====Our interpretation—the affirmative should have to defend that action by the United States federal government should restrict the presidents war power authority over one of the topic areas====
Resolved means to enact by law
Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition Definition of the word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ’it was resolved by the legislature;" It is of similar force to the word "enact," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law".
The United States federal government refers to the actual government
Black’s Law Dictionary 90 6th Ed., p. 695 In the United States, government consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in addition to administrative agencies. In a broader sense, includes the federal government and all its agencies and bureaus, state and county governments, and city and township governments.
Should implies obligation to action
Merriam-Webster 2 Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 2002, 10th Edition, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/should Used in auxiliary function to express obligation, propriety, or expediency.
Your Dictionary 13 ("Examples of Judicial Powers," http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples/examples-of-judicial-powers.html) The term judicial powers refers to the power of the Judicial Branch of the United States government to hear cases and interpret, enforce or nullify laws and statutes in order to render verdicts.
The president’s war powers authority is control over the military
Cravens 7 – (RG, "The War Within: Presidential Versus Congressional Supremacy in War Powers," http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2008/Cravens.pdf) The specific power concerning war granted to the President by the Constitution is that of AND reinvigorated ¶ debate over the topic of war powers and presidential versus congressional preeminence
B) Violation—the aff does not defend the United States federal government action
C) Vote Negative—
====1) Without Limits debate becomes impossible—T is a jurisdictional voting issue==== Shively 2k—Professor of Political Science, Texas A 26 M Ruth, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 181-2 The requirements thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no" AND . In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.
2) Role of the negative: Our interpretation has a clear vision for the function of the negative team. We must disprove the desirability of their advocacy. If there is no predictable limit on what the affirmative can do, the negative is excluded from the debate. We become passive observers of their presentation. Our interpretation is the least exclusionary because it provides a place in the debate for negative teams.
3) Process impact:– this is the only academic forum where we get education based on clash and competition. If we aren’t able to prepare in advance for affirmatives the round becomes a 2 hour conference presentation about whatever books 26 articles they are reading, This education o/w any content specific education because
==== a) you can get content specific education in any other forum ====
b) Without critical thinking skills developed through clash and competition we can’t effectively act on content-specific knowledge English et al 7
Eric English, Stephen Llano, Gordon R. Mitchell, Catherine E. Morrison, John Rief 26 Carly Woods, all former debate coaches, "Debate as a Weapon of Mass Destruction" http://www.pitt.edu/~~gordonm/JPubs/EnglishDAWG.pdf It is our position, however, that rather than acting as a cultural technology AND heirs to brand the activity as a ’’weapon of mass destruction.’’
c) without clash-based education we are likely to come to the wrong conclusions about the content b/c we don’t see both sides
4) Epistemology: All aff claims are uncertain. Unpredictable advocacies are not subject to the type of rigorous scrutiny and testing that is required for a claim to be granted. If their claims are not predictable it means they are not subject to rigorous testing and should not be treated as true. You cannot evaluate the validity of their aff arguments until you conclude that it is topical because unTopical advocacies are not subject to the same amount of scrutiny and testing. This means the aff can only claim offense from their interpretation, not from the value of the 1AC since the value of the 1AC has not been established through rigorous debate.
5) Switch-side debating on the topic is uniquely important. It allows debaters to become better advocates and increases critical thinking
Dybvig and Iverson 99 Kristin Chisholm Dybvig, and Joel O. Iverson, Can Cutting Cards Carve into Our Personal Lives: An Analysis of Debate Research on Personal Advocacy, http://www.uvm.edu/~~debate/dybvigiverson1000.html Not all debate research appears to generate personal advocacy and challenge peoples’ assumptions. Debaters AND of various policy proposals helps debaters to strengthen their own stance on issues.
6) This debate is about competing interpretations. They must have a sustainable interpretation of debate that includes their affirmative they should lose. If their interpretation provides no limit on affirmative action, it doesn’t matter if we have good arguments against their aff b/c they can’t provide an interpretation that would allow their aff and protect good, predictable debates in the future.
1/4/14
0 - T - Armed Forces - Human
Tournament: UTD | Round: 6 | Opponent: Houston AB | Judge: Sam Allen
Interp
A. "Introduction of US Armed Forces into hostilities" is not solely combat systems and must include human individuals – it excludes technological ventures EVEN THOUGH humans control the technology*
Lorber 13 – JD Candidate @ Duke and PhD Candidate @ Penn (Eric, "Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?," 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961) As is evident from a textual analysis, 177 an examination of the legislative history AND is highly unlikely - such operations will not trigger the War Powers Resolution.
Forces are non-nuclear – the aff restricts an activity, not armed forces
1. Limits – Infinite number of weapons systems and technologies creates unpredictable debates – Hostilities includes every country so hold the line on armed forces
2. Precision – Our definition traces the history of statutory and judicial pronouncements relevant to "armed forces" in the context of presidential war powers authority – This guides research
-~-- Limits – thousands of arbitrary conditions can be placed on the use of drones that make no functional distinction from the SQUO -~--bidirectionality – absent a prohibition, affs will say they make the executive MORE able to execute war powers because of clarity and regime transparency, -~--ground – ensures neg ground that impact turns list-areas
1/4/14
1 - Politcs - Debt Ceiling
Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Washburn | Judge: Obama is pushing Congress to resolve the debt ceiling – political capital is key to success Pace 9/12 Julie, AP White House correspondent, Syria debate on hold, Obama refocuses on agenda, The Fresno Bee, 9/12/13, http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/09/12/3493538/obama-seeks-to-focus-on-domestic.html With a military strike against Syria on hold, President Barack Obama tried Thursday to AND Speaker John Boehner on Thursday said the GOP will insist on curbing spending. Oversight is an extremely controversial issue in Congress – massive opposition to the plan New York Daily News ‘13 Dan Hirschhorn, Reporter, February 10th, “DRONE STRIKES: Washington debates oversight”, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/drone-strikes-washington-debates-oversight-article-1.1259993 Lawmakers are deeply divided over whether the Obama administration's program of targeted drone strikes needs AND , that does not exist. … The oversight rules have been consistent.” Failure collapses the economy – goes global and past events don’t disprove Davidson 9/10 Adam, co-founder of NPR’s “Planet Money,” Our Debt to Society, New York Times, 9/10/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will AND free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier. Nuclear war Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8 Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, “The Dangers of a Diminished America” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world's financial architecture AND of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.
1/4/14
1 - Procedural - WikiOpenness
Tournament: WSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Oklahoma BC | Judge: Mia Bonnito
off
Interpretation—all arguments read in previous debates must be publicly accessible on the wiki in either open source fashion, as complete citations, OR a complete description of the argument in the Round Report
A. Debaters should post their arguments—that some judge or competitor put up their description of your argument does not count—not only should you not get credit for that, they are often incomplete or entirely inaccurate—Round Reports require a description of your arguments, and answers to arguments in the debate
B. Source citations should be full—they can be APA, MLA, Chicago, whatever, as long as it includes enough information to find the parts of texts you used in the debate—this means your source should include an author name, a title, a publication, a date, a URL if applicable, a page number, and a full description of your interpretation of these pieces of evidence, something similar to a tag line
Reasons to Prefer
1. Argument Quality—our interp increases it substantially
a. Improvements happen rapidly through peer review—only in a system of disclosure do we know the arguments the other team is making in enough detail to actually test
Torvalds and Diamond ’1 ~Linus (Creator of Linux) and David (freelance contributor to the New York Times and Business Week); "Why Open Source Makes Sense"; Educause Review; November/December; p. 71-2 nick~
It’s the best illustration of the limitless benefits to be derived from the open AND earn the esteem of their peers. That’s got to be highly motivating.
