The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the war powers authority of the President of the United States to indefinitely detain persons legally located within the United States.
1
Advantage one – Legitimacy
High risk of nuclear terrorism – feasible and it escalates
Dvorkin 12 – senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy (Vladimir Z., Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html mtc ) Nuclear Terrorism as a Destabilizing Factor¶ Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been AND a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.
Extinction
Toon 7 - chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al. Owen B., April 19, 2007, "Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism," online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers, AND should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.
Domestic detention undermines our allies willingness to cooperate on terrorism – specifically Britain
Chesney 13 - Professor of Law at the University of Texas School of Law and Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution Robert Chesney, "PROTECTING U.S. CITIZENS’ CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS DURING THE WAR ON TERROR" House Hearing, 5/22, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-113hhrg81173/html/CHRG-113hhrg81173.htm Mr. Chesney. Thank you, Ranking Member Conyers. I’ll take those in AND past. It’s a conflict with al-Qaeda and its associated forces.
The right to detain US residents decimates global credibility and terror cooperation—the plan is a critical first step
This card is a little disgusting Atwood et al 9 J. Brian Atwood served as Under Secretary for Management in 1993 and as Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development from 1993 to 1999. Harry G. Barnes, Jr. served as Ambassador to Romania from 1974 to 1977, Director General of the Foreign Service and Director of Personnel in the Department of State from 1977 to 1981, Ambassador to India from 1981 to 1985, and Ambassador to Chile from 1985 to 1988. F. Allen "Tex" Harris retired after serving with the United States Department of State for thirty-five years, including Foreign Service posts in Argentina, Australia, South Africa, and Venezuela. Mr. Harris is a past President of the American Foreign Service Association. Samuel F. Hart served as Ambassador to Ecuador from 1982 to 1985 John L. Hirsch served as Ambassador to Sierra Leone from 1995 to 1998. Genta Hawkins Holmes served as Ambassador to Namibia from 1990 to 1992, Director General of the Foreign Service and Director of Personnel for the Department of State from 1992 to 1995, and Ambassador to Australia from 1997 to 2000. Gilbert D. Kulick served as a Foreign Service Officer from 1966 to 1989, retiring as Deputy Director of Southern Africa Affairs. L. Bruce Laingen served as Ambassador to Malta from 1977 to 1979 and Charges D’Affaires in Tehran from 1979 to 1981. Elijah Parish Lovejoy IV served as a consular officer at the Bridgetown, Barbados Embassy from 1997 to 1999. Laurence E. Pope served as Associate Coordinator for Counter-terrorism from 1991 to 1993, Ambassador to Chad from 1993 to 1996, and Political Advisor to the Commander in Chief, U.S. Central Command, from 1997 to 2000. Paul K. Stahnke is Minister Counselor, retired. Among other posts, he was Counselor of Mission at the United States Mission to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in Paris from 1978 to 1982, and Permanent Representative to the United Nations ESCAP (Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific) from 1982 to 1988, while also serving as Economic Counselor in the United States Embassy in Bangkok during the same period. Alexander F. Watson served as Ambassador to Peru from 1986 to 1989, Ambassador and Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 1989 to 1993, and Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs from 1993 to 1996, Amicus Brief, Al-Marri v Spagone, Jan 28, 2009, http://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/Justice/20090128.Almarri.v.Sapgone.Amicus.Brief-Former.U.S.Diplomats.pdf We, the amici curiae lending our names in support of this brief, have AND enforcement capacities while at the same time promoting democracy and human rights.19
Allied cooperation solves all internal links to global terrorism
Terkel 4 - researcher @ the Center for American Progress (Amanda, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2004/08/b165288.html) Our credibility at home and abroad has never been lower. With no weapons of AND alone. Cooperation matters and we need our credibility intact to secure it.
Only Congress solves – The executive will never use indefinite detention domestically—leaving the option available creates the misperception of support for domestic military capture
Chesney and Wittes, 13 (Robert Chesney, Professor of Law at the University of Texas School of Law and Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, and Benjamin Wittes, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, "Protecting U.S. Citizens’ Constitutional Rights During the War on Terror", 5/22/13 http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2013/05/22-war-on-terror-chesney-wittes) What Should Congress Do? In our view, Congress should put this issue to AND the utter implausibility of the claim that they might be subjected to it).
