1AC = Formal Repudiation of Kormatsu vs US 1NC = Baudrillard Legal solutions badcircumvention Block2nr was just tha k
Wake
7
Opponent: OU BC | Judge: Allsup
1AC = Korematsu=racist 1NC2NR = Street T
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Cites
Entry
Date
1AC Octas - Korematsu
Tournament: UCO | Round: Octas | Opponent: OU BC | Judge: JT, Loghry, Fifelski
1AC
Advocacy statement: the legacy of the internment cases should be ended.
The internment cases—-including Korematsu—-are flawed and racist institutional stances on indefinite detention—-Korematsu ruled the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II constitutional
Erwin Chemerinsky 11 Dean and Distinguished Professor of La w, University of California, Irvine School of Law, April 1st, 2011, "Korematsu v. United States: A Tragedy Hopefully Never to Be Repeated," Pepperdine Law Review, pepperdinelawreview.com /wp-content/plugins/bag-thumb/bag_thumb885_07_chemerinsky_camera_ready.pdf III. WHY KOREMATSU WAS ONE OF THE WORST DECISIONS IN HISTORY¶ Applying the AND be upheld only if it is necessary to achieve a compelling government interest.
The precedents make future internment likely—-it massively expands executive authority and offers unlimited deference
Nathan Watanabe 4, J.D. Candidate, University of Southern California Law School, 2004, "Internment, Civil Liberties, and a Nation in Crisis," Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal, 13 S. Cal. Interdisc. L. J. 2003-2004, Hein Online B. THE INTERNMENT CASES¶ The greatest move towards containing the threat of sabotage AND times, these relics of the past are factually analogous and legally applicable.
The decision emerged as an institutional and societal manifestation of racism against Asian Americans in the United States
Natsu Taylor Saito 1, professor at Georgia State University College of Law, 2001, "Symbolism Under Siege: Japanese American Redress and the ’Racing’ of Arab Americans as ’Terrorists,’" Asian Law Journal, 8 Asian L. J. 1, 2001, hein online Thus far, it has the makings of a feel-good story: a AND Arabs, we’re all violent and we’re all conducting a holy war."67
The court fabricated evidence based on racist conceptions of Japanese Americans
Irons 13 (Peter, "UNFINISHED BUSINESS: THE CASE FOR SUPREME COURT REPUDIATION OF THE JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERNMENT CASES," 2013, http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/files/case-for-repudiation-1.pdf-) The evidence of the government’s misconduct in these cases is clear and compelling, and AND to correct its tainted records through a public repudiation of the wartime decisions.
The legacy of Korematsu remains firmly entrenched in war power authority, not as a chapter in the history book, but as an ongoing tool for discrimination.
Our examination of Korematsu reflects the ways in which racism is overdetermined by institutional and society forces, because it recognizes the connections between these forces and the racism that permeates throughout society.
Devon W. Carbado 5, is a professor of law at the University of California, Los Angeles. 2005, "Racial Naturalization," American Quarterly, 57.3 (2005), p. 633-658, project muse Conclusion¶ My argument has been that American identity and American citizenship do not necessarily AND blacks. Dred Scott is a useful starting place for elaborating this point.
We have an obligation to affirm the topic by advocating that the legacy of Korematsu must end. We do not pretend to know ONE effective starting point to challenge executive abuses of power
Natsu Taylor Saito 10, Professor of Law, Georgia State University College of Law, "ARTICLE: INTERNMENTS, THEN AND NOW: CONSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY IN POST-9/11 AMERICA", Spring, 2 Duke Forum for L. 26 Soc. Change 71, Lexis The dangers illustrated by the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II appear to AND will ensure that they, too, will be repeated in the future.
Academic, institutions-based debate regarding detention can reverse excessive presidential authority—-college students are important
Kelly Michael Young 13, Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Forensics at Wayne State University, "Why Should We Debate About Restriction of Presidential War Powers", 9/4, public.cedadebate.org/node/13 Beyond its obviously timeliness, we believed debating about presidential war powers was important because of the stakes involved in the controversy. Since the Korean War, scholars and pundits have grown increasingly alarmed by the growing scope and techniques of presidential war making. In 1973, in the wake of Vietnam, Congress passed the joint War Powers Resolution (WPR) to increase Congress’s role in foreign policy and war making by requiring executive consultation with Congress prior to the use of military force, reporting within 48 hours after the start of hostiles, and requiring the close of military operations after 60 days unless Congress has authorized the use of force. Although the WPR was a significant legislative feat, 30 years since its passage, presidents have frequently ignores the WPR requirements and the changing nature of conflict does not fit neatly into these regulations. After the terrorist attacks on 9-11, many experts worry that executive war powers have expanded far beyond healthy limits. Consequently, there is a fear that continued expansion of these powers will undermine the constitutional system of checks and balances that maintain the democratic foundation of this country and risk constant and unlimited military actions, particularly in what Stephen Griffin refers to as a "long war" period like the War on Terror (http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674058286). In comparison, pro-presidential powers advocates contend that new restrictions undermine flexibility and timely decision-making necessary to effectively counter contemporary national security risks. Thus, a debate about presidential wars powers is important to investigate a number of issues that have serious consequences on the status of democratic checks and national security of the United States.¶ Lastly, debating presidential war powers is important because we the people have an important role in affecting the use of presidential war powers. As many legal scholars contend, regardless of the status of legal structures to check the presidency, an important political restrain on presidential war powers is the presence of a well-informed and educated public. As Justice Potter Stewart explains, "the only effective restraint upon executive policy and power…may lie in an enlightened citizenry – in an informed and critical public opinion which alone can protect the values of a democratic government" (http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0403_0713_ZC3.html). As a result, this is not simply an academic debate about institutions and powers that that do not affect us. As the numerous recent foreign policy scandals make clear, anyone who uses a cell-phone or the internet is potential affected by unchecked presidential war powers. Even if we agree that these powers are justified, it is important that today’s college students understand and appreciate the scope and consequences of presidential war powers, as these students’ opinions will stand as an important potential check on the presidency.