b. No secrecy—there is no incentive to hide bad arguments, and weak arguments won’t be run
In The Mythical Man-Month, Fred Brooks observed that programmer time is not AND mass and velocity high enough you get surprises like nuclear explosions or Linux.
c. Deeper level understanding—only open source encourages debaters, judges and coaches reflection on both the form AND the content of arguments
One key to understanding is to realize exactly why it is that the kind of AND core developers’ time tends to be well conserved, even with many collaborators.
d. It leaves the debate community
von Hippel ’5 ~Eric (Head of the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Group in the Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology); "Democratizing Information"; p. 88-89; http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/books.htmnick~
In the case of academic publications, we see evidence that free revealing does increase reuse—a matter of great importance to academics. A citation is an indicator that information contained in an article has been reused: the article has been read by the citing author and found useful enough to draw to readers’ attention. Recent empirical studies are finding that articles to which readers have open access—articles available for free download from an author’s website, for example—are cited significantly more often than are equivalent articles that are available only from libraries or from publishers’ fee-based websites. Antelman (2004) finds an increase in citations ranging from 45 percent in philosophy to 91 percent in mathematics. She notes that "scholars in diverse disciplines are adopting open-access practices at a surprisingly high rate and are being rewarded for it, as reflected in ~citations~."
e. This is empirically true
Mitchell ’00 ~Gordon (Professor of Communications at the University of Pittsburgh); Strategic Deceptions: Rhetoric, Science, and Politics in Missile Defense Advocacy; p. xvi-xvii nick~
Perhaps the most strange and idiosyncratic aspect of the contemporary intercollegiate debate community is that AND contributions to public arguments swirling beyond the rarefied confines of debate tournament sites.
2. Education—our interp increases both breadth and depth of education
Breadth – this is really just simple math – every innovation or argument would expand the research and education base. Depth — Without the secrecy element of research, pre-tournament research is spent understanding arguments and how to interact with them, instead of just collecting evidence from the wiki
3. Fairness—open source reduces entry barriers and solves resource disparities
a. Open source systems are preferable to the various punishment proposals in circulation. AND -cutter’s work than send the KGB after specific counter-revolutionary teams.
Vote negative – This is our model for debate—we think our model is better than a closed system for evidence
Also I’d remind you that the thrust of this position implies putting norm-enforcement AND open system. The slogan is, gank ballots from free-riders.
3. Gendered language debates prove our argument
Snider ’4 ~Alfred C. (Edwin Lawrence Professor of Forensics - University of Vermont); http://debate.uvm.edu/ReplyFrank.doc, date from Archive.org, article also cites 2002 articles nick~
The challenges to the game of debate mentioned in my essay also directly address this AND in the decision. Winning at all costs could cost you the win.
4. We want an open community
case
Wilderson’s lacks support for ontological claims – his method is flawed
a. US-centricity
Bâ 11 (teaches film at Portsmouth University (UK). He researches ’race’, the ’postcolonial’, diaspora, the transnational and film ’genre’, African and Caribbean cinemas and film festivals) (Saër Maty, The US Decentred, Cultural Studies Review, volume 17 number 2 September 2011) A few pages into Red, White and Black, I feared that it would AND ? The coffle approaches with its answers in tow.’ (340)
b. Non-falsifiablility
His unverifiable generalizations are understandable because he relies of Lacanian and Marxist structuralism – We’ll quote Wilderson’s method section
Wilderson 10 A Note on Method¶ Throughout this book I use White, Human, Master AND which constructs the three essential positions which in turn structure US. antagonisms.
This is non-falsifiable and fails – no support for generalizing from the particular
Robinson 5 (PhD Political Theory, University of Nottingham) 05 (Theory and Event, Andrew, 8:1, The Political Theory of Constitutive Lack: A Critique) One of the functions of myth is to cut out what Trevor Pateman terms the AND jump from the singular to the universal’, without reference to particular contexts.
c. Ahistorical
They assume that anti-black animus arises from nothingness but its caught up in a broader web of historical power relationships like Islamophobia and nativism
Charoenying 8 (citing Nelson Maldonado-Torres, Prof of Ethnic Studies, UC Berkeley) 8 (Timothy, Islamophobia 26 Anti-Blackness: A Genealogical Approach, http://crg.berkeley.edu/content/islamophobia-anti-blackness-genealogical-approach) The year 1492 marked a major turning point in the trajectory of Western Civilization. AND the way for the enslavement and human trafficking of sub-Saharan Africans.
A) LINK—their assumption of ontological blackness essentializes blackness as a racial category subservient to whiteness
Welcome 2004 – completing his PhD at the sociology department of the City University of New York’s Graduate Center (H. Alexander, "White Is Right": The Utilization of an Improper Ontological Perspective in Analyses of Black Experiences, Journal of African American Studies, Summer-Fall 2004, Vol. 8, No. 1 26 2, pp. 59-73) In many of the studies of blacks, the experiences of whites, not blacks AND framework for the analyses of black experiences is an effect of power imbalances.
B) Turns Case – essentialism makes true insurrection impossible
Newman 3 Postdoctoral fellow:University of Western Australia, conducting research in the area of contemporary political and social though, 2003 (Saul, "Stirner and Foucault," Postmodern Culture) The idea of transgressing and reinventing the self—of freeing the self from fixed AND , rather than on an absolute and dutiful adherence to external moral maxims.
C) Rejection Key – mark of ontological blackness makes real world change impossible
Pinn 2004 – Professor of Religious Studies at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota (Anthony B., ’’Black Is, Black Ain’t’’: Victor Anderson, African American Theological Thought, and Identity, Dialog: A Journal of Theology . Volume 43, Number 1) Applied to African Americans, the grotesque embodies the full range of African American life AND longer needing to surrender personal interests for the sake of monolithic collective status.
A topical affirmative must defend statutory or judicial restrictions on war powers authority of the president in one of the topically designated list areas
Resolved means to enact by law Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”. The United States federal government refers to the actual government Black’s Law Dictionary 90 6th Ed., p. 695 In the United States, government consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in addition to administrative agencies. In a broader sense, includes the federal government and all its agencies and bureaus, state and county governments, and city and township governments. Should implies obligation to action Merriam-Webster 2 Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 2002, 10th Edition, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/should Used in auxiliary function to express obligation, propriety, or expediency.
Statutory restriction requires legislation Black’s Law no date (“statutory restriction”, 2nd Edition http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/) Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation. Judicial requires formal legal proceedings FL Supreme Court 2 (Summary of Arguments, http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/clerk/briefs/2002/201-400/02-311_ans.pdf) Coregis is guilty of the same error of omission which it assigns to the district AND legal proceeding or that the MCCSC can legally bind the parties before it.
Interpretation: A topical plan is limited to restricting the President’s authority over the military Bajesky 13 – MA in Political Science and Applied Economics, LLM @ Georgetown (Robert, “Dubitable Security Threats and Low Intensity Interventions as the Achilles' Heel of War Powers,” 32 Miss. C. L. Rev. 9) A numerical comparison indicates that the Framer's intended for Congress to be the dominant branch AND the President was empowered "to repel and not to commence war." n32 Violation – they don’t meet – they may individually attempt to restrict authority, but don’t advocate the political branches. Voting issue: First – division of ground. Cherry-picking parts of the resolution creates a race to the moral high ground – we can all agree torture, murder and war are bad – a procedural debate must occur on how we get to policy solutions that remedy those harms. They deny links to interbranch conflict disadvantages, loopholes DAs, solvency takeouts, and specific actor focus arguments – but, still get the advantage of fiating through an entire area of harms. Second – limits. There are an unlimited number of affs tangentially related to the resolution. Limits are vital to preparation – otherwise, every team races to a corner and the neg has to rely on hyper-generics or spend their whole life cutting case negs. More topic stability gives us more free time to pursue other educational endeavors. We should strive to distinguish war powers from others – otherwise “war powers” can be applied to anything Justice Murphy 46 – Justice (“Nos. 4, 5, American Power and Light v. SEC,” Rutledge Review) (2) On page 11, in your discussion of delegation, you cite AND anyhow), if the statute had rested solely on peacetime ¶ commerce power.
