His True Identity," June 29, http://www.newrepublic.com/blog/plank/104493/welcome-the-roberts-court-who-the-chief-justice-was-all-along~~23)
Of course, it didn't all come down to judicial temperament. In the most divisive constitutional cases, the substance of legal arguments will always play a part. 

Arguments by liberal scholars who care about constitutional text and history, such as Neil
AND
a memorable example of what it means to be a successful Chief Justice.