Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wyoming BC | Judge: Andres Gannon

1AC

1

Advantage one – weaponization

Weaponization is coming

Wu 12 – Permanent Representative of China to the Conference on Disarmament
(Haito, "Statement by H.E. Ambassador Wu Haitao, on PAROS," http://www.china-un.ch/eng/hom/t938642.htm)
Firstly, arms race in outer space is posing an immediate security challenge to international
AND
in place to negotiate and conclude new international legal instrument on outer space.

US weaponization leads to arms racing – spills over to nuclear warfare

Tannenwald 4 - Assistant Professor and Director of the International Relations Program, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University
(Nina, Article: Law Versus Power on the High Frontier: The Case for a Rule-Based Regime for Outer Space, 29 Yale J. Int’l L. 363)
A more elaborated legal regime would be aimed at preventing destabilizing conflicts over the use
AND
-tech arms race and renew emphasis on doctrines of nuclear warfare. n25

Space wars escalate to nuclear war

Englehart 8 – JD, patent litigation attorney practicing in the firm’s Litigation, ITC Litigation and Patent Interferences groups
(Alex, COMMON GROUND IN THE SKY: EXTENDING THE 1967 OUTER SPACE TREATY TO RECONCILE U.S. AND CHINESE SECURITY INTERESTS, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 17.1)
An Effective U.S. Space Weapons Deployment Would Neutralize the ¶ Effectiveness of
AND
order to avoid ¶ the total collapse of its strategic nuclear deterrent.64

Independently, US plans to weaponize space leads to diplomatic backlash – undercut multilateral burden-sharing

Brown 9 – PhD @ Auburn
(Trevor, "Soft Power and Space Weaponization" Air 26 Space power Journal Volume 23 No 1, Spring, pg. 67)
The United States has plans to weaponize space and is already deploying missile-defense
AND
difficult politically for the Air Force to make plans to offer such protection.

Space weapons backlash spills over

Marshall 5 – PhD, Former Research Fellow, International Security Program @ Belfer Center
(William, et al, "Space weapons: the urgent debate," ISYP Journal on Science and World Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1)
On the other hand, a range of short term disadvantages are possible, 1
AND
view that any weapon in outer space violates the spirit of that Treaty.

Multilateralism solves WMD conflicts

Montalván 10 - master’s of science from Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism
(Luis, "Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century" Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html)
Unilateralism is the wrong approach for American Diplomacy. There is nothing to suggest its
AND
us. Now is the time to create rather than divide common ground.

Specifically – space backlash collapses climate and disease cooperation

Moore 8 – Research Fellow @ TII, articles have appeared in the Brown Journal of World Affairs, Foreign Service Journal, Yes21 A Journal of Positive Futures, and The SAIS Review and International Affairs.
(Mike, "Twilight War: The Folly of U.S. Space Dominance," Carnegie Council)
Now, there is another moral issue. We are triggering a new arms race
AND
have? Nations need to work together in order to solve these problems.

Diseases cause extinction

Keating 9 – Foreign Policy Web Editor
Joshua, "The End of the World," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full
How it could happen: Throughout history, plagues have brought civilizations to their knees
AND
. Biological weapons experimentation has added a new and just as troubling complication.

No burnout

Torrey 5 - Directors Stanley Medical Research Institute
(E. Fuller and Robert H Yolken, Beasts of the Earth: Animals, Humans and Disease, pp. 5-6)
The outcome of this marriage, however, is not as clearly defined as it
AND
HIV or SARS virus may be truly capable of eradicating the human race.

Specifically, mutations cause airborne aids

Dr. Kerns 96
December, Ethical Issues in HIV Vaccine Trials, p. http://students.washington.edu/~~tkerns/evtsite/evt-chp3.html-http://students.washington.edu/~tkerns/evtsite/evt-chp3.html, ellipses in original
If HIV were indeed to mutate toward "greater virulence," what form might that
AND
genetics. He is also director of the Kennedy Laboratories for Molecular Medicine)

Extinction

More 93
Gannett News Service, January 11, p. Lexis
Preston asks an author of the report whether "an emerging virus could wipeout our species." The virologist replies that HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, could do the job, especially if it were to mutate into an airborne diseases like influenza. "There is no reason in principle why HIV couldn’t spread by the respitory route," he notes.

Global climate cooperation solves warming

Burleson 7 – Pace University School of Law, LLM London School of Economics and Political Science, JD University of Connecticut School of Law
(Elizabeth Burleson, "Multilateral Climate Change Mitigation" 41 U.S.F. Law Review 373, January 1 2007, Environmental Law Commons)
The international community can overcome political and economic disparity to achieve climate stabilization. The
AND
of policy instruments. Avoiding catastrophic climate change requires genuine multilateral cooperation immediately. 