Aff turns debate into an echo chamber—prevents the value of any knowledge they produce Talisse 5—Professor of Philosophy @Vandy Robert, Philosophy and Social Criticism, Deliberativist responses to activist challenges, 31(4) p. 429-431 The argument thus far might appear to turn exclusively upon different conceptions of what reasonableness AND of justice. Insofar as the activist denies this, he is unreasonable. the process of discussion precedes any truth claim by magnifying the benefits of any discussion Morson 4 http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf#page=331 Northwestern Professor, Prof. Morson's work ranges over a variety of areas: literary theory (especially narrative); the history of ideas, both Russian and European; a variety of literary genres (especially satire, utopia, and the novel); and his favorite writers -- Chekhov, Gogol, and, above all, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. He is especially interested in the relation of literature to philosophy. A belief in truly dialogic ideological becoming would lead to schools that were quite different AND most important thing. What we must do is keep the conversation going.
Third – Advocacy: Merely pointing to an inadequacy of status quo politics is futile – comparative institutional analysis is vital to realization of the 1ac moralizing Komesar 94 - professor of law at the University of Wisconsin (Neil, “Imperfect Alternatives: Choosing Institutions in Law, Economics, and Public Policy,” p. 41-42) Even the constitutions of totalitarian states have contained high-sounding announcements of rights. AND from Boomer are even more appropriate with more complex definitions of the good. Actor-choice is intimately tied to the success of their political project – critical distance between the individual and the state is all the more reason for sustained investigation Komesar 94 - professor of law at the University of Wisconsin (Neil, “Imperfect Alternatives: Choosing Institutions in Law, Economics, and Public Policy,” p. 41-42) Most of us live in massive and complex societies in which the quality of life AND " below and develop it in parts 2 and 3 of this book.
State engagement turns their offense – it’s necessary to develop complex legal and institutional knowledge to use the state against neoliberalism – you should defend the state because abdicating the state needlessly cedes institutional power to neoliberal elites – this also answers their co-option arguments Ferguson, Professor of Anthropology at Stanford, 11 (The Uses of Neoliberalism, Antipode, Vol. 41, No. S1, pp 166–184)
If we are seeking, as this special issue of Antipode aspires to do, AND some rather useful little mechanisms may be nearer to hand than we thought.
Independently, the aff should have to defend a written parametricization of their method – which is a written statement that defends a particular instance in which their method should be applied Vote neg- 1.) Aff conditionality- absent defense of a specific advocacy the aff can shift their interpretation of their argument in every speech to dodge method criticisms, counter-methods and impact turns to their understanding of scholarship- a moving target affirmative makes all of their truth claims falsifiable, which replicates the form of hegemonic knowledge production they criticize
2.) Neg ground- no robust defense of an abstract method- all the AND their aff isn’t subjected to rigorous scrutiny to determine if its claims are accurate The aff will always win that the principles of their advocacy are good in the abstract – we can only debate the merits of their framework if they defend the specific consequences of political implementation Ignatieff 4—Prof of Human Rights @ Harvard Michael, Lesser Evils p. 20-1 As for moral perfectionism, this would be the doctrine that a liberal state should AND , and thus respect for one right might lead us to betray another.
1/5/14
2 - CP - Bioweapons PIC
Tournament: UTD | Round: 6 | Opponent: Houston AB | Judge: Sam Allen
1NC
Text: The United States Congress should limit the use of nuclear weapons first to scenarios of nuclear response and bioweapons response, explicitly clarify that the response to a biological weapons attack will be nuclear retaliation and regime change except in the case of an accident and develop low-yield nuclear weapons.
Solves and avoids bioweapons use:
Maintaining the option of first use in this limited instance is key to deterring bioweapons attacks, but avoids the commitment trap
Martin 1 – Assistant Professor @ FAU (Susan, "Responding to Chemical and Biological Threats," International Security 25.4, Muse) A proper assessment of this choice requires distinguishing between chemical and biological weapons. 5 AND the United States do not miscalculate the potential costs of such an attack.
Extinction
Mhyvold 13 – doctorate in theoretical and mathematical physics and a master’s degree in mathematical economics from Princeton University; founded Intellectual Ventures after retiring from his position as chief strategist and chief technology officer of Microsoft (Nathan, "Strategic Terrorism: A Call to Action" http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf) As horrible as this would be, such a pandemic is by no means the AND will be available to anybody with a solid background in biology terrorists included.
1/8/14
2 - CP - Executive
Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Washburn | Judge: The President of the United States should create an internal national security court housed within the executive branch ruled by experts outside of the judicial branch for the purpose of pre approval and post review for targeted killing
CP creates executive accountability and transparency Katyal 13 Neal, “Who Will Mind the Drones?” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/opinion/an-executive-branch-drone-court.html February 21 mtc IN the wake of revelations about the Obama administration's drone program, politicians from both AND balance the demands of secrecy and speed with those of liberty and justice.
The President of the United States should create an internal national security court housed within the executive branch ruled by experts outside of the judicial branch for the purpose of pre approval and post review for targeted killing
CP creates executive accountability and transparency
Tournament: UTD | Round: 6 | Opponent: Houston AB | Judge: Sam Allen
Conventional military declining
Helprin 13 Mr. Helprin is a senior fellow at the Claremont Institute , "Benghazi’s Portent and the Decline of U.S. Military Strength", WSJ April 9, 2013 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324100904578401083677703420.html In the rush to paper over its delinquencies in the Sept. 11, 2012 AND a brightly illustrative miniature, is only a symbol of things to come.¶
No first use changes war planners and stops nuclear weapons from having primary emphasis
Gerson 10 Michael S. Gerson is a principal analyst and project director at the Center for Naval Analysis, where his work focuses on nuclear and conventional deterrence, nuclear strategy, arms control, and weapons of mass destruction proliferation, "No First Use The Next Step for U.S. Nuclear Policy", International Security, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Fall 2010), pp. 7–47 http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA538352 Third, NFU places primary emphasis on U.S. conventional forces. By AND cost-efficient alternative to expending the effort and resources to maintain conventional superiority
Causes prolif
Futter and Zala 13 Andrew Futter is a Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester, having completed his PhD at the University of Birmingham in 2011. Benjamin Zala is a PhD candidate in the Department of Political Science and International Studies at University of Birmingham. "ADVANCED US CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS AND NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT", Nonproliferation Review 20:1, 107-122 In many respects, the idea that the growth in US conventional weaponry will be AND an equally¶ important role in driving this proliferation in the first place.
Ahston 13 – High Representative of the European Union (EU) for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice-President of the European Commission, Speaking @ a UCLA faculty event (Catherine, "The European Union in the world: The value of soft power," May, http://www.international.ucla.edu/news/article.asp?parentid=131775) The benefits of strong economic policies for the growing number of European Union inhabitants led AND cohesion to areas of the world, such as creating a single market.
The plan trades off – Low US credibility is forcing the EU to lead – solves several scenarios for global war
Ischinger 7 - the German ambassador to Britain (Wolfgang, "Can the EU Fill Leadership Void Left by US?" www.china.org.cn/english/international/203945.htm) In 1990, Charles Krauthammer published his famous essay on the "unipolar moment", AND , embrace a European willingness to lead, and welcome the European moment.