Exec power has increased because of perceived public indifference and lack of comprehension about security issues
Aziz Rana 12, Assistant Professor of Law, Cornell University Law School; A.B., Harvard College; J.D., Yale Law School; PhD., Harvard University, Connecticut Law Review July, 2012, 44 Conn. L. Rev. 1417, "COMMENTARY: NATIONAL SECURITY: LEAD ARTICLE: Who Decides on Security?" lexis nexis Despite over six decades of reform initiatives, the overwhelming drift of security arrangements in AND and then to watch those branches delegate such power back to the executive.
Avoiding the original case silences dissent—-an investigation against government racism by external individuals like us is key to prevent the same wrongs from happening again
Natsu Taylor Saito 1, professor at Georgia State University College of Law, 2001, "Symbolism Under Siege: Japanese American Redress and the ’Racing’ of Arab Americans as ’Terrorists,’" Asian Law Journal, 8 Asian L. J. 1, 2001, hein online V. CONCLUSION: CONTESTING THE SYMBOLISM OF REDRESS¶ After a thoughtful study of AND trucks by soldiers with bayonets. We must not become those silent observers.
This affirmative should be interpreted as Kansas’ attempt to break the silence over Asian-American participation in the debate community. Voting aff is an endorsement to raise critical consciousness —— we ask you to help us cultivate Asian American consciousness in this debate space.
Osajima ’7, Keith Osajima, Professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program at the University of Redlands, "Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans", Journal of Asian American Studies 10.1 (2007) 59-83 Within the realm of social science research, the best discussion of how Asian Americans AND influences, is an important dimension of conscientization. ~End Page 76~
11/13/13
1AC Space Weapons - ESU
Tournament: Emporia | Round: 1 | Opponent: K-State SS | Judge: Moore
1AC
1
Advantage one – weaponization
Weaponization is coming
Wu 12 – Permanent Representative of China to the Conference on Disarmament (Haito, "Statement by H.E. Ambassador Wu Haitao, on PAROS," http://www.china-un.ch/eng/hom/t938642.htm) Firstly, arms race in outer space is posing an immediate security challenge to international AND in place to negotiate and conclude new international legal instrument on outer space.
US weaponization leads to arms racing – spills over to nuclear warfare
Tannenwald 4 - Assistant Professor and Director of the International Relations Program, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University (Nina, Article: Law Versus Power on the High Frontier: The Case for a Rule-Based Regime for Outer Space, 29 Yale J. Int’l L. 363) A more elaborated legal regime would be aimed at preventing destabilizing conflicts over the use AND -tech arms race and renew emphasis on doctrines of nuclear warfare. n25
Space wars escalate to nuclear war
Englehart 8 – JD, patent litigation attorney practicing in the firm’s Litigation, ITC Litigation and Patent Interferences groups (Alex, COMMON GROUND IN THE SKY: EXTENDING THE 1967 OUTER SPACE TREATY TO RECONCILE U.S. AND CHINESE SECURITY INTERESTS, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 17.1) An Effective U.S. Space Weapons Deployment Would Neutralize the ¶ Effectiveness of AND order to avoid ¶ the total collapse of its strategic nuclear deterrent.64
Independently, US plans to weaponize space leads to diplomatic backlash – undercut multilateral burden-sharing
Brown 9 – PhD @ Auburn (Trevor, "Soft Power and Space Weaponization" Air 26 Space power Journal Volume 23 No 1, Spring, pg. 67) The United States has plans to weaponize space and is already deploying missile-defense AND difficult politically for the Air Force to make plans to offer such protection.
Space weapons backlash spills over
Marshall 5 – PhD, Former Research Fellow, International Security Program @ Belfer Center (William, et al, "Space weapons: the urgent debate," ISYP Journal on Science and World Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1) On the other hand, a range of short term disadvantages are possible, 1 AND view that any weapon in outer space violates the spirit of that Treaty.
Specifically – space backlash collapses climate and disease cooperation
Moore 8 – Research Fellow @ TII, articles have appeared in the Brown Journal of World Affairs, Foreign Service Journal, Yes21 A Journal of Positive Futures, and The SAIS Review and International Affairs. (Mike, "Twilight War: The Folly of U.S. Space Dominance," Carnegie Council) Now, there is another moral issue. We are triggering a new arms race AND have? Nations need to work together in order to solve these problems.
Diseases cause extinction
Keating 9 – Foreign Policy Web Editor Joshua, "The End of the World," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full How it could happen: Throughout history, plagues have brought civilizations to their knees AND . Biological weapons experimentation has added a new and just as troubling complication.
No burnout
Torrey 5 - Directors Stanley Medical Research Institute (E. Fuller and Robert H Yolken, Beasts of the Earth: Animals, Humans and Disease, pp. 5-6) The outcome of this marriage, however, is not as clearly defined as it AND HIV or SARS virus may be truly capable of eradicating the human r
11/1/13
2AC Baudrillard
Tournament: Wake | Round: 6 | Opponent: OU LW | Judge: Gonzales
2AC Baudrillard
Governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking – that’s true regardless of this debate
Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6 (Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50 One important aspect of this relational ontology is that these relations constitute our identity as AND upon it, upon its specific characteristics, its constants and its variables’.
Even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key
Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute Friedrich, "The Puzzles of Politics," pg. 200-213 The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of "fuzzy boundaries", when AND Besides, "timing" seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.
Baudrillard’s fragmentation of identity ends in a freezing of power relations- this is a de facto elevation of whiteness to the sublime identity and sanctions racial domination
Wheeler ’91, (Elizabeth, Postmodern Culture 1.3, Bulldozing the Subject, Muse) Architects, artists, planners and developers read postmodern theory and put it into postmodern AND enough to identify with the culture of the generation to which they belong. (172) Baudrillard observes in a dispassionate footnote: From now on, it is impossible to ask the famous question:"From what position do you speak?"— "How do you know?"— "From where do you get the power?," without immediately getting the reply: "But it is of (from) you that I speak"—meaning, it is you who speaks, it is you who knows, power is you. A gigantic circumlocution, circumlocution of the spoken word, which amounts to irredeemable blackmail and irremovable deterrence of the subject supposed to speak. . . . (77-78) My first reaction to the above passage is an untheoretical AND Speaking "of" me does not mean speaking "(from)" me.