Warming is anthropogenic – most comprehensive analysis to date proves

Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis
*Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,
("Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature," Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)
An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public
AND
1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.

There is a low threshold for RUNAWAY warming – newest studies prove

Goldblatt 13 – PhD in Environmental Sciences, Research Associate, Virtual Planetary Laboratory 26 Astronomy Department @ U Washington
(Colin, et al., "Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates," Nature Geoscience 6, 661–667, doi:10.1038/ngeo1892)
Here, we present the most complete study of the runaway greenhouse for 25 years
AND
(with a major component being condensable), and no empirical comparison cases.

Runaway warming tipping points coming soon – must act now to avert extinction

Hamilton 10 – Professor of Public Ethics @ ANU
(Clive Hamilton, Professor of Public Ethics in Australia, 2010, "Requiem for a Species: Why We Resist the Truth About Climate Change," pg. 1-2)
One of the most striking features of the global warming debate has been how,
AND
will be gone and humans will enter a long struggle just to survive.

The risk is existential

Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, "Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it," pg. 122)
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

2

Advantage two – balancing

Space weapons restrictions reverse China-Russia counterbalancing

Englehart 8 – JD, patent litigation attorney practicing in the firm’s Litigation, ITC Litigation and Patent Interferences groups
(Alex, COMMON GROUND IN THE SKY: EXTENDING THE 1967 OUTER SPACE TREATY TO RECONCILE U.S. AND CHINESE SECURITY INTERESTS, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 17.1)
Beyond the Inevitable Direct Harm to Sino-American Relations, the ¶ Deployment of
AND
to negotiate on the space weapons issue would serve ¶ that goal well.

A legally binding agreement is key

Su 10 – Faculty @ Silk Road Institute of International and Comparative Law
(Jinyuan, "Towards an effective and adequately veri?able PPWT," Space Policy, p. 152)
Today the world is already half way down the road to space¶ weaponization,
AND
worsen if ASATs proliferated to more states and¶ non-state actors. 

Russia-China counterbalancing collapses hegemony leads to multiple scenarios for war

Blank 9 – Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College
(Stephen Blank, "Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?," online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub908.pdf)
Consequently, the danger is that this ideological-strategic rivalry will harden, leading
AND
of joint military action in response to a regime crisis in the DPRK.

War over Taiwan goes nuclear

Hunkovic ’09 – Professor at American Military University (Lee, The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America", American Military University, p.54)
A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate
AND
outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study. 

Escalates rapidly—checks will fail

Scobell, Professor of Int’l Affairs, 9 
Dr. Andrew, Professor of International Affairs and Director of the China Certificate Program – Texas A26M University, "Is There a Civil-Military Gap in China’s Peaceful Rise?", Parameters, Summer,http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/09summer/scobell.pdf-http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/09summer/scobell.pdf
The actions suggest a lack of civilian control, although after the fact they have
AND
linking the Pentagon with the Central Military Commission was established in early 2008.
Korean War leads to extinction
Hayes, 2010
(Peter and Michael Hayes Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute and Green, Victoria University, "The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia" google)
The consequences of failing to address the proliferation threat posed by the North Korea developments
AND
threat but a global one that warrants priority consideration from the international community.

Decline cause Nuclear war

Brooks et al 13 - Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College
(Stephen G. Brooks, G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. "Don’t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment", Winter, 37.3)
A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
case would generate intensely competitive behavior, possibly including regional great power war). 

Plan

The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the President’s authority to introduce weapons into space with the Treaty on Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects.

Solvency

The plan jumpstarts binding international agreements on space weapons

Jaramillo 9 – MA in Global Governance, Program Officer at Project Ploughshares working on the Space Security and Nuclear Disarmament programs
(Cesar, "In Defence of the PPWT Treaty: Toward a Space Weapons Ban," The Ploughshares Monitor, 30.4)
The existing legal regime that tackles the potential weaponization of outer space is outdated,
AND
deserves, so that space can be preserved as a peaceful global commons.

A legally binding and formal restriction is key – it’s trusted, prevents crisis-reversal and solves rollback by future administrations

Mutschler 10 – PhD @ Eberhard-Karls U, Researcher at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Berlin
(Max, "Keeping Space Safe, PRIF-Report No 98, Scholar)
The major arguments in favor of a "rules of the road" approach which
AND
space weapons is better suited to keeping space safe in the long term.

