Tournament: UCO | Round: Finals | Opponent: Oklahoma LeW | Judge: Fifelski, Moore, Allsup

Obama is judiciously using drones now

Bowden 13 – Professor @ U of Delaware
Mark, national correspondent for The Atlantic, graduate of Loyola University Maryland, where he also taught from 2001-2010. A reporter and columnist for The Philadelphia Inquirer for more than 30 years, Bowden is now an adjunct professor at The University of Delaware, the atlantic, "The Killing Machines" http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/09/the-killing-machines-how-to-think-about-drones/309434/3/-http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/09/the-killing-machines-how-to-think-about-drones/309434/3/)
How should we feel about drones? Like any wartime innovation, going back to
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a lot of people happy, but a lot of other people mad.

Drone operators are not distanced emotionally from the battlefield and alternative means are more distancing

Blank 12 - Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic
(Laurie, Emory University School of Law, University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, 33 U. Pa. J. Int’l L. 675"AFTER "TOP GUN": HOW DRONE STRIKES IMPACT THE LAW OF WAR" lexis)
In all three areas - distinction, proportionality, and precautions - drones’ unique and
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the attacker in fulfilling the obligations of distinction, proportionality, and precautions.

There is no drone distancing – pilots are closely connected to victims and suffer psychologically because of attacks

Atherton 13 -
(Kelsey, "Piloting A Drone Is Hell," http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2013-08/psychological-toll-drone-warfare)
The cover story for the Atlantic’s September issue reveals a surprising truth: drone warfare
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the notion that the carnage he now sees up close is emotionally crippling.

Drones create a beneficial shift in our cultural view of war – war is no longer lionized and made heroic – this shift restrains violence by making harm done to our enemies presumptively unjustifiable and therefore only acceptable in truly exceptional circumstances

Kiel Brennan-Marquez 13, visiting Human Rights Fellow at Yale Law School, 5/24/13, "A Progressive Defense of Drones," http://www.salon.com/2013/05/24/a_progressive_defense_of_drones/
In Thursday’s speech before the National Defense University, President Obama reflected on the concerns
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grade. It’s an argument of last resort, defensive rather than triumphant.

Drones don’t lower the threshold for war because decisions to intervene aren’t driven by technological capabilities

Michael Aaronson 13, Professorial Research Fellow and Executive Director of cii – the Centre for International Intervention – at the University of Surrey, and Adrian Johnson, Director of Publications at RUSI, the book reviews editor for the RUSI Journal, and chair of the RUSI Editorial Board, "Conclusion," in Hitting the Target?: How New Capabilities are Shaping International Intervention, ed. Aaronson 26 Johnson, http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/Hitting_the_Target.pdf
Another, more general, criticism of drones is that, by offering the absence
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case of Cameron, much against the counsel of his own military.10

The alternatives are worse:

FIRST – battlefield pressures – ground invasion makes soldiers more likely to commit unethical actions and demonize the enemy—-removal from the field of battle causes ethical decision-making and restraint

Holmes 13 – Professor of Law @ NYU
(Stephen, "What’s in it for Obama?," The London Review of Books, http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n14/stephen-holmes/whats-in-it-for-obama-http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n14/stephen-holmes/whats-in-it-for-obama)
But Obama can make an even subtler case for drones. Well-meaning but
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responsibilities that US forces are poorly equipped to assume. Drone warfare is smart because, while helping dismantle terrorist organisations and disrupt terrorist plots, it involves less commitment on the American side, and is therefore much less likely to escalate out of control.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 5 | Opponent: Trinity DT | Judge: David Cram Helwich

The United States Senate should prohibit the executive from using appropriated funds, notwithstanding any other provision of law, for preemptive cyber strikes.

The CP is a red light, not a restriction.  Solves better because of clarity and enforceability – the aff is ignored

—-also, the any statutes must be bicameral and presented to the president, which is another competition argument
Raven-Hansen 94 – Professor of Law @ UVA
(Peter and William Banks, "PULLING THE PURSE STRINGS OF THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF," 80 Va. L. Rev. 833, Lexis)
The foregoing rules of narrow construction are general rules that do not apply with equal
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were originally conceived as the ultimate check on executive national security practices. 119

The counterplan is legal and distinct

—-the permutation to use a statutory appropriations restriction is unconstitutional under INS vs. Chadha
GAO 84 – Government Accountability Office
("B-196854.3," http://redbook.gao.gov/14/fl0068182.php)
Analysis of impact of legislative veto prohibition in INS v. Chadha,  U
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accommodations retain a measure of congressional control which we think is constitutionally permissible.

Avoids politics

Elsea 13 – JD, Legislative Attorney
(Jennifer et al, Legislative Attorney, "Congressional Authority to Limit Military Operations", 2/19/13, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R41989.pdf)
As a procedural matter, it is more difficult for Congress to statutorily require the
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other positive legislation, such a measure would be subject to presidential veto.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 2 | Opponent: MoState HM | Judge: Justin Stanley

The United States federal government should provide traditional Article III courts exclusive jurisdiction over the United States’ indefinite detention policy and ensure that sufficient resources are available for training, preparation and trial.

Criminal trials solve better, and NSCs devastate rule of law and due process

—-traditional processes are effective – over 150 previous terror trials in the criminal system prove
—-sending suspected terrorists to a different system pre-supposes guilt which undercuts due process
—-NSCs will use relaxed procedural and evidentiary rules, prevents due process
Beech 8 – JD @ Washington Metro Area, Program Coordinator of the following report
(Tara, "A CRITIQUE OF "NATIONAL SECURITY COURTS"," Constitution Project Staff, http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/Critique_of_the_National_Security_Courts_Updated_Signers1.pdf)
Recently, some scholars and government officials have called for the creation of "national
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be the basis for abandoning these fundamental tenets of justice and ¶ fairness.

More funding overcomes logistical barriers

Inderfurth 9
Ashley Inderfurth and Wayne Massey, American Bar Association Standing Committee on Law and National Security, Due Process and Terrorism Series, Trying Terrorists in Article III Courts, Challenges and Lessons Learned, A Post-Workshop Report July 2009
In addition to evidentiary challenges, terrorism trials conducted in Article III courts pose a
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practical challenges posed by terrorism trials could be handled in Article III courts.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 8 | Opponent: Iowa CS | Judge: David Heidt

Both houses of the Congress should jointly coordinate a concurrent resolution stating that the offensive use of combat drones constitutes an introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities.

A concurrent resolution solves and avoids presentment

Ackerman and Hathaway 11 – *Professor of Law and Political Science @ Yale, Professor of International Law @ Yale
(Bruce and Oona, "Limiting War and the Constitution, Michigan Law Review, vol 109, Lexis)
We have begun by discussing the classic ways in which the House and ¶ Senate
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power to rein in presidential bait-and switches in waging limited war. 

The counterplan competes – it’s non-statutory

Lexis 13
(Training 26 Resources, http://law.lexisnexis.com/infopro/Monthly-Tips-from-Customer-Support/Federal-Budget-Documents-511)
Using the President’s budget request and CBO’s reports, both the House Budget Committee and
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be located in the source: Congressional Full Text Bills - Current Congress.

Doesn’t link to politics – avoids presentment because it’s legally not legislation

Hale 90 - United States Under Secretary of Defense and former Assistant Secretary of the Air Force
(Robert F, "The U.S. Army in a New Security Era," p. 52)
First, Congress establishes a three-year budget plan in what is known as
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is not legislation, it does not require the signature of the President.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Ralph Paone

The United States Congress should substantially restrict the President’s war powers authority to assert, on behalf of the United States, immunity from judicial review by establishing a cause of action allowing civil suits brought against the United States by those unlawfully injured by targeted killing operations, their heirs, or their estates in security cleared legal proceedings.