Racism is the new medium through which war and violence happen- allowing it guarantees extinction
Mendieta ’2 (Eduardo, SUNY @ Stony Brook, Meeting of the Foucault AND of the living, then these threat and foes are biological in nature.
baudrillard’s analysis of existing society is dangerously ignorant of material reality- inevitably it leads to outbreaks of violence
Hayles ’91, (N. Katherine, Prof. of English @ UCLA, The Borders of Madness, Science Fiction Studies ~2355 vol. 18, part 3, November 1991, http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/55/forum55.htm) Dominated by signs of flight, the landscape of Crash indicates otherwise. Most of AND one high that can last forever—the one that ends in death.
Hyper reality creates a new, imaginative community that is capable of breaking down hierarchies- Baudrillard is merely a theorist of the old order rattling his saber because he is about to get overthrown
Porush ’91, (David, Executive Director of SUNY Learning Environments, The Architextuality of Transcendence, Science Fiction Studies ~2355 vol. 18, part 3, November 1991, http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/55/forum55.htm) Imagine, now, that you’re a sort of post-postmodern radical opponent of AND up the charm of ~The Temple~ are now no longer possible." Of course, we know in retrospect that with our emigration to the text as AND the bars of your cage, Jean. You’re weeping in the ruins. ?
The critique just reproduces hyperreality- there is no truth behind appearances that you can restore. The alternative fails and creates worse simulations that efface even the memory of historical violence
Baudrillard 81 Jean Baudrillard. Professor of Philosophy of Culture and Media Criticism at the European Graduate School, 1981, Simulacra and Simulation, p. 11 And just as with ethnology, which plays at extricating itself from its object to AND in the light of their model, like the faces in funeral homes.
Everything is not a simulation—it is important to treat things as real because there are consequences
Giman-Olpasky 11 Richard Gilman-Opalsky is Assistant Professor of Political Philosophy in the Department of Political Science at the University of Illinois at Springfield. He is the author of Unbounded Publics: Transgressire Public Spheres, Zapatismo, and Political Theory. Spectacular Capitalism Guy Debord and the Practice of Radical Philosophy http://www.scribd.com/doc/58299096/3/Chapter-1-Selectively-Forgetting-Baudrillard-http://www.scribd.com/doc/58299096/3/Chapter-1-Selectively-Forgetting-Baudrillard Simulacra are, by definition, indistinguishable from real events. Nevertheless, the actual AND , and where one hopes that the best heads will enter the fray.
The NEG kills politics: Action requires forgetting the arbitrary nature of meaning, overidentification with the object makes the anti-foundationalism of Baudrillard an inescapable metanarrative that precludes collective action
Paul Saurette 1996 "I mistrust all systematizers and avoid them’ Nietzsche, Arendt, and the Crisis of Will to Order in International Relations Theory" Millenium Journal of International Studies 25:1 p. 1-28 From this perspective, George’s writing reveals the essential problem with discussing the post- AND is viewed critically, when we take a knife to its rootS.82
====No econ impact==== Jervis 11 – Professor of Political Science @ Columbia Robert, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, "Force in Our Times," Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425 Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved AND times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.
Jensen and Yost 10/29 Thomas A. Jensen and Peter A. Yost, Immigration Lawyers, Faegre Baker Daniels, "Window closing to pass immigration reform legislation in 2013" http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=eb978609-4529-4920-902f-d57f7533b899 As previously reported, the Senate passed a comprehensive immigration reform bill in June. AND that the House leadership intends to use those days to pass immigration legislation.
Legally binding is key – only way to send an international signal and jumpstart arms control talks that’s Jarmillo 10
CP is the squo – Obama has called for the Code of Conduct and the 2010 NSP but those weren’t sufficient to stop squo weaponization
Legal regime is key - future prez could rollback –that would destroys credibility –Tannenwald 4
Doesn’t solve the balancing advantage – both Russia and china want a legal regime – cp doesn’t do that – that’s Su 10
Object Fiat is bad
Agent CPs are bad
Condo is bad
Absent CONGRESSIONAL concurrence, they’ll derail Obama’s implementation of the code, also the DoD is involved means congress still needs oversight
Listner 12 – JD, Legal and Policy Editor for Space Safety Magazine and a Senior Contributor to DefensePolicy.Org (Michael, "Separation of powers battle over a space code of conduct heats up," http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2084/1) The letter recognizes this in so much that it does not directly challenge the authority AND to comply with Congress’ wishes or derail the implementation of a signed code.
Permutation: Do the CP—executive enforcement of the treaty is the same as self-restraint
The executive branch has rhetorically supported a space code of conduct, but refuses to impose RESTRICTIONS on space security
Ewing 12 – POLITICO Pro’s defense editor (Philip, "State, DoD endorse ’space code of conduct’," DoD Buzz, http://www.dodbuzz.com/2012/01/17/state-dod-endorse-space-code-of-conduct/) Secretary of State Hillary Clinton wants the world’s space-faring nations to play nice AND and to preserve the limitless benefits and promise of space for future generations.
CP is the status quo – Obama already supports limits
Su 10 – Visiting Fellow @ Cambridge, The Silk Road Institute of International Law, School of Law, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China (Jinyuan, "The "peaceful purposes" principle in outer space and the Russia–China PPWT Proposal," Space Policy, 26.2) The challenges ahead should not be underestimated, because the USA has been maintaining its AND space and agree to take steps to enhance security in outer space".132
Congress will backlash against SOLELY executive action
Listner 12 – JD, Legal and Policy Editor for Space Safety Magazine and a Senior Contributor to DefensePolicy.Org (Michael, "Separation of powers battle over a space code of conduct heats up," http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2084/1) This latest political impasse over the Code of Conduct plays out over the uncertainty over whether a viable code will be adopted. What is certain is that as members of Congress continue to rail against the code, they will find new tacks to stymie the Obama Administration’s efforts to implement one without Congressional consent.
Coop k2 solve asteroids – extinction inevitable without
Our framework is that the alternative should be judged on the efficacy of its response to existing institutional practices
governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking – that’s true regardless of this debate
Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6 (Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50
One important aspect of this relational ontology is that these relations constitute our identity as AND upon it, upon its specific characteristics, its constants and its variables’.