====The continual interrogation of the subjective ontological frame has led to a depoliticization of the public sphere and the creation of an economy of ressentiment modeled after the neoliberal order – a thymotic economy that is a series of obfuscations and modernizations which have already co-opted the affirmative inquiry of the subject==== Van Tuinen 10 Sjoerd van Tuinen, Erasmus University, "A Thymotic Left? Peter Sloterdijk and the Psychopolitics of Ressentiment," symploke Volume 18, Numbers 1-2, 2010 This ecological embedment of generosity signals the repugnancy of today’s "dissimulation of lack" AND 131), whilst ever more passively taking our responsibility towards the outside world.
Their critical investigation just feeds a commercial exploitation of the public – this trades off with public participation and open debate
Van Tuinen 10 Sjoerd van Tuinen, Erasmus University, "A Thymotic Left? Peter Sloterdijk and the Psychopolitics of Ressentiment," symploke Volume 18, Numbers 1-2, 2010 The crucial lesson of what Sloterdijk has called "Nietzsche’s materialism" is that enlightenment AND and "viral infections" (2010b, 205) of ressentiment.5
This impact turns the affirmative – you generate ontological violence through a process of involuntary unmasking
Van Tuinen 10 Sjoerd van Tuinen, Erasmus University, "A Thymotic Left? Peter Sloterdijk and the Psychopolitics of Ressentiment," symploke Volume 18, Numbers 1-2, 2010 Just as psychoanalysis, in practice, internalizes and spiritualizes ressentiment in the form of AND for its dissolution (2010b, 55; 1989, 169–70).
====The alternative is to embrace kynicism. Only by rejecting the 1AC interrogation of ontology can we embrace a state of being-in the world oriented around the public sphere – solves the ressentiment created by the aff==== Van Tuinen 10 Sjoerd van Tuinen, Erasmus University, "A Thymotic Left? Peter Sloterdijk and the Psychopolitics of Ressentiment," symploke Volume 18, Numbers 1-2, 2010 Yet even if it shares Deleuze and Guattari’s materialist inspiration, Sloterdijk’s recipe for overcoming AND for a total critique—a critique beyond ressentiment4—can take place.
1/4/14
4 - K - Courts
Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Washburn JL | Judge: Andy Casey The aff’s use of the courts is part of a broader consolidation of democracy by elites – court decisions are mediated by both expert language and limited public access that crushes civic engagement in policy Brown ‘11 (Wendy, professor of political science at the University of California at Berkeley, “We Are All Democrats Now”, Democracy in What State, ed. Giorgio Agamben, pgs. 48)
But capital and neoliberal rationality are not the only forces responsible for gutting liberal democratic AND on which popular sovereignty depends and overtly empowers and politicizes a nonrepresentative institution. The impact is extinction – collapse of civic engagement and elite consolidation of democracy cause the failure of all social institutions – that drives conflict escalation and makes global diplomacy impossible because it erodes bonds of social trust Giroux ‘6 (Henry A. Giroux currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in Canada. “Dirty Democracy and State Terrorism: The Politics of the New Authoritarianism in the United States,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 26.2 (2006) 163-177.)
While it would be ludicrous to suggest that the United States either represents a mirror AND 1990s alone, war forced 20 million children to leave their homes.16
1/4/14
4 - K - ILAW
Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Washburn | Judge: Stout International law is a tool of colonialist exploitation that privileges the west at the expense of the non-west Singh 10 Prabhakar Singh is an assistant Professor, Jindal Global Law School, O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, National Capital Region, India, “The Scandal of Enlightenment and the Birth of Disciplines: Is International Law a Science?”, International Community Law Review 12 (2010) 5–34, March 2010. The fact remains that Enlightenment virtues such as secularization, toleration, equality, democracy AND as heathen, despicable, unsystematic, uncultured, unscientific and what not. I law fails and justifies endless war against those outside the liberal order – Their impacts require an impossible universality premised on their epistemic failure to consider non-western perspectives Rasch 3 (William, Henry H. H. Remak Professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University, “Human Rights as Geopolitics: Carl Schmitt and the Legal Form of American Supremacy”, Cultural Critique 54 (2003) 120-147, Project Muse) Yes, this passage attests to the antiliberal prejudices of an unregenerate Eurocentric conservative with AND humanity becomes for Rawls the simple but uncontested sovereignty of liberalism itself. 14 The alternative is to reject the affirmatives international legal strategy in favor of globalization from below Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4 Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face, pg. 6-9 Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but AND less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?
1/4/14
4 - K - Marx vs GBL
Tournament: UTD | Round: 1 | Opponent: UCO VY | Judge: Haynal The affirmative’s performance of red pedagogy is one that fails to create any effective struggle against capitalism – capitalism locates agency in rhetorical performances like the 1AC. This shuts down materialistic coalition anti-capitalist movements Gunn and Cloud 10 Joshua gunn and dana cloud, Phd Communications, University of Texas Austin, Agentic Orientation as magical Voluntarism, Communication Theory Notably, Campbell’s statement on the status of agency does not attempt to reverse the AND structure and the (collective) subject (also see Jameson, 1977). Their exclusion of structural historicism is not a fluke—they rely on identity politics to ignore class and capitalist exploitation. They particularize oppressions so that the root system remains unscathed. Brown 93 (Wendy, professor of legal studies and women's studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz, “Wounded Attachments”, Political Theory, Aug. p. 392-394) Although this detente between universal and particular within liberalism is potted with volatile conceits, AND produced by capitalism in addition to that bound to the explicitly politicized marking.
REDUCTION OF CLASS TO A LEVEL AMONG ALL OTHER OPPRESSIONS DESTROYS ITS EMANCIPATORY POTENTIAL—CLASS MUST BE RECOGNIZD AS QUALITATIVELY MORE IMPORTANT AS A UNIVERSALIZING MECHANISM TO OVERCOME CAPITALIST OPPRESSION gimenez 2001 Martha, Prof. Of Sociology at CU Boulder, “Marxism and Class, Gender and Race”, Race Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society, AND what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.
THE DETERMINISM OF CAPITAL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR INSTRUMENTALIZATION—THIS MOBILIZES AND ALLOWS FOR THE 1AC’S SCENARIOS dyer-witherford 99 Nick, Prof at U. of Western Ontario, Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of “will over nature” AND degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.
The Alternative is to Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC.
METHOD FIRST IN MARX - ITS THE FOREMOST POLITICAL QUESTION BECAUSE ONE MUST UNDERSTAND THE EXISTING SOCIAL TOTALITY BEFORE ONE CAN ACT—GROUNDING THE SITES OF POLITICAL CONTESTATION OUTSIDE OF LABOR HUMANIZE CAPITAL AND PREVENT A TRANSITION
tumino 2001 Stephen, Prof English at Pitt, ““What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever”, Red Critique, p. online Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will AND determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.
The mere existence of drones is a slippery slope to violence and war, causes regional arms races – the government will never completely eliminate the programs because the risk/reward balance is too advantageous – only a risk that the plan is rolled back
Frank Sauerand Niklas Schörnig 12 Bundeswehr University Munich, Germany and Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Germany, Security Dialogue 2012 43: 363, "Killer drones: The ’silver bullet’ of democratic warfare?" Unmanned systems are understood to minimize casualties among one’s own troops. According to their AND military conflict – with, again, more rather than fewer casualties looming.
