Tournament: UCO | Round: 6 | Opponent: UMKC CW | Judge: Eric Morris

CIR will pass – Obama’s PC pressures Boehner to allow a vote

Sullivan 10/24
Sean, Reporter, Washington Post, "John Boehner’s next big test: Immigration", http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/10/24/john-boehners-next-big-test-immigration-reform/?tid=pm_politics_pop
The policy imperative already exists for some House Republicans — perhaps enough of them that
AND
off the "maybe it will still get done" list just yet.

Plan kills Obama’s capital

Kriner ’10
Douglas L., assistant professor of political science at Boston University, "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, pages 68-69
While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

Reform key to competitiveness and growth

Trujillo and Melgoza 13
Mr. Trujillo is chairman of the Trujillo Group, LLC and co-chairman of the Latino Donor Collaborative. Mr. Melgoza is the CEO of Geoscape International Inc. The Economic—and Demographic—Case for Immigration Reform, 2/21/13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323951904578290471589119346.html?mod=googlenews_wsj
Since the November election, there has been much talk in Washington and on the
AND
a coherent and enforceable immigration policy is in place and here to stay.

Nuclear war

Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8  
Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, "The Dangers of a Diminished America" http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world’s financial architecture
AND
of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.

Tournament: UCO | Round: Octas | Opponent: K-State SS | Judge: Malcolm Gordon, Eric Robinson, Justin Stanley

CIR will pass – Obama’s PC pressures Boehner to allow a vote

Sullivan 10/24
Sean, Reporter, Washington Post, "John Boehner’s next big test: Immigration", http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/10/24/john-boehners-next-big-test-immigration-reform/?tid=pm_politics_pop
The policy imperative already exists for some House Republicans — perhaps enough of them that
AND
off the "maybe it will still get done" list just yet.

Limitations on war powers sap political capital for domestic agenda items

Kriner ’10
Douglas L., assistant professor of political science at Boston University, "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, pages 68-69
While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

CIR key to Latin American stability

Gittelson 9 
Citation: 23 Notre Dame J.L. Ethics 26 Pub. Pol’y 115
AND
hand experience in dealing with the immigration issues that are challenging our country today
In the alternative, should we fail to pass CIR, and instead opt to
AND
of cooperation can we expect in our battle to secure our southern border? 

Extinction

Manwaring 5
Max G., Retired U.S. Army colonel and an Adjunct Professor of International Politics at Dickinson College, venezuela’s hugo chávez, bolivarian socialism, and asymmetric warfare, October 2005, pg. PUB628.pdf
President Chávez also understands that the process leading to state failure is the most dangerous
AND
and their associated problems endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.65

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Louisville LR | Judge: Janna White

Immigration will pass – Obama PC is key

Lopez 1/1
Oscar, Latin Times, New Year 2014: 4 Reasons Immigration Reform Will Pass In 2014, 1/1/14, http://www.latintimes.com/new-year-2014-4-reasons-immigration-reform-will-pass-2014-141778
4. Leadership: As immigration reform comes to the fore, party leaders will
AND
, comprehensive legislation is one thing we can be sure of in 2014.

Limitations on war powers sap political capital for domestic agenda items

Kriner ’10
Douglas L., assistant professor of political science at Boston University, "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, pages 68-69
While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

Reform key to competitiveness and growth

Trujillo and Melgoza 13
Mr. Trujillo is chairman of the Trujillo Group, LLC and co-chairman of the Latino Donor Collaborative. Mr. Melgoza is the CEO of Geoscape International Inc. The Economic—and Demographic—Case for Immigration Reform, 2/21/13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323951904578290471589119346.html?mod=googlenews_wsj
Since the November election, there has been much talk in Washington and on the
AND
a coherent and enforceable immigration policy is in place and here to stay.

Nuclear war

Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8  
Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, "The Dangers of a Diminished America" http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world’s financial architecture
AND
of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.

Tournament: USC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Navy MR | Judge: Aaron Hardy

Immigration will pass – Obama PC is key

Lopez 1/1
Oscar, Latin Times, New Year 2014: 4 Reasons Immigration Reform Will Pass In 2014, 1/1/14, http://www.latintimes.com/new-year-2014-4-reasons-immigration-reform-will-pass-2014-141778
4. Leadership: As immigration reform comes to the fore, party leaders will
AND
, comprehensive legislation is one thing we can be sure of in 2014.

Court rulings on presidential powers cost political capital

Pushaw ’4
Robert J., James Wilson Endowed Professor @ Pepperdine University School of Law, "Defending Deference: A Response to Professors Epstein and Wells", http://law.missouri.edu/lawreview/files/2012/11/Pushaw.pdf
More recently, the Court denied President Truman’s claim of implied Article II power to
AND
in 2004 lacked the popularity and political capital to disregard the Court’s orders.

Reform key to competitiveness and growth

Trujillo and Melgoza 13
Mr. Trujillo is chairman of the Trujillo Group, LLC and co-chairman of the Latino Donor Collaborative. Mr. Melgoza is the CEO of Geoscape International Inc. The Economic—and Demographic—Case for Immigration Reform, 2/21/13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323951904578290471589119346.html?mod=googlenews_wsj
Since the November election, there has been much talk in Washington and on the
AND
a coherent and enforceable immigration policy is in place and here to stay.

Nuclear war

Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8  
Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, "The Dangers of a Diminished America" http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world’s financial architecture
AND
of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake PePh | Judge: Austin Woodruff

Cap empirically preferable to all other economic systems – wealth generating, socialism fails

Carden 4 – PhD Candidate in Economics @ Wash U
Art, "Mistaken Identity", The Mises Institute, Vol. 24 No. 6
The market economy is also accused of being the ultimate weapon of rich against poor
AND
, the market works. And we can take that to the bank. 

Capitalism creates the conditions for reflexivity – no risk of runaway consumerism

Cudd 10 – Dean of Humanities and Professor of Philosophy @ KU
Anne Cudd, "Capitalism for and Against: A Feminist Debate," pg. 124
Finally, capitalism promotes innovation, and as a path to technical innovation, science
AND
this way, capitalism creates the conditions for trenchant critiques of capitalist fetishes.

Cap isn’t the root cause

Aberdeen 2003 
(Richard, "Freedom Tracks," Aug 20^th  http://freedomtracks.com/uncommonsense/theway.html-http://freedomtracks.com/uncommonsense/theway.html)
A view shared by many modern activists is that capitalism, free enterprise, multi
AND
masters as necessary concessions to avoid profit-crippling strikes and outright revolution.

Capitalism is self-correcting – consumer-induced responsibility and regulations effectively limit plundering

Hollender and Breen 10 – * Founder of the American Sustainable Business Council, a progressive alternative to the Chamber of Commerce, Editorial Director of the Fast Company
Jeffrey Hollender, Bill Breen, "The Responsibility Revolution: How the Next Generation of Businesses will Win," pg. xix
The responsibility revolution is about more than cutting carbon, reducing energy use, monitoring
AND
out in front of it. If so, welcome to the cause.

Their authors scapegoat capitalism – hold them to a high standard of causal evidence

Norberg 3 – MA in History
Johan Norberg, Fellow at Timbro and CATO, MA with a focus in economics and philosophy, In Defense of Global Capitalism, pg. 290-291
All change arouses suspicion and anxiety, sometimes justifiably so; even positive changes can
AND
, an ideological defense will be needed for freedom from borders and controls.

