1NC T Prohibit T WPA Debt Ceiling Self Restraint Congress CP
2NR Debt Ceiling Congress CP
NDT
2
Opponent: Concordia BS | Judge: Rubino, Bunas, Creek
1NC FW Cap
2NR FW
NDT
4
Opponent: UNT AK | Judge: PJ, Allen, Reynolds
1NC T USFG T In The Area Marx ICJ CP Ukraine DA 2NR ICJ CP
Pitt RR
1
Opponent: Michigan HK | Judge: Russell
1NC T USFG Quare PIC 2NR T USFG
Pitt Round Robin
1
Opponent: Michigan HK | Judge: Jason Russell
Michigan HK broke a new aff which begins by revealing a desire to f@ Ronald Reagan as a gateway to discussing the construction of the libidinal economy of the president and how we construct pleasuredesire in the debate community The point of the AFF is deconstruct the construction of desire from the starting point of Queer Futurity Popular phrases in the 2AC1AR are "their desires are not their own" and "join us in our pursuit of ecstasy" The role of the judge according to their interpretation is to endorse the breaking away of the endless circling of debate which lusts after an ideal but lost debate community 1NC strat was Framework counter advocacy and case Framework was must used the USFG to restrict war powers as a point of stasis which is key to Neg ground and deliberation a pretty standard FW argument The counter advocacy was to do the aff without reference to queerness because queerness assumes a certain starting point which privilege the white upper class intellectual queer man The alt was to use a starting point of Quar Case answers included 'must use the law' reifying the heterosexual man through an oppositional queer starting point turns case and psychoanalysis leads to banalization 2AC Answers to FW hinge on critiquing framework as both an exclusionary method of creating a community a "lust for a nostalgic debate community" and a construct of the desire the 1AC already critiques They also respond with a counter-interpretation that the AFF just needs to be contestable and that the AFF will not perm a counter-advocacy The Block kicked the counter advocacy and spent the 2NC on FW and 1NR on case The 2NR was FW
1NC T Military CR CP Iran Sanctions Special Forces PIC 2NR CR CP Iran Sanctions
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Cites
Entry
Date
0 Cite Requests
Tournament: Cite Requests | Round: 1 | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA mcampbell09 at gmail dot com
10/11/13
AT Anthro - Adv CP
Tournament: CEDA | Round: 6 | Opponent: OU CO | Judge: Woodruff
1NC
We advocate that the United States federal government should
-ban the consumption of animal products
-ban the use of plant and animal products for clothing and cosmetic applications
-ban factory farming
-end all infrastructure projects on undeveloped land
3/22/14
AT Anthro - Anthro Good
Tournament: CEDA | Round: 6 | Opponent: OU CO | Judge: Woodruff
1NC
The 1ac’s claim that of the importance to"prioritize animal sovereignty" and that we need to rethink the "relationship of… domination … over non-human animals" reinforces the worst forms of biocentric ethics. It collapses the distinction between humans and non-humans.
-Quoting Land evidence Hudson 4 – PhD in Cultural Studies @ UC-Davis Laura, Cultural Studies PhD UC-Davis, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare life, Mediations: Journal of Marxist Literary Group, Mediations In his discussion of religion, Marx argues that the recognition of religion as the AND exploitation, how are we to envision the future of politics and society?
Independently, this frame causes the affirmative’s fight against fascism to be extended to animals – prevents animal testing
Cohen 86 – Professor @ U of M Carl, Professor @ U Mich, http://spot.colorado.edu/~~heathwoo/phil1200,Spr07/cohen.pdf Humans owe to other humans a degree of moral regard that cannot be owed to AND , and to all the achievements attained and attainable only through their use.
Diseases are coming – human-animal binary is key to research that is vital to cures that void extinction
Kiple and Ornelas 1 - * Prof. History @ Bowling Green State U, Sociologist and Anthropologist Kenneth, and Kriemhild, in "Why Animal Experimentation Matters: The Use of Animals in Medical Research", Ed. Paul and Paul, p. 32-42 Primate and rodent sentinels have also been pressed into service to isolate "the backlog AND use of animals in biomedical and biotechnological research seem fanatical, even suicidal.
Humans Key
Human survival is key to nonhumans—saves billions of species in the long run – future humans won’t degrade nature*
Matheny 7 - Ph.D., Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University ("Ought we worry about human extinction?," http://jgmatheny.org/extinctionethics.htm) Moral philosophers have not written much about human extinction. This may be because they AND the next few centuries should be to survive long enough to colonize space.
OV
Natural self-destruction is inevitable for a laundry list of reasons—only humans can solve
Ward 9 – Professor of biology and Earth and space sciences at the University of Washington and an astrobiologist with NASA (Peter, The Medea Hypothesis, 52-54) Calcium is an important ingredient in this process, and it is found in two AND ? If such life were Darwinian, the answer would be "certainly."
Scientific data proves only humans have the capacity for abstract reasoning and cognition of emotional states
Povinelli and Bering 2 - * Prof. Cognitive. Science @ U. Louisiana, Prof. Psych. @ U. Arkansas Daniel, and Jesse, Current Directions in Psychological Science, "The Mentality of Apes Revisited", 11:4, Blackwell-Synergy Evidence that human evolution was marked by the emergence of novel mental abilities is beginning AND constructed from the perceptual invariants that are readily detectable by the sensory systems.
Isaac
====Evaluate consequences of actions—most ethical stance==== Isaac 2 (Jeffrey Isaac, Professor of political science at Indiana University, Ph.D Yale, Director of Center for Study of Democracy and Public Life, Spring 2002, "End, Means, and Politics," Dissent Magazinze, vol. 49, no. 2) As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It AND are not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness
Animals Key
No substitutes
Morrison 1 - Prof. Veterinary Med. @ U. Pennsylvania and Fellow @ the Center on Neuroscience, Medical Progress, and Society @ GWU Adrian, in "Why Animal Experimentation Matters: The Use of Animals in Medical Research", Ed. Paul and Paul, p. 66-67 Some scientists and their supporters assume that, to counter such dangerous illusions, all AND incidence of various types of accidents in the home help that particular child?
Extinction O/W
Benatar votes aff—Even if they’re right about future generations, it is unethical to kill off everyone who is currently living
Belshaw 7 ~Christopher Belshaw (Professor @ the Open University), "David Benatar Better Never to Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence" Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, 9 June 2007, http://utilitarianism.com/benatar/index.html ~ Chapter 6 is somewhat more technical than the others. Perhaps for that reason AND continuing in existence. The obvious objections to Benatar’s central thesis still stand.
Bentars ideas about death don’t apply to extinction and the benefits of continuing human life outweigh the costs—our evidence is comparative that the intrinsic value to life and potential for happiness outweigh
Doyal 7 (Professor Len, emeritus professor of medical ethics at Queen Mary, University of London and a medical ethicist, "Is human existence worth its consequent harm?" Journal of Medical Ethics, October 2007, 33: 573 – 576) Not surprisingly, Benatar goes on to argue that human extinction would be a good AND at times. I am glad that I did not miss the experience21
Indefinite detention will continue after convicted prisoners have completed their sentences – Comstock opinion proves
Wedel 11 Collin P. Wedel, Stanford University Follow, "War Courts: Terror’s Distorting Effects on Federal Courts," Legislation and Policy Brief, Vol 3, No 1, http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/lpb/vol3/iss1/1/ The obvious and ominous portent of the Comstock decision is that¶ the government may AND it is a significant¶ departure from our standard approach to prison sentences.
====Article 3 courts continue indefinite detention in GITMO – they are indistinguishable from tribunals==== Wedel 11 Collin P. Wedel, Stanford University Follow, "War Courts: Terror’s Distorting Effects on Federal Courts," Legislation and Policy Brief, Vol 3, No 1, http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/lpb/vol3/iss1/1/ In recent years, federal courts have tried an increasing number of suspected terrorists. AND military tribunals. In short, courts are becoming military commissions that convict.¶
====TURN - Abu Ali trial proves that federal courts will circumvent constitutional protections – this guts the court’s credibility and turns your leadership advantage==== Wedel 11 Collin P. Wedel, Stanford University Follow, "War Courts: Terror’s Distorting Effects on Federal Courts," Legislation and Policy Brief, Vol 3, No 1, http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/lpb/vol3/iss1/1/ The recent trial of Abu Ali highlights this trend of relaxing procedural¶ standards in AND to military¶ commission regulations is anything but harmful to Article III courts.
Immigration
No topical solvency—They will shift to immigration authority
Hernandez-Lopez 12 Ernesto, Kiyemba, Guantánamo, and Immigration Law: An Extraterritorial Constitution in a Plenary Power World, UC Irvine Law Review, 2012, http://www.law.uci.edu/lawreview/vol2/no1/hernandez-lopez.pdf This Article makes two arguments. First, immigration law—that is, plenary AND , U.S. domestic politics, and the detainees’ own choices.
Prefer our link – vast majority of squo terrorists are held under immigration authority
Cole 9 (David, Law professor at the Georgetown University Law Center, "Out of the Shadows: Preventive Detention, Suspected Terrorists, and War", 97 California Law Review 693 (2009), http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=137026context=facpub) The vast majority of persons detained in antiterrorism measures in the wake of 9/ AND without an objective basis—as the aftermath of 9/11 illustrated.
Courts can’t review decisions to use immigration plenary power to detain
Hernandez-Lopez 12 – Professor of Law @ Chapman (Kiyemba, Guantánamo, and Immigration Law: An Extraterritorial Constitution in a Plenary Power World, UC IRVINE LAW, 193.2) ¶ Limiting judicial review through justifications of implicit autonomy in¶ international sovereignty, the AND , or never really apply when national security¶ concerns are raised.29
Courts can’t check decisions to detain under immigration law
Hernandez-Lopez 12 – Professor of Law @ Chapman (Kiyemba, Guantánamo, and Immigration Law: An Extraterritorial Constitution in a Plenary Power World, UC IRVINE LAW, 193.2) These six positions give weight to the legal reasoning that courts will not¶ review AND immigration cases reflect domestic anxieties regarding¶ foreign relations and immigration.35¶
10/6/13
AT Case - Michigan HK
Tournament: Pitt RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan HK | Judge: Russell
Case
Not the root cause and their impact claims are a performance of reductionist exclusion
Goodloe 9 - University of Colorado Amy, Lesbian-Feminism and Queer Theory: Another "Battle of the Sexes"? http://www.lesbian.org/essays/lesfem-qtheory.html Jacquelyn Zita, in an article entitled "Gay and Lesbian Studies: Yet Another AND 266), which further underscores the divisions between queer theory and lesbian feminism.
State Affirmation Good
Demands on the state affirm life.
Campbell ’93 David Campbell, Assistance Political Science Professor @ John Hopkins University. Politics Without Principle: Sovereignty, Ethics, and the Narratives of the Gulf War. P.97 To be engaged with the world, whether as an individual or a state, AND to handle, the range of choices might not have been so limited.
AT State
No Value===
No impact – people can assert agency in the face of state control – ignoring this disempowers the alt
Casrino 4 Cesare Casarino, professor of cultural studies and comparative literature at the University of Minnesota AND Antonio Negri, author of numerous volumes of philosophy and political theory. "It’s a Powerful Life: A Conversation on Contemporary Philosophy" Cultural Critique 57. 2004 AN: I believe Giorgio is writing a sequel to Homo Sacer, and I AND continuously try to subtract or neutralize our resistance. ~End Page 174~
V2L
Value to life intrinsic
Allport 92 Allport, Professor of Psychology at Harvard University, ’92 (Gordon, "Man’s Search for Meaning" preface) Dr. Frankl, author-psychiatrist, sometimes asks his patients who suffer from AND in many lands, patterned on his own famous Neurological Policlinic in Vienna.
2ac Physchology
Their methodology is flawed – impossible to measure individual psychological and emotional reactions
Saurette ’6 (Paul, Associate Prof. of Political Studies @ University of Ottawa, "You dissin me? Humiliation and post 9/11 global politics", Review of International Studies (2006), 32, 495–522) Investigating the role of humiliation in global politics is not, however, an easy AND even if they were able to correctly analyse them in a group setting.
Psychonalysis Bad
Psychoanalysis results in fatalism, passivity, and inaction
Gordon 1—Psychotherapist Paul, Psychoanalysis and Racism: The Politics of Defeat, Race Class 2001 42: 17 The postmodernists’ problem is that they cannot live with dis appointment. All the tragedies AND the world, not just to interpret it, need to look elsewhere.
Not Falsifiable
No proof of their explanations for human action
O’Brien 2 – PhD @ Adelaide Gerard O’Brien, BA (Hons), DPhil (Oxon), is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Adelaide, Jon Jureidini, MB, BS, FRANZCP, PhD (Flinders) is a child psychiatrist who has completed a doctorate in philosophy of mind. He works in a pediatric consultation-liaison service. Philosophy, Psychiatry, 26 Psychology 9.2 (2002) IT IS THE PRIMARY TENET of psychoanalysis that there is a subterranean region of our AND as it was originally conceived by Sigmund Freud. (141-2)
Queerness
The queer subject naturalizes heterosexuality, maintains a male subject position and cannot produce a meaningful form of politics
Goodloe 9 - University of Colorado Amy, Lesbian-Feminism and Queer Theory: Another "Battle of the Sexes"? http://www.lesbian.org/essays/lesfem-qtheory.html This is not to suggest, however, that all lesbian feminists find it impossible AND arrogance that supports this assumption is all too familiar, and altogether unwelcome.
Turns their impact
Phelan 94 - Associate Professor of Political Science at University of New Mexico Shand, "GETTiNG SPECiFiC: Postmodern Lesbian Politics", p. 49-50 This refusal was initiated by lesbian feminists two decades ago. The critique of heterosexuality AND awareness of the complicated processes of identity formation, both psychical and social."
Pyschoanalysis
No proof of their explanations for human action—I am finishing O’Brien from the 1nc
O’Brien 2 – PhD @ Adelaide Gerard O’Brien, BA (Hons), DPhil (Oxon), is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Adelaide, Jon Jureidini, MB, BS, FRANZCP, PhD (Flinders) is a child psychiatrist who has completed a doctorate in philosophy of mind. He works in a pediatric consultation-liaison service. Philosophy, Psychiatry, 26 Psychology 9.2 (2002) IT IS THE PRIMARY TENET of psychoanalysis that there is a subterranean region of our AND as it was originally conceived by Sigmund Freud. (141-2)
Reject any claim of causality
Grunbaum 7 – Professor U. of Pittsburgh Adolf, "THE RECEPTION OF MY FREUD-CRITIQUE IN THE PSYCHOANALYTIC LITERATURE" Psychoanalytic Psychology, Vol. 24.3 B. Philosopher Hanly declared without ado that the unconscious memories, and fantasies " AND I also heard later from the academic psychoanalyst Robert Michels (Cornell University).
Can’t scale-up psycho-analysis to the state level
Epstein 10 Senior lecturer in government and IR – University of Sydney, Charlotte, "Who speaks? Discourse, the subject and the study of identity in international politics," European Journal of International Relations XX(X) 1–24 To be clear, this move is not intended to deny the intimate links between AND the discursive construction of identity, especially when taken to the interstate level.
Psychoanalysis can’t be scaled up to explain society or politics – they can’t explain our impacts and definitely can’t solve
Sharpe 10 Lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University, Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 182-185 Can we bring some order to this host of criticisms? It is remarkable that AND can the theorist and his allies use to move them to do so?
Law Good—1nc
Use of the law is key to protections for queer bodies—people in Iran can’t just pop estacy and go to the club or they get stoned and killed which is why using legal reforms is necessary
Hathaway 12 – Professor of Law, eminent Canadian/American legal scholar in the field of international refugee law (James, "Queer Cases Make Bad Laws," Vol. 44:315) Addressing the refugee claims of two gay men—the first from Iran, facing AND , the Refugee Convention has effectively accommodated claims based on sexual orientation.15
Law is the best option for material protection
Hathaway 12 – Professor of Law, eminent Canadian/American legal scholar in the field of international refugee law (James, "Queer Cases Make Bad Laws," Vol. 44:315) – able-edited Refugee law is not an all-embracing remedy for every cir- cumstance in AND identi- ties, is a critical bulwark against self-interested retrogression.
This is particularly true in the context of the 1ac
Kirsch 2k Max H., Associate Professor and Director of the Ph.D. Program in Comparative Studies: The Public Intellectuals Program at the Florida Atlantic University, Routledge, "Queer theory and social change", p121-123 Queer theory, as currently focused, is embedded in the context of class oppositions AND in this way, gives rise to psychological as well as social consequences.
In the two decades since cyberwar first became possible, there hasn’t been a single AND Smith, a senior fellow at Globalsecurity.org in Alexandria, Va.
No Escalation
No impact to cyber warfare
Barnett - March 2013 Barnett, Thomas P.M. – special assistant for strategic futures in the U.S. Defense Department’s Office of Force Transformation from 2001 to 2003, is chief analyst for Wikistrat. and#34;Think again: The Pentagon: the military’s Chicken Littles want you to think the sky is falling. Don’t believe them: America has never been safer.and#34; Foreign Policy 199 (March-April 2013): 77+. Academic OneFile. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. and#34;Cyberwar Is the Next Big Thing.and#34;¶ YOU BET.¶ That is, at AND But you won’t hear that from the next-warriors on the Potomac.
No Retal
No retal
a) US stance is deterrence only
Markoff and Shanker ’9 John Markoff and Tom Shanker. and#34;Panel Advises Clarifying U.S. Plans on Cyberwarand#34;. April 30, 2009. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/30/science/30cyber.html?_r=1 The authors point to a 2004 Pentagon statement on military doctrine, indicating that the AND response to a catastrophic cyberattack would be expected to serve the same purpose.
No Risk – Hype
Cyber-war just hype
Walt ’10 ( Stephen M. Walt 10 is the Robert and Renée Belfer Professor of international relations at Harvard University and#34;Is the cyber threat overblown?and#34;, walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/30/is_the_cyber_threat_overblown, March 30, 2010)
Am I the only person — well, besides Glenn Greenwald and Kevin Poulson — AND that are not as dangerous as we are currently being told they are.
Inevitable
Cyberweapon capability inevitable – necessity of peaceful cybersystems means prolif is inevitable
Morgan 10 – peace and conflict/political science professor @ University of California Irvine Patrick M, and#34;Applicability of Traditional Deterrence Concepts and Theory to the Cyber Realmand#34; Proceedings of a Workshop on Deterring CyberAttacks: Informing Strategies and Developing Options for U.S. Policy pgs 55-76 mtc An additional and important facet of cyberattacks is that the weapons are integral to the AND cybersecurity because, as noted, the relevant capabilities are integral to cybersystems.
No Impact – AT ? War
Cyberprolif doesn’t increase the use of cyberweapons or risk of war
Liff 12 – research fellow @ University of Tokyo’s Institute of Social Science and political science PhD candidate @ Princeton Adam P., and#34;Cyberwar: A New ’Absolute Weapon’? The Proliferation of Cyberwarfare Capabilities and Interstate Warand#34; Journal of Strategic Studies Volume 35, Issue 3, 2012 mtc Although the proliferation of cyberwarfare capabilities may have the net effect of increasing the frequency AND capabilities may be inevitable, the widespread use of CNA is probably not.
Finally, in time of war, there will be occasions when a target emerges AND the president’s authority to use drones against enemies not so designated by Congress.
Plan would increase strikes – turns every internal link of the aff
Ohlin 13 – law professor @ Cornell Jens David, "Would A Federal District Court for Drones Increase Collateral Damage?" ~http://www.liebercode.org/2013/02/would-federal-district-court-for-drones.html~~ February 13 mtc As some of my colleagues have already explained, it is unlikely and improbable that AND the drone court. So ignorance would maintain the legality of the strike¶
Signature strikes turns their norms internal links
Bachman 11/2/12 (Jeff Bachman is a professor of human rights at American University, with a focus in state responsibility for violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, "Why Obama’s Killer Drones Violate International Law", http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/11/22/why-obamas-killer-drones-violate-international-law/) The United States has a long history of violating international law when its leaders believe AND use it as a tool against "rogue" elements while immunizing themselves.
1NC Prez Ignores
Obama ignores statutory limits on war powers – even if they directly prohibit him from acting
Greenwald 11 Glen, "Obama’s new view of his own war powers" ~http://www.salon.com/2011/03/31/executive_power_2/~~ March 31mtc That was the heart and soul of Bush lawlessness: no "statute can place AND decision, they obviously believe, "for the President alone to make."
1NC Oversight Fails – Generic
Congressional and judicial oversight fail – DOJ investigations prove the executive won’t comply and can get away with it without repercussions
Berman 10 – assistant professor @ Brooklyn Law School Emily, "Executive Privilege Disputes between Congress and the President: A Legislative Proposal" Albany Government Law Review, Vol. 3, No. 741, 2010 ~http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2112154~~mtc In the last half-century, the executive branch and the legislators on Capitol AND did Congress obtain at least some of the information it had sought.9
Interbranch conflict is an inevitable part of our political system
Zeisberg 2004(Mariah, Ph.D. Candidate in Politics at Princeton, Last Date Cited, and#34;Interbranch Conflict and Constitutional Maintenance: the Case of War Powersand#34;,www.brown.edu/Research/ppw/files/Zeisberg20Ch5.doc)
It is frequent for people to speak of the independent branches as systems of ’ AND possibility for interbranch conflict, I will call them the conditions of conflict.
No impact to IBC—it creates necessary checks and balances
Zeisberg 2004(Mariah, Ph.D. Candidate in Politics at Princeton, and#34;Constitutional Fidelity and Interbranch Conflictand#34;, The Good Society, 13.3, 24-40, Muse)
The first value revealed by the conditions of conflict is the desirability of interbranch deliberation AND I argue, in the right functioning of the American constitutional polity.17
Ahston 13 – High Representative of the European Union (EU) for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice-President of the European Commission, Speaking @ a UCLA faculty event (Catherine, "The European Union in the world: The value of soft power," May, http://www.international.ucla.edu/news/article.asp?parentid=131775) The benefits of strong economic policies for the growing number of European Union inhabitants led AND cohesion to areas of the world, such as creating a single market.
The plan trades off – Low US credibility is forcing the EU to lead – solves several scenarios for global war and warming
Ischinger 7 - the German ambassador to Britain (Wolfgang, "Can the EU Fill Leadership Void Left by US?" www.china.org.cn/english/international/203945.htm) In 1990, Charles Krauthammer published his famous essay on the "unipolar moment", AND , embrace a European willingness to lead, and welcome the European moment.
Iran deal failure cause Middle East war and extinction
Hirsch 5 – physics professor, Ph.D., University of Chicago (Nov 21, Jorge, http://www.antiwar.com/orig/hirsch.php?articleid=8089) The Bush administration has put together all the elements it needs to justify the impending AND of the Hiroshima bomb, enough to erase Earth’s population many times over.
Impact – SCS
EU soft power solves South China Sea escalation – divergence from the US is key being perceived as an honest broker
Blockmans 13 – Professor of International Relations, PhD in law, Leiden University (2007) (Steve, "Between war and peace," http://www.europeanvoice.com/CWS/Index.aspx?PageID=13126articleID=77840) Nevertheless, in his ten years as the high representative of the CSFP, Javier AND -standing territorial disputes between themselves, notably in the South China Sea.
Nuclear war
Waldron 97 – professor of Strategy and Policy at the Naval War College Arthur, Commentary, 3-1, http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.7442,filter.all/pub_detail.asp Then there is Southeast Asia, which, having weathered the Vietnam war and a AND —Russia, or India, or Japan—or the United States.
The US can’t solve – perceived as too closely involved to the conflict – the impact is nuclear winter
Wittner 11 - Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany (Lawrence S. Wittner, Wittner is the author of eight books, the editor or co-editor of another four, and the author of over 250 published articles and book reviews. From 1984 to 1987, he edited Peace 26 Change, a journal of peace research., 11/28/2011, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", www.huntingtonnews.net/14446) While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used. AND —destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction.
Ackerman 13 Spencer Ackerman, Wired DangerRoom, 3/20/13, Little Will Change If the Military Takes Over CIA’s Drone Strikes, www.wired.com/dangerroom/2013/03/military-drones/ There’s an argument that giving the military control over the drones will lead to greater AND depends on how detailed he wants to get, down in the weeds."
The military will shift to JSOC
Sullivan 13 – (Andrew, "Will Drone Reform Make A Difference?," http://dish.andrewsullivan.com/2013/03/20/reining-in-the-cias-drones/) Daniel Klaidman reports that the White House is ready to transfer control of the drone AND , is compelled under Title 50 to notify Congress of its intelligence activities.
This turns the case – prevents any accountability – the squo is comparatively better
The plan doesn’t create a new charter – their author concludes that the whole mission mission of the CIA must be rechartered back to intelligence gathering
Prados – their author – 12 – (2012, John, Senior Fellow and Co-Director of the Iraq Documentation Project, and Director of the Vietnam Project at the National Security Archive at The George Washington University, "The Continuing Quandary of Covert Operations," JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW andPOLICY, Vol. 5:359) The legitimate vehicle for the expression of this formula is a CIA charter, or AND long overdue, and its necessity has only been confirmed by recent excesses.