====The advantage replicates the worst pre-emptive security logic that ensures drone strikes are modeled and cause infinite war==== Aslam ’11 M.W. Aslam, Department of Politics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK, "A critical evaluation of American drone strikes in Pakistan: legality, legitimacy and prudence," 16 Dec 2011 The previous section has highlighted the difficulty of determining the legality of American drone strikes AND ethnic cleansing, and further in Bosnia in 1995 and Macedonia in 2001.
The Alt is to reject the 1AC.
You should place questions of knowledge production first- acting to change theory is an effective form of practice, all their evidence obscures non-state actor agency and overestimates the role of the state in security
Bilgin 5 (Assistant Prof of International Relations at Bilkent University, Regional Security in the Middle East: A Critical Perspective, pgs. 54-59) The state, as noted above, has traditionally been viewed as both the primary AND of constituting ’threats to the future’ (Kubalkova 1998: 193-201).
1/4/14
5 - Case vs Houston NFU
Tournament: UTD | Round: 6 | Opponent: Houston AB | Judge: Sam Allen
China Adv
*1NC China Mod
Modernization isn’t a threat to the US and won’t cause conflict – the lack of nuclear modernization and offensive capabilities prove
Colonel Johnson ’9 Kenneth. Colonel in the US Army, 27 years of service in uniform, including over 20 years in overseas intelligence assignments. CHINA’S STRATEGIC CULTURE: A PERSPECTIVE FOR THE UNITED STATES. June 2009. Strategic Studies Institute. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=924. 8. Modernization is China’s number one strategic priority, and thus the United States AND of its own and is unlikely to do so in the future.79
*1NC China Nuclear Mod
Nuclear modernization is stabilizing – no threat to the US or its allies
Jen-Shuai ’8 Chen. The Henry L. Stimson Center. The Influence of the China’s Military Modernization on Security in the Taiwan Strait. September, 2008. http://www.stimson.org/eastasia/pdf/Col_Chen_Report_SEP_08.pdf. The Chinese are slowly modernizing their small strategic nuclear arsenal to make it less vulnerable AND slow Chinese military modernization would be even less threatening to the United States.
No regional freak out – US security guarantee solves
Patel 9 Nirav. Fellow at the Center for a New American Security. China’s Arrival: A Strategic Framework for a Global Relationship. September 2009. Online. China has also sought to manage fears about its military rise. China’s political and AND will continue to play an instrumental role in preventing competitive behavior and insecurity.
*1NC China War
Economic interdependence checks
Perry and Scowcroft ’9 William (Michael and Barbara Berberian professor at Stanford University.) and Brent (resident trustee of the Forum for International Policy.) "US Nuclear Weapons Policy." 2009. Council on Foreign Relations. Online. Economic interdependence provides an incentive to avoid military conflict and nuclear confrontation. Although the AND Beijing-Washington relationship points toward potentially promising dialogues on larger strategic issues.
They’ll back down—military inferiority
Denmark ’9 Abraham M. Denmark is a Fellow at the Center for a New American Security. China’s Arrival: A Strategic Framework for a Global Relationship. September 2009. Online. Beijing’s focus on maintaining China’s internal sta¬bility and economic growth drives a foreign policy that AND unlikely to achieve its political objectives through a conflict with the United States.
China—No Impact
No impact to China relations
Meredith 2007 (Robyn is a foreign correspondent for Forbes and recipient of the World Leadership Forum’s best journalist of they year award, Time, 7/19 "Book Excerpt: Coping Strategies," http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1644909,00.html) The good news is that growing international economic interdependence is a little like nuclear deterrence AND growing Asian giants. For now, we have a global economic détente.
China—Resilient (Trade Issues)
Security cooperation prevents disputes over trade pressure from derailing relations
Taiwan News 4 (4-27, Lexis) He also said Washington’s renewed protests about Beijing’s human rights, weapons proliferation and trade practices were insufficient to destabilize U.S.-China relations, because America’s reliance on Beijing in diplomatic efforts toward North Korea, and Beijing’s hopes for U.S. pressure to be used against Taiwan, are part of a broad set of calculations keeping the relationship on track.
China—Resilient
Relations resilient–disputes will not spillover or escalate
Military tension with China inevitable—Taiwan buildup.
Klug 2010 - AP journalist (1/14, Foster, Chronicle Herald, "U.S. says it will continue arms sales to Taiwan", WEA) WASHINGTON — U.S. military officials on Wednesday vowed to provide Taiwan with AND military advancements make worse the already heavy combat imbalance between China and Taiwan.
China—Up Now
Obama solves – attempt to increase dialogue
Crossa 2010 (Ralph Crossa is president of the Pacific Forum CSIS, a Honolulu-based nonprofit research institute affiliated with the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington. The Japan Times Online. January 7, 2010, "Obama on track in Asia," http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/eo20100107rc.html, WRW) With one exception, U.S. relations with East Asian countries are better AND ) left over from the Bush years and a hope still largely unfulfilled.
AT: China Mod – Space Alt Caus
Space weaponization coming
Wu 12 – Permanent Representative of China to the Conference on Disarmament (Haito, "Statement by H.E. Ambassador Wu Haitao, on PAROS," http://www.china-un.ch/eng/hom/t938642.htm) Firstly, arms race in outer space is posing an immediate security challenge to international AND in place to negotiate and conclude new international legal instrument on outer space.
Triggers the whole advantage
Englehart 8 – JD, patent litigation attorney practicing in the firm’s Litigation, ITC Litigation and Patent Interferences groups (Alex, COMMON GROUND IN THE SKY: EXTENDING THE 1967 OUTER SPACE TREATY TO RECONCILE U.S. AND CHINESE SECURITY INTERESTS, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 17.1) An Effective U.S. Space Weapons Deployment Would Neutralize the ¶ Effectiveness of AND order to avoid ¶ the total collapse of its strategic nuclear deterrent.64
Squo detterence solves NK
Bolton 2009 – former US ambassador to the UN (7/3, John, Fox, "North Korea Fires Four More Test Missiles: Should U.S. Be Worried?", http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,529932,00.html, WEA) VAN SUSTEREN: Is any risk they’re going to turn it towards Seoul? I AND Korea into a charcoal briquette. And I think even they understand that.
Prolif Adv
Prolif—No Impact
No increased risk of nuclear war from prolif—empirics prove
Gavin 10 Francis. Professor of International Affairs and Director of the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin. Same As It Ever Was: Nuclear Alarmism, Proliferation, and the Cold War. International Security. Winter 2009/2010. Muse. Throughout the post–World War II period, analysts worried that proliferation among small AND could invite its own destruction highly unlikely.38 ~End Page 16~
Prolif—Slow
Prolif is slow
Tepperman ’9 (Jonathon, former Deputy Managing Ed. Foreig Affairs and Assistant Managing Ed. Newsweek, Newsweek, "Why Obama should Learn to Love the Bomb", 44:154, 9-7, L/N) The risk of an arms race—with, say, other Persian Gulf states AND be so disastrous, given the way that bombs tend to mellow behavior.
There are two points to be made on this issue. First of all, AND will be under more pressure to accommodate them on the issue at hand. The second point has to do with how much risk there really is in situations AND to let the war come rather than press for a compromise solution.9 The key thing here is that in 1914 and 1939 political leaders had not totally AND great war would break out if both sides are determined to avoid it. These arguments about how war could break out almost by accident were frequently made during AND control and a situation might develop that could "lead to disaster."11 What is wrong with this point of view? It assumes that the Soviets would AND the system to keep relatively minor provocations from leading directly to general war.