The alternative can’t overcome capitalism – it’s adaptive

Mead 9 – Senior Fellow @ CFR
2/4, Walter Russell, Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, Only Makes You Stronger: Why the recession bolstered America, The New Republic
Even before the Panic of 2008 sent financial markets into turmoil and launched what looks
AND
—that financial crises in some way sustain Anglophone power and capitalist development.

U.S. transition from cap sparks great power wars and omnicide

Nyquist 5
J.R. renowned expert in geopolitics and international relations, WorldNetDaily contributing editor, "The Political Consequences of a Financial Crash," February 4, www.financialsense.com/stormw...2005/0204.html
Should the United States experience a severe economic contraction during the second term of President
AND
recently lamented, "We drank the poison and now we must die."

So would a global transition

Kothari 82 – Professor of Political Science
Professor of political science at the University of Delhi, Towards a Just Social Order, p. 571
Attempts at global economic reform could also lead to a world racked by increasing turbulence, a greater sense of insecurity among the major of powers – and hence to a further tightening of the structures of domination and domestic repression – producing in their wake an intensification of the old arms race and militarization of regimes, encouraging regional conflagrations and setting the stage for eventual global holocaust.

Wealth accumulation solves disease

-key to life expectancy for infants
Cudd 10 – Dean of Humanities and Professor of Philosophy @ KU
Anne Cudd, "Capitalism for and Against: A Feminist Debate," pg. 60-61
A common misperception in the literature on development and health outcomes is that if a
AND
errors, most of which are costly but never recover their cost directly.

Diseases cause extinction

Keating 9 – Foreign Policy Web Editor
Joshua, "The End of the World," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full
How it could happen: Throughout history, plagues have brought civilizations to their knees
AND
. Biological weapons experimentation has added a new and just as troubling complication.

Negative peace should be our first priority because the stakes are human survival.

Boulding ’90
Kenneth E. Boulding, Prof UC Boulder Conflict: Readings in Management and Resolution, Ed: John Burton, 1990, pg. 40-41.
Then, do we go from here? Can we see new horizons for peace
AND
, increases with every improvement in technology either of war or of peace.

Changing representational practices won’t alter policy—looking to structures and politics is more vital

-Foreign policymakers don’t care about discourse, kritik trades off with structural reform and contextualization
Tuathail 96 
 Professor of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 96  (Gearoid, Political Geography, Vol 15 No 6-7, p. 664, Science Direct)
While theoretical debates at academic conferences  are important to academics, the discourse and concerns
AND
needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is  human history.

Prioritize preventing extinction first

Cummiskey ’96
(David, Associate Philosophy Professor, Bates College, Kantian Consequentialism, p. 129-131)
It does, however, support the consequentialist interpretation. Since the moral demand to
AND
conclusion that the more persons with dignity who are saved, the better.

Utilitarianism is the best form of ethic for policy decisions – objections to utilitarianism based on personal morality are irrelevant.

Shaw ’99
William H. Shaw, PhD, professor and former Chair of the Philosophy Department at San Jose State University.  Contemporary Ethics: Taking Account of Utilitarianism. p. 171-2. 1999
Utilitarianism ties right and wrong to the promotion of well-being, but it
AND
from individuals much of the task of promoting the general welfare of society.

Cap is key to value to life

Cudd 10 – Dean of Humanities and Professor of Philosophy @ KU
Anne Cudd, "Capitalism for and Against: A Feminist Debate," pg. 49
The average quality of life for humans, particularly for women and children, has
AND
For virtually every interest, the quality of life has improved under capitalism.  

Merely criticizing cap is insufficient – the alternative isn’t viable without a specific and workable alternative

Grossburg 92 – Professor of COMS @ UNC
Lawrence, Communication Studies Professor at UNC, We Gotta Get Out of This Place, pg. 388-389
If it is capitalism that is at stake, our moral opposition to it has
AND
, including linking executives’ salaries to capital gains and investments rather than profits.

Globalization and open trade solve failed states

Gurr 2k – Professor of Government and Polics
Ted Robert Gurr et al, Director, Minorities at Risk Project; Distinguished University Professor, Department of Government 26 Politics at the University of Maryland, 9-30-2000, State Failure Task Force Report: Phase III Findings, http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/stfail/SFTF20Phase20III20Report20Final.pdf
Assessing the Impact of Trade Openness The Task Force has examined a wide range of
AND
to faster growth and more democracy, both of which encourage political stability. 

History is on our side – globalization and neoliberal economic policies has limited major conflicts.

Gresser ’7
Edward Gresser, Director of the Project on Trade and Global Markets @ Progressive Policy Institute. "Is ’Free Trade’ Working?". Testimony before the Senate Commerce Committee, Subcommittee on Interstate Commerce, Trade and Tourism. April 18, 2007. http://www.dlc.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=10826subid=20626contentid=254256
Most important, the crisis of the 1930s has never been repeated and economic integration
AND
cheaper to buy resources from overseas than to use force to acquire them."

Failed States comparatively outweigh nuclear war

Yoo 5 – Professor of Law
John, Professor of Law, University of California at Berkeley School of Law, Failed States, Int’l Colloquium, Online
Failed states pose perhaps the most dangerous threat to both American national security and international
AND
and lack of economic development requires some answers to the problem of failed states 

Capitalism empirically shields the environment – eight reasons – wealth, democracy, tech development, trade, market adjusting to scarcity, regulation of externalities, easy compliance, private property

Norberg 3 – MA in History
Johan Norberg, Fellow at Timbro, MA with a focus in economics and philosophy, In Defense of Global Capitalism, p. 225-237
All over the world, economic progress and growth are moving hand in hand with
AND
construction and heating of cattle pens for the purpose of native meat production.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Louisville LR | Judge: Janna White

Text: The United States federal government should revoke the Authorization for Use of Military Force on terror to increase statutory restrictions on the War Powers Authority of the President in introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities by use of surveillance tactics, just as debate should increase statutory restrictions on the power of the resolution to define what hostilities are.

The demarcation of "community" is an act of arbitrary and violent exclusion.  This mapping prevents empathetic transcendence

Calderwood 2k - Assistant professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at Fairfield University
Patricia E. Calderwood, "When Community Fails to Transform: Raveling and Unraveling a "Community of Writers"" The Urban Review, Vol. 32, No. 3
The root of the term community (Williams, 1976) is the Latin word
AND
status within the community. • Competent membership within community must be learned.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: UTD MV | Judge: Ryan Cheek

Link one is the role of the ballot.  Contrary to popular belief this debate round is, in fact, not key.  It’s not key to social change or as a statement of whatever for whomever in any way at all.  A debate round is what it is – a span of time in which argumentation occurs. The debate space is particularly unusable as a point for revolution because of structures inherent to debate.

Atchison and Panetta 2009 (Jarrod Atchison, PhD. In Speech Communication.  Edward Panetta, Ph.D. in Communication. "Intercollegiate Debate Speech Communication: Historical Developments and Issues for the Future"; The SAGE Handbook of Rhetorical Studies, Pg. 27)
 The first problem that we isolate is the difficulty of any individual debate to
AND
than seeking a larger community dialogue that is recorded and/or transcribed. 

The implication: attempting to create change via debate rounds fractures coalitions in favor of change, turns the case.