The United States federal judiciary should advise that the war powers authority of the President of the United States should not be used to introduce nuclear armed forces into hostilities against a government for inadvertently releasing nuclear material used in an attack against the United States or its allies without Congressional approval.
Advice giving provides clear guidance and predictability guiding actions of the other branches and empirically leads to compliance
Katyal 98 Neal Kumar Katyal Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center¶ The Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University¶ Stanford Law Review¶ July, 1998¶ 50 Stan. L. Rev. 1709 Lexis These two authors have demonstrated that a court's refusal to decide a constitutional issue enables AND the Industrial Security Program regulations to expand the right to confront witnesses. n30
Two-thirds of both the House and the Senate should propose and pass a constitutional amendment in the form of joint resolution that repudiates the decision in Korematsu v. the United States.
This process is correct
Federal register no date (The Constitutional Amendment Process, http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/constitution/) The Constitution provides that an amendment may be proposed either by the Congress with a AND statutory procedure for ratification under 1 U.S.C. 106b.
The proposal solves
– states would ratify an amendment limiting presidential war powers Woodwell 13 -Associate Professor of International Relations in the Department of History and Political Science at the University of Indianapolis (Doug, "Fix the War Powers Act, please" http://woodwellontheworld.net/2011/06/16/fix-the-war-powers-act-please/) Whatever the outcome of the current dispute between the President and members of Congress, AND to complicate and weaken U.S. foreign policy in the future.
Congressional rejection of the Court’s precedent solves a runaway judiciary – the perm doesn’t solve because it is both branches in lock-step – turns the case*
Devins 1 – Professor of Law @ William and Mary (Neal, Congress as Culprit: How Lawmakers Spurred on the Court’s Anti-Congress Crusade, 51 Duke L.J. 435) Just as talk of the Court’s status as ultimate interpreter of the Constitution may be AND and less tolerant of such congressional lapses and create even more constraining doctrine.
Checking judicial supremacy solves nuclear war
Dolbeare 87 Kenneth M., Prof. of Political Econ. @ Evergreen, Linda Medcalf, Prof. of Poli Sci @ Evergreen , The Case Against the Constitution, "Class and Pluralism in America: the Constitution Reconsidered, p. 138-140 Where have all the voters gone? They have caught on that the system is AND enable them to have direct impact on the substance of important public policies.
The United States Senate should prohibit the executive from using appropriated funds, notwithstanding any other provision of law, for targeted killing as a first resort outside zones of active hostilities.
The CP is a red light, not a restriction. Solves better because of clarity and enforceability – the aff is ignored
—-also, the any statutes must be bicameral and presented to the president, which is another competition argument Raven-Hansen 94 – Professor of Law @ UVA (Peter and William Banks, "PULLING THE PURSE STRINGS OF THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF," 80 Va. L. Rev. 833, Lexis) The foregoing rules of narrow construction are general rules that do not apply with equal AND were originally conceived as the ultimate check on executive national security practices. 119
The counterplan is legal and distinct
—-the permutation to use a statutory appropriations restriction is unconstitutional under INS vs. Chadha GAO 84 – Government Accountability Office ("B-196854.3," http://redbook.gao.gov/14/fl0068182.php) Analysis of impact of legislative veto prohibition in INS v. Chadha, U AND accommodations retain a measure of congressional control which we think is constitutionally permissible.
Avoids politics
Elsea 13 – JD, Legislative Attorney (Jennifer et al, Legislative Attorney, "Congressional Authority to Limit Military Operations", 2/19/13, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R41989.pdf) As a procedural matter, it is more difficult for Congress to statutorily require the AND other positive legislation, such a measure would be subject to presidential veto.
*CP
AT: Perm Do CP – Branches Arg
In INS v Chadha, the Supreme Court ruled that Statutory restrictions that alter legal effect must use both houses and be presented to the President – the counterplan does neither
Fisher 5 – Senior Specialist in Separation of Powers, Government and Finance Division (Louis, "Legislative Vetoes After Chadha," CRS Report for Congress, http://www.loufisher.org/docs/lv/4116.pdf) Congress often enacts limitations, prohibitions, and provisos in statutes that prevent¶ agencies AND elected¶ branches than by doctrines fashioned and announced by the Supreme Court.
This solely applies to the plan, not to appropriations measures
Fisher 5 – Senior Specialist in Separation of Powers, Government and Finance Division (Louis, "Legislative Vetoes After Chadha," CRS Report for Congress, http://www.loufisher.org/docs/lv/4116.pdf) The effect of Chadha has been to drive some legislative vetoes underground, where¶ AND F.Supp. 1550 (D.D.C. 1989)
A statutory restriction REQUIRES passing a statute
Kershner 10 - JD (Joshua, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, "Political Party Restrictions and the Appointments Clause: The Federal Election Commission’s Appointments Process Is Constitutional" Cardozo Law Review de novo 2010 Cardozo L. Rev. De Novo 615) The process by which the President fills an Executive Branch position is governed by the AND Appointments Clause gives the Senate only the narrow function of confirming nominees. n100
West’s 8 (West’s encyclopedia of American Law 2008, "Statute," http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/statute+law) An act of a legislature that declares, proscribes, or commands something; a AND first laws to consult in finding the law that applies to a case.
AT: Perm Do CP – Authority Arg
Second – the counterplan severs restrictions on authority – the counterplan manipulates enforcement, but does not restrict authority
Raven-Hansen 94 – Professor of Law @ UVA (Peter and William Banks, "PULLING THE PURSE STRINGS OF THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF," 80 Va. L. Rev. 833, Lexis) The case law denigrating "mere" appropriations reflects the tradit
The United States federal government should provide traditional Article III courts exclusive jurisdiction over the United States’ indefinite detention policy in the area prescribed by the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force and ensure that sufficient resources are available for training, preparation and trial.
Criminal trials solve better, and NSCs devastate rule of law and due process -~--traditional processes are effective – over 150 previous terror trials in the criminal system prove -~--sending suspected terrorists to a different system pre-supposes guilt which undercuts due process -~--NSCs will use relaxed procedural and evidentiary rules, prevents due process
Beech 8 – JD @ Washington Metro Area, Program Coordinator of the following report (Tara, “A CRITIQUE OF “NATIONAL SECURITY COURTS”,” Constitution Project Staff, http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/Critique_of_the_National_Security_Courts_Updated_Signers1.pdf) Recently, some scholars and government officials have called for the creation of “national AND be the basis for abandoning these fundamental tenets of justice and ¶ fairness.
More funding overcomes logistical barriers
Inderfurth 9 Ashley Inderfurth and Wayne Massey, American Bar Association Standing Committee on Law and National Security, Due Process and Terrorism Series, Trying Terrorists in Article III Courts, Challenges and Lessons Learned, A Post-Workshop Report July 2009 In addition to evidentiary challenges, terrorism trials conducted in Article III courts pose a AND practical challenges posed by terrorism trials could be handled in Article III courts.
The plan collapses legitimacy, credibility and rule of law
Fisher 9 – Australian Ambassador for Counter-terrorism (William, “Special ‘Terror’ Courts Worry Legal Experts,” http://original.antiwar.com/fisher/2009/05/20/special-terror-courts/) The administration of President Barack Obama is considering the creation of a national security court AND Malaysia, and South Africa have diminished freedoms for society as a whole."
NSCs are perceived as an extension of Guantanamo trials
Colson 9 - Acting Director, Law and Security Program @ HR First (Deborah, Prepared the following report: “The Case Against A Special Terrorism Court,” HR First, http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/090323-LS-nsc-policy-paper.pdf) One important lesson learned from the military commission system at Guantánamo is that creating special AND erode American credibility in, and beyond, the ¶ realm of counterterrorism.
National security courts collapse legitimacy, fuels anti-Americanism and prevents c
Plan: The United States federal government should enact a concurrent resolution restricting the President of the United States’ Title 50 authority for targeted killing by the Central Intelligence Agency using remotely piloted aircraft systems.
A concurrent resolution solves and avoids presentment
Ackerman and Hathaway 11 – *Professor of Law and Political Science @ Yale, Professor of International Law @ Yale (Bruce and Oona, "Limiting War and the Constitution, Michigan Law Review, vol 109, Lexis) We have begun by discussing the classic ways in which the House and ¶ Senate AND power to rein in presidential bait-and switches in waging limited war.
2NC CIA Solvency
Concurrent resolutions can successfully transfer authority
Halchin 12 – Specialist in American National Government @ CRS (L. Elaine, "Congressional Oversight of Intelligence: Current Structure and Alternatives," http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL32525.pdf) A joint committee on intelligence could be created by a concurrent resolution, a joint AND the former select committees would be transferred to a new joint ¶ committee.
Concurrent resolutions solve CIA restructuring, oversight and accountability
Franti 12 – (The Campaign for Congressional Oversight of the CIA: Mike Mansfield and Intelligence Reform, UMT, http://exhibits.lib.umt.edu/mansfield/essays/cia) In his response to the Butte Stationary Engineers Union, Mansfield first reassured them that AND small part to his longstanding efforts, it finally had become a reality.
2NC Solvency Run
The counterplan is binding, but it avoids Presentment
Ackerman and Hathaway 11 – *Professor of Law and Political Science @ Yale, Professor of International Law @ Yale (Bruce and Oona, "Limiting War and the Constitution, Michigan Law Review, vol 109, Lexis) Finally, there is the statutory approach. Putting the rules on the statute ¶ AND or Senate (or both) without the need for presidential ¶ approval.
The president will treat the counterplan as binding
Gersen 8 – Professor of Law @ Harvard (Jacob and Eric Posner, "Soft Law: Lessons from Congressional Practice," Stanford Law Review, 61) In fact, many congressional resolutions are very serious: they assert ¶ controversial foreign AND ¶ views as one of many factors in the construction of binding policy.
Non-statutory measures solve and are followed by the executive
Dorsen 13 – Professor of Law @ NYU (Norman, "The Embattled Constitution," p. 309) Nonstatutory controls include informal means to monitor executive¶ behavior, such as letters and AND Congress considers, and even assist committee staffers in drafting committee report language.
The effort to overrule the past and move beyond it is a form of constitutional progressivism
Kapczynski 5 Amy Kapczynski*Post-Doctoral Fellow in Law and Public Health, Yale Law School. 2005 26 Cardozo L. Rev. 1041 The same progressivism is also displayed in Cass Sunstein’s assertion that "much in our AND to look for the best in our history, and improve upon it.
Impacts
The aff effort to leave the past behind guts solvency in the present. The counterplans preservation of the facts of the past allows us to solve better and turn the case
Kapczynski 5 Amy Kapczynski*Post-Doctoral Fellow in Law and Public Health, Yale Law School. 2005¶ 26 Cardozo L. Rev. 1041 Benjamin did believe in historical causes, forces that persist through time and have political AND the present, and an essential component of our ability to change it.¶
The aff progressive effort to replace the past replicates extermination in the present
Distinguishing constructs a more productive position toward the past
Joiner 96 JOINER Denver University Law Review 1996¶ 73 Denv. U.L. Rev. 507 To this end, I do not advocate overturning the incorporation doctrine in its entirety AND or disrespecting the past." Levy, supra note 9, at 232.
2NC
A) The counterplan embraces redemptive constitutionalism in that it distinguishes the facts of the past decision to keep it present on the books as a countermemory rather than overruling the past which tries to declare it dead and leaves it behind
Kapczynski 5 Amy Kapczynski*Post-Doctoral Fellow in Law and Public Health, Yale Law School. 2005¶ 26 Cardozo L. Rev. 1041 Redemptive constitutionalism is occupied with the time of the present, or as Benjamin would AND apart traditional narratives that blind us to possibilities of both transcendence and disaster.
B) The redemptive application of countermemory of the past is critical to survival
-release a public oversight white paper describing and defending the targeted killing criteria, targeted killing process, and congressional oversight mechanisms -publically disclose the number of targeted killings conducted by the Department of Defense and Central Intelligence Agency -publically make available targeted killing operation expenses —establish an independent Defense and Intelligence review board for targeted killings staffed by expert lawyers and adjudicated by national security advisers .
CP creates executive accountability and transparency
McNeal 13 – public policy professor @ Pepperdine University, national security specialist, and former Assistant Director of the Institute for Global Security Gregory S., "Targeted Killing and Accountability" Georgetown Law Journal, Forthcoming ~http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583~~ March 5 mtc V. ACCOUNTABILITY REFORMS¶ A. Defend the Process. Perhaps the most obvious AND its entirety, or could conduct audits on specified areas of the program.
Signature strikes take out the entireity of the aff and outweigh targeted killing – tanks US credibility and causes massive backlash
Greenfield 8/19/13 (Danya Greenfield is the deputy director of the Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East at the Atlantic Council, where she leads the Yemen Policy Group,"The Case Against Drone Strikes on People Who Only ’Act’ Like Terrorists", http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/the-case-against-drone-strikes-on-people-who-only-act-like-terrorists/278744/) As Mark Bowden discusses in this month’s Atlantic cover story, there is great debate AND to invigorate the ranks of those groups the United States aims to disable.¶
Plan: The President of the United States should issue an executive order to adopt the presumption that cyberattacks will be carried out under the covert action statute. The President of the United States should issue a declaratory policy stating that the United States will not deploy offensive cyber operations first. The President of the United States should direct appropriate agencies to increase necessary cyber defenses against cyber attacks.
Making the covert action regime the presumptive framework for cyberattacks restricts presidential authority, facilitates agency cooperation and oversight, and ensures constitutional legitimacy of future attacks
Brecher 12 – J.D. candidate @ University of Michigan Aaron, and#34;NOTE: Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperationsand#34; 111 Mich. L. Rev. 423 (December) mtc III. Enacting the Covert Action Regime as Presumptive via Executive Order¶ Cyberattacks present AND without unduly restricting the executive’s choice to use military authorities in appropriate circumstances.
Declaratory policy solves
Singer and Wright 13 – director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative @ Brookings and fellow @ Managing Global Order project. Peter W. and Thomas, and#34;Obama, own your secret warsand#34; ~http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/obama-secret-wars-article-1.1265620~~ February 17 mtc Irony pervades President Obama’s place in foreign policy today. He won the Nobel Peace AND shaping not just the next four years but the actions of future administrations.
AT Perm Do Both
The perm links and the CP doesn’t – Congress wants to avoid any responsibility
Zelizer ’11 Julian E. Zelizer, professor of history and public affairs at Princeton University, and#34;War powers belong to Congress and the presidentand#34;, June 27, 2011, http://www.cnn.com/2011/opinion/06/27/zelizer.war.powers/index.html Since President Harry Truman sent troops into Korea in 1950, legislators have let presidents AND another administrative decision made by the White House rather than a democratic decision.
2NC Covert Action – Solvency – Accountability
Shifting to covert action solves accountability
Brecher 12 – J.D. candidate @ University of Michigan Aaron, and#34;NOTE: Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperationsand#34; 111 Mich. L. Rev. 423 (December) mtc One lens through which to evaluate the proper domestic legal framework for cyberattacks is whether AND as profound implications for the accountability of the executive branch to Congress. n16
2NC AT Congress Key
The CP creates better congressional oversight than statute
Brecher 12 – J.D. candidate @ University of Michigan Aaron, and#34;NOTE: Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperationsand#34; 111 Mich. L. Rev. 423 (December) mtc Some scholars have proposed a contrary view. On this view, the speed with AND implementing changes that encourage the executive branch to comply with existing requirements. n165
2NC No Link Run
Even if it’s unpopular it doesn’t link – Avoids the legislative process
Sovacool ’9 Dr. Benjamin K. Sovacool, Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globalization, Assistant Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, 2009, Preventing National Electricity-Water Crisis Areas in the United States, Columbia journal of environmental law, 34 Colum. J. Envtl. L. 333, lexis Executive Orders also save time in a second sense. The President does not have AND change law without having to wait for congressional action or agency regulatory rulemaking.
CP doesn’t create backlash – dems will stand behind Obama and republicans don’t want to be labeled as obstructionists – empirics prove
The President of the United States should submit the US policy to use armed forces against a government for inadvertently releasing nuclear material used in an attack against the United States or its allies without Congressional approval for binding and sole compulsory adjudication by the International Court of Justice. The President should ask that the case take priority.
Solves – ICJ will rule against harmful use of force – ruling against the US boosts credibility
Murphy 8 - Professor of Law, George Washington University (Sean, “The United States and the International Court of Justice: Coping with Antinomies,” in THE UNITED STATES AND INTERNATIONAL COURTS AND TRIBUNALS) The formal means for mediating antimonies have been largely unchanged since the inception of the AND welcome opportunities to speak to the legality of U.S. actions.
ICJ credibility solves Asian territorial disputes and leads to Asian regionalism
Strachan 9 – Research Intern, IPCS, New Delhi (Anna Louise, “Resolving Southeast Asian Territorial Disputes: A Role for the ICJ,” http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/IB133-SEARP-AnnaICJ_(Read-Only).pdf) Southeast Asia is currently embroiled in a number ¶ of territorial disputes, the resolution AND initiatives are a step ¶ towards eliminating territorial disputes within the ¶ region.
Senkaku conflict escalates – extinction
Khan 10 – Financial Express (Maswood, September 22, “An islet straining China and Japan” http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/more.php?news_id=112447anddate=2010-09-22) ONE thing leads to another. Tensions between neighbours flare up at the slightest provocation AND showing its muscle to Japan the way America showed its muscle to Iraq.
2NC Solvency
Counterplan solves domestic and internationally – it’s enforced and perceived
Casey 9 – JD, performs appellate work for clients, while also maintaining a practice in the areas of administrative law, compliance counseling, and foreign-related litigation. He works with companies to ensure compliance with federal and international regulations and agencies and develops the best strategies to avoid or fight litigation (Lee, “ConUNdrum,” Google book) For the time being, therefore, ICJ decisions are not directly binding on American AND the law is, or shall be, in judicial opinions and judgments.
*USAF – NFU
Ruling against US nuclear policy substantively changes US nuclear policy
Gordon 97 – JD @ St. Mary’s (Stephen, “THE PROSPECTS FOR CHALLENGING U.S. NUCLEAR WEAPONS POLICY IN LIGHT OF THE WORLD COURT'S ADVISORY OPINION ON THE LEGALITY OF THE THREAT OR USE OF SUCH WEAPONS,” 28 St. Mary's L. J. 665) The World Court has the authority to issue a wide variety of different remedies for AND remedies, however, there are several steps it would have to take.
Solvency – Courts follow
International courts are comparatively more valuable for shaping international norms
Romano 9 - Professor of Law, Loyola Law School Los Angeles. Co-Director, Project on International Courts and Tribunals (Stephen, “THE NORMALIZING OF ADJUDICATION IN COMPLEX INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE REGIMES: PATTERNS, POSSIBILITIES, AND PROBLEMS: DECIPHERING THE GRAMMAR OF THE INTERNATIONAL JURISPRUDENTIAL DIALOGUE,” 41 N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. and Pol. 755) C. Third Corollary: National courts are no authority¶ While the distinction between AND the best solution, even if it is not the common denominator? 69
Solvency – President follows
The consent of the counterplan ensures it’s binding
West’s 8 (West’s encyclopedia of law, “International Court of Justice,” 2nd edition) Many states have accepted the court's jurisdiction under the Optional Clause. A few states AND only to resort to enforcement measures but also to support the original judgment.
2NC NB O/V
Credible ICJ solves all hot spots
Cassel 3 – Professor of Law @ NU (Doug, “Is There a New World Court?,” ND Law School Faculty Publications) One factor appears to be growing state confidence in the ICJ. This is evidenced AND its vast territory. An ICJ lawsuit may be war by another means.
AT Asia MPX Defense
Traditional deterrence theory doesn’t apply in Asia
Twomey 11 – Professor National Security at Naval Postgraduate (Christopher, January, “Asia's Complex Strategic Environment: Nuclear Multipolarity and Other Dangers” Asia Policy, No 11, ProjectMuse) Implications Each element of complexity raises its own problems, which are summarized in this AND for example, the United States and North Korea or China and India.
Add On – Warming
Expanding jurisdiction in the conflict domain spills over – creates equitable solutions to global warming and leads to significant emissions cuts
Strauss 8 – Professor of Law at Widener University School of Law (Andrew, “Give the International Court of Justice Compulsory Advisory Jurisdiction on Matters Concerning Climate Change and the Needs and Interests of Future Generations,” CLI RECOMMENDATION NO. 16) Establishing a mechanism for the Court to obtain universal advisory jurisdiction would benefit the global AND its role in promoting an international system based on the rule of law.
The United States Federal Government should restrict the President's war powers authority by: -limiting targeted killing and detention without charge justifications to self defense outside of zones of active hostilities, and -limiting targeted killing and detention without charge justifications to law of armed conflict inside zones of active hostilities.
Individual threat assessment requirement is a LOAC principle – the plan applies it to zones outside of active hostilies, which should require self defense justifications instead
Daskal 13 - Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law University of Penn L. Rev., THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BATTLEFIELD: A FRAMEWORK FOR DETENTION AND TARGETING OUTSIDE THE "HOT" CONFLICT ZONE, April, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, Lexis mtc Law-of-war detention and lethal targeting outside a zone of active hostilities AND underlying rationale for the permissive use of force and detention without charge.140
Authority overlap destroys both the self-defense and armed conflict legal regimes
In contrast, human rights law’s requirement that force only be used as a last AND as a consequence of the broadening use of force outside of armed conflict.
Collapses the entire security structure – results in widespread global war
Martin 11 Craig Martin, Associate Professor of Law at Washburn University School of Law, 2011, GOING MEDIEVAL: TARGETED KILLING, SELF?DEFENSE AND THE JUS AD BELLUM REGIME, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1956141 The United States has been engaging in this practice of using drone-mounted missile AND a threat that is much less serious in the grand scheme of things.
2NC Solvency Rant
Aff doesn’tsolve either
Daskal 13 - Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law University of Penn L. Rev., THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BATTLEFIELD: A FRAMEWORK FOR DETENTION AND TARGETING OUTSIDE THE "HOT" CONFLICT ZONE, April, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, Lexis mtc ¶ Law-of-war detention and lethal targeting outside a zone of active AND against rash ex ante decisionmaking, thereby providing a self-correcting mechanism.
CP limits TK and detention practice – solves their internal link
Blank 12 Laurie R. Blank 12, Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Emory Law School, 2012, “NATIONAL SECURITY: PART II: ARTICLE: TARGETED STRIKES: THE CONSEQUENCES OF BLURRING THE ARMED CONFLICT AND SELF-DEFENSE JUSTIFICATIONS,” William Mitchell Law Review, 38 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 1655 mtc Under the LOAC, an individual who is a legitimate target can be targeted with AND therefore every attempt must be made to capture before resorting to lethal force.
2NC Perm Both
The perm devastates norms and modeling – holding firm with the counterplan alone is key to send a signal of consistency, otherwise other countries will cherry-pick different justifications depending on their situational needs
Kels 12 – attorney for the Department of Homeland Security Charles, “Mixed messages on drone strikes” https://wiki.nps.edu/display/CRUSER/2012/07/16/Mixed+messages+on+drone+strikes July 16 mtc Finally, the administration emphasizes its "rigorous standards and process of review ... when AND in by wedding us to a police paradigm rather than a military one.
2NC UQ
The separation principle is currently being upheld – rules are applied uniformly
Corn 12, Law Prof at South Texas (Geoffrey, “Blurring the Line Between the Jus ad Bellum and the Jus in Bello,” in Non-International Armed Conflict in the Twenty-First Century) At the core of the self-defense targeting theory is the assumption that the AND as irrelevant when deciding what rules apply to regulate operational and tactical execution.
2NC MPX – Studies
Robust support for the impact—legal regime conflation results in uncontrollable conflict escalation
Ryan Goodman, Anne and Joel Ehrenkranz Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, December 2009, CONTROLLING THE RECOURSE TO WAR BY MODIFYING JUS IN BELLO, Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law / Volume 12
A substantial literature exists on the conflation of jus ad bellum and jus in bello AND states entering into disastrous military campaigns that their leaders did not initially intend.
The United States Federal Government should restrict the President's war powers authority by - limiting authority for targeted killing and detention without charge in zones of active hostilities to declared areas; - limiting authority for targeted killing and detention without charge outside zones of active hostilities to operations guided by an individualized threat requirement; and - statutory codification of executive branch review policy for these practices.
Counterplan is plan-minus – “Procedural safeguards” means the plan includes ex ante FISA-like restrictions, the counterplan doesn’t
Daskal – their author – 13 - Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law University of Penn L. Rev., THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BATTLEFIELD: A FRAMEWORK FOR DETENTION AND TARGETING OUTSIDE THE "HOT" CONFLICT ZONE, April, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, Lexis mtc Law-of-war detention and lethal targeting outside a zone of active hostilities AND against rash ex ante decisionmaking, thereby providing a self-correcting mechanism. Vote negative on presumption, the CP is less change than the plan because it doesn’t establish new review mechanisms – there is inherent cost associated with change.