~include text re executive creating internal decision-making process from self-restraint~

Comparative evidence – the counterplan solves the case

Jaffer 13 
Jameel Jaffer, Director of the ACLU’s Center for Democracy, "Judicial Review of Targeted Killings," 4/13/13, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/126/april13/forum_1002.php
Second, judicial engagement with the targeted killing program does not actually require the establishment
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judiciary to do what the Constitution already empowers and obliges it to do.

an executive process is sufficient to solve the case AND group think fears – its his recommendation

Johnson, former Pentagon general counsel, 3-18-13
~Jeh Charles, "Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A "Drone Court": Some Pros and Cons" http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/-http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/, accessed 9-3-13, TAP~
Third, the President can and should institutionalize his own process, internal to the
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the Senate delays the confirmation of a presidential nominee for a lot less.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 5 | Opponent: Trinity DT | Judge: David Cram Helwich

The United States Congress should ban the authorization of preemptive cyber strikes by the president except against Iran.

Air strikes would solve

McInerey 6
Thomas. Lt. Gen. served as assistant vice chief of staff of the United States Air Force. 4/24/6. The Weekly Standard. "Target: Iran." Lexis.
What would an effective military response look like? It would consist of a powerful
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would allow the initial attacks to be completed in 36 to 48 hours.

air strikes against iran solve global nuclear war

Denenberg 2k7 (Herb, professor @ the Wharton school, biz school @ UPenn, June 1, pg. http://www.thebulletin.us/site/news.cfm?newsid=1841405026BRD=273726PAG=46126dept_id=57636126rfi=6)
Strange as it may seem to those who are infected with the disease of negotiate
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intend to do that, so as to impose Islamofascism on the world.

Even if strikes don’t destroy all the facilities, they can destroy the infrastructure, which halts production and causes moderation

Doron 7
Daniel. president of the Israel Center for Social and Economic Progress. 2/1/7. Weekley Standard. " Yes, Iran Can Be Stopped." Lexis.
But it is not really necessary to destroy the Iranian program down to the last
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may be more than enough to return the Iranian leadership to its senses.

Tournament: UCO | Round: Quarters | Opponent: UTSA CM | Judge: Bunas, Fifelski, Weitz

The term "Latinidad" is steeped in the very coloniality they wish to fight, use of the term privileges European white heritage. The Affirmative’s embrace of the world renders those who were colonized invisible and subject to the violence of exclusion. Turns the Aff

Demuro 12
Eugina, Demura ¶ PhD Language Studies. Visiting Fellow, School of Language Studies, College of Arts and Social ¶ Sciences, Australian National University ¶ Examining ’Latinidad’ in Latin America: Race, ’Latinidad’ ¶ and the Decolonial Option ¶ Volume 8, Number 2, 2012 http://www.acrawsa.org.au/files/ejournalfiles/187Demurofinalversion.pdf

Following the conquest and colonisation of the Americas, the concept of race, as
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in the distribution of wealth and resources across the region and the globe…

The Alternative is to reject their embrace of the term "Latinidad" and instead engage in the aff act of reclamation by asserting the invention of categories of "Latinidad" and "Latin America"

The Term "Latinidad" perpetuates the narrative of the Discovery and Conquest of what is known as the "Americas" In order to engage in the act of reclaimation against coloniality we must instead assert narrative of the Invention of the both "Latinidad" and "Latin America"

Demuro 12
Eugina, Demura ¶ PhD Language Studies. Visiting Fellow, School of Language Studies, College of Arts and Social ¶ Sciences, Australian National University ¶ Examining ’Latinidad’ in Latin America: Race, ’Latinidad’ ¶ and the Decolonial Option ¶ Volume 8, Number 2, 2012 http://www.acrawsa.org.au/files/ejournalfiles/187Demurofinalversion.pdf

In order to extricate ourselves from coloniality, it is imperative that our ¶ understanding
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order. In other words, they reify the power  relations of coloniality.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Ralph Paone

The National Defense Panel should include a recommendation in the Quadrennial Defense Review that a limited ex ante judicial review process for targeted killing by drones should be established.

The counterplan competes – it’s not topical and only fiats the executive branch.

The panel shapes DoD policy and leads to Congressional action

Brimley 13 - Vice President and Director of Studies at the Center for a New American Security, served as Special Advisor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy at the Pentagon from 2009 to 2011
(Shawn, "The Next QDR Is the Last Chance for Sanity," http://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2013/07/next-qdr-last-chance-sanity/66629/)
Enter the congressionally appointed National Defense Panel, charged with providing an outside assessment of
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War. It will close within a year. Time to get moving.

The QDR shapes norms and restricts drones

Miller 13 - studies Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania, recently interned for the Transnational Threats Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C.
(Jack, "Defining the Strategic Utility of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles," Fletcher Forum, http://www.fletcherforum.org/2013/09/02/miller-2/)
A hot topic of discussion in the upcoming Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR)—the
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weapon system that will likely become a platform of choice in future warfare.

Sequencing avoids politics – starting with the brass shapes Congressional and Presidential policy

—-2010 QDR was the foundation of the Asia Pivot
Eaglen 12 - M.A., School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University
(Mackenzie, "America needs a permanent independent panel to stress test the Pentagon’s QDR strategy," http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/defense/america-needs-a-permanent-independent-panel-to-stress-test-the-pentagons-qdr-strategy/)
But Congress has not forgotten its original intent, even if the Pentagon has,
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a good place to start. Otherwise, it may be the last.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard BN | Judge: Austin Woodruff
Ciera and I advocate the reduction of prisons to ONLY persons convicted of sexual offenses against children.
This is a radical departure from the status quo that recognizes in some instances continued incarceration is necessary to prevent much greater harm.
The counterplan competes – it’s not abolition:
AHD 13
(American Heritage, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/abolition)
Abolition: The act of doing away with or the state of being done away with; annulment.
Here is our solvency advocate – Prisons are insidious but abolition is a dangerous strategy – prisons should be limited, not abolished
Thiessen 13 – studying Criminal Justice, Sociology and Psychology at the University of Winnipeg
(Brittany, "My Prison Abolition Opinions," http://crimeandjusticecanada.blogspot.com/p/my-prison-abolition-opinions.html)
In my opinion, there are only a small number of individuals that require incapacitation
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in becoming more hardened criminals with better skills at dishonesty and concealing crimes. 

Most comprehensive studies prove that these criminals will abuse children again once released
Siverts 4— B.A. Law and Society, University of California, Santa Barbara; J.D, Thomas Jefferson School of Law
(Jennifer B., "Punishing Thoughts too Close to Reality: A New Solution to Protect Children from Pedophiles," 27 T. Jefferson L. Rev. 397-9, 2004-2005)
Pedophiles prey on the naivet6 and helplessness of child victims through means unthinkable to many
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public is simply a repetitive cycle which the legislatures and courts must break.

You have a moral obligation to protect children from sex offenders
Huizar 11— Director of National Children’s Alliance
(Teresa, "Suspected Child Abuse: Mandated Reporting or Moral Obligation?," November 16, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/teresa-huizar/suspected-child-abuse-man_b_1092353.html)
Every adult must claim responsibility for protecting children. That begins with learning the signs
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not a replacement for exercising one’s moral responsibility to personally report suspected abuse.

Tournament: UCO | Round: Finals | Opponent: Oklahoma LeW | Judge: Fifelski, Moore, Allsup

Ciera and I affirm that the war powers authority of the President of the United States should be substantially restricted in the area of signature strikes.

Counterplan is a narrower action that solves effective CT

Zenko 13 
(Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies," January, Council Special Report No. 65)
In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared: "Where force
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more likely to use lethal force against the United States and its allies.