Atchison and Panetta 2009 (Jarrod Atchison, PhD. In Speech Communication.  Edward Panetta, Ph.D. in Communication. "Intercollegiate Debate Speech Communication: Historical Developments and Issues for the Future"; The SAGE Handbook of Rhetorical Studies, Pg. 28)

The final problem with an individual debate round focus is the role of competition.
AND
of the debate community to dismiss competition in the name of community change.

Link two is insulation: Focus on the debate round for activism trades off with other methods of change.  Their methodology excludes voices relevant to the discussion because those people are not present in the debate round.  Experts with real world experience, coaches, organizers, alumni, are all silenced, preventing communal awareness and consensus building – turns the case
Atchison and Panetta 2009 (Jarrod Atchison, PhD. In Speech Communication.  Edward Panetta, Ph.D. in Communication. "Intercollegiate Debate Speech Communication: Historical Developments and Issues for the Future"; The SAGE Handbook of Rhetorical Studies, Pg. 27-8)

A second problem with attempting to create community change in individual debates is that the
AND
individual participants and can achieve better reform through public dialogue than individual debates.

Our alternative has little to do with the ballot and more to do with
AND
vote negative because this methodology is the only route to solve the affirmative.
Our alternative is to force discussions during appropriate times at debate tournaments.  Our methodology is outlined by Atchison and Panetta again:
~Atchison and Panetta 2009 (Jarrod Atchison, PhD. In Speech Communication.  Edward Panetta, Ph.D. in Communication. "Intercollegiate Debate Speech Communication: Historical Developments and Issues for the Future"; The SAGE Handbook of Rhetorical Studies, Pg. 30-32)~

Tournaments that already have banquets scheduled present an easy opportunity for the beginnings of community
AND
discussion session would serve to maximize a shared community experience for the debaters.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 6 | Opponent: Emory CS | Judge: Jarrod Atchison

Obama is pushing Congress to resolve the debt ceiling – political capital is key to success

Pace 9/12
Julie, AP White House correspondent, Syria debate on hold, Obama refocuses on agenda, The Fresno Bee, 9/12/13, http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/09/12/3493538/obama-seeks-to-focus-on-domestic.html
With a military strike against Syria on hold, President Barack Obama tried Thursday to
AND
Speaker John Boehner on Thursday said the GOP will insist on curbing spending.

Limitations on war powers sap political capital for domestic agenda items

Kriner ’10
Douglas L., assistant professor of political science at Boston University, "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, pages 68-69
While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

Failure collapses the economy – goes global and past events don’t disprove

Davidson 9/10
Adam, co-founder of NPR’s "Planet Money," Our Debt to Society, New York Times, 9/10/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Nuclear war

Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8  
Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, "The Dangers of a Diminished America" http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world’s financial architecture
AND
of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: Dartmouth CK | Judge: Joe Keeton

Obama is pushing Congress to resolve the debt ceiling – political capital is key to success

Pace 9/12
Julie, AP White House correspondent, Syria debate on hold, Obama refocuses on agenda, The Fresno Bee, 9/12/13, http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/09/12/3493538/obama-seeks-to-focus-on-domestic.html
With a military strike against Syria on hold, President Barack Obama tried Thursday to
AND
Speaker John Boehner on Thursday said the GOP will insist on curbing spending.

Limitations on war powers sap political capital for domestic agenda items

Kriner ’10
Douglas L., assistant professor of political science at Boston University, "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, pages 68-69
While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

Failure collapses the economy – goes global and past events don’t disprove

Davidson 9/10
Adam, co-founder of NPR’s "Planet Money," Our Debt to Society, New York Times, 9/10/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Nuclear war

Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8  
Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, "The Dangers of a Diminished America" http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world’s financial architecture
AND
of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Texas BJ | Judge: Eric Robinson

Obama is pushing Congress to resolve the debt ceiling – political capital is key to success

Pace 9/12
Julie, AP White House correspondent, Syria debate on hold, Obama refocuses on agenda, The Fresno Bee, 9/12/13, http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/09/12/3493538/obama-seeks-to-focus-on-domestic.html
With a military strike against Syria on hold, President Barack Obama tried Thursday to
AND
Speaker John Boehner on Thursday said the GOP will insist on curbing spending.

Limitations on war powers sap political capital for domestic agenda items

Kriner ’10
Douglas L., assistant professor of political science at Boston University, "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, pages 68-69
While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

Failure collapses the economy – goes global and past events don’t disprove

Davidson 9/10
Adam, co-founder of NPR’s "Planet Money," Our Debt to Society, New York Times, 9/10/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Nuclear war

Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8  
Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, "The Dangers of a Diminished America" http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world’s financial architecture
AND
of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 7 | Opponent: Texas DS | Judge: Joel Reed

Obama is pushing Congress to resolve the debt ceiling – political capital is key to success

Pace 9/12
Julie, AP White House correspondent, Syria debate on hold, Obama refocuses on agenda, The Fresno Bee, 9/12/13, http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/09/12/3493538/obama-seeks-to-focus-on-domestic.html
With a military strike against Syria on hold, President Barack Obama tried Thursday to
AND
Speaker John Boehner on Thursday said the GOP will insist on curbing spending.

Limitations on war powers sap political capital for domestic agenda items

Kriner ’10
Douglas L., assistant professor of political science at Boston University, "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, pages 68-69
While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

Failure collapses the economy – goes global and past events don’t disprove

Davidson 9/10
Adam, co-founder of NPR’s "Planet Money," Our Debt to Society, New York Times, 9/10/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

====Extinction====
Royal 10 — Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense
Jedediah, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises?", Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 6 | Opponent: Emory CS | Judge: Jarrod Atchison

Text: The President of the United States should refrain from engaging in offensive cyber operations without prior and binding consultation with Congress.

Self-restraint is as binding as legislation, affects future presidents, and avoids politics

Posner and Vermeule ’10
Eric A. Posner is the Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law @ the University of Chicago School of Law and Editor of the Journal of Legal Studies, Adrian Vermeule is a legal scholar, Oxford University Press, "The Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic", Google Books
A Preliminary Note on Law and Self-Binding Many of our mechanisms are unproblematic
AND
political coalitions that will act to defend the new rules ¶or policies.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: Dartmouth CK | Judge: Joe Keeton

Text: The President of the United States should refrain from the use of United States Armed Forces in military conflict with Iran that is initiated by the United States or others

CP is binding as legislation, affects future presidents, and avoids politics

Posner and Vermeule ’10
Eric A. Posner is the Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law @ the University of Chicago School of Law and Editor of the Journal of Legal Studies, Adrian Vermeule is a legal scholar, Oxford University Press, "The Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic", Google Books
A Preliminary Note on Law and Self-Binding Many of our mechanisms are unproblematic
AND
political coalitions that will act to defend the new rules ¶or policies.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 6 | Opponent: UMKC CW | Judge: Eric Morris

Text: The President of the United States should refrain from the use of remotely piloted aircraft for targeted killing.

Self-restraint is as binding as legislation, affects future presidents, and avoids politics

Posner and Vermeule ’10
Eric A. Posner is the Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law @ the University of Chicago School of Law and Editor of the Journal of Legal Studies, Adrian Vermeule is a legal scholar, Oxford University Press, "The Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic", Google Books
A Preliminary Note on Law and Self-Binding Many of our mechanisms are unproblematic
AND
political coalitions that will act to defend the new rules ¶or policies.