Reputational legitimacy theory is true and key to foster cooperation
Douglas M Gibler 8, Department of Political Science University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa "The Costs of Reneging: Reputation and Alliance Formation" The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 52, No. 3, June, pp. 426-454 More sophisticated treatments of the reputation logic have been produced by formal theorists, both AND agree; reputations provide valuable information when the costs of signaling are low.
Legitimacy’s the fundamental internal link to effective hegemony—-power distributions perceived as illegitimate are the most likely causes of great power war
Martha Finnemore 9, professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University, January 2009, "Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the Social Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn’t All It’s Cracked Up to Be," World Politics, Volume 61, Number 1 Legitimacy is, by its nature, a social and relational phenomenon. One’s position AND an expensive system to run and few unipoles have tried to do so.
Hegemony key to solve extinction
Thomas P.M. Barnett 11 Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis 26 Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, "The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads," March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads It is worth first examining the larger picture: We live in a time of AND the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.
No risk of heg bad—-US engagement and reintervention are inevitable—-it’s only a question of making it effective
Robert Kagan 11 is a contributing editor to The Weekly Standard and a senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution. "The Price of Power" Jan 24 Vol 16 No18 www.weeklystandard.com/articles/price-power_533696.html?page=3 In theory, the United States could refrain from intervening abroad. But, in AND in the kind of international system that American power has built and defended.
2
Advantage two – Israel
Israeli-Palestinian peace talks are coming in April
Talks will fail without a limitation on Israeli detention
Niraj 13 – Analyst @ Beachcomber Online (Anshika, "Palestinians Deserve Human Rights," http://www.bcomber.org/editorials/2013/04/30/palestinians-deserve-human-rights/) Firstly, I think it is important to recognize that if Israel respects the rights of the Palestinian people, it will not threaten Israel because many of these people already live there. There are millions of Palestinians who live in Israel-in fact the Israeli Central Statistics Bureau notes that around 20 of Israel’s population identifies as Palestinian. Not all of these people are sympathetic to Israel or respect its sovereignty, yet the rights of democracy in Israel are also granted to these Palestinians despite being such a controversial minority group. That is something to be admired in Israel’s conduct. However, the situation is still far from ideal. The Economist Magazine notes that these individuals have been marginalized in Israeli society, receive much less government funding than Jewish towns do even in education, and have often found that political parties that are more focused on Arab citizen issues are banned. This is certainly not a fair system and is based on valid fears that the Israeli government has about these Palestinians. Having such a large population of educationally marginalized individuals certainly is not beneficial to any country’s economy for one. But more importantly, these people already live in Israel, so any harm they may cause is already a risk that is unlikely to be alleviated by unequal treatment. In fact, it will probably fuel resentment by Palestinians in and outside of these areas-and that resentment certainly is not going to aid the peace process. Even if Israel is uncomfortable granting full rights to all Palestinians, addressing the ones who are already citizens of their country could be a step in the right direction. Of course, the most contentious issues in the Israel-Palestine conflict are the restrictions of the rights of the Palestinians in things like freedom of movement and freedom from indefinite detention and settlement-building. On the former, Human Rights Watch reports that Israel has been holding 178 Palestinians in "administrative detentions". An administrative detention is when the military is allowed to hold prisoners without charge or trial and by keeping the evidence for this detention secret. In Israel, these detentions are 6 months long but can be renewed over and over again. - See more at: http://www.bcomber.org/editorials/2013/04/30/palestinians-deserve-human-rights/~~23sthash.PUjtGTvV.dpuf
It’s reverse causal – Limiting Israeli detention is a key confidence-building-measure – jumpstarts broader efforts at peace
Doyle 12 – Director of advancing Arab-British Relations ("Palestinian detainees: no security in injustice," http://caabu.org/sites/default/files/resources/0802_CAABU_Palestinian20detainees_singles20SMALL.pdf) In autumn 2011, after five years of negotiations, Hamas and Israel concluded a swap deal in Egypt that led to the release of over 1,000 prisoners. On 17 October, Sergeant Gilad Shalit crossed from southern Gaza into Egypt, released by Hamas after five years of captivity. In return, 1,027 Palestinians in Israeli jails were freed in a two-phased release. Most of the international attention focused on the fate of Shalit, who had been AND for Palestinians and would be an essential part of any sustainable peace process.