1/8/14
5 - Case vs Texas CD
Tournament: UNT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Texas CD | Judge: Scott Elliot
Case
Drones create a beneficial shift in our cultural view of war – war is no longer lionized and made heroic – this shift restrains violence by making harm done to our enemies presumptively unjustifiable and therefore only acceptable in truly exceptional circumstances
Kiel Brennan-Marquez 13, visiting Human Rights Fellow at Yale Law School, 5/24/13, "A Progressive Defense of Drones," http://www.salon.com/2013/05/24/a_progressive_defense_of_drones/ In Thursday’s speech before the National Defense University, President Obama reflected on the concerns AND grade. It’s an argument of last resort, defensive rather than triumphant.
Here’s evidence in the context of the aff – drone critics must take alternatives into account because conflicts exist and are inevitable
Byman 13 - Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution (Daniel, July/August 2013, "Why Drones Work," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 92, No. 4) Critics of drone strikes often fail to take into account the fact that the alternatives AND . casualties, and possibly the deaths of the suspects and innocent civilians.
Comparison of alternatives is necessary – drones are comparatively benign
Anderson 11 Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor of International Law at American University, 10/9/11, "What Kind of Drones Arms Race Is Coming?," http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/~~23more-51516 Then there a further idea that drones make it "too easy" to reach AND wars that take place in lieu of these more discrete uses of force.
FIRST – battlefield pressures – ground invasion makes soldiers more likely to commit unethical actions and demonize the enemy—-removal from the field of battle causes ethical decision-making and restraint
Holmes 13 – Professor of Law @ NYU (Stephen, "What’s in it for Obama?," The London Review of Books, http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n14/stephen-holmes/whats-in-it-for-obama) But Obama can make an even subtler case for drones. Well-meaning but AND side, and is therefore much less likely to escalate out of control.
Other military technology has a worse disconnection from the battlefield
McNeal 11 – Professor of Law @ Pepperdine (Pepperdine University School of Law, "ARE TARGETED KILLINGS UNLAWFUL? A CASE STUDY IN EMPIRICAL CLAIMS WITHOUT EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE") Moreover, even Mayer conceded the point that drones are probably more accurate than conventional AND imminent danger whose gun camera footage will only be reviewed after the fact.
Their epistemology and impact claims are wrong—their advocacy does nothing to solve war but our epistemology is sufficient to solve their impact
Lind 5 Michael, Executive Editor of the National Interest, "Of Arms and the Woman," Jan 20, http://feminism.eserver.org/of-arms-and-the-woman.txt This recurrent focus on little sisterhoods, mobilizing against "gendered" nation-states AND well-advised to heed their own counsel and study war no more.
Patriarchy inevitable
Hill 2 Cheryl Lynn Wofford Hill, "Restating International Jurisprudence in Inclusive Terms: Language as Method in Creating a Hospitable Worldview", 27 Okla. City U.L. Rev. 297, lexis Many languages inherently support patriarchy. The English language is structured in such a way AND -national women and women of color to participate in patriarchal society. 20
The state is not gendered, and the advocacy doesn’t affect how states will act.
Elshtain 9 – Professor of Political and Social Ethics @ U Chicago Jean, "Woman, the State, and War," International Relations, 23, SAGE Women the world over want states; they are bound up with collectivities and with AND a bit of the clarity and cogency of his thought has rubbed off.
1/9/14
5 - Case vs UCO VY
Tournament: UTD | Round: 1 | Opponent: UCO VY | Judge: Haynal Method wrong Specifying red pedagogy as the best intellectual praxis to foreground Native intellectualism prevents a pluralistic approach to create a decolonized democratic space and activate our political agency. Pluarlistic approach is the best method – Louisiana corridor proves Barbara ALLEN Science and Technology in Society @ Virginia Tech ‘3 Uneasy Alchemy p. 151-155 The citizen protest against pollution and hazardous waste in the corridor began with sharing stories AND give an example of a positive outcome in one community in the corridor.
Pluralism is a better pedagogical strategy – promotes a politics of openness and acceptance David SCHLOSBERG Director of Environmental Studies Program @ Northern Arizona ‘7 Defining Environmental Justice p. 174-177
Western civilization is self-correcting Warraq ‘8 Ibn Warraq, senior research fellow at the Center for Inquiry. “Defending the West”. January 8, 2008. http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=29399 Said, influenced by Foucault, Marx and the French intellectual tradition, refuses to AND the West against the greatest threat that it has faced since the Nazis. Solves Imperialism Criticizing US power distracts from deterring global imperial powers that actually trigger the impact Shaw 2 Martin Shaw, professor of international relations at University of Sussex, April 7, Uses and Abuses of Anti-Imperialism in the Global Era, http://www.martinshaw.org/empire.htm It is fashionable in some circles, among which we must clearly include the organizers AND I shall return to these political issues at the end of this paper.
Review process would be useless – courts lack competence
Vladeck 13 – law professor @ American University Steve, "Why a "Drone Court" Won’t Work–But (Nominal) Damages Might…" ~http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/~~ February 10 mtc This ties together with the related point of just how difficult it would be to AND in most such cases, they would lack the competence to do so.
Drone court doesn’t solve signature strikes – no list to review
Ohlin 13 – law professor @ Cornell Jens David, "Would A Federal District Court for Drones Increase Collateral Damage?" ~http://www.liebercode.org/2013/02/would-federal-district-court-for-drones.html~~ February 13 mtc Now imagine that a court is requiring that the list be approved by a judicial AND the court because the US would not know exactly who it is bombing.
Drones not the cause of anti-americanism
Etzioni 13 – professor of international relations at George Washington University Amitai, March 2013, "Great Drone Debate" http://aladinrc.wrlc.org/bitstream/handle/1961/14729/Etzioni_DroneDebate.pdf?sequence=1 Other critics argue that drones strikes engender ¶ much resentment among the local population and AND on ¶ the ground45—merely for public relations purposes ¶ seems imprudent.
Norms
Drone prolif inev—good precedent irrelevant
Etzioni 13 – professor of international relations at George Washington University Amitai, March 2013, "Great Drone Debate" http://aladinrc.wrlc.org/bitstream/handle/1961/14729/Etzioni_DroneDebate.pdf?sequence=1 Other critics contend that by the United States ¶ using drones, it leads other AND In such circumstances, the role ¶ of norms is much more limited.
No deterrent effect
Daniel 2 Donald C.F. "The Future of American Naval Power: Propositions and Recommendations," Globalization and American Power. Chapter 27. Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University. http://www.ndu.edu/inss/Books/Books_2002/Globalization_and_Maritime_Power_Dec_02/01_toc.htm In sum, there would seem to be a special role for the U. AND overseas trade are relatively "insensitive" to the operations of naval forces.
China won’t escalate it—US military alliances check
Shuo 12 Wang, "Closer Look: Why War Is Not an Option" ~http://english.caixin.com/2012-09-12/100436770.html~~ September 12 mtc There won’t be a war in East Asia.¶ The United States has five military AND is no possibility of a war in East Asia, not even remotely.
China’s drone use will be limited
Erickson and Strange 13 – *associate professor at the Naval War College and an Associate in Research at Harvard University’s Fairbank Center researcher at the Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute and a graduate student at Zhejiang University Andrew and Austin, 5-23-13, "China Has Drones. Now What?" http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139405/andrew-erickson-and-austin-strange/china-has-drones-now-what?page=show Beijing, however, is unlikely to use its drones lightly. It already faces AND scholars, however, have publicly considered the use of drone strikes overseas.
Fishing disputes cause conflict
Xu 13 – editor @ CFR Beina, 1-11-13, "South China Sea Tensions" http://www.cfr.org/china/south-china-sea-tensions/p29790~~23p4 The immediate source of conflict in the region is competition over resources, says David AND most of these have been dealt with on a routine conflict management basis."