Tournament: UCO | Round: Octas | Opponent: K-State SS | Judge: Malcolm Gordon, Eric Robinson, Justin Stanley

The President of the United States should create an internal national security court housed within the executive branch ruled by experts outside of the judicial branch with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders.

CP creates executive accountability and transparency

Katyal 13
Neal, "Who Will Mind the Drones?" ~http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/opinion/an-executive-branch-drone-court.html~~ February 21 mtc
IN the wake of revelations about the Obama administration’s drone program, politicians from both
AND
balance the demands of secrecy and speed with those of liberty and justice.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Texas BJ | Judge: Eric Robinson

The President of the United States should

-release a public oversight white paper describing and defending the targeted killing criteria, targeted killing process, and congressional oversight mechanisms 
-publically disclose the number of targeted killings conducted by the Department of Defense and Central Intelligence Agency
-publically make available targeted killing operation expenses 
-establish an independent Defense and Intelligence review board for targeted killings 

CP creates executive accountability and transparency

McNeal 13 – public policy professor @ Pepperdine University, national security specialist, and former Assistant Director of the Institute for Global Security
Gregory S., "Targeted Killing and Accountability"  Georgetown Law Journal, Forthcoming ~http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583~~ March 5 mtc
V. ACCOUNTABILITY REFORMS¶ A. Defend the Process. Perhaps the most obvious
AND
its entirety, or could conduct audits on specified areas of the program.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 7 | Opponent: Texas DS | Judge: Joel Reed

The President of the United States should

-release a public oversight white paper describing and defending the targeted killing criteria, targeted killing process, and congressional oversight mechanisms 
-publically disclose the number of targeted killings conducted by the Department of Defense and Central Intelligence Agency
-publically make available targeted killing operation expenses 
-establish an independent Defense and Intelligence review board for targeted killings 

CP creates executive accountability and transparency

McNeal 13 – public policy professor @ Pepperdine University, national security specialist, and former Assistant Director of the Institute for Global Security
Gregory S., "Targeted Killing and Accountability"  Georgetown Law Journal, Forthcoming ~http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583~~ March 5 mtc
V. ACCOUNTABILITY REFORMS¶ A. Defend the Process. Perhaps the most obvious
AND
its entirety, or could conduct audits on specified areas of the program.

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: UNLV RV | Judge: David Arnett

Text: The executive branch should refrain from the use of drone strikes that do not meet strict scrutiny standards set by the judiciary of the United States.

Counterplan is binding as legislation, affects future presidents, and avoids politics

Posner and Vermeule ’10
Eric A. Posner is the Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law @ the University of Chicago School of Law and Editor of the Journal of Legal Studies, Adrian Vermeule is a legal scholar, Oxford University Press, "The Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic", Google Books
A Preliminary Note on Law and Self-Binding Many of our mechanisms are unproblematic
AND
political coalitions that will act to defend the new rules ¶or policies.

Perceived as credible and avoids politics

Harvard Law Review ’12
"Developments in the Law - Presidential Authority", http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf
Of course, not everyone agrees that failure to follow OLC’s advice necessarily signals a
AND
and because the White House Counsel’s Office stands ready to replace it.60

Tournament: USC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Navy MR | Judge: Aaron Hardy

Text: The President of the United States should guarantee that all persons in indefinite detention are entitled to habeas corpus protections in federal court.

Self-restraint is as binding as legislation, affects future presidents, and avoids politics

Posner and Vermeule ’10
Eric A. Posner is the Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law @ the University of Chicago School of Law and Editor of the Journal of Legal Studies, Adrian Vermeule is a legal scholar, Oxford University Press, "The Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic", Google Books
A Preliminary Note on Law and Self-Binding Many of our mechanisms are unproblematic
AND
political coalitions that will act to defend the new rules ¶or policies.

Perceived as credible and avoids politics

Harvard Law Review ’12
"Developments in the Law - Presidential Authority", http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf
Of course, not everyone agrees that failure to follow OLC’s advice necessarily signals a
AND
and because the White House Counsel’s Office stands ready to replace it.60

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Whitman DM | Judge: Sarah Lundeen

Obama is using PC – needs it to sustain a veto on Iran sanctions – top of the agenda

Lobe 12/27
Jim, reporter for Inter Press Service, "Iran sanctions bill: Big test of Israel lobby power," 12/27/13, http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article26cat=World26article=8046
This week’s introduction by a bipartisan group of 26 senators of a new sanctions bill
AND
who controls the upper chamber’s calendar, to forestall any new sanctions legislation.

Obama will win the fight – failure undermines negotiations and leads to Middle East war

Merry 1/1
Robert W. Merry, political editor of the National Interest, is the author of books on American history and foreign policy, "Obama may buck the Israel lobby on Iran," Washington Times, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/31/merry-obama-may-buck-the-israel-lobby-on-iran/
Presidential press secretary Jay Carney uttered 10 words the other day that represent a major
AND
seen as being not quite what it has been cracked up to be.

====Plan’s a loss – causes defection====
Loomis 7 
Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at Georgetown University, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy", March 2, 2007, pg 36-37, http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php
Declining political authority encourages defection. American political analyst Norman Ornstein writes of the domestic
AND
affects the character of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic. 

Successful deal key to prevent war with Iran

Shank and Gould 9/12 
Michael Shank, Ph.D., is director of foreign policy at the Friends Committee on National Legislation. Kate Gould is legislative associate for Middle East policy at FCNL, No Iran deal, but significant progress in Geneva, 9/12/13, http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/cause-conflict-conclusion/2013/nov/12/no-iran-deal-significant-progress-geneva/
Congress should welcome, not stubbornly dismiss, diplomatic efforts to finalize the interim accord
AND
Iran’s enrichment program as well as Congress’s obstructionism to a peaceful path forward.

US-Iran war causes global nuclear war and collapses the global economy

Avery 11/6 
John Scales, Lektor Emeritus, Associate Professor, at the Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, since 1990 he has been the Contact Person in Denmark for Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, An Attack On Iran Could Escalate Into Global Nuclear War, 11/6/13, http://www.countercurrents.org/avery061113.htm
Despite the willingness of Iran’s new President, Hassan Rouhani to make all reasonable concessions
AND
and future of all the peoples of the world, US citizens included.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: Dartmouth CK | Judge: Joe Keeton
====U.S. strikes destroy all facilities====
Kroenig ’12
Matthew, National Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "Time to Attack Iran", http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136917/matthew-kroenig/time-to-attack-iran?page=show
Even if the United States managed to identify all of Iran’s nuclear plants, however
AND
the United States acted quickly, it would not need to destroy it.

Solves global proliferation

Gerecht 6
Reuel Marc. Fellow @ AEI and former CIA analyst. 4/24/6. The Weekly Standard. "To Bomb, or Not to Bomb." Lexis.
The opponents of military strikes against the mullahs’ weapons facilities say there are no guarantees
AND
head-on collision with a determined superpower, then that’s their choice.

Takes 5 minutes and we have the right military

Telegraph 7
10/29/7. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/10/27/wbomb127.xml-http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/10/27/wbomb127.xml. 

"Unlike a ground invasion where you’ve got to mass hundreds of thousands of troops
AND
during the night. All the president has to do is say go."