The plan restores US ability to persuade allies to also abandon detention
Atwood et al 9 J. Brian Atwood served as Under Secretary for Management in 1993 and as Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development from 1993 to 1999. Harry G. Barnes, Jr. served as Ambassador to Romania from 1974 to 1977, Director General of the Foreign Service and Director of Personnel in the Department of State from 1977 to 1981, Ambassador to India from 1981 to 1985, and Ambassador to Chile from 1985 to 1988. F. Allen "Tex" Harris retired after serving with the United States Department of State for thirty-five years, including Foreign Service posts in Argentina, Australia, South Africa, and Venezuela. Mr. Harris is a past President of the American Foreign Service Association. Samuel F. Hart served as Ambassador to Ecuador from 1982 to 1985 John L. Hirsch served as Ambassador to Sierra Leone from 1995 to 1998. Genta Hawkins Holmes served as Ambassador to Namibia from 1990 to 1992, Director General of the Foreign Service and Director of Personnel for the Department of State from 1992 to 1995, and Ambassador to Australia from 1997 to 2000. Gilbert D. Kulick served as a Foreign Service Officer from 1966 to 1989, retiring as Deputy Director of Southern Africa Affairs. L. Bruce Laingen served as Ambassador to Malta from 1977 to 1979 and Charges D’Affaires in Tehran from 1979 to 1981. Elijah Parish Lovejoy IV served as a consular officer at the Bridgetown, Barbados Embassy from 1997 to 1999. Laurence E. Pope served as Associate Coordinator for Counter-terrorism from 1991 to 1993, Ambassador to Chad from 1993 to 1996, and Political Advisor to the Commander in Chief, U.S. Central Command, from 1997 to 2000. Paul K. Stahnke is Minister Counselor, retired. Among other posts, he was Counselor of Mission at the United States Mission to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in Paris from 1978 to 1982, and Permanent Representative to the United Nations ESCAP (Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific) from 1982 to 1988, while also serving as Economic Counselor in the United States Embassy in Bangkok during the same period. Alexander F. Watson served as Ambassador to Peru from 1986 to 1989, Ambassador and Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 1989 to 1993, and Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs from 1993 to 1996, Amicus Brief, Al-Marri v Spagone, Jan 28, 2009, http://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/Justice/20090128.Almarri.v.Sapgone.Amicus.Brief-Former.U.S.Diplomats.pdf One hallmark of a dictatorship is the government’s assertion of a right to arrest and AND Chechnya, has also heralded the war on terror as its primary justification.
Specifically – Israel will model US domestic detention decisions
Bali 5 – JD @ Yale and PhD Candidate @ Princeton (Asli, JD from Yale, doctoral candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton, where her dissertation focuses on questions of international relations and international law, Scapegoating the vulnerable: preventive detention of immigrants in America’s "war on terror," Google Scholar) For the readers of this journal, the greatest contribution of an analysis of administrative AND an alarming convergence in the violation of basic rights by both governments.99
New releases build public support for peace agreements and overcomes alternate causes
Successful peace negotiations solve global nuclear war
Chomsky 99 - Professor of Linguistics @ MIT (Noam, "Fateful Triangle," pg. 449) The disasters threatening the Palestinians and Israel are evident enough. It also does not AND . rejectionism in perpetuating the conflict and undermining the possibility for political settlement.
Traditional checks on conflict don’t apply to Israel – makes nuclear war particularly likely
Schoenfeld 98 - Senior Editor – Commentary (Gabriel, "Thinking About the Unthinkable in the Middle East," Commentary, December, Lexis) If preemption is largely ruled out as an option, what then? To reduce AND military movement, and take a no less heavy toll on civilian morale.
Weaponization is coming Wu 12 – Permanent Representative of China to the Conference on Disarmament (Haito, “Statement by H.E. Ambassador Wu Haitao, on PAROS,” http://www.china-un.ch/eng/hom/t938642.htm) Firstly, arms race in outer space is posing an immediate security challenge to international AND in place to negotiate and conclude new international legal instrument on outer space.
US weaponization causes immediate nuclear first strike Englehart 8 – JD, patent litigation attorney practicing in the firm's Litigation, ITC Litigation and Patent Interferences groups (Alex, COMMON GROUND IN THE SKY: EXTENDING THE 1967 OUTER SPACE TREATY TO RECONCILE U.S. AND CHINESE SECURITY INTERESTS, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 17.1) An Effective U.S. Space Weapons Deployment Would Neutralize the ¶ Effectiveness of AND order to avoid ¶ the total collapse of its strategic nuclear deterrent.64
Independently, US plans to weaponize space leads to diplomatic backlash – undercut multilateral burden-sharing Brown 9 – PhD @ Auburn (Trevor, “Soft Power and Space Weaponization” Air and Space power Journal Volume 23 No 1, Spring, pg. 67) The United States has plans to weaponize space and is already deploying missile-defense AND difficult politically for the Air Force to make plans to offer such protection.