Ex ante review undermines presidential flexibility in fighting terrorism
Vladeck 13 Written Testimony of Stephen I. Vladeck ¶ Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship, ¶ American University Washington College of Law “DRONES AND THE WAR ON TERROR:¶ WHEN CAN THE U.S. TARGET ALLEGED AMERICAN TERRORISTS OVERSEAS?”¶ Hearing Before the House Committee on the Judiciary¶ Wednesday, February 27, 2013 http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Vladeck-02272013.pdf In my view, the adversity issue is the deepest legal flaw in “drone AND imagine that it would produce wise, just, or remotely reliable decisions.
High risk of nuclear terrorism – feasible and it escalates
Dvorkin 12 – senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy Vladimir Z. Dvorkin 12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html mtc Nuclear Terrorism as a Destabilizing Factor¶ Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been AND a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.
Extinction – equivalent to a full scale nuclear war
Toon 7 Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, “Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism,” online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers, AND should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.
2nc Overview
CP resolves the internal link to Europe because it clarifies the legal grayzones
Annegret Bendiek 11, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs, At the Limits of the Rule of Law: EU-US Counter- Terrorism Cooperation, http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/research_papers/2011_RP05_bdk_ks.pdf 4. The relationship between security and the rule of law will remain precarious as AND 2010, meaning that security will again be given priority over civil rights.
Also resolves the legitimacy internal because it limits the areas for indefinite detention
Matthew C Waxman 9, Professor of Law; Faculty Chair, Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security, Legislating the War on Terror: An Agenda for Reform”, November 3, Book, p. 59-61 Besides posing risks to liberty, administrative detention can also be counterproductive from the security AND perversely deter individuals with important information from coming forward voluntarily to the government. The sufficiency of the other steps makes the solvency deficit close to zero. Yes allies might like “procedural safeguards” but they don’t necessitate it
Ex Ante Link Run
There is a linear increase in risk every time the Aff prevents action
Metz 2013 Steven Metz is a defense analyst and the author of "Iraq and the Evolution of American Strategy." His weekly WPR column, Strategic Horizons, appears every Wednesday 27 Feb 2013 World Politics Review “Strategic Horizons: The Strategy Behind U.S. Drone Strikes” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12747/strategic-horizons-the-strategy-behind-u-s-drone-strikes The current strategy of containing al-Qaida-style extremism may repeat this pattern AND drones remain the only effective offensive tool in a strategy that requires them.
Johnson 13 Jeh Charles Johnson is an American civil, criminal trial lawyer, and General Counsel of the Department of Defense from 2009 to 2012 during the first Obama Administration March 18, 2013 “Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A “Drone Court”: Some Pros and Cons” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/ Next, there are the questions of feasibility of capture and imminence. These really AND believe we will also discourage the type of continual reevaluation I’m referring to.
Ex ante review kills drone ops effectiveness – even LIMITED vetting oversight gut response to last minute operational changes
Oliphant 13 James Oliphant 13, Deputy Editor, the National Journal, J.D. from the Ohio State University Morrill College of Law, 5/30/13, “Vetting the Kill List,” National Journal, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/vetting-the-kill-list-20130404mtc But even among supporters, no consensus exists on what questions a drone court would AND and reassess these two questions up until the last minute of the operation.”
AT: Civilian Trials Solve
Interrogation +trials
Civilian trials wreck warfighting
Glenn Sulmasy 9, Associate Professor of Law at the United States Coast Guard Academy and was a National Security and Human Rights Fellow at the Carr Center, Harvard Kennedy School, April 13, “THE NEED FOR A NATIONAL SECURITY COURT SYSTEM”, PDF ARTICLE III COURTS¶ There are some, many of whom are here today at AND need judges that are versed in these areas of the law to preside.
Using the criminal justice system to review detainees causes more terrorism
Andrew C. McCarthy 9, Director of the Center for Law and Counterterrorism at the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies and Alykhan Velshi, staff attorney at the Center for Law and Counterterrorism, “Outsourcing American Law: We Need A National Security Court”, AEI Working Paper #156, http://www.aei.org/files/2009/08/20/20090820-Chapter6.pdf 3. Terrorism prosecutions create the conditions for more terrorism. The treatment of a AND by the executive branc h on the basis of what public safety demands.
AT: Interrogation Solves
Obama will use torture in interrogation
Hentoff 10 – Doctorate of Law @ Northeastern (Nat, “Torture under Obama,” http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/torture-under-obama) Some of the increasing number of critics, from the left and the right, AND the Obama administration is making itself complicit in the Bush administration’s torture policies.”
Prevents any solvency
Arrigo 3 – PhD, Joint Services Conference on Professional Ethics (Jean, “A Consequentialist Argument against Torture Interrogation of Terrorists,” http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/jscope/arrigo03.htm) The counterargument, of course, is that in a society destroyed by terrorism there AND interrogation evolve from institutional dynamics that are independent of the original moral rationale.
AT Impact Defense
High risk of nuclear terrorism and outweighs conventional threats – and its feasible – technology prolif, intel leaks, loose materials – killing them is the only option, no way to deter an attack
Myhrvold 13 Nathan Myhrvold '13, Phd in theoretical and mathematical physics from Princeton, and founded Intellectual Ventures after retiring as chief strategist and chief technology officer of Microsoft Corporation , July 2013, "Stratgic Terrorism: A Call to Action," The Lawfare Research Paper Series No.2, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdfmtc Hostile nations with nuclear arms are clearly a source of concern. The problem they AND the same way that the guerrilla movements did during the c old War.
High risk of nuke terror – there’s motivation and capability – consensus of experts agree
Brill 12 Terrorists exploit gaps in security. The current global regime for protecting the nuclear materials AND member is thought to remain at large with a kilogram of this material.
High risk of access to nukes through theft or construction – proliferation tipping point means access is inevitable
Myhrvold 13 Nathan Myhrvold '13, Phd in theoretical and mathematical physics from Princeton, and founded Intellectual Ventures after retiring as chief strategist and chief technology officer of Microsoft Corporation , July 2013, "Stratgic Terrorism: A Call to Action," The Lawfare Research Paper Series No.2, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdfmtc For the first time in human history, the curve of cost versus lethality has AND a pessimist would point out that the plot may already be under way.
The National Defense Panel should include a recommendation in the Quadrennial Defense Review that requires Congressional authorization prior to introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, unless to repel attacks by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.
The counterplan competes – it’s not topical and only fiats the executive branch.
The panel shapes DoD policy and leads to Congressional action
Brimley 13 - Vice President and Director of Studies at the Center for a New American Security, served as Special Advisor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy at the Pentagon from 2009 to 2011 (Shawn, “The Next QDR Is the Last Chance for Sanity,” http://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2013/07/next-qdr-last-chance-sanity/66629/) Enter the congressionally appointed National Defense Panel, charged with providing an outside assessment of AND War. It will close within a year. Time to get moving.
QDR solves – shapes future military policy
---prefer our evidence because it is about the 2014 QDR Kwast 13 - Major General, the director of the United States Air Force’s Quadrennial Defense Review Office (Steven, “The QDR — an Opportunity for Reinvention,” http://www.nationalreview.com/article/347790/qdr-E28094-opportunity-reinvention) A prediction of failure might play out, but it is not a foregone conclusion AND to start the turn in that direction? Let’s give it a shot.
Sequencing avoids politics – starting with the brass shapes Congressional and Presidential policy
Sequencing is key – the plan generates controversy because there is immediate backlash and people have staked their territory in the fight – NDP acting first generates political will for key military policy changes
Thomason 98 – PhD, Project leader @ Washington Headquarter Services (James, “The Quadrennial Defense Review Process: Lessons Learned from the 1997 Review and Options for the Future,” http://www.comw.org/qdr/thomason.pdf) Improper Timing of National Defense Panel—Several people have argued that if it preceded AND the¶ NDP follow the QDR is not likely to be very productive.
AT: Links to Politics
NDP acts as bipartisan commission – provides political cover for substantive, Congressionally-induced, change
Tedstrom 99 – Former Defense Analyst @ RAND, President and CEO of the Global Business Coalition on HIV/AIDS (John, “Planning American’s Security,” http://www.comw.org/qdr/thomason.pdf) The NDP was a congressional initiative. Members and staffers interested in national security issues AND provide the reformers in DoD the necessary political cover to spark real change.
The plan costs PC – starting with a commission provides political cover and solves in-fighting
Pentland 11 – PhD, Study Group Coordinator (Pat, “Creating Defense Excellence: Defense Addendum to Road Map for National Security,” http://www.fas.org/man/docs/nwc/Creating_Defense_Excellence.pdf Seventh, decide on a course of action. This is primarily a SecDef decision AND commission may be necessary to provide political cover for some courses of action.
QDR gives cover
Arkedis 9 - runs the All Our Might blog at the Progressive Policy Institute (Jim, “Just wait until next year...,” http://the-reaction.blogspot.com/2009/03/just-wait-until-next-year.html) Suffice it to say that the Pentagon's budget is like an aircraft carrier. No AND by, oh, say, actually linking strategy to execution to procurement.
1/15/14
CP - Quare PIC
Tournament: Pitt RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan HK | Judge: Russell
1nc
So-called "Queer" movements have been steeped in whiteness. Their use of the term "queer" reifies racism
Johnson 7 Julie M. Johnson: PhD director of the Writing and Oral communication programs at Hamline University. "On the development of counter-racist quare public address studies’ in Queering Public Address ed. Charles Morris III. 2007 (129). Quite simply, then, quare public address cannot focus exclusively on the inequalities produced AND necessarily given white males the motivation or insight to transcend their racist conditioning."
The label "Queer" assumes a white male center of analysis. Using the term "quare" instead solves sexual exceptionalism
Johnson ’07 Julie M. Johnson: PhD director of the Writing and Oral communication programs at Hamline University. "On the development of counter-racist quare public address studies’ in Queering Public Address ed. Charles Morris III. 2007 (121-122). Those artifacts warranting inclusion in major anthologies of great speakers and speeches still reflect the AND , passions, and lived experiences intelligible and authoritative in various public spheres.
Creativity
Our interp produces the best possibility for creativity- it forces the aff to creatively tailor the things they want to say to apply to the topic- their lack of clear limit crushes education
Bartel 08 Marvin Bartel - Emeritus Professor of Art, Goshen College WHEN IS FREEDOM A BAD IDEA? http://people.goshen.edu/~~marvinpb/arted/tc.html Surprisingly, I see the least imaginative work being produced when a teacher gives instructions AND assignment, I explain the learning theory as the rationale for the limitations.
Radical Individualism Bad
Reforming institutions overcomes fear of political interdependence, and it lets us articulate positive notions of collective autonomy. The alternative is the tyranny of the self as a center of empty volition – engaging these structures helps us value the inevitable intrusions of other people as part of our Being*
We must be wary, of course, of drawing parallels between Communist Czechoslovakia and AND , without viewing the demands of such activity as infringements upon our freedom.
Institutions – Queerness
Accepting a radically stigmatized version of queer identity results in actual stigma and fractures movements – engagement with state and learning the language of the law is comparatively valuable
Kirsch 2k - Associate Professor at Florida Atlantic University Max, "Queer Theory and Social Change", p. 92 "Queer" in this sense, then, attempts to dissolve sexuality and annuls AND resistance is actualized. But in fact the individual becomes even more alone.
Their dichotomy between personal and political makes transformative engagement impossible
Kirsch 2k - Associate Professor at Florida Atlantic University Max, "Queer Theory and Social Change", p. 97-98 Queerness as a deviant form of heterosexuality results in oppression. When this fact is AND and structural identification. But first, we need to refocus the discussion.
AT Bleiker
====Bleiker’s claims about agency are wrong==== Lawson 1 Kenneth G., Popular Dissent, Human Agency and Global Politics, Political Science Quarterly. New York: Spring 2001. Vol. 116, Iss. 1; pg. 168, 2 pgs Bleiker argues, moreover, that to understand transversal dissent requires a deessentialized concept of AND and to act as a human agent. I prefer to think not.
====Turn—foundations (like the topic) are good, despite exclusion. We occupy the middle ground==== Bleiker 2k—Douchebag Roland, Popular Dissent, Human Agency and Global Politics, p. 13-4 Departing from both a discursive fatalism and an overzealous belief in the autonomy of human AND of their function and with a readiness to adjust them to changing circumstances.
Melanie and I advocate a policy of abolition that maintains indefinite confinement of violent rapists deemed to be dangerous if released.
Rehabilitation impossible – indefinite detention of rapists is the only solution
Vachss 1993 – New York-based lawyer whose professional focus has been representing children (Andrew, "Sex Predators Can’t Be Saved," Originally published in the New York Times, http://www.vachss.com/av_dispatches/disp_9301_a.html) While early childhood experiences may impel, they do not compel. In the end AND that threatens to pollute our society beyond the possibility of its own rehabilitation.
The United States Congress should require a declaration of war for decisions to use or deploy armed forces in circumstances likely to lead to an armed attack.
The United States Congress should require a declaration of war for decisions to use or deploy armed forces against the nation-states listed below* in circumstances likely to lead to an armed attack.
Congress should define "armed attack" as: The use of force of a magnitude that is likely to produce serious consequences, epitomized by territorial intrusions, human casualties, or considerable destruction of property.
Congress should allow an exception in the event of an armed attack against the United States requiring the urgent use of armed forces making prior approval from the legislature impractical. Congress should require immediate notice of such a determination, and shall require a declaration of war within 14 days or the executive shall cease such use of armed force.
Presumption stays negative – The counterplan is less change and a smaller restriction – tie goes to the runner
The counterplan competes – the word "any" in the plan precludes limitations and means every – prefer our interpretation because it’s how the Court would interpret competition
WCAB 13 – Workers’ Compensation Appeals Board (STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS WORKERS’ COMPENSATION APPEALS BOARD, Subject Matter of Proposed Regulations: Rules of Practice and Procedure of the Workers’ Compensation Appeals Board, Scholar) "The word ’any’ means without limit and no matter what kind." ( AND Court (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 726, 736.)
*This is the list of countries that the counterplan applies to
Afghanistan Albania¶ Algeria¶ Andorra¶ Angola¶ Antigua and Barbuda¶ Argentina¶ AND ¶ Y¶ Yemen¶ Top of Page¶ Z¶ Zambia¶ Zimbabwe
The United States Federal Government should mandated that targeted killings are only allowable inside geographic locations housing active American combat troops.
Unrestrained drone use outside zones of active hostilities collapses legal norms governing targeted killing – only the plan solves
Brooks 13 – Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow, New America Foundation Rosa, 4-23-13, "The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing" http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf Mr. Chairman, I would like to turn now to the legal framework applicable AND them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?
No risk of aff solvency – lack of consensus on international law interpretation and enforcement means the aff is perceived as self serving
The perm devastates norms and modeling – holding firm with the counterplan alone is key to send a signal of consistency, otherwise other countries will cherry-pick different justifications depending on their situational needs
Kels 12 – attorney for the Department of Homeland Security Charles, "Mixed messages on drone strikes" ~https://wiki.nps.edu/display/CRUSER/2012/07/16/Mixed+messages+on+drone+strikes~~ July 16 mtc Finally, the administration emphasizes its "rigorous standards and process of review ... when AND in by wedding us to a police paradigm rather than a military one.
Any exceptions outside of active hostilities links to our offense – creates a functional global battlefield
Kebriaei 12 – senior attorney @ Center for Constitutional Rights Pardiss, "The Distance Between Principle and Practice in the Obama Administration’s Targeted Killing Program: A Response to Jeh Johnson" Yale Law and Policy Review Vol 31 Issue 1 ~http://ylpr.yale.edu/distance-between-principle-and-practice-obama-administrations-targeted-killing-program-response-jeh~~mtc T he broad geographic scope of the program is also based on the Admini s AND mean recognition of the concept of a ’global battlefield.’" 4
Anything besides a complete prohibition outside of active hostilities is futile – no clear internationally accepted standard of the aff’s guidelines
Dworkin 13 – senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations Anthony, July 2013, "DRONES AND TARGETED KILLING: DEFINING A EUROPEAN POSITION" http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR84_DRONES_BRIEF.pdf Second, the day before his speech, Obama set out regulations ¶ for drone AND the level of ¶ attacks is hardly diminishing under the new guidelines.35
Jacqueline Manning 12, Senior Editor of International Affairs Review, December 9 2012, "Free to Kill: How a Lack of Accountability in America’s Drone Campaign Threatens U.S. Efforts in Yemen," http://www.iar-gwu.org/node/450
Earlier this year White House counter-terrorism advisor, John Brennan, named al AND only acknowledge them, but also pay amends to families of the victims.
Pakistan
Continued sovereignty violations make Pakistan collapse inevitable
Obama is resetting Asian assurances – it’s his last chance to promote Asian peace and, he’ll succeed as long as he can avoid perceptions of domestic weakness
Epstein 14 - White House reporter at POLITICO, Epstein graduated in 2008 with an A.B. degree in history from Princeton University (Jennifer, President Obama’s overseas agenda gets fresh spring focus, February 11, http://www.politico.com/story/2014/02/barack-obama-foreign-policy-agenda-103359.html~~23ixzz2tUDXivdx) President Barack Obama has watched his foreign policy agenda, like those of so many AND weapons."¶ "So," he added, "the clock is ticking."
New statutory restrictions undermine the clarity of Obama’s message – collapses US commitments to Asia
Waxman 13 - law professor at Columbia Law School, co-chairs the Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security (Matthew Waxman, "The Constitutional Power to Threaten War," August 27, 2013, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2316777) As a prescriptive matter, Part II also shows that examination of threatened force and AND preserved in legal doctrine, enhances the credibility of presidential threats to escalate.
Lack of credible assurances lead to Asia war
Goh 8 - Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Univ of Oxford (Evelyn, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, "Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order," 2008 8(3):353-377, Oxford) The centrality of these mutual processes of assurance and deference means that the stability of AND as a result of not doing so would appear to be much worse.
Asian conflict leads to extinction – draws in nuclear powers and the most populous countries
Mead 10 - senior fellow @ the Council on Foreign Relations (Walter, American Interest, "Obama in Asia", http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2010/11/09/obama-in-asia/) The decision to go to Asia is one that all thinking Americans can and should AND , and that reality is what President Obama’s trip is intended to address.
Campbell 8 - Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Dr AND University, member of Council on Foreign Relations and International Institute for Strategic Studies (Kurt M, "The Power of Balance: America in Asia" June 2008, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CampbellPatelSingh_iAsia_June08.pdf) Asian investment is also at record levels. Asian countries lead the world with unprecedented AND are all magnified by the risk of miscalculation or poor decision-making.
1nc Goh evidence says it causes Korea war – extinction
HAYES AND HAMEL-GREEN 9 Peter; Professor of International Relations – RMIT University AND Michael; Dean and Professor of Arts, Education and Human Development – Victoria University, "The Path Not Taken, The Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia," http://www.nautilus.org/projects/A-J-disarm/research-workshop/drafts/hayes-hamel-green.pdf The consequences of failing to address the proliferation threat posed by the North Korea developments AND threat but a global one that warrants priority consideration from the international community.
China territory grabs – extinction
Wittner 11 - Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, Wittner is the author of eight books, the editor or co-editor of another four, and the author of over 250 published articles and book reviews. From 1984 to 1987, he edited Peace 26 Change, a journal of peace research (Lawrence S. Wittner, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?," www.huntingtonnews.net/14446) While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used. AND that of the world, they should be working to encourage these policies.
2NC Link Run – Congress
Legislative restrictions send signal of an unsupportive public – undercuts credibility of US resolve
Howell 13 - Professor of American Politics at the University of Chicago (William G, "Count on Congress," http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139890/william-g-howell/count-on-congress) The first concerns Congress’ continuing relevance in military decision-making. Many analysts have AND , and upend congressional action on other aspects of the president’s policy agenda.
Perception is key – empirically, signs of domestic troubles undercut Obama’s Asian credibility – any new weakness tanks the whole pivot
Gvosdev 13 – faculty @ the Naval War College, former editor of the National Interest and a frequent foreign policy commentator in both the print and broadcast media (Nikolas, "The Realist Prism: Obama Can Only Put Off Asia Pivot for So Long," October, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/13272/the-realist-prism-obama-can-only-put-off-asia-pivot-for-so-long) Even had Obama gone through with the trip to meet with other regional leaders— AND and economic community more closely linked to the United States may have passed.
A2: No Impact
Old impact defense doesn’t apply – tensions are rising – US resolve is key
Paal 11 - vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Douglas, "Is the US Destabilizing Asia?," The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/2011/09/is-the-us-destabilizing-asia/?allpages=yes) On the second assumption – that Asia has reached a point of cohesion where the AND , this emphasis on continuity in security would seem all the more prudent.
Bond has challenged her arrest under the CWC on 2 grounds—a narrow argument that the treaty did not apply to her and a broad argument that the law violated the constitution
Fidler 8-28-13 David Fidler is the James Louis Calamaris Professor of Law at the Indiana University School of Law SCOTUS and the CWC: A Challenge to the U.S. CWC Implementation Act http://armscontrollaw.com/2013/08/28/scotus-and-the-cwc-a-challenge-to-the-u-s-cwc-implementation-act/ And now for something completely non-Syrian that still involves chemical weapons. In AND for local criminal matters, and, thus, violated principles of federalism.
The court’s going to make a narrow ruling now – avoiding the broader ruling concern CWC constitutionality
If the court decides to get more aggressive it will have the votes for a sweeping ruling
Baldi 13 Maxwell Baldi is President of the Foreign Affairs Society. Supremacy and Federalism: Treaty Power under the Necessary and Proper Clause http://foreignaffairsreview.co.uk/2013/02/treaty-power-federalism/ The underlying question the Court will address in Bond II is, thus, AND nearly unbounded federal power through treaties. The Court may rule by June.
The aff causes the courts to make a broad ruling – empirics prove that liberal decisions embolden it to make an extremely conservative position in the next highly visible case
Hasen 13 Richard L. Hasen. Richard L. Hasen is a professor of law and political science at the U.C. Irvine School of Law Same-sex marriage: Court on the couch MARCH 26, 2013 http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2013/03/26/same-sex-marriage-court-on-the-couch/ Consider last year, when Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts, for example, AND to hear this week could doom affirmative action and the Voting Rights Act.
Narrow ruling key to treaty credibility – broad ruling collapses it
Trapp et al 13 Ralf Trapp served as a member of the German delegation to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Professor Julian Robinson is now retired from the University of Sussex, Thomas Graham Jr. served as Special Representative of the President for Arms Control, Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, Graham S. Pearson is a Visiting Professor of International Security in the Division of Peace Studies of the University of Bradford. Guy Roberts was the Deputy Assistant Secretary General for Weapons of Mass Destruction Policy for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Amy E. Smithson, PhD, is a Senior Fellow at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, David A. Koplow served as Special Counsel for Arms Control to the General Counsel of the U.S. Department of Defense, Barry Kellman is Director of the International Weapons Control Center at DePaul University College of Law, David P. Fidler is the James Louis Calamaras Professor of Law at the Indiana University, BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION NEGOTIATORS AND EXPERTS IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENT Bond V. United States http://sblog.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Amicus-Brief1.pdf Bond argues that failure to prosecute her individual case would not bring down any AND exceptions, in future cases in the U.S. and abroad.
Collapses global arms control on chemical, biological and nuclear weapons
Trapp et al 13 Ralf Trapp served as a member of the German delegation to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Professor Julian Robinson is now retired from the University of Sussex, Thomas Graham Jr. ser
Brzezinski 3 (Zbigniew, CSIS counselor and trustee and cochair of the CSIS Advisory Board, Senior research professor of international relations at the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, "Hegemonic Quicksand", http://www.kas.de/upload/dokumente/brzezinski.pdf) Finally, there is the question of the degree to which Russia can become America’s AND joint AmericanEuropean effort to preserve peace in Europe and then end Europe’s division.
Nuclear war
Blank 9 (Stephen, Strategic Studies Institute’s expert on the Soviet bloc and the post-Soviet world since 1989, former Associate Professor of Soviet Studies at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base, B.A. in History from the University of Pennsylvania, and a M.A. and Ph.D. in History from the University of Chicago, "Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?" March 2009, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=908) Proliferators or nuclear states like China and Russia can then deter regional or intercontinental attacks AND perhaps make wars of aggression on their neighbors or their own people.172
Targeted killing requires an identified target and a name on a kill list – Signature strikes are distinct
Uebersax 12 - psychologist, writer and former RAND Corporation military analyst. (John, "The Four Kinds of Drone Strikes," http://satyagraha.wordpress.com/2012/05/23/the-four-kinds-of-drone-strikes/) We must begin with clear terms, and that is the purpose of the present article. Drone strikes, that is, the launching of explosive missiles from a remotely operated aerial vehicle, come in four varieties: targeted killings, signature strikes, overt combat operations, and covert combat operations. We shall consider each in turn. Targeted killing. This occurs when a drone strike is used to kill a terrorist AND the government likes to crow when it kills a high-ranking terrorist. Signature strikes. In signature strikes, the target is a person whose name is AND assign strikes against anonymous non-leaders to the two further categories below. Overt combat operation. This category includes drone strikes conducted as part of regular military AND the need to report casualties, especially civilian casualties, are in effect. Covert combat operation. Finally, there are covert combat operations. These, like the former category, are launched against usual military targets – e.g., any hostile militant, not just high-ranking ones. But why should these strikes be covert? The obvious answer is: to mask something shady. Covert combat strikes can evade all those irritating constraints on military tactics imposed by the Geneva Conventions, International Law, public opinion, and basic human decency.