Tournament: UT | Round: 4 | Opponent: KState MR | Judge: Sarah Weiner

Text: The U.S. Congress should establish a Drone Review Court to rule on the legality of targeting decisions.

The CP is competitive – the plan restricts all targeted killings which includes special operations raids

Masters 13 – editor @ Council on Foreign Relations
Jonathan, "Targeted Killings" ~http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/01/targeted-killings.html~~ January 23 mtc
According to a U.N. special report on the subject, targeted killings
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. operations are continuing to expand in countries such as Somalia and Yemen.

Special ops key to intel gathering – solves CT

Robinson 13
Linda, "The Downside of Drones" ~http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/10/31/drone-strikes-arent-always-the-most-effective-counterterrorism-measure~~ October 31 mtc
Unlike a manned raid, the drone has no ability to conduct sensitive site exploitation
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minimizing risk to U.S. lives is not a sufficient calculus.

Intelligence key to solve terrorist WMD use

Yoo 4 
John Yoo 4, Emanuel S. Heller Professor of Law @ UC-Berkeley Law, visiting scholar @ the American Enterprise Institute, former Fulbright Distinguished Chair in Law @ the University of Trento, served as a deputy assistant attorney general in the Office of Legal Council at the U.S. Department of Justice between 2001 and 2003, received his J.D. from Yale and his undergraduate degree from Harvard, "War, Responsibility, and the Age of Terrorism," UC-Berkeley Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=101526context=johnyoo
Third, the nature of warfare against such unconventional enemies may well be different from
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, allowing terrorists to disperse and to prevent further interception of their communications.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Louisville BL | Judge: Mikaela Malsin

Obama is shifting from drones to detention

Dillow 13 (Clay, "Obama Set To Reboot Drone Strike Policy And Retool The War On Terror ", 5/23/13, http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2013-05/obama-set-reboot-drone-strike-policy-and-retool-war-terror-http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2013-05/obama-set-reboot-drone-strike-policy-and-retool-war-terror)
These three topics are deeply intertwined, of course. With the drawdown of troops
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to thwart terrorists rather hellfire missile strikes from unseen robots in the sky. 

Restricted detention leads to increased drone use

Chesney 11 (Robert, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law, University of Texas School of Law, "ARTICLE: WHO MAY BE HELD? MILITARY DETENTION THROUGH THE HABEAS LENS", Boston College Law Review, 52 B.C. L. Rev 769, Lexis)
The convergence thesis describes one manner in which law might respond to the cross-
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substantive grounds for detention takes place through the lens of habeas corpus litigation.

Increased drone use sets a precedent that causes South China Sea conflict

Roberts 13 (Kristen, News Editor at National Journal, "When the Whole World Has Drones", 3/22/13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321-http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321)
And that’s a NATO ally seeking the capability to conduct missions that would run afoul
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lead somebody to be subject for an engagement by the United States government."

Extinction

Wittner 11 (Lawrence S., Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, Wittner is the author of eight books, the editor or co-editor of another four, and the author of over 250 published articles and book reviews. From 1984 to 1987, he edited Peace 26 Change, a journal of peace research., 11/28/2011, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", www.huntingtonnews.net/14446-http://www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)
The gathering tension between the United States and China is clear enough. Disturbed by
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—destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 2 | Opponent: MoState HM | Judge: Justin Stanley

CIR will pass – Obama’s PC pressures Boehner to allow a vote

Sullivan 10/24
Sean, Reporter, Washington Post, "John Boehner’s next big test: Immigration", http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/10/24/john-boehners-next-big-test-immigration-reform/?tid=pm_politics_pop
The policy imperative already exists for some House Republicans — perhaps enough of them that
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off the "maybe it will still get done" list just yet.

Plan’s unpopular—seen as harming war on terror

McAuliff 6/15
(Michael, covers Congress and politics for The Huffington Post, "Indefinite Detention Of Americans Survives House Vote," June 15, 2013, http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article35289.htm)
June 15, 2013 "Information Clearing House - WASHINGTON — The U.S
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to the Untied States and recruit terrorists on U.S. soil."

Reform key to competitiveness and growth

Trujillo and Melgoza 13
Mr. Trujillo is chairman of the Trujillo Group, LLC and co-chairman of the Latino Donor Collaborative. Mr. Melgoza is the CEO of Geoscape International Inc. The Economic—and Demographic—Case for Immigration Reform, 2/21/13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323951904578290471589119346.html?mod=googlenews_wsj
Since the November election, there has been much talk in Washington and on the
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a coherent and enforceable immigration policy is in place and here to stay.

Nuclear war

Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8  
Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, "The Dangers of a Diminished America" http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world’s financial architecture
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of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard HX | Judge: Mikaela Malsin

Immigration will pass – Obama PC is key

Lopez 1/1
Oscar, Latin Times, New Year 2014: 4 Reasons Immigration Reform Will Pass In 2014, 1/1/14, http://www.latintimes.com/new-year-2014-4-reasons-immigration-reform-will-pass-2014-141778
4. Leadership: As immigration reform comes to the fore, party leaders will
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, comprehensive legislation is one thing we can be sure of in 2014.

Two links – First Obama will fight the plan with a veto

Ackerman and Hathaway 11 – *Professor of Law and Political Science @ Yale, Professor of International Law @ Yale
(Bruce and Oona, "Limiting War and the Constitution, Michigan Law Review, vol 109, Lexis)
Finally, there is the statutory approach. Putting the rules on the statute ¶
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or Senate (or both) without the need for presidential ¶ approval. 

Second – he’ll fight the plan with signing statements

Mork 6 – JD @ MSU
(Steven, "DISAPPROVING SIGNING STATEMENTS AND THE PRESENTMENT CLAUSE: WHEN WORDS SHOULD SPEAK LOUDER THAN ACTIONS," http://www.law.msu.edu/king/2006/2006_Mork.pdf)
The current and conventional approach of the federal judiciary is to view a
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lies sleeping for use at any time and, hence, remains a sleeping controversy.

This causes widespread Congressional backlash

Dean 6 – JD, Former Counsel to the President
(John, "The Problem with Presidential Signing Statements: Their Use and Misuse by the Bush Administration," http://writ.lp.findlaw.com/dean/20060113.html)
But like steroids, signing statements ultimately lead to serious trouble.¶ Relying On Command
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/Cheney administration will wish it had not issued all those signing statements.

Reform key to competitiveness and growth

Trujillo and Melgoza 13
Mr. Trujillo is chairman of the Trujillo Group, LLC and co-chairman of the Latino Donor Collaborative. Mr. Melgoza is the CEO of Geoscape International Inc. The Economic—and Demographic—Case for Immigration Reform, 2/21/13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323951904578290471589119346.html?mod=googlenews_wsj
Since the November election, there has been much talk in
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that a coherent and enforceable immigration policy is in place and here to stay.

Nuclear war

Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8  
Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, "The Dangers of a Diminished America" http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the
AND
countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Ralph Paone

Obama’s Syria move signals maximized executive war powers

Posner 9/3
Eric, professor at the University of Chicago Law School, Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier, Slate, 9/3/13, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html
President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will ask Congress for approval of a military attack
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car." This is hardball politics, not a rediscovery of legal values.

Ex ante review undermines presidential flexibility in fighting terrorism

Vladeck 13 
Written Testimony of Stephen I. Vladeck ¶ Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship, ¶ American University Washington College of Law "DRONES AND THE WAR ON TERROR:¶ WHEN CAN THE U.S. TARGET ALLEGED AMERICAN TERRORISTS OVERSEAS?"¶ Hearing Before the House Committee on the Judiciary¶ Wednesday, February 27, 2013 http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Vladeck-02272013.pdf
In my view, the adversity issue is the deepest legal flaw in "drone
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imagine that it would produce wise, just, or remotely reliable decisions.