This comprehensive legal regime prevents space arms racing

Tannenwald 4 - Assistant Professor and Director of the International Relations Program, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University
(Nina, Article: Law Versus Power on the High Frontier: The Case for a Rule-Based Regime for Outer Space, 29 Yale J. Int’l L. 363)
The future of peace and security in outer space is at a critical juncture.
AND
preemptive attack that powerful but vulnerable weapons systems seem likely to create. n18

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: UCO BH | Judge: Russell

1

Advantage one – weaponization

Weaponization is coming

Wu 12 – Permanent Representative of China to the Conference on Disarmament
(Haito, "Statement by H.E. Ambassador Wu Haitao, on PAROS," http://www.china-un.ch/eng/hom/t938642.htm)
Firstly, arms race in outer space is posing an immediate security challenge to international
AND
in place to negotiate and conclude new international legal instrument on outer space.

US weaponization leads to arms racing – spills over to nuclear warfare

Tannenwald 4 - Assistant Professor and Director of the International Relations Program, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University
(Nina, Article: Law Versus Power on the High Frontier: The Case for a Rule-Based Regime for Outer Space, 29 Yale J. Int’l L. 363)
A more elaborated legal regime would be aimed at preventing destabilizing conflicts over the use
AND
-tech arms race and renew emphasis on doctrines of nuclear warfare. n25

Space wars escalate to nuclear war

Englehart 8 – JD, patent litigation attorney practicing in the firm’s Litigation, ITC Litigation and Patent Interferences groups
(Alex, COMMON GROUND IN THE SKY: EXTENDING THE 1967 OUTER SPACE TREATY TO RECONCILE U.S. AND CHINESE SECURITY INTERESTS, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 17.1)
An Effective U.S. Space Weapons Deployment Would Neutralize the ¶ Effectiveness of
AND
order to avoid ¶ the total collapse of its strategic nuclear deterrent.64

====The rejection of legal regimes to prevent weaponization is based upon American Exceptionalism – Space militarization reproduces settler/frontier logic and produces Otherization only cooperative approaches can solve====
Grondin ’9
(David, assistant professor in International Relations and American Studies at the School of Political Studies of the University of Ottawa "The (power) politics of Space: The US astropolitical discourse of global dominance in the War on Terror" in Securing Outer Space ed. by Natalie Bormann and Michael Sheehan, pgs. 125-126)
Space was seen as a sanctuary during the Cold War. But taking the context
AND
also represents the height of this folly" (Huntley 2005: 83).

The impact is massive global violence - US legal exceptionalism produces the illusion of the US as immortal and at the end of history - this fiction can only be upheld by globally reducing the life expectancy of all those others who refuse our way of life

Peterson ’7
(Christopher, Lecturer @ University of Western Sidney, Kindred Specters: Death, Mourning, and American Affinity, pgs. 3-8)
While this study accords with the claim that American culture disavows mortality, 1 do
AND
may be attained only as an exception" (67, his emphasis).

2

Warming is anthropogenic – most comprehensive analysis to date proves

Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis
*Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,
("Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature," Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)
An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public
AND
1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.

There is a low threshold for RUNAWAY warming – newest studies prove

Goldblatt 13 – PhD in Environmental Sciences, Research Associate, Virtual Planetary Laboratory 26 Astronomy Department @ U Washington
(Colin, et al., "Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates," Nature Geoscience 6, 661–667, doi:10.1038/ngeo1892)
Here, we present the most complete study of the runaway greenhouse for 25 years
AND
(with a major component being condensable), and no empirical comparison cases.

Runaway warming tipping points coming soon – must act now to avert extinction

Hamilton 10 – Professor of Public Ethics @ ANU
(Clive Hamilton, Professor of Public Ethics in Australia, 2010, "Requiem for a Species: Why We Resist the Truth About Climate Change," pg. 1-2)
One of the most striking features of the global warming debate has been how,
AND
will be gone and humans will enter a long struggle just to survive.

The risk is existential

Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, "Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it," pg. 122)
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

We will isolate a few scenarios: First is Ocean Acidification

Warming causes it

Hance 12
Jeremy Hance¶ mongabay.com    2,600 scientists: climate change killing the world’s coral reefs¶ ¶ July 10, 2012¶ http://news.mongabay.com/2012/0710-hance-coral-reefs-climate-statment.html
In an unprecedented show of concern, 2,600 (and rising) of
AND
the world to act on climate change—but it is closing rapidly." 