Drone court doesn’t solve signature strikes – no list to review
Ohlin 13 – law professor @ Cornell Jens David, "Would A Federal District Court for Drones Increase Collateral Damage?" ~http://www.liebercode.org/2013/02/would-federal-district-court-for-drones.html~~ February 13 mtc Now imagine that a court is requiring that the list be approved by a judicial AND the court because the US would not know exactly who it is bombing.
2NC UQ
New restrictions are decreasing signature strikes – Obama has left loopholes in place that still allow for a shift in drone policy
Zenko 13 Micah, "How Barack Obama Has Tried to Open Up the One-Sided Drone War" ~http://www.cfr.org/drones/barack-obama-has-tried-open-up-one-sided-drone-war/p30775~~ May 23 mtc Rather than aligning public justifications with operational practice, Mr Obama on Thursday announced two AND named individuals – "personality strikes" – would significantly reduce targeted killings.
Solvency Trick – UQ
Majority of drone operations are signature strikes – means we’re controlling meta UQ on over al amount of drone strikes
Japan won’t nuclearize now – the plan leads to rearm
Satoh 9 Yukio. Former President of the Japan Institute of International Affairs and Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations. 3/5/9. http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/09018Satoh.html. For obvious reasons, the Japanese are second to none in wishing for the total AND of nuclear deterrence and to reduce dependence upon nuclear weapons in providing deterrence.
Nuclear war
Ratner 3 Ellen. White House correspondent and bureau chief for the Talk Radio News service. 1/17/3. http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?article_id=30541. That is now threatened by North Korea’s brazen stupidity. By rattling the nuclear saber AND where there were only two armed camps, would look like kid stuff.
Courts are adhering to the political question doctrine now
Bradley 9-2 – Professor of Law @ Duke (Curtis A., "War Powers, Syria, and Non-Judicial Precedent," Lawfare Blog, 2013, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/09/war-powers-syria-and-non-judicial-precedent/) As an initial matter, we need to bracket the issue of whether Obama’s action AND that might have motivated Obama to go to Congress with respect to Syria.
The court is avoiding extra-territorial remedies now – creating new norms in extra-territorial settings is non-justicable
Endicott 10 – JD, Dean’s Fellow @ Bolt Law, associate in Arnold 26 AND corruption compliance program pursuant to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (Amy, "The Judicial Answer: Treatment of the Political Question Doctrine in Alien Tort Claims," Berkeley Journal of International Law, 28.2) Opponents of this pro-adjudication view argue for the revival of a statist¶ AND selfrestraint and threaten to render the judicial answer just another political¶ question.
Violating the PQD spills over – allows justicability in future war powers cases
Jenks 10 – LLM w/ Distinction @ Georgetown (Chris, "Square Peg in a Round Hole: Government Contractor Battlefield Tort Liability and the Political Question Doctrine," Berkeley Journal of International Law, 28.1) As courts attempt to distinguish contractor tort cases involving the political¶ question doctrine from AND from¶ every dispute that can arguably be connected to ’combat?"’ 198
Violating PQD on war powers spurs a wave of contracting litigation – creates chilling effect which dooms key missions
Isenberg 10 - Research Fellow @ Independent Institute (David, "Contractor Legal Immunity and the ’Political Questions’ Doctrine," CATO Institute, 1-19, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/contractor-legal-immunity-political-questions-doctrine) One can easily see why most defense contractors, including private military and security firms AND a fear of being sued, refuse to follow the military’s instructions altogether.
Key to contain Afghan instability
Schwartz 9 - Specialist in Defense Acquisition – Congressional Research Service (Moshe, "Department of Defense Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Background and Analysis," Congressional Research Service, 8-23, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/128824.pdf) The Department of Defense (DOD) increasingly relies upon contractors to support operations in AND still in progress and could take three years or more to effectively implement.
Afghan instability causes nuclear war
Carafano 10 - senior research fellow for national security at The Heritage Foundation and directs its Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies (James Jay, "Con: Obama must win fast in Afghanistan or risk new wars across the globe," Jan 2 http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/jan/02/con-obama-must-win-fast-afghanistan-or-risk-new-wa/) We can expect similar results if Obama’s Afghan strategy fails and he opts to cut AND a puny EU military force incapable of defending the interests of its nations.
1nr
On the brink, 2014 is key
IWPR 13—Institute for War and Peace Reporting, Existential Fears in Afghanistan, Abdol Wahed Faramarz, 2013, ARR Issue 448, http://iwpr.net/report-news/existential-fears-afghanistan As the end date for the NATO combat troop presence approaches, some experts in AND their homes, they talk of tribe and tribalism, race and racism."
Zitovotsky didn’t decide a political question – it was a narrow decision concerning a clear statutory right
Prefer our evidence – theirs hyperbolizes the impact of Zivotofsky
Goldsetin 13 – JD @ Harvard (Samantha, "The Real Meaning of Zivotofsky," National Security Law Journal, Vol. 2, Issue 2) Last year, the Supreme Court decided Zivotofsky, which many considered an immensely consequential AND have continued to cite all six Baker factors in the wake of Zivotofsky.
Violating PQD on war powers spurs a wave of contracting litigation – creates chilling effect which dooms key missions
Isenberg 10 - Research Fellow @ Independent Institute (David, "Contractor Legal Immunity and the ’Political Questions’ Doctrine," CATO Institute, 1-19, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/contractor-legal-immunity-political-questions-doctrine) One can easily see why most defense contractors, including private military and security firms AND military forces in combat belong to the political branches, not the courts.
The Supreme Court has held that, due to their "complex, subtle, AND a fear of being sued, refuse to follow the military’s instructions altogether.
Breaking PQD destroys chain of command – allows new litigation to shape warfighting practices
Fenster 10 (Herbert, Phillip Carter, et al, "Brief Of The Veterans Of Foreign Wars Of The United States As Amicus Curiae In Support Of Defendants And Dismissal", http://ccrjustice.org/files/Amicus_Curiae_Brief_of_VFW.pdf) "Unity of command," and its corollary, "unity of effort," are fundamental principles of warfare which are central to the effectiveness of Western militaries. See Carl von Clausewitz, On War 200-210 (Michael Howard 26 Peter Paret, ed. and trans., Princeton University Press 1976) (1832) (hereinafter "Clausewitz"). There "is no higher and simpler law of strategy" than to apply this principle in order to concentrate a AND terms favorable to the United States." See Joint Pub. 1 at I-1.
Litigation creates a chilling effect on contractor operations – leads to Afghanistan instability—answers their indict of Morgan
Johns 13 – Senior Lecturer, University of California, Davis, School of Law; University of California, Davis, School of Law, J.D., 1976; University of California, Santa Barbara, B.A., 1970 (Margaret, "Should Blackwater and Halliburton Pay for the People They’ve Killed? Or Are Government Contractors Entitled to a Common-Law, Combatant-Activities Defense?," 80 Tenn. L. Rev. 347) The same lesson is reflected in United States v. Gilman, where the Court AND Wartime Commission: "We’re simply not going to war without contractors." n247
Obama is using PC – needs it to sustain a veto on Iran sanctions – top of the agenda
Lobe 12/27 Jim, reporter for Inter Press Service, "Iran sanctions bill: Big test of Israel lobby power," 12/27/13, http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article26cat=World26article=8046 This week’s introduction by a bipartisan group of 26 senators of a new sanctions bill AND who controls the upper chamber’s calendar, to forestall any new sanctions legislation.
Obama will win the fight – failure undermines negotiations and leads to Middle East war
Merry 1/1 Robert W. Merry, political editor of the National Interest, is the author of books on American history and foreign policy, "Obama may buck the Israel lobby on Iran," Washington Times, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/31/merry-obama-may-buck-the-israel-lobby-on-iran/ Presidential press secretary Jay Carney uttered 10 words the other day that represent a major AND seen as being not quite what it has been cracked up to be.
====Plan’s a loss – causes defection==== Loomis 7 Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at Georgetown University, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy", March 2, 2007, pg 36-37, http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php Declining political authority encourages defection. American political analyst Norman Ornstein writes of the domestic AND affects the character of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic.
Successful deal key to prevent war with Iran
Shank and Gould 9/12 Michael Shank, Ph.D., is director of foreign policy at the Friends Committee on National Legislation. Kate Gould is legislative associate for Middle East policy at FCNL, No Iran deal, but significant progress in Geneva, 9/12/13, http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/cause-conflict-conclusion/2013/nov/12/no-iran-deal-significant-progress-geneva/ Congress should welcome, not stubbornly dismiss, diplomatic efforts to finalize the interim accord AND Iran’s enrichment program as well as Congress’s obstructionism to a peaceful path forward.
US-Iran war causes global nuclear war
Avery 11/6 John Scales, Lektor Emeritus, Associate Professor, at the Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, since 1990 he has been the Contact Person in Denmark for Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, An Attack On Iran Could Escalate Into Global Nuclear War, 11/6/13, http://www.countercurrents.org/avery061113.htm Despite the willingness of Iran’s new President, Hassan Rouhani to make all reasonable concessions AND and future of all the peoples of the world, US citizens included.
Obama is pushing Congress to resolve the debt ceiling – political capital is key to success
Pace 9/12 Julie, AP White House correspondent, Syria debate on hold, Obama refocuses on agenda, The Fresno Bee, 9/12/13, http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/09/12/3493538/obama-seeks-to-focus-on-domestic.html With a military strike against Syria on hold, President Barack Obama tried Thursday to AND Speaker John Boehner on Thursday said the GOP will insist on curbing spending.
Limitations on war powers sap political capital for domestic agenda items
Kriner ’10 Douglas L., assistant professor of political science at Boston University, "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, pages 68-69 While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps AND to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.
Failure collapses the economy – goes global and past events don’t disprove
Davidson 9/10 Adam, co-founder of NPR’s "Planet Money," Our Debt to Society, New York Times, 9/10/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will AND free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.
Nuclear war
Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8 Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, "The Dangers of a Diminished America" http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world’s financial architecture AND of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.
2nc Overview
====Growth solves war==== Griswold 7 Griswold, Trade Policy Studies @ Cato, 4/20/’7, (Daniel, Trade, Democracy and Peace, http://www.freetrade.org/node/681 A second and even more potent way that trade has promoted peace is by promoting more economic integration. As national economies become more intertwined with each other, those nations have more to lose should war break out. War in a globalized world not only means human casualties and bigger government, but also ruptured trade and investment ties that impose lasting damage on the economy. In short, globalization has dramatically raised the economic cost of war.
Turns terrorism
Thomas 8 – Professor of Economics John Thomas, Professor of Economics, January 18 2008, Becker-Posner Blog, Accessed April 8 2008, http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/archives/2008/01/terrorism_and_e.html However lack of economic growth also helps terrorism. To manage in the modern world AND West and thus it must become a great power by any means necessarily.
2nc Will Pass Run
====PC solves healthcare debate– it’ll be a fight – Republicans will come around to preserve business confidence==== Campbell 9-20 (Collin, "Obama facing tough time trying to raise debt ceiling," http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/09/20/324984/obama-facing-tough-time-trying-to-raise-debt-ceiling/) Amidst a potential government shutdown and dfa battle with House GOP members, the US AND defunds the new healthcare law. Other Republicans say that that’s political suicide.
Two links – First Obama will fight the plan with a veto
Ackerman and Hathaway 11 – *Professor of Law and Political Science @ Yale, Professor of International Law @ Yale (Bruce and Oona, "Limiting War and the Constitution, Michigan Law Review, vol 109, Lexis) Finally, there is the statutory approach. Putting the rules on the statute ¶ AND or Senate (or both) without the need for presidential ¶ approval.
Second – he’ll fight the plan with signing statements
Mork 6 – JD @ MSU (Steven, "DISAPPROVING SIGNING STATEMENTS AND THE PRESENTMENT CLAUSE: WHEN WORDS SHOULD SPEAK LOUDER THAN ACTIONS," http://www.law.msu.edu/king/2006/2006_Mork.pdf) The current and conventional approach of the federal judiciary is to view a ¶ President’s AND for use at any time and, hence, remains a sleeping controversy.
This causes widespread Congressional backlash
Dean 6 – JD, Former Counsel to the President (John, "The Problem with Presidential Signing Statements: Their Use and Misuse by the Bush Administration," http://writ.lp.findlaw.com/dean/20060113.html) But like steroids, signing statements ultimately lead to serious trouble.¶ Relying On Command AND /Cheney administration will wish it had not issued all those signing statements.
Capital is key – allows Obama to thread the needle – there’s momemtum now
McMorris-Santoro 10/15 Evan, BuzzFeed Staff, Obama Has Already Won The Shutdown Fight And He’s Coming For Immigration Next, 10/15/13, http://www.buzzfeed.com/evanmcsan/obama-has-already-won-the-shutdown-fight-and-hes-coming-for As the fiscal fight roiling Washington nears its end, the White House is already AND fit the bill since we see voters across party lines calling for reform."
Reform key to competitiveness and growth
Trujillo and Melgoza 13 Mr. Trujillo is chairman of the Trujillo Group, LLC and co-chairman of the Latino Donor Collaborative. Mr. Melgoza is the CEO of Geoscape International Inc. The Economic—and Demographic—Case for Immigration Reform, 2/21/13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323951904578290471589119346.html?mod=googlenews_wsj Since the November election, there has been much talk in Washington and on the AND a coherent and enforceable immigration policy is in place and here to stay.
====Nuclear war==== Burrows and Harris 9 Mathew J. Burrows (counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC), PhD in European History from Cambridge University) and Jennifer Harris (a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit) April 2009 "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_Burrows.pdf Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is AND within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.
CIR key to Latin American stability
Gittelson 9 Citation: 23 Notre Dame J.L. Ethics 26 Pub. Pol’y 115 AND hand experience in dealing with the immigration issues that are challenging our country today In the alternative, should we fail to pass CIR, and instead opt to AND of cooperation can we expect in our battle to secure our southern border?
Extinction
Manwaring 5 Max G., Retired U.S. Army colonel and an Adjunct Professor of International Politics at Dickinson College, venezuela’s hugo chávez, bolivarian socialism, and asymmetric warfare, October 2005, pg. PUB628.pdf President Chávez also understands that the process leading to state failure is the most dangerous AND and their associated problems endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.65
Immigration reform expands skilled labor—spurs relations and economic growth in China and India.
US-Indian relations avert South Asian nuclear war.
Schaffer 2 ~Spring 2002, Teresita—Director of the South Asia Program at the Center for Strategic and International Security, Washington Quarterly, Lexis~ Washington’s increased interest in India since the late 1990s reflects India’s economic expansion and position AND people out of poverty depends critically on good relations with the United States.
Dover 10/1 Edward-Isaac, Politico, Government shutdown: President Obama holds the line, 10/1/13, http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=355E79C9-5188-4996-B667-C7811C6BAFFA President Barack Obama started September in an agonizing, extended display of how little sway AND "They don’t suddenly start going the other way as people rethink this."
Two links – First Obama will fight the plan with a veto
Ackerman and Hathaway 11 – *Professor of Law and Political Science @ Yale, Professor of International Law @ Yale (Bruce and Oona, "Limiting War and the Constitution, Michigan Law Review, vol 109, Lexis) Finally, there is the statutory approach. Putting the rules on the statute ¶ AND or Senate (or both) without the need for presidential ¶ approval.
Second – he’ll fight the plan with signing statements
Mork 6 – JD @ MSU (Steven, "DISAPPROVING SIGNING STATEMENTS AND THE PRESENTMENT CLAUSE: WHEN WORDS SHOULD SPEAK LOUDER THAN ACTIONS," http://www.law.msu.edu/king/2006/2006_Mork.pdf) The current and conventional approach of the federal judiciary is to view a ¶ President’s AND for use at any time and, hence, remains a sleeping controversy.
This causes widespread Congressional backlash
Dean 6 – JD, Former Counsel to the President (John, "The Problem with Presidential Signing Statements: Their Use and Misuse by the Bush Administration," http://writ.lp.findlaw.com/dean/20060113.html) But like steroids, signing statements ultimately lead to serious trouble.¶ Relying On Command AND /Cheney administration will wish it had not issued all those signing statements.
Capital key – no thumpers
Allen 9/19 Jonathan Allen, Politico, 9/19/13, GOP battles boost President Obama, dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=17961849-5BE5-43CA-B1BC-ED8A12A534EB There’s a simple reason President Barack Obama is using his bully pulpit to focus the AND the government shouldn’t shut down and that the country should pay its bills.
Failure collapses the economy – goes global and past events don’t disprove
Davidson 9/10 Adam, co-founder of NPR’s "Planet Money," Our Debt to Society, New York Times, 9/10/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will AND free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.
Nuclear war
Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8 Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, "The Dangers of a Diminished America" http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world’s financial architecture AND of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.
2nc Impact Overview
Growth controls conflict escalation
Griswold 7 Griswold, Trade Policy Studies @ Cato, 4/20/’7, (Daniel, Trade, Democracy and Peace, http://www.freetrade.org/node/681 A second and even more potent way that trade has promoted peace is by promoting more economic integration. As national economies become more intertwined with each other, those nations have more to lose should war break out. War in a globalized world not only means human casualties and bigger government, but also ruptured trade and investment ties that impose lasting damage on the economy. In short, globalization has dramatically raised the economic cost of war.
Turn Pakistan
And Pakistan
Ferguson 9 Ferguson, Prof. History @ Harvard, April, ’9 (Niall, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=468126page=0) The democratic governments in Kabul and Islamabad are two of the weakest anywhere. Among AND unemployment in the face. It is not a recipe for political stability.
Turns Heg
And heg and militar
10/11/13
DA - Politics - Texas - TPA
Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kansas State SS | Judge: Jake Thompson
That creates a bipartisan coalition for passage – key to US leadership and economic growth
Business Times Singapore 1/23 Chance for Obama to push trade agenda, 1/23/14, Lexis. AS US President Barack Obama prepares to deliver his sixth State of the Union address AND presidency, but also strengthen US global leadership and boost the world economy.
Two links – First Obama will fight the plan with a veto
Ackerman and Hathaway 11 – *Professor of Law and Political Science @ Yale, Professor of International Law @ Yale (Bruce and Oona, "Limiting War and the Constitution, Michigan Law Review, vol 109, Lexis) Finally, there is the statutory approach. Putting the rules on the statute ¶ AND or Senate (or both) without the need for presidential ¶ approval.
Second – he’ll fight the plan with signing statements
Mork 6 – JD @ MSU (Steven, "DISAPPROVING SIGNING STATEMENTS AND THE PRESENTMENT CLAUSE: WHEN WORDS SHOULD SPEAK LOUDER THAN ACTIONS," http://www.law.msu.edu/king/2006/2006_Mork.pdf) The current and conventional approach of the federal judiciary is to view a ¶ President’s AND for use at any time and, hence, remains a sleeping controversy.
This causes widespread Congressional backlash
Dean 6 – JD, Former Counsel to the President (John, "The Problem with Presidential Signing Statements: Their Use and Misuse by the Bush Administration," http://writ.lp.findlaw.com/dean/20060113.html) But like steroids, signing statements ultimately lead to serious trouble.¶ Relying On Command AND /Cheney administration will wish it had not issued all those signing statements.
Leadership solves nuclear war
Brooks, Ikenberry and Wohlforth 13 Stephen G., G. John, William C., "Don’t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment" International Security Volume 37, Number 3, Winter 2012/2013 mtc The United States has pursued a grand strategy of "deep engagement" since the AND its proponents advertise, retrenchment would likely exacerbate the problem of American decline.
Ov
Heg key to the global economy—ensures stability, economic institutions, movement of goods and cooperation
-peace -open sea lanes -economic institutions -scholarly consensus Brooks, Ikenberry and Wohlforth 13 Stephen G., G. John, William C., "Don’t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment" International Security Volume 37, Number 3, Winter 2012/2013 mtc Deep engagement is based on a premise central to realist scholarship from E.H AND can continue to expand in the absence of U.S. leadership.
Heg decline causes Indo-Pak war
Brzezinski 12— national security advisor under U.S. President Jimmy Carter Zbigniew" 8 Geopolitically Endangered Species" ~http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/8_geopolitically_endangered_species~~ January/February Devastated by nine years of brutal warfare waged by the Soviet Union, ignored by AND a proxy war between India and Pakistan; a haven for international terrorism.
A2: No Impact
Large disparity is key to avoid status-seeking conflict – empirical history on our side
Wohlforth 9 - professor of government at Dartmouth College William, "Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War," World Politics Volume 61, Number 1, January, EBSCO Unipolarity thus generates far fewer incentives than either bipolarity or multipolarity for direct great power AND , the set of feasible comparison choices is constrained in highly consequential ways.
This is empirically verifiable – hegemony creates costs to conflict that deter international aggression
Moore 4 – Dir. Center for Security Law and Professor of Law @ University of Virginia, Editor of the American Journal of International Law John Norton, "Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace," pg. 30-31 As so broadly conceived, there is strong evidence that deterrence, that is, AND levels of perceived profit and military achievability of aggression in many such settings.
Even if Obama agrees with the substance of the plan, he’ll fight the restriction
—this is meaningless in the world of the CP because he can’t use veto threats or signing statements as opposition Scheuerman 13 – Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, PhD from Harvard (William, "Barack Obama’s "war on terror"," Eurozine, http://www.eurozine.com/pdf/2013-03-07-scheuerman-en.pdf) Given dual democratic legitimacy, holders of executive power face deeply¶ rooted institutional incentives AND get reelected ?? simultaneously has had¶ deeply troublesome humanitarian and legal consequences.
1NR Politics – AT Popular – Drones
Obama opposes drone restrictions
NYT 13 (The End of the Perpetual War, lexis) In the past, we have been deeply troubled by the administration’s insistence that the AND not contemptuously dismiss them as some of his advisers have done in the past
2nc AT Winners Win
Winners don’t win
Eberly 13 - assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at St. Mary’s College of Maryland Todd, "The presidential power trap," Baltimore Sun, 1/21/13, Lexis Only by solving the problem of political capital is a president likely to avoid a AND the current president’s mind today as he takes his second oath of office.
Obama is pushing Congress to resolve the debt ceiling – political capital is key to success
Pace 9/12 Julie, AP White House correspondent, Syria debate on hold, Obama refocuses on agenda, The Fresno Bee, 9/12/13, http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/09/12/3493538/obama-seeks-to-focus-on-domestic.html With a military strike against Syria on hold, President Barack Obama tried Thursday to AND Speaker John Boehner on Thursday said the GOP will insist on curbing spending.
Limitations on war powers sap political capital for domestic agenda items
Kriner ’10 Douglas L., assistant professor of political science at Boston University, and#34;After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging Warand#34;, University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, pages 68-69 While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps AND to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.
Failure collapses the economy – goes global and past events don’t disprove
Davidson 9/10 Adam, co-founder of NPR’s and#34;Planet Money,and#34; Our Debt to Society, New York Times, 9/10/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will AND free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.
Debt ceiling causes Iran strikes
Nimmo 6 Kurt, Iran Attack: No Way Back Now, 1/18/6, http://www.uruknet.info/?p=m1976826l=i26size=126hd=0 But none of this is relevant now. Israel will goad the United States— AND economic history proves, it is that you cannot have prosperity without one.and#34;
Thomas 8 ~John Thomas, Professor of Economics, January 18 2008, Becker-Posner Blog, Accessed April 8 2008, http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/archives/2008/01/terrorism_and_e.html~~ However lack of economic growth also helps terrorism. To manage in the modern world AND West and thus it must become a great power by any means necessarily.
2nc Will Pass Run
Deal is coming – all sides want political cover but it’ll be a huge fight and time is limited – plan upsets the balance
Birnbaum 9-10-13 – columnist for The Washington Times, a Fox News contributor and president of BGR Public Relations (Jeffrey, and#34;The other approaching war; The debt-ceiling struggle is soon to envelop Capitol Hill, again,and#34; Lexis) Congressional insiders were surprised when the Treasury Department announced that the federal borrowing limit would AND opening bids in what will be a wild set of negotiations starting soon.
A deal to stall Iran’s nuclear program is coming – Obama will hold off Senate sanctions now – key to prevent Iran prolif
Landler and Sanger 11/14 Mark and David, New York Times, Obama Calls for Patience in Iran Talks, 11/14/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/15/us/politics/obama-iran.html?_r=0 President Obama made a vigorous appeal to Congress on Thursday to give breathing space to AND will, just like the European Union and the United States have done."