Nuclear war

Kagan and O’Hanlon 07 
Frederick and Michael, resident scholar at AEI and senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, The Case for Larger Ground Forces, April, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf
We live at a time when wars not only rage¶ in nearly every region
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missions such as the ones now under¶ way in Iraq and Afghanistan.

1nc

Obama is using PC – needs it to sustain a veto on Iran sanctions – top of the agenda

Lobe 12/27
Jim, reporter for Inter Press Service, "Iran sanctions bill: Big test of Israel lobby power," 12/27/13, http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article26cat=World26article=8046
This week’s introduction by a bipartisan group of 26 senators of a new sanctions bill
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who controls the upper chamber’s calendar, to forestall any new sanctions legislation.

Obama will win the fight – failure undermines negotiations and leads to Middle East war

Merry 1/1
Robert W. Merry, political editor of the National Interest, is the author of books on American history and foreign policy, "Obama may buck the Israel lobby on Iran," Washington Times, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/31/merry-obama-may-buck-the-israel-lobby-on-iran/
Presidential press secretary Jay Carney uttered 10 words the other day that represent a major
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seen as being not quite what it has been cracked up to be.

Congressional agenda-setting in war powers tanks Obama’s agenda

Kriner 10 - Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University
(Douglas, "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War," p. 67-69)
Raising or Lowering Political Costs by Affecting Presidential Political Capital
Shaping both real and anticipated public opinion are two important ways in which Congress can
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insufficient to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena

Successful deal key to prevent war with Iran

Shank and Gould 9/12 
Michael Shank, Ph.D., is director of foreign policy at the Friends Committee on National Legislation. Kate Gould is legislative associate for Middle East policy at FCNL, No Iran deal, but significant progress in Geneva, 9/12/13, http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/cause-conflict-conclusion/2013/nov/12/no-iran-deal-significant-progress-geneva/
Congress should welcome, not stubbornly dismiss, diplomatic efforts to finalize the interim accord
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Iran’s enrichment program as well as Congress’s obstructionism to a peaceful path forward.

US-Iran war causes global nuclear war and collapses the global economy

Avery 11/6 
John Scales, Lektor Emeritus, Associate Professor, at the Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, since 1990 he has been the Contact Person in Denmark for Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, An Attack On Iran Could Escalate Into Global Nuclear War, 11/6/13, http://www.countercurrents.org/avery061113.htm
Despite the willingness of Iran’s new President, Hassan Rouhani to make all reasonable concessions
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and future of all the peoples of the world, US citizens included.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 8 | Opponent: Iowa CS | Judge: David Heidt

A deal to stall Iran’s nuclear program is coming – Obama will hold off Senate sanctions now – key to prevent Iran prolif

Landler and Sanger 11/14 
Mark and David, New York Times, Obama Calls for Patience in Iran Talks, 11/14/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/15/us/politics/obama-iran.html?_r=0
President Obama made a vigorous appeal to Congress on Thursday to give breathing space to
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will, just like the European Union and the United States have done."

Two links – First Obama will fight the plan with a veto

Ackerman and Hathaway 11 – *Professor of Law and Political Science @ Yale, Professor of International Law @ Yale
(Bruce and Oona, "Limiting War and the Constitution, Michigan Law Review, vol 109, Lexis)
Finally, there is the statutory approach. Putting the rules on the statute ¶
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or Senate (or both) without the need for presidential ¶ approval. 

Second – he’ll fight the plan with signing statements

Mork 6 – JD @ MSU
(Steven, "DISAPPROVING SIGNING STATEMENTS AND THE PRESENTMENT CLAUSE: WHEN WORDS SHOULD SPEAK LOUDER THAN ACTIONS," http://www.law.msu.edu/king/2006/2006_Mork.pdf)
The current and conventional approach of the federal judiciary is to view a ¶ President’s
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for use at any time and, hence, remains a sleeping controversy.

This causes widespread Congressional backlash

Dean 6 – JD, Former Counsel to the President
(John, "The Problem with Presidential Signing Statements: Their Use and Misuse by the Bush Administration," http://writ.lp.findlaw.com/dean/20060113.html)
But like steroids, signing statements ultimately lead to serious trouble.¶ Relying On Command
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/Cheney administration will wish it had not issued all those signing statements.

Obama capital key – prevents deal collapses that causes war – deal independently solves Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, proliferation, and terrorism

Hamilton 11/15
Lee H. Hamilton, Director, Center on Congress at Indiana University, "Iran Nuclear Talks Are Bound to Get Tougher," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lee-h-hamilton/iran-nuclear-talks-are-bo_b_4269412.html
Going into last week’s Geneva talks, Iran signaled a willingness to accept the outlines
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just a few weeks ago, when hopes and expectations were so high.

Nuclear war

Kam 7
Ephraim, A Nuclear Iran, Deputy Head @ Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, http://www.tau.ac.il/jcss/memoranda/memo88.pdf
The statements by Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad about wiping Israel off the map are not
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and channels for dialogue capable of reducing the risk do not yet exist.

Tournament: UT | Round: 4 | Opponent: KState MR | Judge: Sarah Weiner

Obama is pushing hard for TPA and it will pass

Bender 2/5 
Michael, Bloomberg, Obama Wines House Democrats, Digs in on Trade, 2/5/14, http://go.bloomberg.com/political-capital/2014-02-05/obama-wines-house-dems-digs-in-on-trade/
President Barack Obama was "adamant" in his push for Congress to speed approval
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I am to talk to you about any possible thing we can do."

That creates a bipartisan coalition for passage – key to US leadership and economic growth

Business Times Singapore 1/23 
Chance for Obama to push trade agenda, 1/23/14, Lexis.
AS US President Barack Obama prepares to deliver his sixth State of the Union address
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presidency, but also strengthen US global leadership and boost the world economy.

Congressional agenda-setting in war powers tanks Obama’s agenda

Kriner 10 - Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University
(Douglas, "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War," p. 67-69)
Raising or Lowering Political Costs by Affecting Presidential Political Capital
Shaping both real and anticipated public opinion are two important ways in which Congress can
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insufficient to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena

Losses prevent Democratic coalitions

Loomis 7 
Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at Georgetown University, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy", March 2, 2007, pg 36-37, http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php
Declining political authority encourages defection. American political analyst Norman Ornstein writes of the domestic
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affects the character of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic. 

Nuclear war

Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8  
Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, "The Dangers of a Diminished America" http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world’s financial architecture
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of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.

Tournament: ESU | Round: 2 | Opponent: KState JK | Judge: Fifelski

Unique link—terrorism is at bay now—decreased war powers emboldens it

The Straits Times 13
The Straits Times (Singapore) June 1, 2013 No closure yet to war on terror http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic/
PRESIDENT Barack Obama has not declared American victory in the arduous campaign against terrorism,
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to severely curtail war powers it granted the President after 9/11.¶

Try or die for targeted killing – key to solve the war on terror and prevent extinction – any alternative approach is worse and guarantees escalation

Beres 11 – political science professor @ Purdue
Louis Rene Beres 11, Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue, 2011, "After Osama bin Laden: Assassination, Terrorism, War, and International Law," Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 44 Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 93 mtc
¶  E ven after the U.S. assassination of Osama bin Laden,
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, it could be followed, in certain circumstances, by unconventional attacks.

High risk of nuclear terrorism – feasible and it escalates

Dvorkin 12 – senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy
Vladimir Z. Dvorkin 12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html mtc
Nuclear Terrorism as a Destabilizing Factor¶ Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been
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a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Extinction – equivalent to a full scale nuclear war

Toon 7 
Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, "Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism," online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers,
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should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.