Extinction

Romm 2009
 (Joe, a Fellow at American Progress and is the editor of Climate Progress, which New York Times columnist Tom Friedman called "the indispensable blog" and Time magazine named one of the 25 "Best Blogs of 2010.? In 2009, Rolling Stone put Romm ~2388 on its list of 100 "people who are reinventing America." Time named him a "Hero of the Environment? and "The Web’s most influential climate-change blogger." Romm was acting assistant secretary of energy for energy efficiency and renewable energy in 1997, where he oversaw 241 billion in R26D, demonstration, and deployment of low-carbon technology. He is a Senior Fellow at American Progress and holds a Ph.D. in physics from MIT, "Imagine a World without Fish: Deadly ocean acidification — hard to deny, harder to geo-engineer, but not hard to stop — is subject of documentary ," http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2009/09/02/204589/a-sea-change-imagine-a-world-without-fish-ocean-acidification-film/,)
Global warming is "capable of wrecking the marine ecosystem and depriving future generations of
AND
that life "" the time to start slashing carbon dioxide emissions is now.

Second is hydrogen sulfide poisoning 

Warming induces hydrogen sulfide poisoning. This destroys the ozone and causes extinction.

Ward 2010 
(Peter, PhD, professor of Biology and Earth and Space Sciences at the University of Washington, paleontologist and NASA astrobiologist, Fellow at the California Academy of Sciences, The Flooded Earth: Our Future in a World Without Ice Caps, June 29, 2010,)
In the rest of this chapter I will support a contention that within several millennia
AND
that a new generation will quickly decide to open their ears and listen.

US plans to weaponize space leads to diplomatic backlash – undercut multilateral burden-sharing

Brown 9 – PhD @ Auburn
(Trevor, "Soft Power and Space Weaponization" Air 26 Space power Journal Volume 23 No 1, Spring, pg. 67)
The United States has plans to weaponize space and is already deploying missile-defense
AND
difficult politically for the Air Force to make plans to offer such protection.

Space weapons backlash spills over

Marshall 5 – PhD, Former Research Fellow, International Security Program @ Belfer Center
(William, et al, "Space weapons: the urgent debate," ISYP Journal on Science and World Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1)
On the other hand, a range of short term disadvantages are possible, 1
AND
view that any weapon in outer space violates the spirit of that Treaty.

space backlash collapses climate

Moore 8 – Research Fellow @ TII, articles have appeared in the Brown Journal of World Affairs, Foreign Service Journal, Yes21 A Journal of Positive Futures, and The SAIS Review and International Affairs.
(Mike, "Twilight War: The Folly of U.S. Space Dominance," Carnegie Council)
Now, there is another moral issue. We are triggering a new arms race
AND
have? Nations need to work together in order to solve these problems.

Global climate cooperation solves warming

Burleson 7 – Pace University School of Law, LLM London School of Economics and Political Science, JD University of Connecticut School of Law
(Elizabeth Burleson, "Multilateral Climate Change Mitigation" 41 U.S.F. Law Review 373, January 1 2007, Environmental Law Commons)
The international community can overcome political and economic disparity to achieve climate stabilization. The
AND
of policy instruments. Avoiding catastrophic climate change requires genuine multilateral cooperation immediately. 

====failure of preventative action and predictions drives structural violence and inequality, only actions that act to preserve future generations can resolve power relations====
Kurasawa’4,
(Fuyuki, Assistant Prof. of Sociology @ York University, Cautionary Tales, Constellations Vol. 11, No. 4, Blackwell Synergy)

In the previous section, I described how the capacity to produce, disseminate,
AND
the basis of which civic associations can enact the work of preventive foresight. 

Plan

The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the President’s authority to introduce weapons into space with the Treaty on Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects.

Solvency

The plan jumpstarts binding international agreements on space weapons

Jaramillo 9 – MA in Global Governance, Program Officer at Project Ploughshares working on the Space Security and Nuclear Disarmament programs
(Cesar, "In Defence of the PPWT Treaty: Toward a Space Weapons Ban," The Ploughshares Monitor, 30.4)
The existing legal regime that tackles the potential weaponization of outer space is outdated,
AND
deserves, so that space can be preserved as a peaceful global commons.

A legally binding and formal restriction is key – it’s trusted, prevents crisis-reversal and solves rollback by future administrations

Mutschler 10 – PhD @ Eberhard-Karls U, Researcher at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Berlin
(Max, "Keeping Space Safe, PRIF-Report No 98, Scholar)
The major arguments in favor of a "rules of the road" approach which
AND
space weapons is better suited to keeping space safe in the long term.

This comprehensive legal regime prevents space arms racing

Tannenwald 4 - Assistant Professor and Director of the International Relations Program, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University
(Nina, Article: Law Versus Power on the High Frontier: The Case for a Rule-Based Regime for Outer Space, 29 Yale J. Int’l L. 363)
The future of peace and security in outer space is at a critical juncture.
AND
preemptive attack that powerful but vulnerable weapons systems seem likely to create. n18