Their fears of epistemological bias are unfounded and exaggerated – even if our claims aren’t perfect, they are likely accurate and wholesale rejection is the worst approach*
Martin 1 – Professor of Geography @ Cambridge Ron, "Geography and public policy: the case of the missing agenda," Progress in Human Geography 25, 2, http://geography.fullerton.edu/550/public20policy.pdf A second source of the prejudice against policy study, however, is the charge AND geography’ and ’place’ matter for the conduct and content of policy discourse.
You should trust quantified data prior to broad generalizations
Zellner 7 – Professor of Economics Arnold Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago Philosophy and objectives of econometrics, Journal of Econometrics Volume 136, Issue 2, February 2007, Pages 331-339 On the relation of science and econometrics, I have for long emphasized the unity AND . The initial hypothesis is thus, "No effect unless shown otherwise."
Security framing is key to promote space desecuritization – promotes political support for a ban as long as the claims are well founded
Johnson 3 – PhD @ London School of Economics, internationally-recognized expert on nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, with more than 30 years experience in the field. In addition to directing the Acronym Institute, she is Co-Chair of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), a member of the International Panel on Fissile Materials (IPFM), and member of the women’s advisory group for the International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA) (Rebecca, "SECURITY WITHOUT WEAPONS IN SPACE: CHALLENGES AND OPTIONS," Disarmament Forum, p. 66) Within the United States itself, a Democrat Representative, Dennis Kucinich of Ohio, AND to get this message across to the wider public and their political representatives.
====The rejection of legal regimes to prevent weaponization is based upon racist notions of insecurity – causes weaponization of space and perpetuation of American exceptionalism ==== Grondin ’9 (David, assistant professor in International Relations and American Studies at the School of Political Studies of the University of Ottawa "The (power) politics of Space: The US astropolitical discourse of global dominance in the War on Terror" in Securing Outer Space ed. by Natalie Bormann and Michael Sheehan, pgs. 125-126)
Space was seen as a sanctuary during the Cold War. But taking the context AND also represents the height of this folly" (Huntley 2005: 83).
Changing representational practices won’t alter policy—looking to structures and politics is more vital
-Foreign policymakers don’t care about discourse, kritik trades off with structural reform and contextualization Tuathail 96 Professor of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 96 (Gearoid, Political Geography, Vol 15 No 6-7, p. 664, Science Direct) While theoretical debates at academic conferences are important to academics, the discourse and concerns AND needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is human history.
Rejection of current IR paradigm magnifies hierarchy – emancipation rhetoric gives powerful states a basis for intervention and robs the Third World of agency – traditional security models solve their impacts better
McCormack 10 – Lecturer in International Politics Tara McCormack, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, pg. 127-129
The following section will briefly raise some questions about the rejection of the old security AND the political limits of the framework proposed by critical and emancipatory theoretical approaches.
The alternative’s focus on individual resistance denies the accountability necessary to actuate collective global change – leaves power in the hands of the elites
Chandler 4 David, Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, Building Global Civil Society `From Below’?, Millennium - Journal of International Studies 2004; 33; 313 The celebration of global civil society ’from the bottom up’ would appear to be AND of rejectionism—the powers that be can sleep peacefully in their beds.
Turn – traditional security studies incorrectly deflate threats – the affirmative is necessary to reverse this trend
Schweller 4 Randall L. Schweller, Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at The Ohio State University, "Unanswered Threats A Neoclassical RealistTheory of Underbalancing," International Security 29.2 (2004) 159-201, Muse Despite the historical frequency of underbalancing, little has been written on the subject. AND domestic-level variables that regularly intervene to thwart balance of power predictions.
War short-circuits transition to alternate foreign policy methodologies Linklater ’89 (Andrew-, Beyond Realism and Marxism, P. 32) These theoretical disagreements with Marxism generate major differences at the practical level. It is AND for order and the possibility of emancipation through the extension of human community.
11/13/13
2AC Street T
Tournament: Wake | Round: 7 | Opponent: OU BC | Judge: Allsup
2AC T
W/M conceded that there’s legal precedent in the area of indefinite detention – Korematsu justifies indefinite detention
W/M – second part of the aff says that our aff leads to increased public consciousness that leads to increased judicial restrictions
C/I – Judicial just means judge, that means the judge voting for the aff is a judicial restriction on indefinite detention
Roleplaying as the state is bad
Claude, ’88 (Prof. of Gov. and Foreign Affairs, U of VA, States and the Global System, p. 18)
This view of the state as an institutional monolith is fostered by the notion of AND good as done and might as well be declared to have been done.
Here is what we will defend
Irons 13 (Peter, "UNFINISHED BUSINESS: THE CASE FOR SUPREME COURT REPUDIATION OF THE JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERNMENT CASES," 2013, http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/files/case-for-repudiation-1.pdf-) Over the past seven decades, many distinguished scholars and judges have implored the Court AND an obligation to provide the "expiation" for which he prophetically called.
Iconic war powers precedents offer special interpretive challenges be- cause such cases arise only AND that the 9/11 era has firmly and quietly laid to rest.
Didn’t overturn the underlying legal principles used for precedent
Hashimoto 96 (Dean, Assistant Professor of Law @ Boston College, "THE LEGACY OF KOREMATSU V. UNITED STATES: A DANGEROUS NARRATIVE RETOLD" 4 UCLA Asian Pac. Am. L.J. 72, l/n)
I shared in the celebration of these new narratives and was transformed by them. AND consistent with modern legal doctrines and may lead to repetition of similar governmental actions
Korematsu used to justify Bush Doctrine detention
Craig Green, Prof Law Temple, Summer 2011, "Ending the Korematsu Era: An Early View from the War on Terror Cases," 105 Nw. U.L. Rev. 983 Consistent with the Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF), American forces in AND as foundational support for presidential war powers, thereby detaching ideas about broad
We recognized that overturning Korematsu will NOT reduce racism. Rather, as two Asian persons, we are asking you to vote affirmative because the legacy of the Korematsu decision should end. And, the legacy of Korematsu is more than one decision, one set of policies, one time period, or one group of people. It is the legacy of whiteness. It should be ended.