Tournament: UCO | Round: Semis | Opponent: KState SS | Judge: Hagney, Stanley, Russell

Obama’s Syria move signals maximized executive war powers

Posner 9/3
Eric, professor at the University of Chicago Law School, Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier, Slate, 9/3/13, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html
President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will ask Congress for approval of a military attack
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car." This is hardball politics, not a rediscovery of legal values.

Restraints undermine the speed of response and presidential flexibility

Posner and Vermeule 7 
Eric, Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, and Adrian, professor at Harvard Law School, Terror in the Balance: Security, Liberty, and the Courts p. 170
A requirement of ex post statutory authorization thus seems more plausible than the ex ante
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abuse is a cost that Congress and voters have been willing to bear.

Nuclear war

Kagan and O’Hanlon 07 
Frederick and Michael, resident scholar at AEI and senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, The Case for Larger Ground Forces, April, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf
We live at a time when wars not only rage¶ in nearly every region
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missions such as the ones now under¶ way in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 3 | Opponent: UTD MV | Judge: James Taylor

Every time they use the term "women" to denote a common identity they have turned the case. "Women" is not a stable signifier-their reading of "women’s material bodies" slaps an identity onto bodies and overdetermines the experience of individual bodies with labels, eliminating subjective experience. They will say Schwab is an answer in the 2AC, but the reliance upon difference is the link.

Butler ’90
 (Gender Trouble, pg. 3)
Apart from the foundationalist fictions that support the notion of the subject, however,
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the political and cultural intersections in which it is invariably produced and maintained.

Their treatment of males as equivalent to men, the oppressor, is an act of division that forecloses all other options besides dialectical reversal. This is a "with us or against us" approach to biological sex that eviscerates those whose identity is caught somewhere in between. 
Azaldua in ’99 ~Borderlands/La Frontera, pg 80~
Lumping the males who deviate from the general norm with man, the oppressor,
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intricately woven together, and that we are spawned out of similar souls. 

The aff normalizes gender- the aff utilize the construction of gender that allows people to leverage biology to oppress others. They might mean well, but they are actually doing more harm than good. Voting for them will decrease meaningful female participation in the debate community.

Gosine, ’2 
Kevin Gosine, Brock University Sociologist, Essentialism Versus Complexity: Conceptions of Racial Identity Construction in Educational Scholarship, CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 27, 1 (2002): 81–100, http://www.csse.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE27-1/CJE27-1-06Gosine.pdf.
Researchers might consider employing postmodern perspectives to highlight the various ways individuals negotiate, engage
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, ambivalence, and rupture exposes the unstable and fluid nature of collective identities

We must reject imposition of hegemonic identity categories- we cannot ask anyone to sacrifice one part of their identity to maintain another- anything else is an act of psychic violence.

Bartel, ’8
~Johannes Bartel, "Hybridity as a "Narrative of Liberation" in Trevor D. Rhone’s Old Story Time," as peers, issue 1, 2008, http://www.aspeers.com/2008/barthel?fulltext~~
Zapf takes the deconstructive element as the particular strength of Bhabha’s concept, which becomes
AND
the simple one-way power structure in the colonial situation (118).

Tournament: UCO | Round: 5 | Opponent: Trinity DT | Judge: David Cram Helwich

The 1AC undermines the quality of debate on cyber-offenses and "cyber-warfare"—there is a positive correlation between the rhetoric of the 1AC and the public’s misunderstanding about the risks and impact of cyber-offenses.  This undermines the ability of the public sphere to check fear-mongering and educate itself about the realities of cyber-threats.

Rid 13
Thomas, Reader in War Studies at Kings College London, Cyber War Will Not Take Place, Oxford UP, pgs. vii-ix
The threat of cyber war has captured the popular imagination. Hollywood was quick to
AND
deserves better thought-out and executed policies and legislation on cyber security.

cybersecurity threat construction justifies massive expansion of the military-industrial complex

Greenwald 13
(Glenn, journalist, political commentator, lawyer, columnist, blogger, and author, "Pentagon’s new massive expansion of ’cyber-security’ unit is about everything except defense", 28 January 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/series/glenn-greenwald-security-liberty)

As always, it is not just political power but also private-sector profit
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the last six decades to entrench and enrich itself based on pure pretext.

This is an IMPACT TURN to the affirmative – they uniquely undermine the ability for movements to organize and combat totalitarianism by disabling the public sphere through misinformation and fear-mongering.

NO RISK OF THE LINK TURN – the nature of cyber-offenses means that attacks on critical infrastructure and political institutions are LESS likely while simultaneously making political rebellion and movement organization MORE likely.

The ALTERNATIVE is to reject the rhetorical construction of "cyber-war" in the 1AC.  This solves public sphere understanding and increases expert knowledge about the threat while decreasing misinformation and public fear.  This is a prerequisite to policy construction

Ivie 5 –
Professor and Chair in the Department of Communication and Culture at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana (Robert L., Democracy and America’s War on Terror, 1-5) edited for ableism
The irony of this paradox of power is that the United States must relinquish a
AND
to a pluralistic polity and reduces exaggerated fears of foreign and domestic Others.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard BN | Judge: Austin Woodruff

We control uniqueness – the Tea Party’s power is derived from populist resentment of the state and a public culture that is profoundly uneducated about functions of government – the 1ac’s suspicion of government only plays into the hands of the forces of anti-black neoliberalism

Giroux 10
(Henry A. Giroux, PhD, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, 12 July 2010¶ http://www.truth-out.org/the-disappearing-intellectual-age-economic-darwinism61287, "The Disappearing Intellectual in the Age of Economic Darwinism," truthout, ACC. 12-18-10)

In a media scape and public sphere that view criticism, dialog and thoughtfulness as
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small businesses and responsible homeowners in a stable but growing economy.~8~

State engagement turns their offense – it’s necessary to develop complex legal and institutional knowledge to use the state against neoliberalism – you should defend the state because abdicating the state needlessly cedes institutional power to neoliberal elites – this also answers their co-option arguments

Ferguson, Professor of Anthropology at Stanford, 11
(The Uses of Neoliberalism, Antipode, Vol. 41, No. S1, pp 166–184)

If we are seeking, as this special issue of Antipode aspires to do,
AND
some rather useful little mechanisms may be nearer to hand than we thought.

The impact is extinction – neoliberal social organization ensures extinction from resource wars, climate change, and structural violence – only accelerating beyond neoliberalism can resolve its impacts

Williams 26 Srnicek 13
(Alex, PhD student at the University of East London, presently at work on a thesis entitled ’Hegemony and Complexity’, Nick, PhD candidate in International Relations at the London School of Economics, Co-authors of the forthcoming Folk Politics, 14 May 2013, http://criticallegalthinking.com/2013/05/14/accelerate-manifesto-for-an-accelerationist-politics/)

At the begin­ning of the second dec­ade of the Twenty-
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lost possible futures, and indeed the recovery of the future as such.

The alternative – you should vote negative to constitute a left governmentality

We should invest ourselves in specific analytics of power in order to construct new and more liberating relations of governance – studying the state and neoliberalism in order to turn their most repressive tendencies against them is crucial

Barnett 11
(Clive, Professor of Geography and Social Theory @ University of Exeter, "Is governmentality a dirty word?", November 15, 2011, http://clivebarnett.wordpress.com/2011/11/15/is-governmentality-a-dirty-word/)

There is an interesting section of Foucault’s 1978 lecture on ’What is critique?
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likely continue to find expression only on the margins of this intellectual field.