Two links – First Obama will fight the plan with a veto
Ackerman and Hathaway 11 – *Professor of Law and Political Science @ Yale, Professor of International Law @ Yale (Bruce and Oona, "Limiting War and the Constitution, Michigan Law Review, vol 109, Lexis) Finally, there is the statutory approach. Putting the rules on the statute ¶ AND or Senate (or both) without the need for presidential ¶ approval.
Second – he’ll fight the plan with signing statements
Mork 6 – JD @ MSU (Steven, "DISAPPROVING SIGNING STATEMENTS AND THE PRESENTMENT CLAUSE: WHEN WORDS SHOULD SPEAK LOUDER THAN ACTIONS," http://www.law.msu.edu/king/2006/2006_Mork.pdf) The current and conventional approach of the federal judiciary is to view a ¶ President’s AND for use at any time and, hence, remains a sleeping controversy.
This causes widespread Congressional backlash
Dean 6 – JD, Former Counsel to the President (John, "The Problem with Presidential Signing Statements: Their Use and Misuse by the Bush Administration," http://writ.lp.findlaw.com/dean/20060113.html) But like steroids, signing statements ultimately lead to serious trouble.¶ Relying On Command AND /Cheney administration will wish it had not issued all those signing statements.
Capital key – prevents confrontation
Cockburn 11/11 Patrick, author of Muqtada: Muqtada Al-Sadr, the Shia Revival, and the Struggle for Iraq, Why Iran’s Concessions Won’t Lead to a Nuclear Agreement, 11/11/13, http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/11/11/why-irans-concessions-wont-lead-o-a-nuclear-agreement/ On the other hand, the decision by President Obama not to launch airstrikes against AND extinguished by those who believe that confrontation with Iran works better than diplomacy.
Deal key to prevent war and Iran prolif
Shank and Gould 9/12 Michael Shank, Ph.D., is director of foreign policy at the Friends Committee on National Legislation. Kate Gould is legislative associate for Middle East policy at FCNL, No Iran deal, but significant progress in Geneva, 9/12/13, http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/cause-conflict-conclusion/2013/nov/12/no-iran-deal-significant-progress-geneva/ Congress should welcome, not stubbornly dismiss, diplomatic efforts to finalize the interim accord AND Iran’s enrichment program as well as Congress’s obstructionism to a peaceful path forward.
Extinction
Hirsch 5 – physics professor, Ph.D., University of Chicago (Nov 21, Jorge, http://www.antiwar.com/orig/hirsch.php?articleid=8089) The Bush administration has put together all the elements it needs to justify the impending AND of the Hiroshima bomb, enough to erase Earth’s population many times over.
2nc Overview
We control time frame and magnitude – deal failure draws in global powers and goes nuclear within months—turns the whole aff
Inbar, 11/2 Prof. Efraim Inbar, director of the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, is a professor of political studies at Bar-Ilan University and a fellow at the Middle East Forum, "Op-Ed: Washington Must Strike Iran, Not Bargain With It" http://www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/14050~~23.UoawzPmsiSp A nuclear Iran will affect the global political energy economy. Iran’s location along the AND will be able to decide to whom to sell and at what price.
Impacts – US Credibility
T/ Credbility-Nuclear Iran crushes US credibility
Inbar, 11/2 Prof. Efraim Inbar, director of the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, is a professor of political studies at Bar-Ilan University and a fellow at the Middle East Forum, "Op-Ed: Washington Must Strike Iran, Not Bargain With It" http://www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/14050~~23.UoawzPmsiSp Finally, Iran is the supreme test of American credibility in world affairs. After AND bargain with Tehran is mind-boggling in this part of the world.
2nc Issue Specific Uniqueness
Prefer issues specific uniqueness – Obama has sufficient capital now even if it’s dwindling
- explicitly answers budget and Syria Matthew 11/13 Francis, Editor-at-Large Gulf News, Nuclear deal with Iran is on right track, 11/13/13, http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/nuclear-deal-with-iran-is-on-right-track-1.1254736 Nonetheless, there is not likely to be any rush to support the deal, AND budget approved every few months, as well as over intervening in Syria.
No domestic thumpers – Obama will shift to foreign policy issues to avoid domestic fights
Hammond 11/13 Andrew, formerly a special adviser in the government of former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, and also a geopolitical analyst at Oxford Analytica, Iranian diplomacy underscores Obama’s search for legacy, 11/13/13, http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/13/opinion/iran-obama-legacy-hammond/ Since re-election, Obama has achieved little domestic policy success. His gun AND U.S. economic recovery continues to build up steam in 2014.
Cockburn 11/11 Patrick, author of Muqtada: Muqtada Al-Sadr, the Shia Revival, and the Struggle for Iraq, Why Iran’s Concessions Won’t Lead to a Nuclear Agreement, 11/11/13, http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/11/11/why-irans-concessions-wont-lead-o-a-nuclear-agreement/ On the other hand, the decision by President Obama not to launch airstrikes against AND extinguished by those who believe that confrontation with Iran works better than diplomacy.
Schier 9 Professor of Political Science at Carleton, (Steven, "Understanding the Obama Presidency," The Forum: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Berkely Electronic Press, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss1/art10) In additional to formal powers, a president’s informal power is situationally derived and highly AND Barack Obama – to engage in major ongoing battles to impose his preferences.
A2 Impact Defense
Deal key to prevent war and Iran prolif
Shank and Gould 9/12 Michael Shank, Ph.D., is director of foreign policy at the Friends Committee on National Legislation. Kate Gould is legislative associate for Middle East policy at FCNL, No Iran deal, but significant progress in Geneva, 9/12/13, http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/cause-conflict-conclusion/2013/nov/12/no-iran-deal-significant-progress-geneva/ Congress should welcome, not stubbornly dismiss, diplomatic efforts to finalize the interim accord AND Iran’s enrichment program as well as Congress’s obstructionism to a peaceful path forward.
Iran war escalates
Kahl 1-17 – Professor @ Georgetown, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for the Middle East Colin, "Not Time to Attack Iran," Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137031/colin-h-kahl/not-time-to-attack-iran?page=show RIDING THE ESCALATOR Kroenig’s discussion of timing is not the only misleading part of his AND unlikely to suffice, especially since most Saudi crude passes through the strait.
Iran nuclearization causes Middle East prolif – causes nuclear war – no deterrent effect
Rynhold 11/14 Jonathan Rynhold is a senior researcher at the BESA Center for Strategic Studies and a senior lecturer in the Department of Political Studies at Bar-Ilan University, Payback: The real cost of the Iraq War is a nuclear Iran, 11/14/13, http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.557999 For if Iran becomes a threshold nuclear state, Saudi Arabia will immediately take delivery AND ’Spring’ who knows how stable that regime is and what might replace it.
Obama Objects
Obama would veto/add signing statements to the plan
Even if Obama agrees with the substance of the plan, he’ll fight the restriction
—this is meaningless in the world of the CP because he can’t use veto threats or signing statements as opposition Scheuerman 13 – Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, PhD from Harvard (William, "Barack Obama’s "war on terror"," Eurozine, http://www.eurozine.com/pdf/2013-03-07-scheuerman-en.pdf) Given dual democratic legitimacy, holders of executive power face deeply¶ rooted institutional incentives AND helped Obama get reelected ?? simultaneously has had¶ deeply troublesome humanitarian and legal
====Syria is complying with chemical weapon disarm now==== Borger 10/23/13 Julian Borger, diplomatic editor ¶ theguardian.¶ World news¶ Syria¶ Syria deadline for chemical weapons destruction will be met, says OPCW¶ Watchdog reports Damascus co-operating with weapons inspectors to destroy poison gas and nerve agent capability¶ http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/23/syria-deadline-chemical-weapons-opcw ¶ ¶ ¶ The world’s chemical weapons watchdog says it is confident that Syria will AND about a destruction plant at a meeting in the Hague mid-November.
Only a continued threat of Obama’s ability to take military action against Syria will assure Syrian compliance
Impact-Success of the Chemical weapons agreement is key to stopping Syrian Civil war
Marsden 13 William Marsden, Postmedia News Published: Thursday, September 12, 2013, Could Syria’s agreement to destroy chemical weapons lead to final accord on civil war?, http://www2.canada.com/topics/news/story.html?id=8905711 As talks opened in Geneva on Thursday on the surrender and ultimate destruction of Syria’s AND weapons. This could help shape a final settlement to the civil war.
Syrian civil war risks spill over into massive Middle East conflict
Byman 26 Pollack 12 Daniel L. Byman and Kenneth M. Pollack are, respectively, the director of research and a senior fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution. Daniel Byman is also a professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/10/the_syrian_spillover Bad Signs in Syria¶ Our 2006 study also examined the factors that lead to AND snowballs and spillover grows. Less can be more when it is soon.
Middle East conflict goes global and nuclear.
Primakov ’9 - Doctor of Economics, Professor, executive member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Head of the Center for Situational Analysis at the Russian Academy of Sciences Yevgeny Primakov is President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation; Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; member of the Editorial Board of Russia in Global Affairs. The Fundamental Conflict: The Middle East Problem in the Context of International Relations. Russia in Global Affairs Vol 7 No 3. 2009. http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/105702/ichaptersection_singledocument/71a40dca-23cb-411d-9c5d-a7ce495e2522/en/12.pdf The Middle East conflict is unparalleled in terms of its potential for spreading globally. AND seems that President Obama’s position does not completely rule out such a possibility.
Obama threat to use force in Syria is seen as credible by the important audiences now proves there is resolve and uniqueness—also assumes the Russia deal
Landau 9-18-13 Emily B. Landau is a Senior Research Associate at the Institute for National Security Studies Force matters: Why Iran will only disarm under U.S. military pressure http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.547782 The lead-up to the recent U.S.-Russian agreement to locate AND better positioned to succeed than he has been in the past five years.
1nr Link Debate
Only a continuing threat of military action will allow the Syria chemical weapons deal to be completed—also resolve is high now
Empirically Congress will block military action to stop genocide—takes out their link turn
Holbrooke 05 Richard Holbrooke was a professor at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University and was a diplomat under four Presidents, Was Bosnia Worth It? http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/18/AR2005071801329.html ¶ From 1991 to 1995 the United States had been reluctant to act in Bosnia AND at State recommit the nation, as they did last week at Srebrenica.
Bosnia was not and would not have been approved by Congress
Troxell 06 John F. Troxell, Research Professor of National Security and Military Strategy, with the Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College MILITARY POWER AND THE USE OF FORCE, in the U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy, Strategic Studies Institute, July 2004 and 2nd Edition, 2006 In the crisis in Bosnia, on the other hand, the United States participated AND the most important political matter¶ of all: war and peace."85
Empirically limited interventions stop larger wars and genocide —turns the whole aff
Western 13 Jon Western is Professor of International Studies and Five College Professor of International Relations at Mount Holyoke College Not All Interventions are the Same. Not All Interventions are the Same. http://www.whiteoliphaunt.com/duckofminerva/2013/08/not-all-interventions-are-the-same.html But, other, more limited, interventions have been effective in controlling and mitigating AND legitimacy even though there was no UN Security Council resolution authorizing the action.¶
A2: No collapse
Spills over
Kassab 11 Robin Yassin-Kassab, June 10, 2011 Co-editor www.pulsemedia.org, Foreign Policy, "The Fall of the House of Assad" http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/10/the_fall_of_the_house_of_assad The turn toward violence is inadvisable but perhaps inevitable. When residential areas are subjected AND groups currently relegated to irrelevance by the new democratic mood in the region.
Impacts
Causes bioweapon use
Spector 11 Leonard Spector, August 23, 2011 Executive director of the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Foreign Policy, "Assad’s Chemical Romance" http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/23/assads_chemical_romance The continued unrest in Syria, coupled with President Barack Obama’s call for President Bashar AND engendered by even limited use could quash a citywide uprising within an hour.
Extinction
Keating 9 – Foreign Policy Web Editor Joshua, "The End of the World," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full How it could happen: Throughout history, plagues have brought civilizations to their knees AND . Biological weapons experimentation has added a new and just as troubling complication.
This gives Obama pretext for military strikes – Congress will block if given the opportunity
Carpenter 2013 – PhD in Diplomatic History @ UT (Ted Galen, "War with Syria: Not Out of the Woods Yet," October 2013, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/war-syria-not-out-the-woods-yet-9215) There is a palpable sense of relief in Washington and throughout the international community that AND , and he was wise enough to grasp the face-saving opportunity.
Strikes key to Saudi relations
PA 10-23 (PanArmenian, "Saudi upset at Obama policies on Iran, Syria, threatens rift with U.S.," http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/171648/) Upset at President Barack Obama’s policies on Iran and Syria, members of Saudi Arabia’s AND a member of the Saudi royal family and former director of Saudi intelligence.
Loss of relations leads to prolif – this assumes their self interest and security guarantee defense
Al-Rashid 11, M.A. Candidate in Security Studies at Georgetown University, Council on Foreign Relations, New America Foundation (Salman, "The Kingdom and Nuclear Energy: The Proliferation Contingency," August 5, alajnabee.wordpress.com/2011/08/05/the-kingdom-and-nuclear-energy-the-worrisome-contingency/) A Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) report downplays Saudi nuclear ambitions, suggesting that AND ," but it might not score that success with a weary Saudi Arabia.
Extinction
Edelman et al 11 – *Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; he was U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, *Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (Eric S. Edelman, Andrew Krepinevich, Evan Montgomery, Foreign Affairs, "The dangers of a nuclear Iran", http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran) There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support AND Middle East could lead to a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences.
2nc
UQ – Saudi Relations
Complete collapse in Saudi relations coming now – only military action against Syria solves
—answers the Iran alt caus because Syria is a key strategic outlet for regional Iranian hegemony Ghitis 14 - independent commentator on world affairs and a World Politics Review contributing editor (Frida, "World Citizen: U.S.-Saudi Ties Go From Bad to Worse," 1-30, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/13536/world-citizen-u-s-saudi-ties-go-from-bad-to-worse) For almost 70 years, the foundation of Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy rested on the AND for the creation of humanitarian corridors to keep Syrians from starving to death.
AT Relations Resilient
Inaction turns action into anger – perceived loyalty is a key factor
Molavi 11 – Middle East scholar at the New American Foundation (Afshin, interview with Fareed Zakaria, CNN, "The state of the Saudi-U.S. relationship", globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/22/the-state-of-the-saudi-u-s-relationship/) At the bureaucratic level, the Saudi-U.S. relationship is on AND in relations? Probably not. But there is this tension right now.
They assume older personal ties that are not longer true
Bremmer 11 – president of Eurasia Group (Ian, "Washington’s stark choice: Democracy or Riyadh," Financial Times, 3/17, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/493c8dd0-50b7-11e0-9227-00144feab49a.html~~23axzz1WuWgJDjK) Events of the past three months have shattered many assumptions about the Middle East. AND princes are senior US oil executives, who often oppose Mr Obama’s policies.
The link is linear – the more unsafe the Kingdom feels the more it empowers conservative hardliners
Dugulin 11, Master Student at the Paris School of International Affairs (Sciences Po Paris), specialized in International Security, worked for multiple DC Think tanks, (Riccardo, "The Saudi Arabian Porcupine and the Spring in the Desert," 2011, arabsthink.com/2011/12/10/the-saudi-arabian-porcupine-and-the-spring-in-the-desert/ In a situation where the Middle East is looking for Arab power players to speak AND adopt far more conservative policies than they had done in previous decades.
Turns Case – Heg
Congress avoided a formal vote on the conflict
Everett 9-14 (Tough Hill vote on Syria fades, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/congress-syria-vote-96806.html) Congress can breathe a sigh of relief: Lawmakers won’t have to take a tough AND dominated by economic fights that pit the Republican House against the Democratic Senate.
No vote on Syria collapses the entire second-term agenda and US credibility
Fydenborg 9-23 - M.S. in Peace Operations from the George Mason University School of Public Policy (Brian, "Will the U.S. Attack Syria? It Could Save More Lives Than You Think," http://www.policymic.com/articles/63925/will-the-u-s-attack-syria-it-could-save-more-lives-than-you-think) We’ve seen the epic all-around disaster that would very likely result from the AND — where the fighting is occurring — are not far from the coast.
2/9/14
DA - Syria - Wake
Tournament: Wake | Round: 3 | Opponent: MSU BC | Judge: Layton
This gives Obama pretext for military strikes – Congress will block if given the opportunity
Carpenter 10-10 – PhD in Diplomatic History @ UT (Ted Galen, "War with Syria: Not Out of the Woods Yet," http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/war-syria-not-out-the-woods-yet-9215) There is a palpable sense of relief in Washington and throughout the international community that AND , and he was wise enough to grasp the face-saving opportunity.
Strikes key to Saudi relations
PA 10-23 (PanArmenian, "Saudi upset at Obama policies on Iran, Syria, threatens rift with U.S.," http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/171648/) Upset at President Barack Obama’s policies on Iran and Syria, members of Saudi Arabia’s AND a member of the Saudi royal family and former director of Saudi intelligence.
Lack of US commitment is driving Saudi prolif – a strong signal of military strength reverses this trend
Guzansky 11 - research fellow at the Institute for National Security Studies (INSS) Tel Aviv University, and a former member of Israel’s National Security Council ("Saudi Arabia’s Nuclear Hedging, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/saudi-arabia-nuclear-hedging) Saudi Arabia’s announcement last week that it plans to build 16 nuclear reactors with a AND to keep all the options, including the controversial nuclear option, open.
Extinction
Edelman et al 11 – *Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; he was U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, *Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (Jan/Feb, Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments 26 Former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran) There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support AND Middle East could lead to a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences.
*Syria
UQ – Attack Coming
US military strike is coming now
Guzman 11-4 - published in Global Research, The Progressive Mind, European Union Examiner, News Beacon Ireland, WhatReallyHappened.com, EIN News and a number of other alternative news sites. He is a graduate of Hunter College in New York City (Timothy, "The Chemical Weapons Pretext: Paving the Way for a Future US Military Strike on Syria?," Global Research, http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-chemical-weapons-pretext-paving-the-way-for-a-future-us-military-strike-on-syria/5356673) Israel has launched airstrikes in the past including one in January that targeted a Syrian AND Secretary of State John Kerry have publically stated that "Assad Must Go".
Obama will bypass Congress to attack now
Carpenter 10-10 – PhD in Diplomatic History @ UT (Ted Galen, "War with Syria: Not Out of the Woods Yet," http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/war-syria-not-out-the-woods-yet-9215) President Obama echoes Truman and other predecessors regarding both points. Indeed, even as AND UN resolution would serve as an additional legal fig leaf for bypassing Congress.
UQ – Threat of Attack High
Threat of attack is lessening but is still present
Marie 11-3 (Christine, "Threat still looms of U.S. attack on Syria," http://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article3170) Washington’s agreement to pursue a diplomatic route to secure the disarmament of Syria’s chemical arsenal AND maintaining U.S. dominance over the resources of the broader region.
2NC MSU Link Run
That’s because Congress wouldn’t support it – their opposition is political and can’t be swayed
Cohen 9-13 (Tom, "Syria war resolution faces tough challenge in Congress," CNN, http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/03/politics/obama-syria-congress/) Some don’t like war, any war. Others don’t think the United States should AND unity against what they call an unnecessary U.S. foreign intervention.
He can’t even get authorization, much less declaration
Tournament: CEDA | Round: 2 | Opponent: New SchoolBinghamton TS | Judge: Anderson
1NC
In Syria, Assad is committing genocide – there are thousands of deaths, violent repression and government brutality – this unethical regime sanctions massacres, rapes, torture, murder of children and denial of basic needs to the population
Gordon 13 – military correspondent @ NYT (Michael, "Genocide and Mass Atrocities Alert: Syria," http://www.genocidewatch.org/syria.html Since the beginning of March 2011, the stability of the Syrian Arab Republic has AND - and denial of food, medicines and other essential resources to civilians.
Assad is massacring those attempting to flee – Offensive Cyber is key to prevent shell-bombing of civilians
Gaviard 13 – former French Air Defence and Air Operations Commander (Jean, "WHY NOT TRY A CYBER-ATTACK ON THE SYRIAN FORCES?," http://www.sldinfo.com/why-not-try-a-cyber-attack-on-the-syrian-forces/) The use of chemical weapons by the forces of Bashar al-Assad has been AND along the Syrian border and who are regularly bombed by the Syrian regime.
To combat this harm, the US is actively planning cyber attacks on the Syrian regime
Unfortunately, the plan’s response to this atrocity is inaction. Rejection of cyber militarism and interventions of Syria prevent these OCO’s.
Cyber attacks solve – they avoid the traditional criticisms of a military approach – it allows us to take out Assad without risking a single human life
Farwell 13 - expert on cyber war and the author of Persuasion 26 Power (James, "A Better Syria Option: Cyber War," http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/better-syria-option-cyber-war-9003?page=1) As Congress debates strikes against Syria for using chemical weapons against its own people, AND . power, and achieves a defined result that advances our security interests.
2NC Must Read
Syrian intervention solves human rights and conflict expansion – their evidence ignores historical successes of military intervention—prefer this evidence because it is a longitudinal evaluation specific to Syrian cyber intervention
Haydar 13 - professor of philosophy and head of department at the American University of Beirut (Bashar, "Syria: the case for intervention," http://www.opendemocracy.net/bashar-haydar/syria-case-for-intervention) The political balance in the west is moving against military involvement in Syria. Such AND on a clear-eyed view of the facts and the available options.
AT Iraq Metaphors
Syria isn’t Iraq 2.0 – allowing past mistakes to haunt us guarantees Syria turns into another Rwanda
Kagan and O’Hanlon 07 Frederick and Michael, resident scholar at AEI and senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, The Case for Larger Ground Forces, April, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf We live at a time when wars not only rage¶ in nearly every region AND missions such as the ones now under¶ way in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Interpretation—all arguments read in previous debates must be publicly accessible on the wiki in either open source fashion, as complete citations, OR a complete description of the argument in the Round Report
A. Debaters should post their arguments—that some judge or competitor put up their description of your argument does not count—not only should you not get credit for that, they are often incomplete or entirely inaccurate—Round Reports require a description of your arguments, and answers to arguments in the debate
B. Source citations should be full—they can be APA, MLA, Chicago, whatever, as long as it includes enough information to find the parts of texts you used in the debate—this means your source should include an author name, a title, a publication, a date, a URL if applicable, a page number, and the enough words to identify the first and last part of the text you read.
Reasons to Prefer
1. Argument Quality—our interp increases it substantially
a. Improvements happen rapidly through peer review—only in a system of disclosure do we know the arguments the other team is making in enough detail to actually test
Torvalds and Diamond ’1 ~Linus (Creator of Linux) and David (freelance contributor to the New York Times and Business Week); "Why Open Source Makes Sense"; Educause Review; November/December; p. 71-2 nick~
It’s the best illustration of the limitless benefits to be derived from the open AND earn the esteem of their peers. That’s got to be highly motivating.
. Education—our interp increases both breadth and depth of education
Breadth – this is really just simple math – every innovation or argument would expand the research and education base. Depth — Without the secrecy element of research, pre-tournament research is spent understanding arguments and how to interact with them, instead of just collecting evidence from the wiki
3. Fairness—open source reduces entry barriers and solves resource disparities
a. Open source systems are preferable to the various punishment proposals in circulation. AND -cutter’s work than send the KGB after specific counter-revolutionary teams.
Vote negative – This is our model for debate—we think our model is better than a closed system for evidence
At the NDT, many teams chose to post their first constructive speeches on an AND - at least for the immediate future - is winning the position itself.
Demagoguery
Rejection solves our impacts – criticizing and opening up the rhetorical practices of speakers is key to developing ethical speech practice.
Lomas, 61 ~Charles W., Associate Professor of Speech at UCLA, "The Rhetoric of Demagoguery," Western Speech, Summer, pg. 167-168~ Aristotle’s defense is comforting to the teacher of speech, but it also bas important AND against demagoguery even when it is practiced by those with whom they agree.
Demagogues do not need to create social division and fear, they merely take advantage of and amplify the public’s pre-existing irrationality by defining excluded and included members of the group which leads to the worst kind of racism – genocide.
Roberts-Miller, 2k5 ~Patricia, Associate Professor of Rhetoric at UT Austin, "Democracy, Demagoguery, and Critical Rhetoric," Rhetoric and Public Affairs, V 8: N 3, p 462-463~ Rather than abandon the goal of defining and criticizing demagoguery, I will propose that AND equals idealism, equals obedience to nature, equals race, nation.18
Opacity
Bad Strat===
1/8/14
K - Capitalism
Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Concordia BS | Judge: Rubino, Bunas, Creek 1nc THE OPPRESSION OF WOMEN AND RELEGATION OF REPRODUCTION TO THE PRIVATE SPHERE ARE NOT AHISTORICAL PRODUCTS OF SEXISM OR PATRIARCHY, BUT RATHER ARE HISTORICAL PRODUCTIONS OF THE EMERGENCE OF A CLASSED SOCIETY FOUNDED ON THE LOGIC OF SURPLUS ACCUMULATION. THIS SHIFT FROM NECESSITY TO SURPLUS SOLIDIFIED THE PRE-EXISTING DIVISION OF LABOR BASED ON NEED AND THEN SEXED IT TO JUSTIFY INEQUALITY
cloud 2003 Dana, Prof at UT Austin, Talk for Regional Socialist Conference, “Marxism and Oppression”, 4.19
In order to challenge oppression, it is important to know where it comes from AND men against women encourage us to fight each other rather than organizing together.