Langford, 2010 Catherine L. Langford, Texas Tech University, Communication Law Review, Volume 11, Issue 2, "Race and Racism in the Collective Memory of the Law: The Case of Roger B. Taney and Dred Scott v. Sandford" http://commlawreview.org/Archives/CLVv11i2/Race_and_Racism_in_the_Collective_Memory_of_the_Law.pdf Informed by Nakayama’s and Krizek’s work on Whiteness,11 scholars have moved beyond Whiteness AND memory that does justice to the society for whom it re-members.
Reasonability – we will defend any disad to increasing judicial restrictions in the area of indefinite detention. We are in the direction of the topic
W/M – ban the air force from operating armed forces in hostilities
c/I Armed Forces
branches ==== US Code 10 subsection 111 ’Military Force Structure Review Act of 1996’. * Current through PL 113-31, approved 8/9/13 * TITLE 10. ARMED FORCES SUBTITLE A. GENERAL MILITARY LAW PART I. ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL MILITARY POWERS CHAPTER 2. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Go to the United States Code Service Archive Directory 10 USCS § 111 Lexis "(1) The term ’ above the line’ force structure of the Armed Forces’ AND national security of the United States through the time covered by the assessment.
W/M – The air force space command is part of the armed forces
Lloyd 99 Second Lieutenant Jeremy E. Lloyd¶ United States Air Force¶ Maryland School of Public AffairsHIGHER GROUND: GUIDELINES FOR THE AIR FORCE’S TRANSITION INTO¶ THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT An absence of true warrior spirit among space professionals will undoubtedly diminish¶ the military AND Air Force, but it will also destroy moral within the space community.
W/M – Space is a hostility and requires armed forces
Bellflower 10 (John, space law instructor at the Advanced Space Operations School and National Security Space Institute, Air Force Space Command, "THE INFLUENCE OF LAW ON COMMAND OF SPACE" 65 A.F. L. Rev. 107, L/N) Until very recently, nations faced few constraints on uses of the space domain. AND the absence of the hostilities that truly determine which nation exercises that command.
Hostility not about being on the frontlines
Guillory 01 – Major in USAF (Michael, ARTICLE: Civilianizing the Force: Is the United States Crossing the Rubicon?, 51 A.F. L. Rev. 111) ~133~ At first glance, it would seem that any attempt to refine AND operations, forces, or installations, the activities would require combatant manning.
Armed Forces is determined by context
Dahinden 11 - Director, International Relations, Swiss Armed Forces, Bern; Council Member, International Institute of Humanitarian Law (Erwin, "Impact on military strategy, capability development and doctrine," p. 67) New technologies have fundamentally changed the planning process of ¶ armed forces, made the AND of engagement14 for the specific mission should be ¶ seen against this background.
Mueller 13 (Karl, Assistant Professor of Comparative Military Studies at the School of Advanced Airpower Studies at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, September 2013, "The Absolute Weapon and the Ultimate High Ground: Why Nuclear Deterrence and Space Deterrence Are Strikingly Similar - Yet Profoundly Different" From Stimson Center report "Anti-satellite Weapons, Deterrence and Sino-American Space Relations", http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/Anti-satellite_Weapons.pdf) This isn’t really a problem – or rather it shouldn’t be. A bright undergraduate AND to undertake once a crisis in which they loom large is already underway.
Prefer our interpretation
A) Limits— they overlimit – excludes tech affs – limits the topic to a war power that is already restricted. Functional limits check topic explosion
B) Ground – only our interpretation allows for unique disads – the affs that they allow already have restrictions which means it would be impossible to generate offense
C) Education – WPR is outdated, 21st century warfare has changed the definition of "armed forces"
Default to reasonability—Competing interps causes a race to the bottom and the cult of limits
Gallagher 5 – PhD, Associate Director for Research at the Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland (Nancy, "APPROACHES TO REGULATING WEAPONS IN SPACE," http://cissm.umd.edu/papers/files/chap8nancygallagheros05.pdf) If the space security environment envisioned by the Rumsfeld¶ Commission actually developed, the AND of the United States than the Soviets did¶ during the Cold War.
Unrestricted prez power ineffective
Griffin 13 Stephen M. Griffin is Rutledge C. Clement, Jr. Professor in Constitutional Law at Tulane Law School Long Wars and the Constitution pp 256-7 ¶ ¶ Defenders of the presidency often stress its unitary character. With a single AND a good reason for paying attention to the role of interbranch deliberation.¶ ¶
Space war collapses hegemony
Koplow 9 – Professor of Law @ Georgetown (David, 30 Mich. J. Int’l L. 1187) In the military sector, photoreconnaissance satellites enable the United States and Russia reliably to AND communications and other electronic emissions, enabling intrusive ~*1192~ monitoring of terrorists
and potential global trouble spots. During times of conflict, satellites are essential AND put it: "Today, space enables virtually everything we do." n8
11/13/13
Afghanistan Advantage - Texas
Tournament: Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: Emory BK | Judge: Montee open source
Indefinite detention collapses NATO and makes intel sharing with allies impossible – specifically, Britain, Germany, Poland and Italy
Parker 12 Tom, former policy director for Terrorism, Counterterrorism and Human Rights at Amnesty International USA, former officer in the British Security Service (MI5), "U.S. Tactics Threaten NATO," 9/17, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/us-tactics-threaten-nato-7461 A growing chasm in operational practice is opening up between the United States and its AND Something has to give—and it may just be the Atlantic alliance.
Britain and Germany are key to NATO and US engagement
Aronsson and Keller, 2012 *Lisa, Transatlantic Security Studies, Royal United Services Institute Patrick, coordinator at the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies and the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, (May 2012. Konrad Adenauer Stiftunt, RUSI Institute. Web, Acc at http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/OP_201205_Aronsson_and_Keller.pdf-http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/OP_201205_Aronsson_and_Keller.pdf) NATO is central to both British and German defence policy planning and is the primary AND hold onto its ambition to shape global affairs in partnership with the US.
Intel sharing in NATO key to special operations
Ara et al. 11 Martin, Lieutenant, United States Navy M.S., London School of Economics, Thomas Brand, Lieutenant Colonel, German Army B.S., University of the German Federal Armed Forces Munich, and Brage Larssen, Major, Norwegian Army B.S., Norwegian Military Academy, Naval Postgraduate School, "Help a Brother Out: A Case Study in Multinational Intelligence Sharing, NATO SOF," December NATO’s essential purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of all¶ its members AND is attempting to streamline and optimize the intelligence available to NATO SOF units.