Tournament: ESU | Round: 3 | Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: Vega

REDUCTION OF CLASS TO A LEVEL AMONG ALL OTHER OPPRESSIONS DESTROYS ITS EMANCIPATORY POTENTIAL—CLASS MUST BE RECOGNIZD AS QUALITATIVELY MORE IMPORTANT AS A UNIVERSALIZING MECHANISM TO OVERCOME CAPITALIST OPPRESSION

gimenez 2001
~Martha, Prof. Of Sociology at CU Boulder, "Marxism and Class, Gender and Race", Race Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online~
There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society,
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what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.

THE DETERMINISM OF CAPITAL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR INSTRUMENTALIZATION—THIS MOBILIZES AND ALLOWS FOR THE 1AC’S SCENARIOS

dyer-witherford 99
~Nick, Prof at U. of Western Ontario, Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism ~
For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of "will over nature"
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degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.

The Alternative is to vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC.

METHOD IS THE FOREMOST POLITICAL QUESTION BECAUSE ONE MUST UNDERSTAND THE EXISTING SOCIAL TOTALITY BEFORE ONE CAN ACT—GROUNDING THE SITES OF POLITICAL CONTESTATION OUTSIDE OF LABOR HUMANIZE CAPITAL AND PREVENT A TRANSITION

tumino 2001
~Stephen, Prof English at Pitt, ""What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever", Red Critique, p. online~
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
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determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 2 | Opponent: MoState HM | Judge: Justin Stanley

National security courts cause racial targeting and segregation – the primacy of "national security" permeates and devastates any concern for rule of law

Setty 10 – Professor of Law @ West New England
(Sudha, "Comparative Perspectives On Specialized Trials For Terrorism," 63 Me. L. Rev. 131)
A clear deontological argument can be made that specialized courts should not ¶ be used
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as to short-term or long-term national ¶ security gains.

The impact is violence against the periphery – discursive construction is key

Rana 12 - Assistant Professor of Law, Cornell University Law School; A.B., Harvard College; J.D., Yale Law School; PhD., Harvard University
(Aziz, "Who Decides on Security?", Connecticut Law Review, VOLUME 44 JULY 2012 NUMBER 5)
Part IV continues by detailing the steady emergence, beginning during the New Deal,
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normative assumptions required to sustain popular involvement in matters of threat and safety.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Towson HW | Judge: Jordan Foley

The 1AC’s performance mirrors a politics of insurrection through breaking silence. This confessional practice confines people to the status of victim in the public sphere and allows forces of power to regulate bodies via the truth of their universal experience of victimization

Brown 2005 – Class of 1936 First Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley (Wendy, Edgework : Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics, p. 84-85)
Here is the way this problem unfolds politically: insurrection requires breaking silence about the
AND
the silent workings of their internally excluded presence within prevailing notions of personhood.
But while the silences in discourses of domination are a site for insurrectionary noise,
AND

in short, it may feed the powers it meant to starve.
Neither a defense of silence nor an injunction to silence, this essay interrogates the
AND
of words does not perpetuate the crisis of which it is a symptom.
In the course of this inquiry, silence is considered as not simply an aesthetic
AND
but to instigate the further regulation of those lives while depoliticizing their conditions. 

Their political strategy of reflecting on personal experience is particularly problematic in the context of war powers. Empirically, dominant forces have manipulated their conversational model to bolster masculine white supremacy and perpetuate military intervention.

Boor Tonn 2005 – Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Maryland (Mari Boor Tonn, "Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public" Rhetoric 26 Public Affairs Vol. 8, No. 3)
This widespread recognition that access to public deliberative processes and the ballot is a baseline
AND
therapeutic conversation and dialogue jeopardizes the very pulse and lifeblood of democracy itself. 

Our alternative is to recognize debate as a site of contingent commonality in which we can forge bonds of argumentation beyond identity—-the affirmative’s focus on subjectivity abdicates the flux of politics and debate for the incontestable truth of identity

Brown 95—prof at UC Berkely (Wendy, States of Injury, 47-51) 

The postmodern exposure of the imposed and created rather than dis- covered character of
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identity, and morality and to redress our underdeveloped taste for political argument.

Tournament: UT | Round: 4 | Opponent: KState MR | Judge: Sarah Weiner
A. Interpretation- plans must increase restrictions on authority.

1. Restriction means prohibition – excludes the AFF.

Brown, 2012
Jean Schiedler-Brown, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown 26 Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington, The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include
AND
some supervision conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.

2. Targeted killing authority is distinct from procedure. The plan restricts the president’s war powers procedures, not war powers authority.

Kwoka, 2012
Lindsay Kwoka, University of Pennsylvania Law School, J.D. expected 2012, Trial by Sniper: The Legality of Targeted Killing in the War on Terror, law.upenn.edu/journals/conlaw/articles/volume14/issue1/Kwoka14U.Pa.J.Const.L.301(2011).pdf
Even if the executive has the authority to target an individual for death, this
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III judge before the killing takes place in order to satisfy due process.

3. Procedural restrictions are not restrictions on the warrants or grounds of executive decisions.

Flynn, et al., 2012 
Sean M. Flynn+, Brook Baker++, Margot Kaminski§ and Jimmy Koo?,
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Law Review, 28 Am. U. Int’l L. Rev. 105
There is no restriction on the grounds that may be used to revoke a patent
AND
expiration of two years from the grant of the first compulsory licence." n189

B. Topicality is a voting issue:

1. Ground: Without specifying NEW standards, judicial review defers to status quo war powers authority. It doesn’t really change anything, and we don’t get any real predictable or real ground.

AR, 2008
Army Regulation 550–51, International Agreements, SUMMARY of CHANGE, http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/r550_51.pdf
c. Restriction. This regulation does not eliminate or replace interagency coordination or consultation
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Army, may negotiate and execute such agreements on behalf of the SA.)

Limits – aff makes the topic bidirectional because they can authorize more authority and explodes the topic because there are thousands of small conditions that could be added

Tournament: UT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Baylor BE | Judge: Joel Reed

1NC

Increase means to make greater

Martinez 6 – Justice for the Supreme Court of Colorado
(SUPREME COURT OF COLORADO, 129 P.3d 988; 2006 Colo. LEXIS 395, Plaintiff-Appellee: DOUGLAS BRUCE, v. Defendants-Appellants: CITY OF COLORADO SPRINGS and KATHRYN YOUNG, City Clerk, in her official capacity as election officer for the city, Lexis)
Turning, then, to the language of section (3), itself, we
AND
latter suggests a change that will impose a greater cost on the taxpayer.

Restriction is a limitation

Jean Schiedler-Brown 12, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown 26 Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include
AND
some supervision conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.

War powers authority is defined by statute

Kinkopf 7 – Professor of Law @ GSU
(Neil, "THE CONGRESS AS SURGE PROTECTOR," http://www.acslaw.org/pdf/Kinkopf-Surge.pdf)
This understanding of the President’s power as Commander in Chief is plain enough ¶ from
AND
war powers are defined by statute and may not exceed ¶ statutory limits.

The plan authorizes the president in areas where there is currently NO EXPLICIT AUTHORITY, thus not increasing restrictions on war powers authority

Cronogue ’12
~Graham. Duke University School of Law, J.D. expected 2013; University of North Carolina B.A. 2010. 22 Duke J. Comp. 26 Int’l L. 377 2011-2012. ETB~
¶ ¶ The AUMF’s text does not explicitly authorize force in states when ¶ the
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it does a better job than Representative McKeon’s of heeding President Lincoln’s warning.

Vote neg

Limits—affs must be limited in the area of war powers authority. If plans can restrict ANY asserted authority, practice, or potential future practice, the topically would literally become unhinged- you can restrict the number of future weapons. Restrict the executive authority on artificial intelligence or alien communication. Grounding these interpretations based on authority and not just behaviors is key.