Striking first decapitates their military

Babbin 6
Jed 1/23/2006 (served as a deputy undersecretary of defense in the George H.W. Bush administration) "Iran Showdown", The American Spectator, http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=9310
THE WAR WITH IRAN WILL have to be fought and we will, of course
AND
next year is immaterial. The time for us to act is now.  

Striking Iran solves nuclear terrorism

Krauthammer 4
Charles, Axis of evil, part two, July 23, online, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A7530-2004Ju122.html

Syria is weak and deterred by Israel. North Korea, having gone nuclear,
AND
and highly sophisticated aircraft standing by just a few miles away — in Iraq

Terrorism leads to extinction – retaliation

Speice 6
Speice, Patrick F., Jr. "Negligence and nuclear nonproliferation: eliminating the current liability barrier to bilateral U.S.-Russian nonproliferation assistance programs." William and Mary Law Review 47.4 (Feb 2006): 1427(59). Expanded Academic ASAP.

The potential consequences of the unchecked spread of nuclear knowledge and material to terrorist groups
AND
United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons. (53)

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 2 | Opponent: Louisville BL | Judge: Chris Bato

Reduction of class to a level among all other oppressions destroys its emancipatory potential – class must be recognized as qualitatively more important as a universalizing mechanism to overcome capitalist oppression.

gimenez 2001
~Martha, Prof. Of Sociology at CU Boulder, "Marxism and Class, Gender and Race", Race Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online~
There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society,
AND
what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.

Understanding whiteness as a pervasive force leads to essentialism and reductionism – prevents adequate empirical analysis

Andersen 3 – Professor of Sociology @ Delaware
Margaret Andersen, Professor or Sociology @ Delaware, 2003, "The Continuing Significance of Racism," pg. Google Book
Conceptually, one of the major problems in the whiteness literature is the reification of
AND
has come to mean just about everything, it ends up meaning hardly anything

Focus on whiteness undercuts the class struggle

-race not mono-causal
-white backlash prevents solvency
Niemonen 10 – Professor of Sociology @ USD
Jack Niemonen, Professor of Sociology @ South Dakota, "Public Sociology or Partisan Sociology? The Curious Case of Whiteness Studies," The American Sociologist, Springer Link
By suppressing intra-group divisions and contradictions, whiteness studies ignore how multiple statuses
AND
arguments inevitably result in anger and bafflement (Gillborn 1996; Kolchin 2002).

Psychoanalysis recreates capitalism and destroys the value to life

Perucci 9
Assistant Professor of Communication Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Tony, The Red Mask of Sanity: Paul Robeson, HUAC, and the Sound of Cold War Performance, TDR: The Drama Review 53:4, MUSE
This taming of production into representation is not only, as Derrida describes it,
AND
spectacular enslavement of Robeson’s voice as a function of anti-Communist disciplinarity.

The determinism of capital is responsible for instrumentalizaiton – this mobilizes and allows for the 1AC’s scenarios.

dyer-witherford 99
~Nick, Prof at U. of Western Ontario, Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism ~
For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of "will over nature"
AND
degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.

The Alternative is to

Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC.

Method is the foremost political question because one must understand the existing social totality before one can act – grounding the sites of political contestation outside of labor humanizes capital prevents a transition

tumino 2001
~Stephen, Prof English at Pitt, ""What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever", Red Critique, p. online~
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wayne State LM | Judge: Shree Awsare

THE AFFIRMATIVE IS A FUNDAMENTAL MISREADING OF POLITICS AND THE REPRODUCTION OF SOCIAL RELATIONS.  THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS THE ’BIOPOLITICAL STATE’ THAT SEEKS TO MANAGE AND CONTROL POPULATIONS FOR THE SAKE OF POWER.  THE STATE AND CAPITAL MOVE HAND IN GLOVE—ONE CANNOT EXIST WITHOUT THE OTHER.  ONLY A TOTAL DISTANCE FROM THE MODERN STATE CAN ALLOW FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF CAPITAL.  OTHERWISE WHAT IS PUSHED OUT THE DOOR ONLY COMES BACK IN THROUGH THE WINDOW

Meszaros 95
~Istavan, Prof. Emeritus at Sussex, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition~P. 65
The modern state as the comprehensive political command structure of capital — is both the
AND
faithful to the Marxian concern with the ’withering away’ of the state.

THE RELIANCE OF INDENTY-BASED POLITICS IS NOT AN ACCIDENTAL INSTANCE OF IGNORING CLASS.  THE DEMAND ARISES OUT OF THE CRISIS OF LIBERALISM—SUCH POLITICS PARTICULARIZES THE OPPRESSIONS OF CAPITALISM TO THE POINT THAT THE UNIVERSAL SYSTEM IS NATURALIZED.

BROWN 93
~Wendy, Professor and Genius, "Wounded Attachments", Political Theory, Aug~
Although this détente between universal and particular within liberalism is potted with volatile conceits,
AND
produced by capitalism in addition to that bound to the explicitly politicized marking.

NEXT, THE REDUCTION OF CLASS TO A NEUTRAL LEVEL AMONG A REVENGE, RACISM, AND OTHER STRUCTURES PREVENTS SOLVENCY AND REPLICATES CLASS DIFFERENCES

gimenez 2001
~Martha, Prof. Of Sociology at CU Boulder, "Marxism and Class, Gender and Race", Race Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online~
There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society,
AND
what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.

NEXT, THE DETERMINISM OF CAPITAL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INSTRUMENTALIZATION OF ALL LIFE

dyer-witherford 99
~Nick, Prof at U. of Western Ontario, Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism ~
For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of "will over nature"
AND
degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.

Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC.

THIS IS NOT THE ALTERNATIVE, BUT IN TRUTH THE ONLY OPTION— METHOD IS THE FOREMOST POLITICAL QUESTION BECAUSE ONE MUST UNDERSTAND THE EXISTING SOCIAL TOTALITY BEFORE ONE CAN ACT ON IT—GROUNDING THE SITES OF POLITICAL CONTESTATION OR KNOWLEDGE OUTSIDE OF LABOR AND SURPLUS VALUE MERELY SERVE TO HUMANIZE CAPITAL AND PREVENT A TRANSITION TO A SOCIETY BEYOND OPPRESSION

tumino 2001
~Stephen, Prof English at Pitt, ""What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever", Red Critique, p. online~
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 2 | Opponent: Northern Iowa SS | Judge: Kurt Fifelski

The affirmative is a fundamental misreading of politics and the reproduction of social relations.  There is no such thing as the ’biopolitical state’ that seeks to manage and control populations for the sake of power.  The state and capital move hand in glove—one cannot exist without the other.  Only a total distance from the modern state can allow for the destruction of capital.  Otherwise what is pushed out the door only comes back in through the window

Meszaros 95
~Istavan, Prof. Emeritus at Sussex, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition~P. 65
The modern state as the comprehensive political command structure of capital — is both the
AND
faithful to the Marxian concern with the ’withering away’ of the state.

From the perspective of structural kritik, there can be no such thing as ’making things better’— their model of politics, no matter how subversive or conservative, all fundamentally exagerate the importance of the formal institution of politics and power, ignoring the ways such a system creates knowledge—only a marxist shift to kritik the structure and create mass social consciousness will overcome this failure of politics

HARNECKER 2000
~Marta, Dir of MEPLA, Links, p. online: http://www.dsp.org.au/links/back/issue16/harnecker.html-http://www.dsp.org.au/links/back/issue16/harnecker.html ~
To think about the construction of forces and the correlation of forces is to change
AND
to be stirred up, but as something that has to be built.