Space weapons backlash spills over Marshall 5 – PhD, Former Research Fellow, International Security Program @ Belfer Center (William, et al, “Space weapons: the urgent debate,” ISYP Journal on Science and World Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1) On the other hand, a range of short term disadvantages are possible, 1 AND view that any weapon in outer space violates the spirit of that Treaty.
Specifically collapses climate and disease cooperation Moore 8 – Research Fellow @ TII, articles have appeared in the Brown Journal of World Affairs, Foreign Service Journal, Yes! A Journal of Positive Futures, and The SAIS Review and International Affairs. (Mike, “Twilight War: The Folly of U.S. Space Dominance,” Carnegie Council) Now, there is another moral issue. We are triggering a new arms race AND have? Nations need to work together in order to solve these problems.
Global climate cooperation solves warming Burleson 7 – Pace University School of Law, LLM London School of Economics and Political Science, JD University of Connecticut School of Law (Elizabeth Burleson, “Multilateral Climate Change Mitigation” 41 U.S.F. Law Review 373, January 1 2007, Environmental Law Commons) The international community can overcome political and economic disparity to achieve climate stabilization. The AND of policy instruments. Avoiding catastrophic climate change requires genuine multilateral cooperation immediately.
Cooperative climate mitigation is possible—it’s a question of US ability to generate cooperation Eizenstat 9 – partner at Covington and Burling LLP, lead U.S. AND ECONOMIC DOWNTURN” ENERGY LAW JOURNAL Volume 30, No. 1 2009) Nonetheless, I am cautiously optimistic—both about prospects for U.S. AND , the United States appears poised to again engage, cooperate and lead.
Warming is anthropogenic – most comprehensive analysis to date proves Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech, *John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis *Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al., (“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2) An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public AND 1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
There is a low threshold for RUNAWAY warming – newest studies prove Goldblatt 13 – PhD in Environmental Sciences, Research Associate, Virtual Planetary Laboratory and Astronomy Department @ U Washington (Colin, et al., “Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates,” Nature Geoscience 6, 661–667, doi:10.1038/ngeo1892) Here, we present the most complete study of the runaway greenhouse for 25 years AND (with a major component being condensable), and no empirical comparison cases.
Runaway warming tipping points coming soon – must act now to avert extinction Hamilton 10 – Professor of Public Ethics @ ANU (Clive Hamilton, Professor of Public Ethics in Australia, 2010, “Requiem for a Species: Why We Resist the Truth About Climate Change,” pg. 1-2) One of the most striking features of the global warming debate has been how, AND will be gone and humans will enter a long struggle just to survive. The risk is existential
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA (Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122) The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2 AND adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
Advocacy
Plan: The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the war powers authority of the president to introduce space armed forces into hostilities.
That jumpstarts binding international agreements on space weapons Jaramillo 9 – MA in Global Governance, Program Officer at Project Ploughshares working on the Space Security and Nuclear Disarmament programs (Cesar, “In Defence of the PPWT Treaty: Toward a Space Weapons Ban,” The Ploughshares Monitor, 30.4) The existing legal regime that tackles the potential weaponization of outer space is outdated, AND deserves, so that space can be preserved as a peaceful global commons. A legally binding and formal restriction is key – it’s trusted, prevents crisis-reversal and solves rollback by future administrations Mutschler 10 – PhD @ Eberhard-Karls U, Researcher at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Berlin (Max, “Keeping Space Safe, PRIF-Report No 98, Scholar) The major arguments in favor of a “rules of the road” approach which AND space weapons is better suited to keeping space safe in the long term.
Obama supports limits Su 10 – Visiting Fellow @ Cambridge, The Silk Road Institute of International Law, School of Law, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China (Jinyuan, “The “peaceful purposes” principle in outer space and the Russia–China PPWT Proposal,” Space Policy, 26.2) The challenges ahead should not be underestimated, because the USA has been maintaining its AND space and agree to take steps to enhance security in outer space”.132
We produce a “global governance” approach to space development—only using cooperation as a starting point can lead to effective coordination and avoid militarist takeover Gallagher ‘10 (Nancy, Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland, University of Maryland Space Governance and International Cooperation, Astropolitics, Volume 8 Issue 2, May 2010) The Global Commons logic and the Strategic Stability logic are inadequate conceptual frameworks for producing AND leading opportunity to provide mutual reassurance and to build effective global governance institutions.