2. This is also the only way to stop bidirectionality. Their aff is the perfect example of how any team could just AUTHORIZE a new area of authority and add some restrictions to it. For example- have the congress restrict the executives ability to declare war by making them wait an extra day.

Tournament: UCO | Round: Semis | Opponent: KState SS | Judge: Hagney, Stanley, Russell

Interpretation: A topical plan is limited to restricting the President’s authority over the military

Bajesky 13 – MA in Political Science and Applied Economics, LLM @ Georgetown
(Robert, "Dubitable Security Threats and Low Intensity Interventions as the Achilles’ Heel of War Powers," 32 Miss. C. L. Rev. 9)
A numerical comparison indicates that the Framer’s intended for Congress to be the dominant branch
AND
the President was empowered "to repel and not to commence war." n32-http://www.lexisnexis.com/lnacui2api/frame.do?tokenKey=rsh-20.771738.126179140926target=results_DocumentContent26returnToKey=20_T1797474874226parent=docview26rand=137667799703226reloadEntirePage=true

Violation: the plan applies to CIA targeted killings

Policinski 13 - legal fellow with the International Humanitarian Law Dissemination unit at American Red Cross National Headquarters, holds a J.D. from Villanova Law School in Villanova, Pennsylvania and an LL.M. from the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights in Geneva, Switzerland
(Ellen, "Why Shifting Drone Strikes from the CIA to the DoD is a Good Idea," http://lawsofarmedconflict.com/2013/06/13/why-shifting-drone-strikes-from-the-cia-to-the-dod-is-a-good-idea/)
The use of drones as a tool to carry out targeted killing operations raises a
AND
drone that killed al-Awlaki was controlled by the CIA.~3~

Voting issue –

Limits – adding on other powers drastically increases the research burden – war powers is already large enough

Taylor 5 – now a JD from William and Mary
(Jarred, "Searching for a More Perfect Union," https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ypiOXjRVPWzNxDsFVJ0S1n-QfIGtXzp7Y59meEwd-bE/edit?hl=en_US)
It would take even the most seasoned scholar years of research and hundreds of pages to adequately analyze the development of any presidential power over the course of American history; war power is certainly no exception.  Every President since George Washington has interpreted the martial prerogatives of his office in different ways, and most have set some sort of precedent for succeeding officeholders.  Nevertheless, some of the major changes in executive military power bear highlighting.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 8 | Opponent: Iowa CS | Judge: David Heidt

Increase requires making an already existing restriction greater – applying an existing restriction to something where it doesn’t currently apply is unreasonable

Hart 16
(J., Judge, Third Appellate District – CA Court of Appeals, B. F. GWYNN, Petitioner, v. C. D. McKINLEY, as Auditor, etc., Respondent, 30 Cal. App. 381; 158 P. 1059; 1916 Cal. App. LEXIS 29, Lexis)
The constitutional provision in question is founded in good sense and justice, but it
AND
word. He has simply acquired something which previously he did not have.

Violation –

The plan doesn’t meet USAF – The WPR is an existing restriction that is not increased by the aff, its scope is merely changed.  Adding things that fall under the WPR doesn’t increase the restriction, it expands the coverage of the restriction.

They do not increase restrictions on armed forces—they simply add something to the existing set of things called armed forces but keep the restrictions on armed forces the same—Their solvency author makes this clear – they also unlimit because this could be applied to any military asset

Brock Laney 13 Graduates with a BA in International Relations in April 2013 and will begin law school in fall 2013 BYU Prelaw review, vol. 27, 2013
Accounting for drones through the WPR would require only small modifications to the legislation.
AND
cussed here, modifications to the resolution should account for those distinct circumstances. 

Armed forces should be limited to uniformed personnel – this is consistent with several legal decisions

Opinion of the Eastern District Court of PA 2002
(NO. 01-6241, http://www.paed.uscourts.gov/documents/opinions/02d0669p.pdf)
Those courts recognize that the term "military departments" used in 42 U.
AND
military¶ personnel." 718 F.2d at 928 (citation omitted).

The plan doesn’t meet targeted killing – the plan is "offensive combat drones" which includes signature strikes

Uebersax 12 - psychologist, writer and former RAND Corporation military analyst.
(John, "The Four Kinds of Drone Strikes," http://satyagraha.wordpress.com/2012/05/23/the-four-kinds-of-drone-strikes/)
We must begin with clear terms, and that is the purpose of the present article.  Drone strikes, that is, the launching of explosive missiles from a remotely operated aerial vehicle, come in four varieties: targeted killings, signature strikes, overt combat operations, and covert combat operations.  We shall consider each in turn.
Targeted killing. This occurs when a drone strike is used to kill a terrorist
AND
the government likes to crow when it kills a high-ranking terrorist.
Signature strikes.  In signature strikes, the target is a person whose name is
AND
assign strikes against anonymous non-leaders to the two further categories below.
Overt combat operation. This category includes drone strikes conducted as part of regular military
AND
the need to report casualties, especially civilian casualties, are in effect.
Covert combat operation. Finally, there are covert combat operations. These, like the former category, are launched against usual military targets – e.g., any hostile militant, not just high-ranking ones.  But why should these strikes be covert?  The obvious answer is: to mask something shady. Covert combat strikes can evade all those irritating constraints on military tactics imposed by the Geneva Conventions, International Law, public opinion, and basic human decency.

Voting issue:

—-limits – we limit the "tech-of-the-day" affirmative – combat drones, nuclear weapons, space weapons, air power – each of these allow unpredictable advantages.  Also, they co-opt negative ground – they could add the CIA or PMCs to the armed forces – undercuts core shift ground.

—-precision – prefer interpretations grounded in legal decisions concerning US Code

Tournament: UT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Binghampton CH | Judge: Kyle Vint
1NC

New affs that aren’t disclosed are bad and an independent reason to vote negative—unpredictable and impossible to engage for the negative—particularly undermines the possibility for deliberative discussions

Raymond ’99 ~Eric S. (Hacker, GNU Contributor, Co-Developer of Fetchmail, Nethack, Emac’s VD and GUD modes); "The Cathedral and the Bazaar"; August 8; http://library.n0i.net/advocacy/cathedral/ar01s05.html nick~

One key to understanding is to realize exactly why it is that the kind of
AND
core developers’ time tends to be well conserved, even with many collaborators.

Reasons to Prefer

1. Education –Improvements happen rapidly through peer review—only in a system of disclosure do we know the arguments the other team is making in enough detail to actually test

Torvalds and Diamond ’1 ~Linus (Creator of Linux) and David (freelance contributor to the New York Times and Business Week); "Why Open Source Makes Sense"; Educause Review; November/December; p. 71-2 nick~ 

It’s the best illustration of the limitless benefits to be derived from the open
AND
earn the esteem of their peers. That’s got to be highly motivating.

2. Fairness—open source reduces entry barriers and solves resource disparities

Antonucci ’5 ~Michael (Debate coach for Georgetown; former coach for Lexington High School); "~eDebate~ open source? resp to Morris"; December 8; http://www.ndtceda.com/pipermail/edebate/2005-December/064806.html nick~

a. Open source systems are preferable to the various punishment proposals in circulation.
AND
-cutter’s work than send the KGB after specific counter-revolutionary teams. 

The ballot is key

Sanchez ’5 ~Kevin (debate coach); "~eDebate~ open source / creative commons / how long will you folks keep this stuff locked?"; December 12; http://www.ndtceda.com/pipermail/edebate/2005-December/064838.html nick~

At the NDT, many teams chose to post their first constructive speeches on an
AND
- at least for the immediate future - is winning the position itself.