Next, the determinism of capital is responsible for the instrumentalization of all life—it is this logic that mobilizes and allows for the 1ac’s scenarios in the first place

Dyer-Witherford 99
~Nick, Prof at U. of Western Ontario, Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism ~
For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of "will over nature"
AND
degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.

The judge should vote negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC.

This is not the alternative, but in truth the only option— method is the foremost political question because one must understand the existing social totality before one can act on it—grounding the sites of political contestation or knowledge outside of labor and surplus value merely serve to humanize capital and prevent a transition to a society beyond oppression

Tumino 2001
~Stephen, Prof English at Pitt, ""What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever", Red Critique, p. online~
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Weber ST | Judge: Juan Garcia

THE AFFIRMATIVE IS A FUNDAMENTAL MISREADING OF POLITICS AND THE REPRODUCTION OF SOCIAL RELATIONS.  THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS THE ’BIOPOLITICAL STATE’ THAT SEEKS TO MANAGE AND CONTROL POPULATIONS FOR THE SAKE OF POWER.  THE STATE AND CAPITAL MOVE HAND IN GLOVE—ONE CANNOT EXIST WITHOUT THE OTHER.  ONLY A TOTAL DISTANCE FROM THE MODERN STATE CAN ALLOW FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF CAPITAL.  OTHERWISE WHAT IS PUSHED OUT THE DOOR ONLY COMES BACK IN THROUGH THE WINDOW

Meszaros 95
~Istavan, Prof. Emeritus at Sussex, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition~P. 65
The modern state as the comprehensive political command structure of capital — is both the
AND
faithful to the Marxian concern with the ’withering away’ of the state.

THE RELIANCE OF INDENTY-BASED POLITICS IS NOT AN ACCIDENTAL INSTANCE OF IGNORING CLASS.  THE DEMAND ARISES OUT OF THE CRISIS OF LIBERALISM—SUCH POLITICS PARTICULARIZES THE OPPRESSIONS OF CAPITALISM TO THE POINT THAT THE UNIVERSAL SYSTEM IS NATURALIZED.

BROWN 93
~Wendy, Professor and Genius, "Wounded Attachments", Political Theory, Aug~
Although this détente between universal and particular within liberalism is potted with volatile conceits,
AND
produced by capitalism in addition to that bound to the explicitly politicized marking.

NEXT, THE REDUCTION OF CLASS TO A NEUTRAL LEVEL AMONG A REVENGE, RACISM, AND OTHER STRUCTURES PREVENTS SOLVENCY AND REPLICATES CLASS DIFFERENCES

gimenez 2001
~Martha, Prof. Of Sociology at CU Boulder, "Marxism and Class, Gender and Race", Race Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online~
There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society,
AND
what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.

NEXT, THE DETERMINISM OF CAPITAL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INSTRUMENTALIZATION OF ALL LIFE

dyer-witherford 99
~Nick, Prof at U. of Western Ontario, Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism ~
For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of "will over nature"
AND
degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.

Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC.

THIS IS NOT THE ALTERNATIVE, BUT IN TRUTH THE ONLY OPTION— METHOD IS THE FOREMOST POLITICAL QUESTION BECAUSE ONE MUST UNDERSTAND THE EXISTING SOCIAL TOTALITY BEFORE ONE CAN ACT ON IT—GROUNDING THE SITES OF POLITICAL CONTESTATION OR KNOWLEDGE OUTSIDE OF LABOR AND SURPLUS VALUE MERELY SERVE TO HUMANIZE CAPITAL AND PREVENT A TRANSITION TO A SOCIETY BEYOND OPPRESSION

tumino 2001
~Stephen, Prof English at Pitt, ""What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever", Red Critique, p. online~
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: UTD MV | Judge: Ryan Cheek

THE RELIANCE OF INDENTY-BASED POLITICS IS NOT AN ACCIDENTAL INSTANCE OF IGNORING CLASS.  THE DEMAND ARISES OUT OF THE CRISIS OF LIBERALISM—SUCH POLITICS PARTICULARIZES THE OPPRESSIONS OF CAPITALISM TO THE POINT THAT THE UNIVERSAL SYSTEM IS NATURALIZED.

BROWN 93
~Wendy, Professor and Genius, "Wounded Attachments", Political Theory, Aug~
Although this détente between universal and particular within liberalism is potted with volatile conceits,
AND
produced by capitalism in addition to that bound to the explicitly politicized marking.

NEXT, THE REDUCTION OF CLASS TO A NEUTRAL LEVEL AMONG GENDER, RACE, AND OTHER STRUCTURES PREVENTS SOLVENCY AND REPLICATES CLASS DIFFERENCES

gimenez 2001
~Martha, Prof. Of Sociology at CU Boulder, "Marxism and Class, Gender and Race", Race Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online~
There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society,
AND
what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.

NEXT, THE DETERMINISM OF CAPITAL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INSTRUMENTALIZATION OF ALL LIFE

dyer-witherford 99
~Nick, Prof at U. of Western Ontario, Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism ~
For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of "will over nature"
AND
degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.

Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC.

THIS IS NOT THE ALTERNATIVE, BUT IN TRUTH THE ONLY OPTION— METHOD IS THE FOREMOST POLITICAL QUESTION BECAUSE ONE MUST UNDERSTAND THE EXISTING SOCIAL TOTALITY BEFORE ONE CAN ACT ON IT—GROUNDING THE SITES OF POLITICAL CONTESTATION OR KNOWLEDGE OUTSIDE OF LABOR AND SURPLUS VALUE MERELY SERVE TO HUMANIZE CAPITAL AND PREVENT A TRANSITION TO A SOCIETY BEYOND OPPRESSION

tumino 2001
~Stephen, Prof English at Pitt, ""What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever", Red Critique, p. online~
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 4 | Opponent: ESU BT | Judge: Shae Bunas

Capitalism promotes innovation and science- reflexivity solves all your impacts

Cudd 10
Dean of Humanities and Professor of Philosophy @ KU Anne Cudd, "Capitalism for and Against: A Feminist Debate," pg. 124
Finally, capitalism promotes innovation, and as a path to technical innovation, science
AND
this way, capitalism creates the conditions for trenchant critiques of capitalist fetishes.

Neoliberalism is key to growth and poverty reduction.

Gresser 07
Edward Gresser, Director of the Project on Trade and Global Markets @ Progressive Policy Institute. "Is ’Free Trade’ Working?". Testimony before the Senate Commerce Committee, Subcommittee on Interstate Commerce, Trade and Tourism. April 18, 2007. http://www.dlc.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=10826subid=20626contentid=254256
Since then the world has opened. Policy is part of it: twelve major
AND
of rural hunger, and find jobs for 300,000 young women.

Poverty is an ethical impact – Structural violence happens day after day

Gilligan 96 – prof @ Harvard 
James, professor of Psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School, Director of the Center for the Study of Violence, and a member of the Academic Advisory Council of the National Campaign Against Youth Violence. Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes.. P. 191-196.
The 14 to 18 million deaths a year caused by structural violence compare with about
AND
for they are inextricably related to each other, as cause to effect.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Weber ST | Judge: Juan Garcia

Text: The United States Federal Government should adopt and implement a foreign policy strategy of offshore balancing.