Asia pivot prevents peace in South China Sea
Heydarian 13 – foreign affairs analyst and contributor Richard, 1-17-13, "US pivot sparks Asian arms race" http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/OA17Ae01.html The key strategic aim of the "pivot", experts contend, is to contain AND -driven - approach to re-asserting US primacy in the Pacific.
Skirmishes will stay limited—experts agree your evidence is alarmism
Xu 13 – editor @ CFR Beina, 1-11-13, "South China Sea Tensions" http://www.cfr.org/china/south-china-sea-tensions/p29790~~23p4 As much as 50 percent of global oil tanker shipments (GlobalSecurity) pass through AND , conservation, and security movements, according to a Harvard Quarterly paper.
Norms fail
Blair 13 – former United States Director of National Intelligence and is a retired United States Navy admiral Dennis, 1-22-13, "U.S. Drone Strike Policies" http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/us-drone-strike-policies/p29849 The first point is I’m less persuaded that international norms really have much of an AND persuaded that norms can be set by the United States in this area.
Pakistan
Kick-out now; relations dead, plan isn’t relevant
Ullah Naeem 8/23 ("PA passes anti US drone attacks resolution", 8/23/13, http://www.thefrontierpost.com/article/35729/) In what seems to be an effort of strengthening country’s sovereignty and nation’s integrity, AND Pakistan Army has to move against these attacks by striking down the drones".
CNN 8/2 ("Kerry says Pakistan drone strikes to end ’very soon’", 8/2/13, http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/01/politics/pakistan-drones) Following talks with the Pakistani government, Secretary of State John Kerry said the United AND on threats from al Qaeda groups in other countries, such as Yemen.
The army will maintain control even during a coup.
Cheema ’8 Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, works for the Islambad Policy Research Institute. "Pakistan’s nuclear assets". March 16, 2008. http://ipripak.org/articles/newspapers/paknucas.shtml Turkish military chief’s statement appears to reflect the need to support and strengthen Pakistan with AND of the Taliban the Pakistan Army has lost its abilities to handle them.
Pakistan is resilient there will be no collapse – their impacts are hype and based on a racist understanding.
Burke ’9 Jason Burke, senior foreign correspondent for the Observer. The Guardian. 3/15/2009. "Our skewed world view won’t let us see the real Pakistan". http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/15/jason-burke-pakistan For many developing nations, all this would signal the state’s total disintegration. This AND parties though they have never won more than 14 in an election.
Military rule wouldn’t threaten regional stability.
Maginnis ’9 Robert Maginnis, Mr. Maginnis is a retired Army lieutenant colonel, a national security and foreign affairs analyst for radio and television and a senior strategist with the U.S. Army, HumanEvents.com, 3/16/09, http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=31080 Some Pakistanis might grudgingly welcome back army rule. "A military government at least AND power with Islamabad’s 60 nuclear warheads fall into the hands of Islamic extremists.
Zero risk of Indo-Pak first strikes
Dash ’8 – PhD and Associate Professor Global Studies @ Georgetown. Kishore C. Dash, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Global Studies from Georgetown. Regionalism in South Asia: Negotiating Cooperation, Institutional Structures. Google Books. 2008. p.138 A second reason why nuclear first strike is not considered as a realistic policy option AND sanctions, and disruption of foreign investment, adversely impacting their economic goals.
Indo-Pak conflict would not escalate – U.S. diplomacy and history prove.
Kirk ’8 – Professor of International Studies and PoliSci @ VMI Jason A. Kirk, Department of International Studies 26Political Science @ Virginia Military Institute. "From "Tilt" to "Pivot"?: U.S. Intervention in India-Pakistan Nuclear Crises and Implications for Deterrence Theory". Present at the ISA 49th Annual Convention,: Bridging Multiple Divides. March 26, 2008. The United States, in other words, using its considerable diplomatic and economic resources AND than usual, India has responded to recent violence with relative moderation.51
History proves there would be no nuclear escalation – conflicts are short-term and lead to negotiations.
Basrur ’6 – Professor of Civics and Politics at the University of Mumbai. Rajesh M. Basrur, Department of Civics and Politics, University of Mumbai.Minimum Deterrence and India’s Nuclear Security. P.146. 2006. Google Books. On the other hand, it is equally likely that, learning from the risks AND inconceivable, would compel the two countries to seek a more stable relationship.
Attempting to wish away our imperial responsibilities only promotes global disorder and causes global inequality – Crook ’03
Clive Crook; "America is an Empire. It had Better Act Like One"; National Journal; 2/8/03; Ebsco Host/Academic Search
Lal made two main points. The first is that America is already, whether AND unchallenged power, hard and soft, to take care of its own. Lal’s second point is that if the United States frankly recognizes the responsibilities of this AND to bury one’s head in the sand but to actually promote global disorder." That is what happened between the two world wars. With British hegemony gone, AND the Suez Canal in 1956, anti-imperialist America scuppered the enterprise.
Epistemology
Epistemology doesn’t come first.
Wendt ’2k Alexander Wendt, Professor of Int’l Security, Dept of Political Science at Ohio State University. 2000. International Relations: Critical Concepts in Political Science. ed: Andrew Linklater, p. 640 An attempt to use a structurationist-symbolic interactionist discourse to bridge the two research AND they can come to see this through the smoke and heat of epistemology.
No prior questions
Owen 2 David, Reader in Political Theory at the University of Southampton, Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning", Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653 Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~ AND to the kind of vicious circle that they can, collectively, generate.
Western epistemology can correctly know the world – Warraq ’8
One could characterize the difference between the West and the Rest as a difference in AND looking at the world, interpreting it, and recognizing and rectifying problems.
Western thought is the most superior – all other societies agree – Warraq ’8
Moreover, other parts of the world recognize Western superiority. When other societies such AND also a tacit acknowledgment that we apply higher ethical standards to Western leaders.
Western thought key to freedom and rights – solves your alt – Warraq ’8
The great ideas of the West—rationalism, self-criticism, the disinterested AND want, to practice our religion, to live lives of our choosing.
Existence First
Existence is a pre-requisite to ontology.
Wapner ’3 Paul, Associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, DISSENT, Winter, http://www.dissentmgazine.org/menutest/artiles/wi03/wapner.htm The third response to eco-criticism would require critics to acknowledge the ways in AND -critics must be supporters, in some fashion, of environmental preservation.
Ontology 1stBad – Intellectual Development
Placing ontology first would freeze intellectual development.
Chernoff ’7 Fred, Professor of IR at Colgate University, Scientific Realism, Critical Realism and International Relations Theory, MILLENNIUM: JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, 34(5), p. 406. Wight opposes ’unnecessary closure’ that could result from the specification of methodological criteria in advance AND the fact that they play a role in a theory that we value.
Ontology 1st Bad – Political Action
Ontological focus will forever delay political action.
Jarvis ’2k Darryl Jarvis, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, University of Sydney. International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism. P.139-140 This we might interpret as a faceless description without meaning, comment without purpose, AND when the greatest danger and contingencies in the world are global in character.
Predictions Good
Predictions and scenario building are valuable for decision-making, even if they’re not perfect
Garrett ’12 Banning Garrett, director of the Asia Program and Strategic Foresight Initiative at the Atlantic Council. "In Search of Sand Piles and Butterflies". January 23, 2012. http://www.acus.org/disruptive_change/search-sand-piles-and-butterflies "Disruptive change" that produces "strategic shocks" has become an increasing AND respond, and our ability to see opportunities that we would otherwise miss.