The aff’s conception of justice operates through inclusion into the existing system of capitalist production – concern for particular identities is easily accommodated by neoliberalism, because it transforms universal projects for social justice into a discourse of individual responsibility Brown 93 Wendy, Professor and Genius, “Wounded Attachments”, Political Theory, Aug Although this détente between universal and particular within liberalism is potted with volatile conceits, AND produced by capitalism in addition to that bound to the explicitly politicized marking.
We agree that inequality is important, but they have no structural theory to explain its emergence – gender inequality, domestic violence, and the public/private divide are all driven by exploitation of workers *a2 panday Cotter 2 Jennifer, nqa, “War and Domestic Violence”, Red Critique, Sept/Oct, p. online What actually lies behind these contradictions are historical conditions of necessity in capitalism: the AND cannot be freed from the conditions that reproduce domestic violence and imperialist warfare.
*FIRST, FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF STRUCTURAL KRITIK, THERE CAN BE NO SUCH THING AS ‘MAKING THINGS BETTER’— THEIR MODEL OF POLITICS, NO MATTER HOW SUBVERSIVE OR CONSERVATIVE, ALL FUNDAMENTALLY EXAGERATE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FORMAL INSTITUTION OF POLITICS AND POWER, IGNORING THE WAYS SUCH A SYSTEM CREATES KNOWLEDGE—ONLY A MARXIST SHIFT TO KRITIK THE STRUCTURE AND CREATE MASS SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS WILL OVERCOME THIS FAILURE OF POLITICS
HARNECKER 2000 Marta, Dir of MEPLA, Links, p. online: http://www.dsp.org.au/links/back/issue16/harnecker.html To think about the construction of forces and the correlation of forces is to change AND to be stirred up, but as something that has to be built.
THE DETERMINISM OF CAPITAL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INSTRUMENTALIZATION OF ALL LIFE—IT IS THIS LOGIC THAT MOBILIZES AND ALLOWS FOR THE OPPRESSIONS HIGHLIGHTED BY THE 1AC
dyer-witherford 99 Nick, Prof at U. of Western Ontario, Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of “will over nature” AND degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious. Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC Only our method produces an integrated criticism of the structural system of capitalist production – alternative methodologies fail to produce a structural account of oppression and only humanize the anonymous violence of capital Tumino 2001 Stephen, Prof English at Pitt, ““What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever”, Red Critique, p. online
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will AND determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.
*SECOND, THIS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE OF GENDER AND SEXUAL IDENTITY. PARTICULARIZATION OF IDENTITY LOCALIZES KNOWLEDGE WHICH ERASES ANY SYSTEM THEORY THAT ALLOWS US TO SEE HOW SO MANY DIFFERENT CONTEXTUALIZED OPPRESSIONS ARE SUBORDINATED TO THE SAME FRAMEWORK—WE MUST ABANDON THIS METHOD OF KNOWLEDGE IN FAVOR OF A HISTORICAL LENS THAT RENDERS CAPITALISM VISIBLE
hennessy 2000 Rosemary, Prof at SUNY Albany, Profit and Pleasure: Sexual Identities in Late Capitalism, Routledge While capitalism has always relied on global and local relations of production, it has AND immediately experience and the social structures they are shaped by and help support.
3/28/14
K - Gendered Anthologies
Tournament: CEDA | Round: Quarters | Opponent: OU LW | Judge: Dheidt, Fifelski, Loghry, Manuel, S Lundeen
1NC
The 1AC’s phenomenological investigation is an active choice to exclude the female perspective of war – from including no female authors or refusing to discuss how females are implicated in combat, the aff continues a patriachial narrative that actively silences females
Driscoll 5 Amy Driscoll, Portland State University Driscoll, Amy (2005) "Women Writing War and Peace in Post Vietnam Era," PSU McNair Scholars Online Journal: Vol. 1: Iss. 1, Article 12. Available at: http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/mcnair/voll/issl/12 ¶ History, for the most part, has gendered war as male; as AND perpetuates the same familiar military heroics that have lasted from Homer to Hemingway.
Masculine understanding of war leads to murder of millions
Schott 96 Robin May PhD MPhil MA, Philosophy Senior Researcher, research unit on Holocaust and genocide My work in the field of post-Holocaust and genocide studies is informed by my background in ethics, social and political philosophy, and feminist philosophy. I have worked particularly with gender-related issues of war-time violence including mass war rape. I work on topics related to violence and the harms to political communities and rights. “Gender and ‘Postmodern War’” Hypatia Autumn 1996 accessed: 7/2/12 JSTOR DR However, Ruddick's list of military "femininities" is drawn from reflection on World AND on the sofa, instead of in an asylum center in Denmark.8
The alternative is to reject the performance of the aff. There’s little worthwhile with the 1AC and refusing their phenomenological investigation of war is a more productive decision – only a refusal of the aff can solve
Collins 9 (Patricia Hill, Charles Phelps Taft Professor of Sociology and Chair of the Department of African-American Studies at the University of Cincinnati, "Black Feminist Thought in the Matrix of Domination," Turning the Tide, www.turning-the-tide.org/files/Feminist20Thought20and20Matrix20of20Domination.pdf) Domination operates by seducing, pressuring, or forcing African-American women and members AND through all my different selves, without the restriction of externally imposed definition."
REDUCTION OF CLASS TO A LEVEL AMONG ALL OTHER OPPRESSIONS DESTROYS ITS EMANCIPATORY POTENTIAL—CLASS MUST BE RECOGNIZD AS QUALITATIVELY MORE IMPORTANT AS A UNIVERSALIZING MECHANISM TO OVERCOME CAPITALIST OPPRESSION
gimenez 2001 Martha, Prof. Of Sociology at CU Boulder, “Marxism and Class, Gender and Race”, Race Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society, AND what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power. Focus on discourse and self empowerment trades off with CLASS STRUGGLE. The mapping of your political struggle makes us feel good on the inside but still leaves us at the mercy of the system at large. Zavarzadeh, 1994 (Mas'ud, “The Stupidity that Consumption is Just as Productive as Production (Marx, Theories of Surplus-Value),” The Alternative Orange Vol. 4 No. 1, Fall/Winter, http://www.etext.org/Politics/AlternativeOrange/4/v4n1_cpp.html) Reading and writing as stories of power-and-resistance are now part of AND . This is the post-al left in its most lucid moment. THE DETERMINISM OF CAPITAL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR INSTRUMENTALIZATION—THIS MOBILIZES AND ALLOWS FOR THE 1AC’S SCENARIOS
dyer-witherford 99 Nick, Prof at U. of Western Ontario, Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of “will over nature” AND degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.
The Alternative is to Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC.
METHOD IS THE FOREMOST POLITICAL QUESTION BECAUSE ONE MUST UNDERSTAND THE EXISTING SOCIAL TOTALITY BEFORE ONE CAN ACT—GROUNDING THE SITES OF POLITICAL CONTESTATION OUTSIDE OF LABOR HUMANIZE CAPITAL AND PREVENT A TRANSITION
tumino 2001 Stephen, Prof English at Pitt, ““What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever”, Red Critique, p. online Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will AND determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.
1/3/14
K - Marx - Native Links
Tournament: Texas | Round: 4 | Opponent: OU RY | Judge: Antonucci
The construction of a particular indigenous identity category ignores the multiplicities of identity – focus on indigenous struggles alone negates anti-capitalist efforts that have existed for hundreds of years over multiple cultures – their criticism misidentifies the causes of domination and maintains a false abstraction that continues the process of capital
This is actually the same issue as the nationalities question and the identity question, AND anarchist attack on states as such, he might have seen another solution.
Prioritization of territorial sovereignty dehistoricizes the role of proleteriat relations in the subordination of indigenous peoples—capitalism purposely excludes their inclusion into the prolteriat as a form of appeasement—only historical materialism solves
Libretti 1 Tim, "THE OTHER PROLETARIANS: NATIVE AMERICAN LITERATURE AND CLASS STRUGGLE" Modern Fiction Studies; Spring 2001; 47, 1; ProQuest Research Library pg. 164 Proletarian literature has for the most part been studied within¶ the narrow historical confines AND non-Indians came gradually to control-their labor.¶ ( 4)
Isolating the struggle to Native American’s fails—it must be a broader class struggle
Libretti 1 Tim, "THE OTHER PROLETARIANS: NATIVE AMERICAN LITERATURE AND CLASS STRUGGLE" Modern Fiction Studies; Spring 2001; 47, 1; ProQuest Research Library pg. 164 This rich passage raises many points for discussion in terms of how¶ Ortiz constructs AND understanding by the poor and¶ workers of this nation" (360).
National security courts cause racial targeting and segregation – the primacy of “national security” permeates and devastates any concern for rule of law
Setty 10 – Professor of Law @ West New England (Sudha, “Comparative Perspectives On Specialized Trials For Terrorism,” 63 Me. L. Rev. 131) A clear deontological argument can be made that specialized courts should not ¶ be used AND as to short-term or long-term national ¶ security gains.
The impact is violence against the periphery – discursive construction is key
Rana 12 - Assistant Professor of Law, Cornell University Law School; A.B., Harvard College; J.D., Yale Law School; PhD., Harvard University (Aziz, “Who Decides on Security?”, Connecticut Law Review, VOLUME 44 JULY 2012 NUMBER 5) Part IV continues by detailing the steady emergence, beginning during the New Deal, AND normative assumptions required to sustain popular involvement in matters of threat and safety.
Distinctions in personal identity are inevitable--the 1ACs move toward universal inclusion in the debate space destroys the political by erasing the possibility of the friend-enemy distinction
Rasch 5 Professor and Chair of Germanic Studies, Indian University Bloomington, Ph.D. U of Washington/ William, “Lines in the Sand: Enmity as a Structuring Principle”, The South Atlantic Quarterly, 104:2, Spring In The Concept of the Political, Schmitt concludes that ‘‘all genuine political theories AND that this imperfection manifests itself as violence and the guilt associated with it.
Dissolving stable friend enemy binaries causes global genocidal war and lashout
Reinhard 4 Kenneth Reinhard, Professor of Jewish Studies, UCLA, 2004, UCLA Center for Jewish Studies, “Towards a Political Theology of the Neighbor,” http://www.cjs.ucla.edu/Mellon/Towards_Political_Theology.pdf If the concept of the political is defined, as Carl Schmitt does, in AND appeasing contours, because they would be identifiable” (PF 83).?
The alternative is to reject the affirmative to distinguish us from them in a way that recognizes the other’s legitimacy - limits conflict and prevents total war
Rasch 5 Professor and Chair of Germanic Studies, Indian University Bloomington, Ph.D. U of Washington William, “Lines in the Sand: Enmity as a Structuring Principle”, The South Atlantic Quarterly, 104:2, Spring Schmitt, then, starts from the premise of imperfection and acknowledges an ontological priority AND it may also always produce recurring, asphyxiating political nightmares of absolute exclusion.
2NC
Their knowledge is flawed
Prozorov, 06 Research Fellow at the Department of Political and Economic Studies at the University of Helsinki (Sergei, “Liberal Enmity: The Figure of the Foe in the Political Ontology of Liberalism”, Millennium Journal of International Studies 35: 75, Sage SW) In the interbellum of the 1990s, one frequently encountered discussions of who the new AND of an ontological critique of liberalism, hence the present importance of Schmitt. Their conception of liberalism and a universal humanity causes us to have a definition of what a “human” is that necessarily excludes people that don’t match their standard—causes exterminations of those people and links turn the whole aff—this card is disgusting Odysseos, 2004 (Louiza, Department of Politics and International Studies, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, “UBER DIE LINIE? CARL SCHMITT AND MARTIN HEIDEGGER ON THE LINE(S) OF COSMOPOLITANISM AND THE WAR ON TERROR,” Section 11 of the Fifth Pan-European International Relations Conference, September) The second criticism has to do with the imposition of particular kind of monism: AND `can presage a dreadful nihilistic destruction of all law' (NE 187).
The affirmatives focus on liberalism and ethics displaces violence in search of “true peace”. However, the development of the other is critical to our understandings of politics, and their inclusive practice will only justify wars of annihilation.
Odysseos 08, Dr. Louiza Odysseos, University of Sussex Department of International Relations, “Against Ethics? Iconographies of Enmity and Acts of Obligation in Carl Schmitt’s Theory of the Partisan,” Practices of Ethics: Relating/Responding to Difference in International Politics Annual Convention, International Studies Association, 2008MC In The Concept of the Political Schmitt had already indicted the increased usage of the AND lines articulated by Foucault under the heading of ‘self government’(2007b).
?
Proper conception of enmity’s key to bracketing war and restraining conflict.
Brown 07 – Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics and Political Science (Chris, “The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror, Liberal War, and the Crisis of Global Order” 2007, Fellow in International Relations at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, and also
The aff is the folk politics of radical democracy – they privilege the form of democracy – horizontality, openness, protest – over the goals of democracy – resolving climate change, economic inequality, and militaristic violence – folk politics fails and cedes the political to the neoliberal left
12. We do not believe that direct action is sufficient to achieve any of AND be married to the improvised order of The Network.
Their criticism of speed is regressive technological determinism – the claim that politics is moving "too fast" for deliberation reduces the public to passive receptors of technology and crushes the possibility of acceleration
Hoofd 4 (Ingrid Maria, PhD candidate at the National University of Singapore, "Dialogues between Paul Virilio and Chela Sandoval", Gender, Issue 39 2004, http://www.genders.org/g39/g39_hoofd.html)
~16~ Throughout his work, Virilio’s analyses of the present world-order AND , while not losing track of a technology’s hegemonic intentions. ~23~
The impact is extinction – neoliberal social organization ensures extinction from resource wars, climate change, and structural violence – only accelerating beyond neoliberalism can resolve its impacts
At the beginning of the second decade of the Twenty- AND lost possible futures, and indeed the recovery of the future as such.
The judge should vote negative to affirm an accelerationist politics
We must re-claim collective mastery in order to accelerate through capitalism – creating aggressive, global public institutions grounded in technological change is necessary to overcome both neoliberalism and folk politics – only creation of Leftist hegemony can solve the impact
16. We have three medium term concrete goals. First, we need to AND sal possibilities of the Outside.
2NC Link
Second, Direct democracy and local movements are folk politics – they produce an enchanted everyday world that humanizes the abstract violence of global capitalism – only acceleration produces effective resistance to neoliberalism as an anonymous machine of destruction
Williams 26 Srnicek 13 (Alex, PhD student at the University of East London, presently at work on a thesis entitled ’Hegemony and Complexity’, Nick, PhD candidate in International Relations at the London School of Economics, Co-authors of the forthcoming Folk Politics, 14 May 2013, http://criticallegalthinking.com/2013/05/14/accelerate-manifesto-for-an-accelerationist-politics/) We believe the most important division in today’s left is between those that hold to AND feel, this régime is both undesirable and practically impossible to return to.
1NR Link
Third, Their refusal of planning and technocracy is folk politics and prevents a shift to accelerationism – economic modeling combined with technocracy is crucial to create a cognitive map of capitalism and repurpose existing networks like finance and consumption into revolutionary post-capitalist systems
Williams 26 Srnicek 13 (Alex, PhD student at the University of East London, presently at work on a thesis entitled ’Hegemony and Complexity’, Nick, PhD candidate in International Relations at the London School of Economics, Co-authors of the forthcoming Folk Politics, 14 May 2013, http://criticallegalthinking.com/2013/05/14/accelerate-manifesto-for-an-accelerationist-politics/) 8. We believe that any post-capitalism will require post-capitalist planning AND consumption can and will be reprogrammed and reformatted towards post-capitalist ends.
2NC Alt
Capitalist speed is distinct from our alt – their argument does not assume that speed can be used against capitalism to create the solution
Williams 26 Srnicek 13 (Alex, PhD student at the University of East London, presently at work on a thesis entitled ’Hegemony and Complexity’, Nick, PhD candidate in International Relations at the London School of Economics, Co-authors of the forthcoming Folk Politics, 14 May 2013, http://criticallegalthinking.com/2013/05/14/accelerate-manifesto-for-an-accelerationist-politics/) If any system has been associated with ideas of acceleration it is capitalism. The AND what capitalist speed deterritorializes with one hand, it reterritorializes with the other.
The alternative is to affirm accelerationist politics – against the technological determinism of the aff, the alt turns speed against neoliberalism – compression of time-space and the quick availability of information have opened the possibility for Open Source information sharing and entrepreneurial creativity – what constrains these practices is the neoliberal concern for profit motive, NOT ITS ACCELERATION – profit drives creation of constraints on creativity and innovation like intellectual property rights, only the alternative is a true strategy for anti-capitalism
They will say the alt leads to the camp – it’s try or die – their suspicion of any kind of organization and collective mastery makes it impossible to organize a leftist hegemony that can oppose conservative control – the alternative introduces public accountability constraints that prevent a decent into fascism – collective self-mastery is good, but must be organized in large, publicly accountable institutions – that produces DEMOCRATIC PATERNALISM that solves their offense
What then is the alternative? Mark has proposed the formulation ’democratic paternalism’ to AND better than trusting the magical intervention of markets or spontaneous self-organisation.
Not in Original 2NC Speech DoC/Emailed Out
The alt solves—create effective forms of politics that can solve the aff
Williams 26 Srnicek 13 (Alex, PhD student at the University of East London, presently at work on a thesis entitled ’Hegemony and Complexity’, Nick, PhD candidate in International Relations at the London School of Economics, Co-authors of the forthcoming Folk Politics, 14 May 2013, http://criticallegalthinking.com/2013/05/14/accelerate-manifesto-for-an-accelerationist-politics/) We believe it must also include recovering the dreams which transfixed many from AND a slow fragmentation towards primitivism, perpetual crisis, and planetary ecological collapse.
24. The future needs to be constructed. It has AND sal possibilities of the Outside.
We control uniqueness – the Tea Party’s power is derived from populist resentment of the state and a public culture that is profoundly uneducated about functions of government – the 1ac’s suspicion of government only plays into the hands of the forces of anti-black neoliberalism
In a media scape and public sphere that view criticism, dialog and thoughtfulness as AND small businesses and responsible homeowners in a stable but growing economy.~8~
State engagement turns their offense – it’s necessary to develop complex legal and institutional knowledge to use the state against neoliberalism – you should defend the state because abdicating the state needlessly cedes institutional power to neoliberal elites – this also answers their co-option arguments
Ferguson, Professor of Anthropology at Stanford, 11 (The Uses of Neoliberalism, Antipode, Vol. 41, No. S1, pp 166–184)
If we are seeking, as this special issue of Antipode aspires to do, AND some rather useful little mechanisms may be nearer to hand than we thought.
The impact is extinction – neoliberal social organization ensures extinction from resource wars, climate change, and structural violence – only accelerating beyond neoliberalism can resolve its impacts
At the beginning of the second decade of the Twenty- AND lost possible futures, and indeed the recovery of the future as such.
The alternative – you should vote negative to constitute a left governmentality
We should invest ourselves in specific analytics of power in order to construct new and more liberating relations of governance – studying the state and neoliberalism in order to turn their most repressive tendencies against them is crucial
There is an interesting section of Foucault’s 1978 lecture on ’What is critique? AND likely continue to find expression only on the margins of this intellectual field.
The 1AC’s performance of feminine rage mirrors a politics of insurrection through breaking silence. This confessional practice confines women to the status of victim in the public sphere and allows forces of power to regulate female bodies via the truth of their universal experience of detention.
Brown 2005 – Class of 1936 First Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley (Wendy, Edgework : Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics, p. 84-85) Here is the way this problem unfolds politically: insurrection requires breaking silence about the AND but to instigate the further regulation of those lives while depoliticizing their conditions.
Their political strategy of breaking silence through reflecting on personal experience is particularly problematic in the context of war powers. Empirically, dominant forces have manipulated their conversational model to bolster masculine white supremacy and perpetuate military intervention.
Boor Tonn 2005 – Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Maryland (Mari Boor Tonn, “Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public” Rhetoric and Public Affairs Vol. 8, No. 3) This widespread recognition that access to public deliberative processes and the ballot is a baseline AND therapeutic conversation and dialogue jeopardizes the very pulse and lifeblood of democracy itself.
The alternative is to use your ballot to plead the Fifth and refuse to comment on the 1AC. Voting for the 1AC subjects their speech act to unitary discourses of power within the debate community and is the ultimate act of colonization. Only silence can preserve your freedom as an ethical actor.
Brown 2005 – Class of 1936 First Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley (Wendy, Edgework : Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics, p. 87-90) The paradoxical capacity of silence to engage opposites with regard to power— both to AND Commission on pornography as the violence done to all women by all pornography.
2NC RoB
The role of the judge should be silent towards the 1AC – you should recognize your decision does nothing independently change the presence of gendered oppression and instead preserve your agency by not blurring the lines between personal and political
Brown 2005 – Class of 1936 First Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley (Wendy, Edgework : Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics, p. 96-97) If the compulsion to put all into discourse can be read as a problematic remnant AND “freedom from” that is not yet freedom to make the world.¶
2NC Turns Case
Their belief in universal female experience locks women into modes of subjugation and deny the experiences of women who don’t resemble the narratives of the 1AC – voting aff makes the ballot a regulatory tool to codify women as injured subjects. Brown 2005 – Class of 1936 First Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley (Wendy, Edgework : Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics, p. 90-92) Consider, more generally, attempts at codifying feminist discourses of women’s experience in the AND ironically, silence and exclude the very persons these traditions mean to empower.
AT: Perm
They don’t get a permutation – their characterization of silence ignores its opportunity as a liberatory strategy
Brown 2005 – Class of 1936 First Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley (Wendy, Edgework : Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics, p. 83-84) Hegel rendered philosophical what the ancient Athenian elites had struggled with existentially and tragically: AND and speech differently but also rethinking the powers and potentials of silence. ¶
The damage is done – the 1AC speech act has already encapsulated women as unified in their victimhood
Brown 2005 – Class of 1936 First Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley (Wendy, Edgework : Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics, p. 92-93
10/11/13
NDT Rnd 8 1nc vs Wyoming MP
Tournament: NDT | Round: 8 | Opponent: Wyoming MP | Judge: 1nc Obama’s resolve is deterring Russia aggression Shear and Baker 3-26 Michael, White House correspondent for The New York Times, M.A. degree in public policy from the John F. Kennedy School at Harvard University, and Peter, Obama Renewing U.S. Commitment to NATO Alliance, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/27/world/europe/obama-europe.html?_r=0 But Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and its stunningly fast annexation of Crimea have demanded a AND foreign policy crisis in a concerted way as he has been on Ukraine.” New restrictions undermine the clarity of Obama’s message – collapses US commitments to Asia --it’s unrelated to the constraint itself, and is about the signal of lack of Congressional commitment Waxman 13 - law professor at Columbia Law School, co-chairs the Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security (Matthew Waxman, “The Constitutional Power to Threaten War,” August 27, 2013, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2316777) As a prescriptive matter, Part II also shows that examination of threatened force and AND preserved in legal doctrine, enhances the credibility of presidential threats to escalate. Russian aggression draws in Baltic states – leads to nuclear war Economist 3-29 (“All for one,” Editorial staff, http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21599771-alliance-must-banish-suspicion-it-would-not-always-defend-its-eastern-flank-all) Instead, the West should forcefully reassert NATO’s willingness to defend itself and make it AND be commensurately greater. That in turn would pose the immediate threat of escalation 1nc The United States federal government should
3/30/14
NDT Rnd 8 1nr ICJ CP
Tournament: NDT | Round: 8 | Opponent: Wyoming MP | Judge: 2NC O/V The counterplan has the president submit the lack of a drone court to compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice – they would rule against the US, and the president would change military doctrine to comply with the ruling. *2NC Perm Do Both Perm doesn’t solve ICJ legitimacy – the plan means the ICJ rules for the US which means it’s not perceived as taking down the US – only ruling against the US solves legitimacy Posner 9 – Professor of Law @ U Chicago (Eric, “The Perils of Global Legalism,” p. 147) This change in representation alone suggests that the ICJ would subsequently tilt in favor of AND " jurisprudence, one based more on the judges' notions of global fairness.