====American Hegemony will inevitably collapse from counter-balancing, overstretch, and creeping multipolarity—extending it now will only generate power wars—must transition to offshore balancing====
Layne 6—Prof of Political Science
Professor of Political Science, Christopher, The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to Present
Advocates of hegemony claim that it is illusory to think that the United States can
AND
States to take this exit ramp constitutes the real tragedy of American diplomacy.

The capacity for revenge is crucial in maintain a credible U.S. nuclear deterrent.

Nuclear deterrence solves wars

Waltz in ’95— genius/professor @Columbia and Berkeley
~Kenneth N., Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, Peace, Stability, and Nuclear Weapons, August 1995, http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/wak01/~~23txt*-http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/wak01/~~
Aside from the quality of national regimes and the identity of rulers, the behavior
AND
qualities of the state that is to be deterred or scrutinize its leaders.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: Dartmouth CK | Judge: Joe Keeton

Obama just this week issued a new red line threatening military action unless there is diplomatic cooperation from Iran

New York Post 9/16/13
http://nypost.com/2013/09/16/obamas-new-red-line-iran/
President Obama drew another "red line" Sunday, now on Iranian nukes —
AND
in fact, you can you can strike a deal," Obama said.

Only threatening Iran militarily can solve Iranian aggression and prolif and restore U.S. hegemony – plan prevents that

Foxman 9/16/13
Abraham Foxman a law degree from the New York University School of Law did graduate work in international economics at New School University and is National Director of the
Anti-Defamation League (ADL) http://blogs.jpost.com/content/itE28099s-iran-stupid-how-guarantee-us-credibility-remains-after-syria-crisis-http://blogs.jpost.com/content/itE28099s-iran-stupid-how-guarantee-us-credibility-remains-after-syria-crisis
It has become conventional wisdom that the roller coaster of American decision-making on
AND
right once again. Iran is where American strength and leadership are crucial.

Heg solves for war

Brookes 11 – PhD Candidate @ Georgetown, M.A. from Johns Hopkins, serving his third term as a congressionally appointed member of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Peter, "Why the World Needs a Strong America," FSM, http://www.familysecuritymatters.org/publications/id.9986/pub_detail.asp
It’s funny, but sometimes you don’t miss something until it’s gone. While this
AND
military might, life aboard Planet Earth would be pretty grim, indeed.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Weber ST | Judge: Juan Garcia

Assassinations are not targeted killings

Wittes ’12
Benjamin, editor in chief of Lawfare and Senior Fellow in Governance Studies @ the Brookings Institute, "George Will on Drones, Assassination, and Targeted Killing", http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/12/george-will-on-drones-assassination-and-targeted-killing/
This idea that a lawful killing is by definition not an assassination remains the position
AND
the more we will have to accept that not all assassination is illegal.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Whitman DM | Judge: Sarah Lundeen

Interpretation – affs must restrict an entire topic list area

"In the area" means all of the activities

United Nations 13
(United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty, http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm)
PART I¶ INTRODUCTION¶ Article 1
Use of terms and scope¶ 1. For the purposes of this Convention:¶ (1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;¶ (2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;¶ (3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area;

Violation – the affirmative only restricts the President’s authority to conduct targeted killings outside of zones of conflict.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 4 | Opponent: ESU BT | Judge: Shae Bunas

the aff should have to defend a parametricization of their method

The aff will always win that the principles of their advocacy are good in the abstract – we can only debate the merits of their framework if they defend the specific consequences of political implementation

Ignatieff 4—Prof of Human Rights @ Harvard
Michael, Lesser Evils p. 20-1
As for moral perfectionism, this would be the doctrine that a liberal state should
AND
, and thus respect for one right might lead us to betray another.

Rejecting structured clash makes debate into an echo chamber impoverishing their arguments and any knowledge they produce – vote neg on presumption

Talisse 05
Professor of Philosophy @Vandy Robert, Philosophy 26 Social Criticism, Deliberativist responses to activist challenges, 31(4) p. 429-431
The argument thus far might appear to turn exclusively upon different conceptions of what reasonableness
AND
of justice. Insofar as the activist denies this, he is unreasonable.

Tournament: USC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Navy MR | Judge: Aaron Hardy

Interpretation – restriction requires prohibition of an authority

Restriction means prohibition

Corpus Juris Secundum 31
Volume 54, p. 735
RESTRICT:  To confine; to limit; to prevent (a person or thing) from passing a certain limit in any kind of action; to restrain; to restrain without bounds.

Authority is power delegated to an agent

Kelly 3 - judge for the State of Michigan
(JOSEPH ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff, and LULA ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY and DANIEL P. BENNETT, Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants., No. 236749, COURT OF APPEALS OF MICHIGAN, 259 Mich. App. 187; 673 N.W.2d 776; 2003 Mich. App. LEXIS 2649; 93 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 244; 92 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1557, Lexis)
Applying agency principles, a principal is responsible for the acts of its agents done
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be delegated in carrying out the principal’s business." Id. at 1348.

Bidirectionality – absent a prohibition, the aff can create meaningless "conditions" that EXPAND presidential power – commission consultation proves

Wilson Center No Date
(War Powers Proposal Gives the President Even More Authority, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/war-powers-proposal-gives-the-president-even-more-authority)
A privately organized Commission on War Powers recommended last week that the 1973 War Powers
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in Congress, behind closed doors and shielded by classified briefings and documents.

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: UNLV RV | Judge: David Arnett

A. Interpretation – Targeted killing requires an identified target and a name on a kill list – drone strikes include more than targeted killing.

Uebersax 12 - psychologist, writer and former RAND Corporation military analyst.
(John, "The Four Kinds of Drone Strikes," http://satyagraha.wordpress.com/2012/05/23/the-four-kinds-of-drone-strikes/)
We must begin with clear terms, and that is the purpose of the present article.  Drone strikes, that is, the launching of explosive missiles from a remotely operated aerial vehicle, come in four varieties: targeted killings, signature strikes, overt combat operations, and covert combat operations.  We shall consider each in turn.
Targeted killing. This occurs when a drone strike is used to kill a terrorist
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the government likes to crow when it kills a high-ranking terrorist.
Signature strikes.  In signature strikes, the target is a person whose name is
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assign strikes against anonymous non-leaders to the two further categories below.
Overt combat operation. This category includes drone strikes conducted as part of regular military
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the need to report casualties, especially civilian casualties, are in effect.
Covert combat operation. Finally, there are covert combat operations. These, like the former category, are launched against usual military targets – e.g., any hostile militant, not just high-ranking ones.  But why should these strikes be covert?  The obvious answer is: to mask something shady. Covert combat strikes can evade all those irritating constraints on military tactics imposed by the Geneva Conventions, International Law, public opinion, and basic human decency.

1. Limits – They expand the topic to include anything the U.S. does with drones or any form of killing – This devastates limits

Silva 3 - Faculte de Droit de l’Universite de Montreal
(Sebastian Jose Silva, "Death For Life: A Study of Targeted Killing by States In International Law," Thesis, http://www.researchgate.net/publication/35710449_Death_for_life_microforme__a_study_of_targeted_killing_by_States_in_international_law_)
As defined by Steven R. David, targeted killing is the "intentional slaying
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their very suggestion. David’s definition is essentially correct but over-inclusive.