Trails are key to allied cooperation
Hathaway et al 13 Oona Hathaway, Samuel Adelsberg, Spencer Amdur, Philip Levitz, Freya Pitts and AND Yale Journal of International Law¶ 38 Yale J. Int’l L. 123
¶ There is clear evidence that other countries recognize and respond to the difference in AND intelligence-gathering, producing more intelligence over the course of prosecution. n262
Effective NATO operations are essential to solve every scenario for extinction
Hamilton et al 09 (Daniel, lead author, Director of the Center for Transatlantic Relations at SAIS, Charles Barry, Hans Binnendijk, Stephen Flanagan, Julianne Smith, James, Townsend, Feb 2009, "Alliance Reborn: An Atlantic Compact for the 21st Century" The Washington NATO Project, Atlantic Counsel) transatlantic.sais-jhu.edu/sebin/i/y/nato_report_final.pdf This card edited to remove gendered language It is urgent that we renew and reform the transatlantic partnership, for the world AND potential to our wider goals and more likely to hold each other back.
Independently, NATO key to Afghan stability
Riggio 13 (Daniele, Public Diplomacy Division, International Staff, NATO Headquarters, Afghanistan and Central Asia: NATO’s Role in Regional Security Since 9/11, CH1 "NATO Support to the Afghan Stabilization Process: An Evolving Mission for a Long-Term Commitment, pg 28-29) First and foremost, the NATO Summit of Chicago reaffirmed the collective nature of the AND frameworks of the Instanbul Process and of the bilateral Afghan-Pakistani relations.
US-NATO engagement is key to Afghanistan stability – solves a litany of existential threats
Transitional phase key for Afghanistan stability – NATO support is vital to sustainability
Riggio 13 (Daniele, Public Diplomacy Division, International Staff, NATO Headquarters, Afghanistan and Central Asia: NATO’s Role in Regional Security Since 9/11, CH1 "NATO Support to the Afghan Stabilization Process: An Evolving Mission for a Long-Term Commitment, pg 28-29) The gamut of challenges in Afghanistan remains significant. Pressure on the insurgents must be AND light of that, we have only one option. Stay the course.
z
Indefinite detention collapses NATO and makes intel sharing with allies impossible – specifically, Britain, Germany, Poland and Italy
Parker 12 Tom, former policy director for Terrorism, Counterterrorism and Human Rights at Amnesty International USA, former officer in the British Security Service (MI5), "U.S. Tactics Threaten NATO," 9/17, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/us-tactics-threaten-nato-7461 A growing chasm in operational practice is opening up between the United States and its AND Something has to give—and it may just be the Atlantic alliance.
Britain and Germany are key to NATO and US engagement
Aronsson and Keller, 2012 *Lisa, Transatlantic Security Studies, Royal United Services Institute Patrick, coordinator at the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies and the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, (May 2012. Konrad Adenauer Stiftunt, RUSI Institute. Web, Acc at http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/OP_201205_Aronsson_and_Keller.pdf-http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/OP_201205_Aronsson_and_Keller.pdf) NATO is central to both British and German defence policy planning and is the primary AND hold onto its ambition to shape global affairs in partnership with the US.
Intel sharing in NATO key to special operations
Ara et al. 11 Martin, Lieutenant, United States Navy M.S., London School of Economics, Thomas Brand, Lieutenant Colonel, German Army B.S., University of the German Federal Armed Forces Munich, and Brage Larssen, Major, Norwegian Army B.S., Norwegian Military Academy, Naval Postgraduate School, "Help a Brother Out: A Case Study in Multinational Intelligence Sharing, NATO SOF," December NATO’s essential purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of all¶ its members AND is attempting to streamline and optimize the intelligence available to NATO SOF units.
Trails are key to allied cooperation
Hathaway et al 13 Oona Hathaway, Samuel Adelsberg, Spencer Amdur, Philip Levitz, Freya Pitts and AND Yale Journal of International Law¶ 38 Yale J. Int’l L. 123
¶ There is clear evidence that other countries recognize and respond to the difference in AND intelligence-gathering, producing more intelligence over the course of prosecution. n262
Effective NATO operations are essential to solve every scenario for extinction
Hamilton et al 09 (Daniel, lead author, Director of the Center for Transatlantic Relations at SAIS, Charles Barry, Hans Binnendijk, Stephen Flanagan, Julianne Smith, James, Townsend, Feb 2009, "Alliance Reborn: An Atlantic Compact for the 21st Century" The Washington NATO Project, Atlantic Counsel) transatlantic.sais-jhu.edu/sebin/i/y/nato_report_final.pdf This card edited to remove gendered language It is urgent that we renew and reform the transatlantic partnership, for the world AND potential to our wider goals and more likely to hold each other back.
Independently, NATO key to Afghan stability
Riggio 13 (Daniele, Public Diplomacy Division, International Staff, NATO Headquarters, Afghanistan and Central Asia: NATO’s Role in Regional Security Since 9/11, CH1 "NATO Support to the Afghan Stabilization Process: An Evolving Mission for a Long-Term Commitment, pg 28-29) First and foremost, the NATO Summit of Chicago reaffirmed the collective nature of the AND frameworks of the Instanbul Process and of the bilateral Afghan-Pakistani relations.
US-NATO engagement is key to Afghanistan stability – solves a litany of existential threats
Transitional phase key for Afghanistan stability – NATO support is vital to sustainability
Riggio 13 (Daniele, Public Diplomacy Division, International Staff, NATO Headquarters, Afghanistan and Central Asia: NATO’s Role in Regional Security Since 9/11, CH1 "NATO Support to the Afghan Stabilization Process: An Evolving Mission for a Long-Term Commitment, pg 28-29) The gamut of challenges in Afghanistan remains significant. Pressure on the insurgents must be AND light of that, we have only one option. Stay the course.
1/4/14
NEWEST PLAN USC
Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Everyone | Judge: The United States Federal Government should grant Article III Courts exclusive jurisdiction over the United States’ military indefinite detention policy and provide access to a trial.