It’s empirically true – ruling against the US in 86 increased credibility and encouraged more states to use the ICJ – that’s Murphy Here’s more evidence that the US needs to lose to solve the net-benefit – the court must interfere with US policy, not just confirm the legality of a restriction -squo is we only go there if we think we can win Liptak 5 – analyst @ NYT (“U.S. cuts World Court's jurisdiction,” http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/10/world/americas/10iht-judge.html?_r=0) Prompted by a World Court decision last year ordering new hearings for 51 Mexicans on AND of Nicaragua's harbors, the United States withdrew from the court's general jurisdiction. Loss of US sovereignty is key to ICJ credibility – only the counterplan alone makes the ICJ perceived as independent Satzer 7 – PhD @ Phillipps-University, Germany (Janina, “Explaining the Decreased Use ofInternational Courts – The Case of the ICJ,” Review of Law and Economics, 3.1) Why would states adjudicate cases before an independent international tribunal if the delegation of national AND like the ICJ) islinked with a higher risk of losing a case. The perm prevents an ICJ ruling – they’ll find the issue moot Forcese 11 – Professor of Law @ Ottawa (Craig, “The ICJ Refines The Art Of Jurisdictional Formalism: Georgia V. Russia,” http://craigforcese.squarespace.com/public-international-law-blog/2011/4/13/the-icj-refines-the-art-of-jurisdictional-formalism-georgia.html) On the particulars of this case, the ICJ adopts a highly technical and doubtful AND by resolution through negotiation (or the other procedures outlined in the CERD). Avoidance independently collapses ICJ legitimacy Al-qahatni 2 – LLM, PhD @ Glasgow Law School (Mutlaq, “The Role of the International Court of Justice in the Enforcement of Its Judicial Decisions,” 15 Leiden Journal of International Law 781–804) Consequently, avoidance of jurisdiction or reluctance in rendering a decision or issuing an ambiguous one are illegitimate measures in the enforcement process. They are inconsistent with the law and practice of the Court and would endanger the development of international law and threaten the future of international judicial institutions especially the Court’s credibility and integrity as judicial organ of the United Nations.61 The counterplan is mutually exclusive – can’t give the ICJ sole and binding jurisdiction, and have another actor interfere. *It’s an intrinsic permutation because the CP submits the existing configuration of war powers to the ICJ and the perm submits new restrictions. Submitting new restrictions to the ICJ exist in neither the CP or the plan. Instrinsicness is a voting issue because no CP could compete when the affirmative can fiat out of our net benefits.
2NC Perm CP The perm severs – Perms must include a topical action, otherwise it proves the affirmative is only probabilistically topical – vote neg on T just for introducing the perm – severence is a voter – makes it impossible to establish CP competition and makes the aff a moving target FIRST – agent – the counterplan only fiats the president, it’s no different than self-restraint or OLC SECOND – statute – it’s not statutory restriction CC 14 (Conjecture Corporation, “What Is the International Court of Justice?,” http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-international-court-of-justice.htm#didyouknowout) International law is a continuously evolving system; each time a new case comes up AND as it relies on the wisdom of the judges rather than actual statutes. 2NC Solvency O/V Solvency debate group it—Goldsmith says external checks are key—the CP does that Counterplan solves domestic and internationally – it’s enforced and perceived Casey 9 – JD, performs appellate work for clients, while also maintaining a practice in the areas of administrative law, compliance counseling, and foreign-related litigation. He works with companies to ensure compliance with federal and international regulations and agencies and develops the best strategies to avoid or fight litigation (Lee, “ConUNdrum,” Google book) For the time being, therefore, ICJ decisions are not directly binding on American AND the law is, or shall be, in judicial opinions and judgments. The ICJ judgment shapes international norms, influences all relevant parties Gaja 11 – Italian Jurist, scholar in international law, was elected in 2011 as a judge of the International Court of Justice. Giorgio, “A New Way for Submitting Observations on the Construction of Multilateral Treaties to the International Court of Justice,” DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588817.003.0042) The impact of judgments by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) goes far AND common interests of the international community’ which underlie the rule of international law. Solvency – Norms Maxwell says that congress is key to norms—the CP sets norms and will be followed --prefer our ev, longitudinal quantitative analysis Schultz 5 – PhD, Graduate School of Public Administration and Management, Hamline University (David, Vol. 15 No.4, pp.282-285) Similarly, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is also a major player AND suggests that more studies of compliance with other international bodies are in order. Rosenberg just says oversight is key—the cp also does that Creates norms – shapes global actions Sofaer 4 – Senior Fellow, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University. Legal Adviser, U.S. Department of State, 1985-1990 (Abraham, “The International Court of Justice and Armed Conflict?,” NU Journal of International Human Rights, 1.1) Everyone agrees the ICJ is important. Its role is especially important when it ¶ AND by an ICJ decision—peace, justice, and ¶ humanitarian rights. Solvency – AT Solvency deficits Changing conduct is key – how it’s described or enforced is irrelevant for solvency Spiro 93 Peter J. Spiro, Associate Professor of Law, Hofstra University, New York University Law Review, December, 1993, lexis
HISTORY AS LAW Ultimately, war powers law does not lend itself to refined parchment AND capable of undertaking the sort of historical analysis demanded by this approach. n7
Congress follows Brecher 12 - JD Candidate, University of Michigan Law (Aaron, “Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperations,” October, http://www.michiganlawreview.org/assets/pdfs/111/3/Brecher.pdf) Cyberattacks present a challenge for U.S. policymakers: they are difficult to AND nature of cyberoperations before passing detailed statutes that may result in unintended consequences. AT ICJ Slow Ku 2006 They say ICJ slow Their evidence assumes normal procedures – The plan asks for urgency, the ICJ will agree Zyberi 10 - Associate Professor - Norwegian Centre for Human Rights (Gentian, “Provisional Measures of the International Court of Justice in Armed Conflict Situations,” Leiden Journal of International Law, 23.3, 571-584) The ICJ has responded expeditiously to requests made by states, while emphasizing on several AND harm to the life and property of the civilian population during armed hostilities. This is particularly true on use of force issues Zyberi 10 - Associate Professor - Norwegian Centre for Human Rights (Gentian, “Provisional Measures of the International Court of Justice in Armed Conflict Situations,” Leiden Journal of International Law, 23.3, 571-584) The element of urgency in such cases is usually self-evident. As rightly AND October 2008 relating to the August 2008 armed conflict between Georgia and Russia. AT ICJ refuse the plan LS 10 They say won’t rule—their ev is terrible—that was CX ICJ is seeking to rule against the US – that’s Murphy Their ev is about advisory opinions, not compulsory – and the argument is that the ICJ can’t rule against parties not in the UN – that’s not applicable KU READS GREEN LS 10, Legal Sutra, “Advisory Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice The WHO Case: Implications for Specialised Agencies”, 11-3, http://legalsutra.org/706/advisory-jurisdiction-of-the-international-court-of-justice-the-who-case-implications-for-specialised-agencies/ While the ability of the WHO to request an advisory opinion is unquestionable, it AND , or be represented in, the proceedings of the Court."21 Impact defense Will be below AT CP bans all drones The CP can ONLY rule on the lack of a federal counterterrorism court -- the US has only submitted this case for jurisdiction -- the ICJ can't overreach because compulsory jurisdiction is limited. BUT we still solve the net-benefit -- a US loss is key to invigorate the court and sends a signal that other countries can trust the court to settle their own disputes.
2NC NB O/V The counterplan energizes the credibility of the ICJ – 2 links: ---FIRST – Submission to compulsory jurisdiction – signals a willingness to listen to ICJ rulings, which causes other countries to use it for dispute settlement ---SECOND – A US loss – The ICJ is perceived as Western puppet, subservient to US interests – only a reprimand of US military action reverses this perception. Boosting ICJ credibility solves global conflict – creates a credible negotiating forum with trusted mediators – that’s Meyer Try or die flips neg – Credible ICJ solves all hot spots Cassel 3 – Professor of Law @ NU (Doug, “Is There a New World Court?,” ND Law School Faculty Publications) One factor appears to be growing state confidence in the ICJ. This is evidenced AND its vast territory. An ICJ lawsuit may be war by another means. Prevents all conflicts from going nuclear D’Amato 97 – Professor @ NU (Anthony, “International Law Studies,” Google Book) Three major reasons, among others, argue in favor of reaccepting the general compulsory AND adverse judgments against them and maintain their participation in the Court's compulsory jurisdiction. Warming 4 degree warming leads to malaria spread – puts 5 billion at risk ---2 degree doesn’t cause it, because it can be limited by routine protection measures Schellnhuber 12 – PhD in theoretical physics, advisor to the President of the EU Commission, Lead analyst at the Postdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Climate Analytics (Joachim, et al, Contributors to the World Bank report: “Turn Down the Heat: Why a 4°C Warmer World Must be Avoided,” International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) Malaria is an example of a vector borne disease whose dis- tribution is likely AND 50 percent higher malaria transmission probability rate (Be?guin et al., 2011). Tipping Points Tipping points are likely – leads to runaway warming Guterl 12 – Editor @ Scientific American (Fred, “Climate Armageddon: How the World's Weather Could Quickly Run Amok: Climate scientists think a perfect storm of climate "flips" could cause massive upheavals in a matter of years, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-worlds-weather-could-quickly-run-amok) One of the most productive scientists in applying dynamical systems theory to climate is Tim AND the 50 billion to 100 billion tons of carbon now trapped in permafrost. Oppose They say countries oppose---that is uniqueness—the CP increases the credibility of the institution—that was conceded from the 1nc because the court looks credible because it rules against the US—they have conceded the ICJ solves warming because it sets emission caps and causes cooperation internationally
Extinction Kim 12 – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank (Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix) The 4°C scenarios are devastating: the inundation of coastal cities; increasing AND in mind. The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.
3/30/14
NDT Rnd 8 2nc Case
Tournament: NDT | Round: 8 | Opponent: Wyoming MP | Judge: *AT Yemen 2NC Aqap AQAP threat exaggerated—numbers are dwindling actual cause of instability is non-terrorist groups -AT Yemen takeover -unemployment is root cause, not drones/military Lewis 13 Dr Alexandra Lewis is a Teaching Fellow at the University of Leeds, School of Politics and International Studies, and an Editorial Assistant, “Unpacking Terrorism, Revolution and Insurgency in Yemen: Real and Imagined Threats to Regional Security,” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol 7, No 5 (2013), http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/292/html The current threat posed by Al-Qaeda is limited: estimates suggest that there AND survival of the ruling regime than Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.
2NC Blowback Zero impact to blowback – all three branches are committed to an expansive TK policy Wittes 13 – senior fellow @ Brookings Benjamin Wittes 13, Senior Fellow in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, 2/27/13, “In Defense of the Administration on Targeted Killing of Americans,” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/in-defense-of-the-administration-on-targeted-killing-of-americans/mtc First, some critics doubt the fundamental premise that the United States is engaged in AND which the executive branch is entitled to rely in formulating its legal views.¶ 2NC Group think No group think – TK only targets members of organized armed groups –we go through a highly vetted conformation process before each strike – McNeal 13 Gregory, “Targeted Killing and Accountability” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583 Marchmtc The task of positively identifying a target requires attackers to focus principally on the identity AND at ensuring that individuals targeted are still members of an organized armed group.
262 Moreover, in targeted killing operations that utilize UAVs, the intelligence supporting the AND was attributable to failed (e.g. mistaken) identification.275
Prefer our evidence – most comprehensive longitudinal study about the TK process – comprehensive analysis from multiple sources McNeal 13 Gregory, “Targeted Killing and Accountability” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583 Marchmtc¶ This article is a comprehensive examination of the U.S. practice of targeted AND process, the first of its kind to appear in any single publication.
*AT Norms *1NC Norms – Not Modeled No risk of modeling – aggressive drone users will inevitably cheat – self interest outweighs Lerner 13 Ben, “Judging ‘Drones’ From Afar” http://spectator.org/articles/55910/judging-drones-afar March 25mtc If President Obama pursues global rules for UAVs, such an initiative could also have AND whomever, whenever, contorting said “rules” as they see fit.
One need only look at China’s manipulation of the Law of the Sea Treaty to AND countries that already use UAVs responsibly, while empowering those that do not.
Drone prolif inevitable – no one models US restraint Etzioni 13 Amitai, professor of international relations at George Washington University, “The Great Drone Debate,” March-April, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdfmtc Other critics contend that by the United States using drones, it leads other countries AND terrorist group Y—if the United States refrains from employing that technology.
Solvency – International Perception Doesn’t solve international perception—secrecy Rona 13 – international legal director at Human Rights First Gabor, 2-27-13, “The pro-rule of law argument against a 'drone court'” http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/judicial/285041-the-pro-rule-of-law-argument-against-a-drone-court#ixzz2dNhXgOGQ But a “drone court” would be worse than ineffective: it would harm AND own secret rules while insisting that other countries follow the international public ones.
1NC China China’s drone use will be limited and won’t use it in territorial disputes Erickson and Strange 13 – *associate professor at the Naval War College and an Associate in Research at Harvard University’s Fairb
3/30/14
NDT Rnd 8 2nc Ukraine DA
Tournament: NDT | Round: 8 | Opponent: Wyoming MP | Judge: *Russia 2NC Impact O/V Unrestrained Russian aggression draws in nuclear powers – peer-reviewed evidence confirms nuclear winter theory – leads to extinction. Time frame – this weekend is key – either Putin will invade or back off AU News 3-28 *cites John Schindler, prof @ Naval War College A rapid Russian build-up of tanks and troops with tough talk from President Vladimir Putin raises fears war with Ukraine could be imminent, http://www.news.com.au/world/a-rapid-russian-buildup-of-tanks-and-troops-with-tough-talk-from-president-vladimir-putin-raises-fears-war-with-ukraine-could-be-imminent/story-fndir2ev-1226867240935 A senior military academic is warning Europe is staring down the barrel of its biggest AND — diverted from their Moscow barracks to their tents and revetments overlooking Ukraine. Magnitude – Other wars don’t lead to extinction – account for future generations Nick Bostrom 2, winner of the Gannon Award, March, Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards, Journal of Evolution and Technology, p. http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in AND preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century. Counterforce strategies won’t work – all nukes will be used LPAC 3-22 (“U.S. Preparing for Nuclear War Against Russia,” http://larouchepac.com/node/30250) In reality, the war immediately in prospect will not be a European war, AND to maintain significant counterforce capabilities against potential adversaries." But that won't work. Miscalc means no impact D Lewis 2-28 (Paul, “US issues warning to Russia over military drills near Ukrainian border,” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/27/us-warns-russia-milirary-drills-ukraine-border) The US has warned Russia that military exercises planned near the border of Ukraine could AND tread cautiously during what he said was “a time of great tension”. Treaty obligations ensures draw-in, no chance of staying minor Weber 3-5 - senior editor at TheWeek.com, and has handled the editorial night shift since 2008. A graduate of Northwestern University, Peter has worked at Facts on File and The New York Times Magazine (Peter, “What would a U.S.-Russia war look like?,” http://theweek.com/article/index/257406/what-would-a-us-russia-war-look-like) The chances that the U.S. and Russia will clash militarily over Moscow's AND , bloody conflicts can start with tiny skirmishes, especially in Eastern Europe.
Impact – SCS Failure to stand up to Russia leads to Chinese aggression over the South China Seas Menendez 3-27 - D-New Jersey, is chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (Robert, “Time to hold Russia accountable for its aggression,” CNN, http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/27/opinion/menendez-russia-sanctions/) Our international message of unity must be supported by demonstrating that the annexation of Crimea AND we can play the stabilizing force for the world through these challenging times.
UQ – Resolve high Resolve against Russia is high now TMB 3-29 (The Modesto Bee, Our View: Obama lays out case for standing up to Russia,” http://www.modbee.com/2014/03/29/3266203/our-view-obama-lays-out-case-for.html?sp=/99/1641/#storylink=cpy) President Barack Obama made essential and powerful points in an important speech last week on AND around which the Obama administration can and should build its policy going forward. Yesterday’s phone call sent a strong message EN 3-29 (Euro News, “Obama-Putin phone call as tensions over Ukraine continue to strain relationship,” http://www.euronews.com/2014/03/29/obama-putin-phone-call-as-tensions-over-ukraine-continue-to-strain-relationship/) The US continues to express concerns over Russia’s intentions towards Ukraine. During a phone AND agreed that Russian and US officials will meet to discuss a diplomatic solution. *UQ – AT Rhetorically powerful uq takeouts Obama strong now – their ev is GOP sound-bites Caldwell 3-9 (Leigh, “Sunday Chatter: GOP hold up ‘Obama-is-weak’ card; GOP angling,” http:/
Your Dictionary 13 (“Examples of Judicial Powers,” http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples/examples-of-judicial-powers.html) The term judicial powers refers to the power of the Judicial Branch of the United States government to hear cases and interpret, enforce or nullify laws and statutes in order to render verdicts.
The president’s war powers authority is control over the military
Cravens 7 – (RG, “The War Within: Presidential Versus Congressional Supremacy in War Powers,” http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2008/Cravens.pdf) The specific power concerning war granted to the President by the Constitution is that of AND reinvigorated ¶ debate over the topic of war powers and presidential versus congressional preeminence
B. Violation – aff doesn’t advocate an increase in staturory and/or judicial restrictions on the war powers authority of the president
As members of a University community, we should academically prepare to limit governmental expansion of war power authority
Zimmer 13 - campaigner on the Global Finance Campaign (Todd, “Divestistas: From Opposition to Resistance,” http://www.wearepowershift.org/blogs/divestistas-opposition-resistance) All this to say, students and their opposition should prepare for escalation. Time AND here to tell Bank of America’s CEO to expect resistance on your campus.
Informed, individual resistance to war powers is key – creates unified front against unfettered presidential powers
Buchanan 13 - Government professor, UT Austin (Bruce, Presidential Power and Accountability: Toward a Presidential Accountability System, Routledge, pg. 20) For good or ill, then, the public's stature as the source of all AND political cover of public opinion. This is particularly true of the Congress.
Forcing the war powers debate is necessary – there must be preventive policy education to create an educated public willing to prevent crisis-based executive expansions
Buchanan 13 - Government professor, UT Austin (Bruce, Presidential Power and Accountability: Toward a Presidential Accountability System, Routledge, pg. 21-23) When it is authoritatively marshaled (i.e., mobilized, unified, clear AND popular opinion gained authoritative constitutional recognition" (Ackerman, 1991: 41).
Process of debate outweighs content—Unbridled affirmation outside the game space makes research impossible and destroys dialogue in debate
Hanghoj 8 http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf¶ Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 ¶ Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish¶ Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of¶ Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have¶ taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the¶ Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab¶ Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant¶ professor. Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues AND dialogue as an end in itself” (Wegerif, 2006: 61).
Vote Neg:
1. Infinite regression—disregarding resolutional syntax produces an endless regression to small, trivial plans. An AFF about only the subject, for example, opens the door to ANY philosophy that speaks to ‘being.’
A. and#34;Introduction of US Armed Forces into hostilitiesand#34; is not solely combat systems and must include human individuals – it excludes technological ventures EVEN THOUGH humans control the technology*
Lorber 13 – JD Candidate @ Duke and PhD Candidate @ Penn (Eric, and#34;Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?,and#34; 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961) As is evident from a textual analysis, 177 an examination of the legislative history AND is highly unlikely - such operations will not trigger the War Powers Resolution.
Forces are non-nuclear – the aff restricts an activity, not armed forces
Interpretation: A topical plan is limited to restricting the President’s authority over the military
Bajesky 13 – MA in Political Science and Applied Economics, LLM @ Georgetown (Robert, “Dubitable Security Threats and Low Intensity Interventions as the Achilles' Heel of War Powers,” 32 Miss. C. L. Rev. 9) A numerical comparison indicates that the Framer's intended for Congress to be the dominant branch AND the President was empowered "to repel and not to commence war." n32
Plan applies to non military TK
Policinski 13 - legal fellow with the International Humanitarian Law Dissemination unit at American Red Cross National Headquarters, holds a J.D. from Villanova Law School in Villanova, Pennsylvania and an LL.M. from the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights in Geneva, Switzerland (Ellen, “Why Shifting Drone Strikes from the CIA to the DoD is a Good Idea,” http://lawsofarmedconflict.com/2013/06/13/why-shifting-drone-strikes-from-the-cia-to-the-dod-is-a-good-idea/) The use of drones as a tool to carry out targeted killing operations raises a AND drone that killed al-Awlaki was controlled by the CIA.3
Voting issue –
Limits – adding on other powers drastically increases the research burden – war powers is already large enough
Violation – plan restricts all drone strikes, which is more than targeted killing
Vote neg –
Limits and ground – Restricting drones is extra topical and artificially inflates aff ground and explodes the topic – TK is a specific operational strategy that DEPLOYS drones
Anderson 13 – international law professor @ American Kenneth Anderson 13, Professor of International Law at American University, June 2013, "The Case for Drones," Commentary, Vol. 135, No. 6 mtc DRONE WARFARE CONSISTS OFTWO DISTINCT THINGS. The first is a technology of war- AND by the work to keep a high-speed jet in the air.
Precision – precise phrasing in the resolution determines research – Imprecise definitions create incoherent and unprepared debates
Corpus Juris Secundum 31 Volume 54, p. 735 RESTRICT: To confine; to limit; AND without bounds.
Prohibitions on authority in the context of targeted killing occur ex ante, not ex post
Knoepfler ‘10 Stephen, JD, “Dead or Alive: The Future of U.S. Assassination Policy Under a Just War Tradition”, NYU Journal of Law and Liberty, 5.457, p. 464 Indeed, recent memory should give us great pause. Prohibitions on government action only AND under both E.O. 12,333 and just war theory.
2NC Rant
Only precise interp of the topic –
a) Broad definitions of restrictions destroy the terms’ meaning – It must be a distinct term for debate to occur Heinze 3 - Senior Lecturer in Law, University of London, Queen Mary. He has held fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation and the French and German governments. He teaches Legal Theory, Constitutional Law, Human Rights and Public International Law. JD Harvard Eric Heinze, “The Logic of Liberal Rights A study in the formal analysis of legal discourse” http://mey.homelinux.org/companions/Eric20Heinze/The20Logic20of20Liberal20Rights_20A20Study20in20202883929/The20Logic20of20Liberal20Rights_20A20Study20in2020-20Eric20Heinze.pdf Variety of ‘restrictions’ The term ‘restriction’, defined so broadly, embraces any AND of a formal model, for which any distinctions among them are irrelevant.
b) It’s a legal definition from the Corpus Juris Secundum – Legal dictionaries are the gold standard for debates about separation of powers
Rubin 10 – JD @ Duke David, “WAR OF THE WORDS: HOW COURTS CAN USE DICTIONARIES IN ACCORDANCE WITH TEXTUALIST PRINCIPLES,” http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1474andcontext=dlj The manner in which the Court uses dictionaries has changed ¶ over time as well AND define constitutional terms . . . is an exception to the rule.”¶ 18
The Corpus Juris Secundum is the most authoritative source
Hill and Hill 5 (Gerald and Kathleen Hill are co-authors of 25 books, including The People's Law Dictionary, Real Life Dictionary of the Law, Encyclopedia of Federal Agencies and Commissions, Facts On File Dictionary of American Politics, Geraldhas an A.B. from Stanford University and Juris Doctor from Hastings College of the Law of the University of California. He was Executive Director of the California Governor’s Housing Commission, Kathleenhas an M.A. in political psychology from California State University. She was also a Fellow in Public Affairs with the prestigious Coro Foundation, http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/corpus+juris) corpus juris n. the body of the law, meaning AND the most famous of which is Corpus Juris Secundum.
C) Predictability – even ordinary definitions agree the plan isn’t a restriction – prefer comparative ev
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include AND some supervision conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.
“war powers authority” is the president’s discretion to launch an attack – ex post doesn’t do that because the president maintains the decision power – only ex ante is topical
Vladeck 13 (Steve, Professor of Law and the Associate Dean for Scholarship – American University Washington College of Law, JD – Yale Law School, Senior Editor – Journal of National Security Law and Policy, “Why a “Drone Court” Won’t Work–But (Nominal) Damages Might…,” Lawfare Blog, 2-10, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/)
II. Drone Courts and the Separation of Powers In my view, the adversity issue is the deepest legal flaw in “drone AND imagine that it would produce wise, just, or remotely reliable decisions.
This distinction is important – “targeted killing authority” is the decision to determine what is imminent – ex post doesn’t challenge that authority, but is just after-the-fact supervision on if the president used the right definition – only ex ante is topical
Therefore, the President was justified in using lethal force to protect the nation against AND correct standard for the targeted killing of a U.S. citizen).
2NC Rant – Limits
Explodes the topic
Brooks ‘13 Rosa, Professor of Law @ Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow @ the New American Foundation, “The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing: Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights”, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf It is not possible for this testimony to fully address the many permutations of potential AND validated ¶ by the courts of one of our closest allies, Israel.
Interpretation – US Armed Forces are limited to uniformed personnel – military is distinct because it includes civilian employees
Opinion of the Eastern District Court of PA 2002 (NO. 01-6241, http://www.paed.uscourts.gov/documents/opinions/02d0669p.pdf) Those courts recognize that the term "military departments" used in 42 U. AND military¶ personnel." 718 F.2d at 928 (citation omitted).