MIC Defense
Military industrial complex is key to hegemony - we’ve put checks on all of the bad parts of it but failure to facilitate it leads to wars
—also makes a public key argument that may be useful against Ks —Shaw style argument about adversaries Dunlap 11 – Professor of Law @ Duke Charles Jr., Daedalus, MIT Press Journals What do all the developments of the¶ past half-century mean after the AND of Eisenhower’s¶ farewell address would be¶ wise to ponder that sentiment.
Politics Key – Security
Critiquing existing security structures isn’t enough – political action is necessary and the perm solves
Bilgin 05 Pinar Bilgin (Department of International Relations Bilkent University Ankara) 2005 "Regional Security in the Middle East" p. 60-1 Admittedly, providing a critique of existing approaches to security, revealing those hidden assumptions AND students of critical approaches to re-think security in both theory and practice
Claims of Root Causality are Grounded in Deterministic Theories That Preclude Effective Solutions
Hutchinson ’4 Fred Hutchison - March 22, 2004. "American innovation and the culture war: A golden age of American innovation". http://www.renewamerica.com/columns/hutchison/040322 When liberals speak of the "root causes" of social problems, they typically AND undisciplined. We become ether zombies or maniacs — and return to adolescence.
Claims of Root Causality are Silly Oversimplifications That Explain Nothing
Western civilization is reflexive and self-correcting – criticisms of the western intellect are based in a guilt complex for past colonialism.
Warraq ’8 Ibn Warraq, senior research fellow at the Center for Inquiry. "Defending the West". January 8, 2008. http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=29399 Said, influenced by Foucault, Marx and the French intellectual tradition, refuses to AND the West against the greatest threat that it has faced since the Nazis.
Solves Impacts
Criticizing US power distracts from deterring global imperial powers that actually trigger the impact
Shaw 2 Martin Shaw, professor of international relations at University of Sussex, April 7, Uses and Abuses of Anti-Imperialism in the Global Era, http://www.martinshaw.org/empire.htm It is fashionable in some circles, among which we must clearly include the organizers AND I shall return to these political issues at the end of this paper.
Drones prevent terrorism
-kill leaders -hurt recruitment -hurt training Byman 13 – Research Director, Saban Center for Middle East Policy @ Brookings Daniel, July 2013, "Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice" Foreign Affairs 92.4 ProQuest The Obama administration relies on drones for one simple reason: they work. According AND forcing the group to choose between having no leaders and risking dead leaders.
====Extinction==== Ayson 10, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 (Robert, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld) But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a AND be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.
Imperialism Good – Russia
The cold war never ended, Russia only pretended to lose – Nyquist ’9
Given the obstacle presented, how could the Communist Bloc overcome America’s military power? Very simply, when one side in a global contest appears to give up, AND drawn by the best-informed political activists and researchers in Eastern Europe. The supposed Cold War victory of the West opened Europe to infection by Moscow’s clandestine armies. Already the Left formed a fifth column in Western Europe. But these political forces were to be augmented by economic interpenetration, energy dependence, and more.
Imperialism is key to checking the spread of communist Russia – Nyquist ’5
Horowitz demonstrates that the president?s critics are, in their arguments, selective AND , injustice, and tragedy than the world that confronts us today.? The invasion of Iraq was hotly debated at the outset. The problem with opposing AND , the American spirit, or the character of George W. Bush.
Communism leads to genocide and mass murder – kills millions – Kutiner ’3
Jeffrey T. KUTINER, assistant national editor, The Washington Times November 30. 2003
The 20th century will be remembered as the bloodiest century in history. A major AND Asia, hundreds of millions suffered the brutality of Marxist-Leninist dictatorships. Now, if some in Washington have their way, the memories of the countless AND monument is desperately needed because, sadly, communism’s crimes risk being forgotten. Lenin’s project resulted not only in unprecedented economic and ecological destruction, but more importantly the greatest system of mass murder ever invented: More than 100 million individuals were killed at the hands of communist regimes. Yet many Western academics continue to deny or downplay the full extent of communist atrocities. It is common on many campuses in the United States to hear that Marxism-Leninism, unlike its totalitarian twin, fascism, was a benevolent ideology that sought to impose universal peace and social justice - that it was a good idea gone bad. Nothing could be further from the truth. From its inception, communism sought to forge a new order based on genocide and AND society by imposing one-party rule and smashing all dissent and opposition. Recent history has been littered with Lenin’s evil offspring - Josef Stalin, Mao Tse-tung, Josip Broz Tito, Ho Chi Minh, Pol Pot, Nicolae Ceausescu, Fidel Castro. The atrocities committed by these dictators need to be remembered not only to honor the dead but because they reveal the seminal lesson of the past century: Utopianism leads to totalitarianism; the road to Utopia goes through Golgotha. The millions slaughtered by communist regimes were not accidental byproducts of misguided policies, but central to the Marxist project.
Empire Good – Best Option
A world without the empire is constant violence – it is always better than your alternative – Ferguson ’04
Well, it could be for a very short-time indeed. One of AND that’s a perfectly plausible scenario, and its not a very comforting one. Those of my critics who say "empire is always bad, we should never AND repression, more hardship, especially for the people of the Middle East.
Their conception of Sovereignty makes biopolitics inescapable—Agamben concludes no alt
Pan 9 David, associate professor of German @ UC-Irvine, German Quarterly, 82 No. 1, Winter, HW Wilson But if the sovereign declares life to be bare life in the same action that AND of a divine violence that inaugurates a new period of justice without law.
Solvency—State Cooption
Vote neg on presumption—their advocacy has no connection to institutional change. The every-day relationships of surveillance makes authority invisible
Saugmann 26 Moller ’13 (Rune Saugmann Andersen is a PhD candidate at the Center for Advanced Security Theory (CAST) at the University of Copenhagen. and Frank Möller is a Senior Research Fellow (Yliopistotutkija) at the Tampere Peace Research Institute, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Tampere, and a member of the ECPR Standing Group on Politics and the Arts., "Engaging the limits of visibility: Photography, security and surveillance" 2013 44: 203 Security Dialogue, May 31, 2013) ~http://sdi.sagepub.com/content/44/3/203~~
First, in societies thoroughly permeated by visual surveillance and in which surveillant prac¬tices are AND counter-surveillance also plays a part (Jameson, 1995: 10).
Individual focus fails—even if you form a political strategy, its visibility allows the State to shut it down
Saugmann 26 Moller ’13 (Rune Saugmann Andersen is a PhD candidate at the Center for Advanced Security Theory (CAST) at the University of Copenhagen. and Frank Möller is a Senior Research Fellow (Yliopistotutkija) at the Tampere Peace Research Institute, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Tampere, and a member of the ECPR Standing Group on Politics and the Arts., "Engaging the limits of visibility: Photography, security and surveillance" 2013 44: 203 Security Dialogue, May 31, 2013) ~http://sdi.sagepub.com/content/44/3/203~~
The difficulty in disentangling practices of resistance or critique from practices of surveillance becomes apparent AND it is using a logic or ’grammar’ recognizable by these very institutions:
Solvency—Agamben is Totalizing
Agamben’s critique is too totalizing—accepting appeals to some sovereign power does not cause the negative impacts of sovereignty in every instance. We can use sovereign power to prevent a catastrophe.
Hussain, 2k (Department of History at Berkeley Nasser, 34 Law 26 Soc’y Rev. 495, lexis). Here once again we are forced to question Agamben’s teleological mode of thought. Is AND this regard, we find his concluding musings on Heidigger to be suggestive.
Squo solves
Newell and Mitzen 11 Michael, Jennifer Department of International Studies, "Crisis Authority, the War on Terror and the Future of Constitutional Democracy," JUROS Vol. 2 The state of exception has been the standard response to crises for American presidents and AND structures to novel threats, and to not rely on executive mandate alone.