2. Precision – Even if there is not a codified technical definition of TK, our interpretation is the only accurate description of how the US military OPERATIONALIZES targeted killing – this is more important than random Obama quotes

McNeal 13
Gregory, "The Politics of Accountability for Targeted Killings" ~http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/the-politics-of-accountability-for-targeted-killings/~~ March 14 mtc
This section draws exclusively from evidence about the military’s target execution process. However,
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fall into the "members of an organized armed group" category.243

Tournament: UCO | Round: 4 | Opponent: ESU BT | Judge: Shae Bunas

Interpretation: War power authority is control over the military

Bajesky 13
(2013¶ Mississippi College Law Review¶ 32 Miss. C. L.
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and business law courses at Central Michigan University and the University of Miami.)
A numerical comparison indicates that the Framer’s intended for Congress to be the dominant branch
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the President was empowered "to repel and not to commence war." n32-http://www.lexisnexis.com/lnacui2api/frame.do?tokenKey=rsh-20.771738.126179140926target=results_DocumentContent26returnToKey=20_T1797474874226parent=docview26rand=137667799703226reloadEntirePage=true

Violation: Immigration detention is authorized under immigration law plenary powers

Hernandez-Lopez 12 – Professor of Law @ Chapman
(Kiyemba, Guantánamo, and Immigration Law: An Extraterritorial Constitution in a Plenary Power World, UC IRVINE LAW, 193.2)
¶ Immigration law doctrine provides a fallback in the form of an established¶ set
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not required by law, even after nine years and habeas approval.21

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Whitman DM | Judge: Sarah Lundeen

Interpretation: A topical plan is limited to restricting the President’s authority over the military

Bajesky 13 – MA in Political Science and Applied Economics, LLM @ Georgetown
(Robert, "Dubitable Security Threats and Low Intensity Interventions as the Achilles’ Heel of War Powers," 32 Miss. C. L. Rev. 9)
A numerical comparison indicates that the Framer’s intended for Congress to be the dominant branch
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the President was empowered "to repel and not to commence war." n32-http://www.lexisnexis.com/lnacui2api/frame.do?tokenKey=rsh-20.771738.126179140926target=results_DocumentContent26returnToKey=20_T1797474874226parent=docview26rand=137667799703226reloadEntirePage=true

Violation: the plan applies to CIA targeted killings

Policinski 13 - legal fellow with the International Humanitarian Law Dissemination unit at American Red Cross National Headquarters, holds a J.D. from Villanova Law School in Villanova, Pennsylvania and an LL.M. from the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights in Geneva, Switzerland
(Ellen, "Why Shifting Drone Strikes from the CIA to the DoD is a Good Idea," http://lawsofarmedconflict.com/2013/06/13/why-shifting-drone-strikes-from-the-cia-to-the-dod-is-a-good-idea/)
The use of drones as a tool to carry out targeted killing operations raises a
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drone that killed al-Awlaki was controlled by the CIA.~3~

Limits – adding on other powers drastically increases the research burden – war powers is already large enough

Taylor 5 – now a JD from William and Mary
(Jarred, "Searching for a More Perfect Union," https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ypiOXjRVPWzNxDsFVJ0S1n-QfIGtXzp7Y59meEwd-bE/edit?hl=en_US)
It would take even the most seasoned scholar years of research and hundreds of pages to adequately analyze the development of any presidential power over the course of American history; war power is certainly no exception.  Every President since George Washington has interpreted the martial prerogatives of his office in different ways, and most have set some sort of precedent for succeeding officeholders.  Nevertheless, some of the major changes in executive military power bear highlighting.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 2 | Opponent: Northern Iowa SS | Judge: Kurt Fifelski

The affirmative must advocate restrictions on the President’s War Powers Authority.

Restrict is to prevent

Corpus Juris Secundum 1931
Volume 54, p. 735
RESTRICT:  To confine; to limit; to prevent (a person or thing) from passing a certain limit in any kind of action; to restrain; to restrain without bounds.

The president has one war power – the Commander in Chief clause

Lobel 7 – Professor of Law, University of Pittsburgh Law School
(Jules, "Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War" University of Pittsburgh School of Law Working Paper Series, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/oslj/files/2012/04/69.3.lobel_.pdf)
The  critical flaw  in the basic premise supporting exclusive presidential ¶ powers in war is
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that the "whole powers of war" are vested in Congress. 18 

The affirmative conflates national emergency powers with war powers – there’s a clear literature-based distinction

Luban 8 – Professor of Law and Philosophy @ Georgetown
(David, "ARTICLE: ON THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF POWER," 81 S. Cal. L. Rev. 477)
One more point deserves emphasis. Huntington’s theory, no less than that of the
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a fundamentally judicial task, rather than a combat competence of the military.

"should not" is a recommendation – allows exceptions which turn case

Google Dictionary No Date
should not¶ means not recommended although acceptable in particular circumstances but the full implications must be understood. Example: you should not drink too much alcohol.

Education – It’s more beneficial to debate about restrictions on war powers authority – It provides the civic education necessary to challenge unfettered executives
Buchanan 13 - Government professor, UT Austin
(Bruce, Presidential Power and Accountability: Toward a Presidential Accountability System, Routledge, pg. 21-23)
When it is authoritatively marshaled (i.e., mobilized, unified, clear
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popular opinion gained authoritative constitutional recognition" (Ackerman, 1991: 41).

Their education is only useful when it can be deliberated

Roberts-Miller 2
(Roberts-Miller, Patricia, Associate Rhetoric Professor at the University of Texas, January 2002, "Fighting without Hatred: Hannah Arendt’s Agonistic Rhetoric", Journal of Advanced Composition, Vol. 22, No. 3)
There are two points to emphasize in this wonderful passage. First, one does
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a world into which one enters and by which one might be changed.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 6 | Opponent: UMKC CW | Judge: Eric Morris

WPR weak now

Beavers and Flower 10/4
Elizabeth and Ruth, reporters, "Congress Must Rein in President’s War Powers," http://fcnl.org/blog/of_peace_and_politics/congress_must_rein_in_presidents_war_powers/
First, Congress must decide what war actually is. The War Powers Resolution fails
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of oversight over the wide-ranging technologies and tactics of modern warfare.

Enforcement of one aspect of the war powers resolution would enact all parts killing presidential flexibility

Rostow 1986
Eugene V., influential legal scholar and public servant, was Dean of Yale Law School, and served as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs under President Lyndon B. Johnson, "’Once More Unto the Breach:’ The War Powers Resolution Revisited,"  ttp://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=198826context=vulr
The critics of the statute were equally apocalyptic. The Resolution, they argued,
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novel and dangerous tasks on the people and government of the United States.

Reflexive military key to stop multiple scenarios of nuclear war

Kagan and O’Hanlon 2007
Frederick Kagan, resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, specializing in defense transformation, the defense budget, and defense strategy and warfare, AND Michael O’Hanlon, senior fellow and Sydney Stein Jr. Chair in foreign policy studies at the Brookings Institution, where he specializes in U S defense strategy, the use of military force, and homeland security, "The Case for Larger Ground Forces," http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf
We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly every region but
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intensive missions such as the ones now under way in Iraq and Afghanistan.