First – precision – minor legal distinctions are key – attention to detail is necessary in the context of legal debates
Gantt 7 – Associate Professor and Director of Academic Success, Regent University School of Law; M.Div., Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, 2000; J.D., Harvard Law School, 1994; A.B., Duke University, 1991 (Larry, "Deconstructing Thinking Like a Lawyer: Analyzing the Cognitive Components of the Analytical Mind," 29 Campbell L. Rev. 413, Lexis) Implicit in much of the above discussion is another cognitive skill lawyers develop: attention AND of distinctions is related to the skill noted above regarding determining relevance. 296
2NC Interp
The plan prevents military force – the resolution specifics US Armed Forces – these are distinct. This distinction has been affirmed by courts and supported by Congressional intent
8th Circuit Court of Appeals 77 (United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, Johnson v. Alexander, 572 F.2d 1219, Lexis) The great "military departments" of this country referred to in 5 U. AND of the various armed services it would have said so in unmistakable terms. *into footnote 5* We note that the term "military departments" as defined in 5 U. AND S.C. §§ 1 and 3, as amended in 1976. *out of footnote 5* We agree with the district court that HN9 neither Title VII nor its standards are applicable to persons who enlist or apply for enlistment in any of the armed forces of the United States.
"Military" includes PMCs
Bina 5 – JD (Mark, "PRIVATE MILITARY CONTRACTOR LIABILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY AFTER ABU GHRAIB," 38 J. Marshall L. Rev. 1237, Lexis) Private military contractors have long served as an integral part of the U.S. military and its operating strategy. Currently, the use of contractors continues to expand what has long been the exclusive domain of the federal government and its employees. 181
They are legally part of the military – (PMF
Private Military Firm)==== Underwood 12 - J.D. Candidate, Northwestern University School of Law, 2012; B.A., Tulane University, 2000 (Matthew, ""JEALOUSIES OF A STANDING ARMY": THE USE OF MERCENARIES IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR CONGRESS’S ROLE IN REGULATING PRIVATE MILITARY FIRMS," Lexis) The historical analysis in this Comment establishes that Congress has the power, under Article AND PMFs in order to reestablish the proper separation of powers over the military.
2NC Interp
Exclusive===
Only active duty personnel
Clem 95 – PhD in Foreign Affairs @ UVA (Andrew, http://www.andrewclem.com/War/Military_forces_1995.html) "Armed forces" include only active duty personnel; "Divisions" are the equivalent number of standard-size units, about 12,000 personnel each.
"Armed Forces" excludes civilians
Doswald-Beck 7 – Professor of Public International Law @ Geneva (Louise, "Private military companies under the international law, in: Chesterman, Simon and Lehnardt, Chia (ed.): From Mercenaries to Market, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 115–38) Private military companies (PMCs) frequently operate in situations of armed conflict,¶ whether AND against them as well as state or individual responsibility for¶ their actions.
PMCs civilians – not part of Armed Forces
Rousseau 12 – Associate Professor and chairman Of The Department Of Political Science and International Relations At Khazar University in Baku, Azerbaijan (Richard, "Are Private Military Companies (PMCs) Exempted from Geneva Conventions?," http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=155703) The privatization of a growing number of tasks and responsibilities which once seemed to be AND can themselves be caught in the midst of a firefight as active participants.
PMCs are not FORMALLY incorporated – key legal distinction
Doswald-Beck 7 – Professor of Public International Law @ Geneva (Louise, "Private military companies under the international law, in: Chesterman, Simon and Lehnardt, Chia (ed.): From Mercenaries to Market, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 115–38) There is no unanimity amongst specialists in IHL of whether members of PMCs¶ could AND interpretation PMCs, as presently used, would not fall within these provisions.
Other Things Included
"Military" is a broader term for things like intelligence
SBA 13 (United States Small Business Administration Office of Hearings and Appeals, NAICS Appeal of Cape Fox Government Services, LLC, SBA No. NAICS-5444) Id. at 5 (quoting Q26A 61). Appellant argues this response AND system, so ¶ the MAE26MW exception applies to the instant procurement
Umbrella term including civil defense, security and other defense-like activities
CIA Factbook 97 (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1662/old/world97.txt) Terminology: Due to the highly structured nature of the Factbook¶ database, some collective generic terms have to be used. "Country¶ name" and "National capital", for example are used collectively to¶ include nations, dependent areas, uninhabited islands, areas of¶ special sovereignty, etc. The term "Military" is also used as an¶ umbrella term for various civil defense, security, and defense¶ activities.
PMC
The aff can’t topically restrict PMCs – Obama will shift
Singer 7 - Director @ 21st century defense initiative (Peter, interviewed by Scott Horton, columnist for Harper’s Magazine, "’Can’t Win With ’Em, Can’t Go to War Without ’Em’: Six Questions for P.W. Singer", http://harpers.org/archive/2007/09/hbc-90001311) One of your first conclusions is that by using military contractors, policymakers "dodge AND the full nation, then maybe it shouldn’t happen in the first place.
AT We Meant Just War Powers
"_" is a zero noun (a generic reference with no preceding specific restriction)
Lock, Associate professor in the Department of English and Communication, 1996 (Graham, "Grammar: An Introduction for second language teachers", Cambridge University Press, google books) The form ZERO + plural count noun can sometimes be interpreted as generic reference ( AND noun with no article, where generic 2 Baggies are loosely cut pants.
Lack of specification of particulars in the plan and use of the zero-noun means they HAVE TO defend a generic reference – the counterplan is definitionally competitive
Cowan, Associate Professor in the Division of English as an International Language and the Department of Linguistics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008 ("The Teacher’s Grammar of English", Cambridge University Press", google books) Those instances in which count and noncount nouns have no preceding article (or any AND the placement of definite and indefinite articles before the noun breakfast particularizes it.
Interpretation – restriction requires prohibition of an entire topic list area
Restriction means prohibition
Corpus Juris Secundum 31 Volume 54, p. 735 RESTRICT: To confine; to limit; to prevent (a person or thing) from passing a certain limit in any kind of action; to restrain; to restrain without bounds.
Authority is power delegated to an agent
Kelly 3 - judge for the State of Michigan (JOSEPH ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff, and LULA ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY and DANIEL P. BENNETT, Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants., No. 236749, COURT OF APPEALS OF MICHIGAN, 259 Mich. App. 187; 673 N.W.2d 776; 2003 Mich. App. LEXIS 2649; 93 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 244; 92 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1557, Lexis) Applying agency principles, a principal is responsible for the acts of its agents done AND be delegated in carrying out the principal’s business.and#34; Id. at 1348.
and#34;In the areaand#34; means all of the activities
United Nations 13 (United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty, http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm) PART I¶ INTRODUCTION¶ Article 1 Use of terms and scope¶ 1. For the purposes of this Convention:¶ (1) and#34;Areaand#34; means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;¶ (2) and#34;Authorityand#34; means the International Seabed Authority;¶ (3) and#34;activities in the Areaand#34; means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area;
Violations – the affirmative doesn’t prohibit
—either it sets conditions that can be met, or just limits the scope
Voting issue –
Limits – absent prohibition of an area, every single condition or regulation acts as a functional restriction on some single process of war powers authority – dozens of tiny mechanisms and small subsets of areas create an infinite number of affs that core lit doesn’t check
Bidirectionality – absent a prohibition, the aff can create meaningless and#34;conditionsand#34; that EXPAND presidential power – commission consultation proves
Not a restriction – drone courts only restrict who gets placed on the list, not the president’s authority to conduct targeted killing
Ohlin 13 – law professor @ Cornell Jens David, "Would A Federal District Court for Drones Increase Collateral Damage?" ~http://www.liebercode.org/2013/02/would-federal-district-court-for-drones.html~~ February 13 mtc As some of my colleagues have already explained, it is unlikely and improbable that AND not meet the standard for being a functional member of al-Qaeda.
Plan doesn’t restrict war power authority
Vladeck 13 – law professor @ American University Steve, "Why a "Drone Court" Won’t Work–But (Nominal) Damages Might…" ~http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/~~ February 10 mtc First, and most significantly, even though I am not a particularly strong defender AND cases where the President otherwise would have the power to use lethal force.
Interpretation – affs must restrict an entire topic list area
“In the area” means all of the activities
United Nations 13 (United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty, http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm) PART I¶ INTRODUCTION¶ Article 1 Use of terms and scope¶ 1. For the purposes of this Convention:¶ (1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;¶ (2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;¶ (3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area;
Vote neg –
Limits – any other interp allows every single type of restriction to be applied to every single country or geographic area in the world – creates hundreds of small tiny affs
Predictable Neg Ground – core topic literature about restrictions are in the context of restrictions that apply to entire areas – disads flexibility, war fighting, terrorism only link if it constrains overall force area – also guts neg counterplan ground because all of the net benefits besides politics require disad links
1/15/14
T USFG - CEDA
Tournament: CEDA | Round: 2 | Opponent: New SchoolBinghamton TS | Judge: Anderson
1NC
First off is T
Topical affirmatives must affirm the resolution through instrumental defense of judicial or statutory restrictions on war power’s authority of the president. This can come as a result of _, but must be a specific example of the resolution.
Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan
AHD 2k (American Heritage Dictionary 2000 (Dictionary.com)) should. The will to do something or have something take place: I shall go out if I feel like it.
Louisiana House 5 (http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm) Resolution A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations, stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for introduction nor to governor’s veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)
Statutes require congress
Hill 13 – Gerald Hill, Juris Doctor from Hastings College of the Law of the University of California, Executive Director of the California Governor’s Housing Commission, AB from Stanford University and Kathleen Hill, M.A. in Political Psychology from California State University, Sonoma, Fellow in Public Affairs at the Coro Foundation (The People’s Law Dictionary, http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=2010) statute n. a Federal or state written law enacted by the Congress or state legislature, respectively. Local statutes or laws are usually called "ordinances." Regulations, rulings, opinions, executive orders and proclamations are not statutes.
Judicial requires the court
Webster’s 1 – Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Law, "Judicial", http://research.lawyers.com/glossary/judicial.html Judicial: Definition - adj¶ ~Latin judicialis, from judicium judgment, from AND created, ordered, or enforced by a court a ~ foreclosure
Net-benefits:
FIRST – Unified stasis
They explode the number of potential affs to anything that has a loose relationship to war – making it impossible for the neg to engage in crucial pre-round research and shifting the debate away from the unifying and stable reference point.
Debate’s benefits come from arguing against a well prepared opponent – that preparation is the only way to test the epistemology of the aff, their impact claims are false until tested
Talisse 5 – Professor of Philosophy @ Vandy (Robert, Philosophy 26 Social Criticism, "Deliberativist responses to activist challenges," 31(4) p. 429-431) The argument thus far might appear to turn exclusively upon different conceptions of what reasonableness AND of justice. Insofar as the activist denies this, he is unreasonable.
Stasis is the internal link to solving the aff – debate has the ability to change people’s attitudes because it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a focused topic of debate
Goodin and Niemeyer 3 – Australian National University (Robert and Simon, "When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy" Political Studies, Vol 50, p 627-649, WileyInterscience) What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in AND least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.
SECOND – Institutional competence
Institutional analyses and engagement is key and turns their offense – it’s necessary to develop complex legal and institutional knowledge to use the state against the 1AC harms – trains us to challenge dominant institutions from within – you should defend the state because abdicating the state needlessly cedes institutional power to neocon elites – this also answers their co-option arguments
Ferguson, Professor of Anthropology at Stanford, 11 (The Uses of Neoliberalism, Antipode, Vol. 41, No. S1, pp 166–184)
If we are seeking, as this special issue of Antipode aspires to do, AND some rather useful little mechanisms may be nearer to hand than we thought.
Simply giving voice to harm is futile –refusal to develop and defend implementation of a institutional solution hurts ethics and cedes institutional power to the right
Chandler 10 - Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster (David, ’No Communicating Left’ (review article), Radical Philosophy, No. 160 (March/April 2010), pp.53-55. ISSN 0300 211X) Dean pulls few punches in her devastating critique of the American left for its complacency AND , inequality, and destruction continuing unopposed (pp.162-75).
THIRD – war powers literacy
Talking about the harms of the topic isn’t sufficient – technical legal knowledge of war powers mechanism is a prerequisite to challenging rampant executive powers
Kurr 13 Jeff, "Bridging Competitive Debate and Public Deliberation on Presidential War Powers" Ph.D. student in the Communication Arts 26 Sciences program at Pennsylvania State University and a coach for the Penn State Debate Society (9/5, UVA Miller Center 26 CEDA Public Debate Series, "Bridging Competitive Debate and Public Deliberation on Presidential War Powers", http://public.cedadebate.org/node/14)mtc The second major function concerns the specific nature of deliberation over war powers. Given AND where deliberation was being stifled. As a result, debaters reinvigorate debate.
Evaluate this debate based on competing pedagogical interpretations of debate, not the substance of the 1ac alone – it’s a logical consequence of their choice to ignore the topic in this debate.
3/21/14
T USFG - NDT
Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Concordia BS | Judge: Rubino, Bunas, Creek Topical affirmatives must affirm the resolution through instrumental defense of judicial or statutory restrictions on war power’s authority of the president. Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan AHD 2k (American Heritage Dictionary 2000 (Dictionary.com)) should. The will to do something or have something take place: I shall go out if I feel like it. Federal government is in DC Encarta Online 5 (http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500781_6/United_States_(Government).html#howtocite) United States (Government), the combination of federal, state, and local laws, bodies, and agencies that is responsible for carrying out the operations of the United States. The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington, D.C. Resolved implies a policy Louisiana House 5 (http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm) Resolution A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations, stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for introduction nor to governor's veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4) Statutes require congress Hill 13 – Gerald Hill, Juris Doctor from Hastings College of the Law of the University of California, Executive Director of the California Governor’s Housing Commission, AB from Stanford University and Kathleen Hill, M.A. in Political Psychology from California State University, Sonoma, Fellow in Public Affairs at the Coro Foundation (The People’s Law Dictionary, http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=2010) statute n. a Federal or state written law enacted by the Congress or state legislature, respectively. Local statutes or laws are usually called "ordinances." Regulations, rulings, opinions, executive orders and proclamations are not statutes. Judicial requires the court Webster’s 1 – Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Law, "Judicial", http://research.lawyers.com/glossary/judicial.html Judicial: Definition - adj¶ Latin judicialis, from judicium judgment, from AND created, ordered, or enforced by a court a foreclosure Net-benefits: FIRST – Unified stasis They explode the number of potential affs to anything that has a loose relationship to war – making it impossible for the neg to engage in crucial pre-round research and shifting the debate away from the unifying and stable reference point. Debate’s benefits come from arguing against a well prepared opponent – that preparation is the only way to test the epistemology of the aff, their impact claims are false until tested Talisse 5 – Professor of Philosophy @ Vandy (Robert, Philosophy and Social Criticism, “Deliberativist responses to activist challenges,” 31(4) p. 429-431) The argument thus far might appear to turn exclusively upon different conceptions of what reasonableness AND of justice. Insofar as the activist denies this, he is unreasonable. Stasis is the internal link to solving the aff – debate has the ability to change people’s attitudes because it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a focused topic of debate Goodin and Niemeyer 3 – Australian National University (Robert and Simon, “When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy” Political Studies, Vol 50, p 627-649, WileyInterscience) What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in AND least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.
*Taking “anti-logical” positions pushes us to reconsider personal vantage points, but doesn’t cause us to sacrifice logic – this is particularly useful in combatting structural oppression *gender modified Inoue 5 - Associate Professor of Rhetoric and Composition at Fresno State, focusing on writing assessment and race studies (ASA, “THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF RACISM AND COMMUNITY-BASED ASSESSMENT PRACTICE” –submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English May 2005, https://research.wsulibs.wsu.edu/xmlui/.../2376/.../a_inoue_012205.pdf?) Sophistic antilogic and a slightly altered version of dialectic, as heuristics, can be AND views, ideas, decisions, positions, and visions of the world. SECOND – Institutional competence Institutional analyses and engagement is key and turns their offense – it’s necessary to develop complex legal and institutional knowledge to use the state against the 1AC harms – trains us to challenge dominant institutions from within – you should defend the state because abdicating the state needlessly cedes institutional power to neocon elites – this also answers their co-option arguments Ferguson, Professor of Anthropology at Stanford, 11 (The Uses of Neoliberalism, Antipode, Vol. 41, No. S1, pp 166–184)
If we are seeking, as this special issue of Antipode aspires to do, AND some rather useful little mechanisms may be nearer to hand than we thought.
Simply giving voice to harm is futile –refusal to develop and defend implementation of a institutional solution hurts ethics and cedes institutional power to the right Chandler 10 - Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster (David, 'No Communicating Left' (review article), Radical Philosophy, No. 160 (March/April 2010), pp.53-55. ISSN 0300 211X) Dean pulls few punches in her devastating critique of the American left for its complacency AND , inequality, and destruction continuing unopposed (pp.162-75).
Comparative institutional analysis is vital to realization of any educational benefit of debate Komesar 94 - professor of law at the University of Wisconsin (Neil, “Imperfect Alternatives: Choosing Institutions in Law, Economics, and Public Policy,” p. 41-42) Even the constitutions of totalitarian states have contained high-sounding announcements of rights. AND from Boomer are even more appropriate with more complex definitions of the good. Third is war powers competence Talking about the harms of the topic isn’t sufficient – technical legal knowledge of war powers mechanism is a prerequisite to challenging rampant executive powers Kurr 13 Jeff, “Bridging Competitive Debate and Public Deliberation on Presidential War Powers” Ph.D. student in the Communication Arts and Sciences program at Pennsylvania State University and a coach for the Penn State Debate Society (9/5, UVA Miller Center and CEDA Public Debate Series, “Bridging Competitive Debate and Public Deliberation on Presidential War Powers”, http://public.cedadebate.org/node/14)mtc The second major function concerns the specific nature of deliberation over war powers. Given AND where deliberation was being stifled. As a result, debaters reinvigorate debate.
Evaluate this debate based on competing pedagogical interpretations of debate, not the substance of the 1ac alone – it’s a logical consequence of their choice to ignore the topic in this debate.
3/28/14
T USFG vs Michigan HK
Tournament: Pitt RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan HK | Judge: Russell
1NC
A topical affirmative must defend statutory or judicial restrictions on war powers authority of the president in one of the topically designated list areas
Resolved means to enact by law
Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition Definition of the word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ’it was resolved by the legislature;" It is of similar force to the word "enact," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law".
The United States federal government refers to the actual government
Black’s Law Dictionary 90 6th Ed., p. 695 In the United States, government consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in addition to administrative agencies. In a broader sense, includes the federal government and all its agencies and bureaus, state and county governments, and city and township governments.
Should implies obligation to action
Merriam-Webster 2 Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 2002, 10th Edition, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/should Used in auxiliary function to express obligation, propriety, or expediency.
Interpretation: A topical plan is limited to restricting the President’s authority over the military
Bajesky 13 – MA in Political Science and Applied Economics, LLM @ Georgetown (Robert, "Dubitable Security Threats and Low Intensity Interventions as the Achilles’ Heel of War Powers," 32 Miss. C. L. Rev. 9) A numerical comparison indicates that the Framer’s intended for Congress to be the dominant branch AND the President was empowered "to repel and not to commence war." n32
Aff turns debate into an echo chamber and shuts down dialogic deliberation – prevents the value of any knowledge they produce
Talisse 5—Professor of Philosophy @Vandy Robert, Philosophy 26 Social Criticism, Deliberativist responses to activist challenges, 31(4) p. 429-431 deliberativist view I have sketched holds that reasonableness involves some degree of what we may AND of justice. Insofar as the activist denies this, he is unreasonable.
Shutting down deliberation devolves into totalitarianism and reinscribes oppression
Morson 4 http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf~~23page=331 Northwestern Professor, Prof. Morson’s work ranges over a variety of areas: literary theory (especially narrative); the history of ideas, both Russian and European; a variety of literary genres (especially satire, utopia, and the novel); and his favorite writers — Chekhov, Gogol, and, above all, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. He is especially interested in the relation of literature to philosophy.
Bakhtin viewed the whole process of "ideological" (in the sense of ideas AND proceed in much the same way, in an ongoing spiral of intolerance.
And effective deliberative discourse is the lynchpin to solving all existential problems
Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311 The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and AND their time and political energies toward policies that matter the most to them. The merits of debate as a tool for building democratic capacity-building take on AND navigate academic search databases and to effectively search and use other Web resources: To analyze the self-report ratings of the instructional and control group students, AND searching, not just in academic databases. (Larkin 2005, 144) Larkin’s study substantiates Thomas Worthcn and Gaylcn Pack’s (1992, 3) claim that AND cite and rely upon from an easily accessible and veritable cornucopia of materials. There are, without a doubt, a number of important criticisms of employing debate AND to the possibilities of meaningful political engagement and new articulations of democratic life. Expanding this practice is crucial, if only because the more we produce citizens that AND with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world.
Fourth – institutional analysis
Institutional analyses and engagement is key and turns their offense – it’s necessary to develop complex legal and institutional knowledge to use the state against the 1AC harms– you should defend the state because abdicating the state needlessly cedes institutional power to neocon elites – this also answers their co-option arguments
Ferguson, Professor of Anthropology at Stanford, 11 (The Uses of Neoliberalism, Antipode, Vol. 41, No. S1, pp 166–184)
If we are seeking, as this special issue of Antipode aspires to do, AND some rather useful little mechanisms may be nearer to hand than we thought.
American citizens have vacated public challenges to the Presidency because of bureaucratic control of information – This shuts the public out of discussions of war powers – makes war inevitable and limits the salience of performative methods
Taylor 2007 (""The Means to Match Their Hatred": Nuclear Weapons, Rhetorical Democracy, and Presidential Discourse," Presidential Studies Quarterly37.4 (Dec 2007): 667-692) But what are those ideals? Here we may appreciate recent work in rhetorical theory AND of vulnerability (Beasley 2001, 22; Chaloupka 1992; Engelhardt 1998).
Interpretation – authority is the JUSTIFICATION for action, not the ACTION itself
Zimmerman 9 – Fellow, Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress (Adam, "The Politics Economics Make," http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2009/Colgate_Zimmerman.pdf) Skowronek distinguishes between presidential power and authority. Power is the¶ formal and informal AND expands; the ability of the president to exercise those powers has narrowed.
The restriction must be DIRECTLY on the authority
Supreme Court of Canada 96 (~1996~ S.C.J. No. 46, File No.: 23802, http://www.mandellpinder.com/pdf/cases/R-v-Lewis-1996-1-SCR-921.pdf) The appellants submit that the ordinary meaning of the word "on" embraces the AND signifies "within the¶ reserve", not "adjacent to the reserve".
2NC Overview
The president can cite Vesting Clause authority
DOJ 6 – US Department of Justice (LEGAL AUTHORITIES SUPPORTING THE ACTIVITIES OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY DESCRIBED BY THE PRESIDENT, http://www.justice.gov/opa/whitepaperonnsalegalauthorities.pdf) Even outside the context of wartime surveillance of the enemy, the source and scope AND Op., 10 Op. O.L.C. at 164.
Foreign affairs powers
DOJ 1 – Department of Justice (THE PRESIDENT’S CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY TO CONDUCT MILITARY OPERATIONS AGAINST TERRORISTS AND NATIONS SUPPORTING THEM, http://www.justice.gov/olc/warpowers925.htm) Fourth, depriving the President of the power to decide when to use military force AND Export Corp., 299 U.S. 304, 320 (1936).
Chen 12 – JD Candidate (Julia, "NOTE: RESTORING CONSTITUTIONAL BALANCE: ACCOMMODATING THE EVOLUTION OF WAR," 53 B.C. L. Rev 1767) The Commission thus drafted the War Powers Consultation Act of 2009 to "codify the AND ensures that information does not slip between the cracks of different committees. n126 AT: We Meant Just War Powers
Presidential authority" is a zero noun (a generic reference with no preceding specific restriction)
Lock, Associate professor in the Department of English and Communication, 1996 (Graham, "Grammar: An Introduction for second language teachers", Cambridge University Press, google books) The form ZERO + plural count noun can sometimes be interpreted as generic reference ( AND noun with no article, where generic 2 Baggies are loosely cut pants.
Lack of specification of particulars in the plan and use of the zero-noun means they HAVE TO defend a generic reference – the counterplan is definitionally competitive
Cowan, Associate Professor in the Division of English as an International Language and the Department of Linguistics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008 ("The Teacher’s Grammar of English", Cambridge University Press", google books) Those instances in which count and noncount nouns have no preceding article (or any AND the placement of definite and indefinite articles before the noun breakfast particularizes it.
First, the topic committee and voters need to understand that AND president would risk dictatorship and the need for unfettered power of the executive to conduct and win war.
Violation – The aff is vague on the character of the NSC
Voting issue – limiting vagueness in the context of NSCs is a prior question
Vladeck 9 – Associate Professor of Law (Stephen, “THE CASE AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY COURTS,” Scholar) Ultimately, proposals for national security courts are thought- provoking, but dangerously incomplete AND scope of those suspects’ constitutional rights vis- a?-vis the government.