Wu 12 – Permanent Representative of China to the Conference on Disarmament (Haito, "Statement by H.E. Ambassador Wu Haitao, on PAROS," http://www.china-un.ch/eng/hom/t938642.htm) Firstly, arms race in outer space is posing an immediate security challenge to international AND in place to negotiate and conclude new international legal instrument on outer space.
US weaponization leads to arms racing – spills over to nuclear warfare
Tannenwald 4 - Assistant Professor and Director of the International Relations Program, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University (Nina, Article: Law Versus Power on the High Frontier: The Case for a Rule-Based Regime for Outer Space, 29 Yale J. Int’l L. 363) A more elaborated legal regime would be aimed at preventing destabilizing conflicts over the use AND -tech arms race and renew emphasis on doctrines of nuclear warfare. n25
Space wars escalate to nuclear war
Englehart 8 – JD, patent litigation attorney practicing in the firm’s Litigation, ITC Litigation and Patent Interferences groups (Alex, COMMON GROUND IN THE SKY: EXTENDING THE 1967 OUTER SPACE TREATY TO RECONCILE U.S. AND CHINESE SECURITY INTERESTS, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 17.1) An Effective U.S. Space Weapons Deployment Would Neutralize the ¶ Effectiveness of AND order to avoid ¶ the total collapse of its strategic nuclear deterrent.64
Independently, US plans to weaponize space leads to diplomatic backlash – undercut multilateral burden-sharing
Brown 9 – PhD @ Auburn (Trevor, "Soft Power and Space Weaponization" Air 26 Space power Journal Volume 23 No 1, Spring, pg. 67) The United States has plans to weaponize space and is already deploying missile-defense AND difficult politically for the Air Force to make plans to offer such protection.
Space weapons backlash spills over
Marshall 5 – PhD, Former Research Fellow, International Security Program @ Belfer Center (William, et al, "Space weapons: the urgent debate," ISYP Journal on Science and World Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1) On the other hand, a range of short term disadvantages are possible, 1 AND view that any weapon in outer space violates the spirit of that Treaty.
Specifically – space backlash collapses climate and disease cooperation
Moore 8 – Research Fellow @ TII, articles have appeared in the Brown Journal of World Affairs, Foreign Service Journal, Yes21 A Journal of Positive Futures, and The SAIS Review and International Affairs. (Mike, "Twilight War: The Folly of U.S. Space Dominance," Carnegie Council) Now, there is another moral issue. We are triggering a new arms race AND have? Nations need to work together in order to solve these problems.
Diseases cause extinction
Keating 9 – Foreign Policy Web Editor Joshua, "The End of the World," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full How it could happen: Throughout history, plagues have brought civilizations to their knees AND . Biological weapons experimentation has added a new and just as troubling complication.
No burnout
Torrey 5 - Directors Stanley Medical Research Institute (E. Fuller and Robert H Yolken, Beasts of the Earth: Animals, Human and Disease, pp. 5-6) *edited for lang The outcome of this marriage, however, is not as clearly defined as it AND HIV or SARS virus may be truly capable of eradicating the people race.
More 93 Gannett News Service, January 11, p. Lexis Preston asks an author of the report whether "an emerging virus could wipeout our species." The virologist replies that HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, could do the job, especially if it were to mutate into an airborne diseases like influenza. "There is no reason in principle why HIV couldn’t spread by the respitory route," he notes.
Global climate cooperation solves warming
Burleson 7 – Pace University School of Law, LLM London School of Economics and Political Science, JD University of Connecticut School of Law (Elizabeth Burleson, "Multilateral Climate Change Mitigation" 41 U.S.F. Law Review 373, January 1 2007, Environmental Law Commons) The international community can overcome political and economic disparity to achieve climate stabilization. The AND of policy instruments. Avoiding catastrophic climate change requires genuine multilateral cooperation immediately.
Warming is anthropogenic – most comprehensive analysis to date proves
Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech, *John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis *Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al., ("Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature," Environmental Research Letters, 8.2) An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public support for climate policy (Ding et al 2011). *edited for lang
Communicating the scientific consensus also increases people’s acceptance that climate change (CC) is AND 1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
There is a low threshold for RUNAWAY warming – newest studies prove
Goldblatt 13 – PhD in Environmental Sciences, Research Associate, Virtual Planetary Laboratory 26 Astronomy Department @ U Washington (Colin, et al., "Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates," Nature Geoscience 6, 661–667, doi:10.1038/ngeo1892) Here, we present the most complete study of the runaway greenhouse for 25 years AND (with a major component being condensable), and no empirical comparison cases.
Runaway warming tipping points coming soon – must act now to avert extinction
Hamilton 10 – Professor of Public Ethics @ ANU (Clive Hamilton, Professor of Public Ethics in Australia, 2010, "Requiem for a Species: Why We Resist the Truth About Climate Change," pg. 1-2) *edited for lang One of the most striking features of the global warming debate has been how, AND will be gone and peoples will enter a long struggle just to survive.
The risk is existential
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA (Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, "Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it," pg. 122) *edited for lang The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2 AND adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
Advantage 2: FMCT
Banning space weapons is key a successful FMCT
Oppenheim 13 – JD @ Brooklyn Law (Jesse, "NOTE: DANGER AT 700,000 FEET: WHY THE UNITED STATES NEEDS TO DEVELOP A KINETIC ANTI-SATELLITE MISSILE TECHNOLOGY TEST-BAN TREATY," 38 Brooklyn J. Int’l L. 761) Additionally, adoption of a kinetic ASAT testing-ban would strengthen the United States’ AND serve to "augment U.S. national security space capabilities." n173
Aff gets China on board – that’s key to India and Pakistan participation
Zhang and Podvig 7 *Hui, Ph.D in nuclear physics Pavel, former research associate at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University ( "Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space," American Academy of Arts and Sciences) According to Ambassador Sha Zukang, "China cannot afford to sit on its hands AND still firmly holds that the prevention of space weaponization is an urgent issue.
Independently US weaponization kills the FMTC and triggers arms racing
Zhang and Podvig 7 *Hui, Ph.D in nuclear physics Pavel, former research associate at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University ( "Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space," American Academy of Arts and Sciences) Damage to arms control and nuclear proliferation regimes. The inherent offensive and first- AND related to nuclear weapons and missiles, thus triggering new arms races."61
*Only an international legal approach solves HEU production
GSN 12 Global Security Newswire, 11-15-12, "International Politics of Civilian HEU Elimination" http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/international-politics-civilian-heu-elimination/ It is important to note that the current proposals for HEU minimization cover only civilian AND , complex task, but the necessary resources and technology for success exist.