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard HX | Judge: Mikaela Malsin

Restrictions are prohibitions on action, not procedural changes concerning monitoring or supervision

Schiedler-Brown 12
(Jean, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown 26 Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf)
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include
AND
some supervision conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.

Plan doesn’t restrict authority

Ackerman 13
Spencer Ackerman, Wired DangerRoom, 3/20/13, Little Will Change If the Military Takes Over CIA’s Drone Strikes, www.wired.com/dangerroom/2013/03/military-drones/
Nor does the change to military drone control restrict the relevant legal authorizations in place. The Obama administration relies on an expansive interpretation of a 2001 congressional authorization to run its global targeted-killing program. If that authorization constrains the military to the "hot" battlefield of Afghanistan, someone forgot to tell the Joint Special Operations Command to get out of Yemen.

Voting issue:

—-bidirectionality – procedural hoops create conditions that expand war-fighting

—-Limits – hundreds of insignificant conditions Congress could impose

Tournament: ESU | Round: 2 | Opponent: KState JK | Judge: Fifelski

A. Interpretation – The affirmative’s advocacy must be grounded in both parts of the topic – They must advocate increasing restrictions on the President’s war powers authority

Statutory restrictions require legislation

Black’s Law
("statutory restriction", 2^nd Edition http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/)
Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.

Judicial means the judicial branch

Your Dictionary 13
("Examples of Judicial Powers," http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples/examples-of-judicial-powers.html)
The term judicial powers refers to the power of the Judicial Branch of the United States government to hear cases and interpret, enforce or nullify laws and statutes in order to render verdicts.

The president’s war powers authority is control over the military

Cravens 7 –
(RG, "The War Within: Presidential Versus Congressional Supremacy in War Powers," http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2008/Cravens.pdf)
The specific power concerning war granted to the President by the Constitution is that of
AND
reinvigorated ¶ debate over the topic of war powers and presidential versus congressional preeminence

B. Violation – The aff ignores the first half of the topic – Their advocacy only deals with the listed areas in the second half, not restrictions or war powers

Vote Neg:

Stasis – Debate requires a stable point of contestation – The four areas are incredibly broad and have separate literature bases, but the first half of the resolution ties them together by requiring restrictions on war powers authority – The word "restrictions" provides a direction and a mechanism – Without that the aff could interrogate anything even tangentially related to one of the four areas – Debate’s benefits come from arguing against a well prepared opponent – Stasis is the only way we have any idea what anyone will say

) Opportunities for negation – The negative needs a way to engage in the debate – Grounding advocacy in both parts of the resolution gives us a point of clash – Otherwise the aff can take a moral high ground and force the neg into morally reprehensible positions – An even division of the literature is necessary for a beneficial discussion

3. Education

It’s more beneficial to debate about restrictions on war powers authority – It provides the civic education necessary to challenge unfettered executives

Buchanan 13 - Government professor, UT Austin
(Bruce, Presidential Power and Accountability: Toward a Presidential Accountability System, Routledge, pg. 21-23)
When it is authoritatively marshaled (i.e., mobilized, unified, clear
AND
popular opinion gained authoritative constitutional recognition" (Ackerman, 1991: 41).

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Towson HW | Judge: Jordan Foley

1NC Interpretation – The affirmative’s advocacy must be grounded in both parts of the topic – they must advocate an organizational strategy to restrict war powers authority.

Tournament: ESU | Round: 2 | Opponent: KState JK | Judge: Fifelski

A. Interpretation – Targeted killing requires an identified target and a name on a kill list – precision bombing and signature strikes are distinct

Uebersax 12 - psychologist, writer and former RAND Corporation military analyst.
(John, "The Four Kinds of Drone Strikes," http://satyagraha.wordpress.com/2012/05/23/the-four-kinds-of-drone-strikes/)
We must begin with clear terms, and that is the purpose of the present article.  Drone strikes, that is, the launching of explosive missiles from a remotely operated aerial vehicle, come in four varieties: targeted killings, signature strikes, overt combat operations, and covert combat operations.  We shall consider each in turn.
Targeted killing. This occurs when a drone strike is used to kill a terrorist
AND
the government likes to crow when it kills a high-ranking terrorist.
Signature strikes.  In signature strikes, the target is a person whose name is
AND
assign strikes against anonymous non-leaders to the two further categories below.

Vote Neg

1. Limits – They expand the topic to include anything the U.S. does with drones or any form of killing – This devastates limits

Silva 3 - Faculte de Droit de l’Universite de Montreal
(Sebastian Jose Silva, "Death For Life: A Study of Targeted Killing by States In International Law," Thesis, http://www.researchgate.net/publication/35710449_Death_for_life_microforme__a_study_of_targeted_killing_by_States_in_international_law_)
As defined by Steven R. David, targeted killing is the "intentional slaying
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their very suggestion. David’s definition is essentially correct but over-inclusive.

2. Precision – They conflate drones and targeted killing

Anderson 13 (Kenneth, Professor of Law, Visiting Fellow, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, "The Case for Drones", 5/24/13, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/05/24/the_case_for_drones_118548.html-http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/05/24/the_case_for_drones_118548.html)
This feature of Predators and Reapers—the two forms of drones really at issue
AND
order to pick the moment when there might be the fewest civilian casualties.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 2 | Opponent: MoState HM | Judge: Justin Stanley

Violation – The aff is vague on the character of the NSC

Voting issue – limiting vagueness in the context of NSCs is a prior question

Vladeck 9 – Associate Professor of Law
(Stephen, "THE CASE AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY COURTS," Scholar)
Ultimately, proposals for national security courts are thought- provoking, but dangerously incomplete
AND
scope of those suspects’ constitutional rights vis- a?-vis the government.

Impact – Complicates solvency and answers to the counterplan – don’t let the 2ar shift to the ideal court just because we introduced flaws in their model.

Tournament: ESU | Round: 5 | Opponent: UMKC AF | Judge: Crockett

They may be tangentially related to war powers, but they aren’t "War Powers of the President"

First – the placement on the bounty list was not a Presidential act

Goins 13 –
(http://politic365.com/2013/05/20/fbi-obama-holder-not-involved-in-adding-assata-shakur-to-most-wanted-terrorists-list/)
The Federal Bureau of Investigation says that President Obama and Attorney General Eric Holder had
AND
President Obama and Attorney General Holder aren’t necessarily involved, the official explained.

Sharkur was targeted by COINTEL

Goins 13 –
(http://politic365.com/2013/05/20/fbi-obama-holder-not-involved-in-adding-assata-shakur-to-most-wanted-terrorists-list/)
Shakur was targeted by the FBI under the COINTELPRO program, which she says was "a program that was set up…to eliminate all political opposition to the U.S. government’s policies, to destroy the Black Liberation Movement in the United States, to discredit activists and to eliminate potential leaders."

This isn’t a war power it’s "covert power"

NOI 13
(Nation of Islam, "COINTELPRO: The U.S. Government’s War Against Dissent," http://www.noi.org/cointelpro/)
COINTELPRO (an acronym for Counter Intelligence Program) was a series of covert, and often illegal, projects conducted by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) aimed at surveilling, infiltrating, discrediting, and disrupting domestic organizations deemed "subversive".

Political education in the context of Shakur is key – it’s a Congressional policy that is widely supported by even the Black Caucus

Goins 13 –
(http://politic365.com/2013/05/20/fbi-obama-holder-not-involved-in-adding-assata-shakur-to-most-wanted-terrorists-list/)
The Congressional Response¶ Rep. Scott Garrett (R-N.J.)
AND
However, a day later Waters said she would have voted against it.

Vote neg:

war powers education good

obscuring war powers authority of the prez is bad