Scenario 1 is Soviet HEU
A FMT prevents terrorist access to it
Du Preez 4 – Director of the International Organizations and Nonproliferation Program (IONP) at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies and Senior Lecturer at the Graduate School for International Policy Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies Jean, 2004, "The Future of a Treaty Banning Fissile Material for Weapons Purposes: is it Still Relevant?" http://www.un.org/disarmament/education/wmdcommission/files/No9.pdf The physical security of fissile materials and their production facilities has¶ become increasingly important AND ¶ require the establishment of a physical protection inspection service within the IAEA51.
HEU terrorism is extremely likely and causes extinction
Newman and Bunn 9 Andrew Newman and Matthew Bunn 9, Andrew Newman is a Research Associate with the AND The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, vol.33:2 fall 2009 The threat of nuclear terrorism is real. 1 Osama bin Laden has called the AND of nuclear terrorism can be reduced to a fraction of its current level.
Scenario 2 is India and Pakistan
FMCT key to ban Pakistani HEU production—only legally binding requirements solve
WISE 8 World Information Service on Energy, 12-3-08, "THE IMPORTANCE OF A FISSILE MATERIAL TREATY" http://www.wiseinternational.org/node/3409 Why an FM(C)T is Important¶ Since the NPT nuclear- AND states meet internationally agreed standards for the control and accounting of fissile materials.
HEU stock reductions are key
NTI 13 3-25-13, "Civilian HEU Reduction and Elimination Resource Collection" http://www.nti.org/analysis/reports/civilian-heu-reduction-and-elimination/ In 2002, the U.S. National Research Council warned that "crude AND risk that terrorist groups could use this material to create a nuclear explosion.
Pakistan’s fissile materials are vulnerable to theft
Bunn et al 12 – Associate Professor of Public Policy at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government Mathew, Eben Harrell, Research Associate at the Project on Managing the Atom in the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard Kennedy School, and Martin Malin, Executive Director of the Project on Managing the Atom at the Belfer Center. Prior to coming to the Kennedy School, March 2012, "Progress on Securing Nuclear Weapons and Materials: The FourYear Effort and Beyond" http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/10592471/Bunn_Progress_Securing.pdf?sequence=1 Pakistan maintains a small (though growing) nuclear stockpile, in a small number AND the Pakistani state will collapse, this scenario cannot be entirely ruled out.
Obtaining fissile material is the only barrier between terrorists and making a highly destructive gun-bomb
A new terrorist attack leads to India-Pakistan nuclear war
Imonti 12 – Analyst @ National Interest, retired director of a private equity firm where he was an investment strategist for seven years Felix, "Is Pakistan’s Paranoia Pushing it Into a Nuclear War with India?," http://www.unknowncountry.com/insight/pakistans-paranoia-pushing-it-nuclear-war-india The high command has concluded that the only equalizer for the weaker of the competitors AND survival of South Asia and far beyond will be depending on that decision.
FMCT independently solves Indo-Pak tensions
Dunn 99 – PhD, Director of the Center for Global Security and Cooperation Lewis, 1999, "A FMCT: Can We Get from Here to There?," http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/fmct/2e-dunn.pdf-http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/fmct/2e-dunn.pdf Perhaps paradoxically, the testing of nuclear weapons by India and Pakistan in May 1998 AND -off could help lessen domestic and bureaucratic pressures to "do more".
Extinction
Robock and Toon 10 – prof of climatology @ Rutgers Dr. Alan Robock is a professor of climatology in the Department of Environmental Sciences AND 00368733, Jan2010, Vol. 302, Issue 1. Academic Search Premier Why discuss this topic now that the cold war has ended? Because as other AND on the planet today would feed the earth’s population for only about two months
~see "Could Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?" by Lester R. AND a nuclear war between India and Pakistan or between other regional nuclear powers.
Sharma 12 – Professor of Political Science at University of Auckland Ashok, Winter/Spring, "The Enduring Conflict and the Hidden Risk of India-Pakistan War" SAIS Review, Vol 32 No 1, ProjectMuse Despite the diplomatic and political initiatives and confidence-building measures to better the Indo AND leaders and may thereby encourage Pakistan to flex its military muscle against India.
Plan
The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the war powers authority of the president to introduce space armed forces into hostilities.
Solvency
The plan jumpstarts binding international agreements on space weapons
Jaramillo 9 – MA in Global Governance, Program Officer at Project Ploughshares working on the Space Security and Nuclear Disarmament programs (Cesar, "In Defence of the PPWT Treaty: Toward a Space Weapons Ban," The Ploughshares Monitor, 30.4) *edited for lang The existing legal regime that tackles the potential weaponization of outer space is outdated, AND deserves, so that space can be preserved as a peaceful global commons.
Absent a Congressional commitment, other countries won’t negotiate
—also, Congress backlashes and bans an executive only agreement Listner 12 - JD, Legal and Policy Editor for Space Safety Magazine and a Senior Contributor to DefensePolicy.Org (Michael, "Congressional opposition to a Code of Conduct for space," http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2018/1) Regardless of the potential outcome, a legal challenge by either Congress or the administration AND but it ensures that negotiations over the Code will be anything but dull.
This comprehensive legal regime prevents space arms racing
Tannenwald 4 - Assistant Professor and Director of the International Relations Program, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University (Nina, Article: Law Versus Power on the High Frontier: The Case for a Rule-Based Regime for Outer Space, 29 Yale J. Int’l L. 363) The future of peace and security in outer space is at a critical juncture. AND of outer space and its resources, other nations might develop their own antisat
ellite weapons designed to break this monopoly. Countries that lack the capabilities to build such weapons might purchase them. Space-based weapons would also generate instability due to the incentives for preemptive attack that powerful but vulnerable weapons systems seem likely to create. n18
11/13/13
UCO Plan Text
Tournament: UCO | Round: 1 | Opponent: UMKC CW | Judge: Kurt The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the war powers authority of the president to introduce space armed forces into hostilities.