Our model of debate is good—situating ourselves as civil society actors advancing dystopian imagery transforms the debate community into a public capable of influencing policy through preventative foresight Kurasawa ‘4 (Fuyuki, Assistant Prof. of Sociology @ York University, Cautionary Tales, Constellations Vol. 11, No. 4, Blackwell Synergy) In the twenty-first century, the lines of political cleavage are being drawn AND a position to ‘move up’ and become institutionalized via strong publics.7
Focusing on security and survival is the only way to avoid war—their critique just opens the door to our status-competition arguments -no links realism critiques (status competition not structural features of the state system) -fear of death is good b/c it trumps glory, which is a vehicle for disagreements to cause war (e.g. religion) -defends reason b/c it keeps us focused on survival, and only reason/rationality can deter us from irrationally “risking war” for some kind of glory -defends obsessive presentation of extinction scenarios—they motivate/mobilize people to avoid fighting and the awful state of nature -epistemic defense of wolforth status-competition argument- theoretical and historical explanations for the causes of war Abizadeh, 2011 Arash Abizadeh is Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, McGill University, American Political Science Review, 105, 298-314, "Hobbes on the Causes of War: A Disagreement Theory," doi:10.1017/S0003055411000098 War for Hobbes does not result, in other words, from the exercise of AND one portraying conflict as fueled by “status competition” (Wohlforth 2008).
Public advocacy is key to effective action on climate change CAG 10—Climate Change Communication Advisory Group. Dr Adam Corner School of Psychology, Cardiff University - Dr Tom Crompton Change Strategist, WWF-UK - Scott Davidson Programme Manager, Global Action Plan - Richard Hawkins Senior Researcher, Public Interest Research Centre - Professor Tim Kasser, Psychology department, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, USA. - Dr Renee Lertzman, Center for Sustainable Processes and Practices, Portland State University, US. - Peter Lipman, Policy Director, Sustrans. - Dr Irene Lorenzoni, Centre for Environmental Risk, University of East Anglia. - George Marshall, Founding Director, Climate Outreach , Information Network - Dr Ciaran Mundy, Director, Transition Bristol - Dr Saffron O’Neil, Department of Resource Management and Geography, University of Melbourne, Australia. - Professor Nick Pidgeon, Director, Understanding Risk Research Group, School of Psychology, Cardiff University. - Dr Anna Rabinovich, School of Psychology, University of Exeter - Rosemary Randall, Founder and director of Cambridge Carbon Footprint - Dr Lorraine Whitmarsh, School of Psychology, Cardiff University and Visiting Fellow at the, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. (Communicating climate change to mass public audience, http://pirc.info/downloads/communicating_climate_mass_audiences.pdf) This short advisory paper collates a set of recommendations about how best to shape mass AND they would like structural barriers to behavioural/societal change to be removed.
The state is an inevitable and indispensable part of the solution to warming Eckersley 4 Robyn, Reader/Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Melbourne, “The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty”, MIT Press, 2004, Google Books, pp. 3-8 While acknowledging the basis for this antipathy toward the nation- state, and the AND at least as a potentially more significant ally in the green cause.17
The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the war powers authority of the President of the United States to indefinitely detain persons legally located within the United States.
Legitimacy
High risk of nuclear terrorism – feasible and it escalates
Dvorkin 12 – senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy (Vladimir Z., Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html mtc ) Nuclear Terrorism as a Destabilizing Factor¶ Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been AND a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.
Extinction
Toon 7 - chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al. Owen B., April 19, 2007, "Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism," online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers, AND should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.
====Domestic detention undermines our allies willingness to cooperate on terrorism – specifically Britain==== Chesney 13 - Professor of Law at the University of Texas School of Law and Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution Robert Chesney, "PROTECTING U.S. CITIZENS’ CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS DURING THE WAR ON TERROR" House Hearing, 5/22, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-113hhrg81173/html/CHRG-113hhrg81173.htm Mr. Chesney. Thank you, Ranking Member Conyers. I’ll take those in AND past. It’s a conflict with al-Qaeda and its associated forces.
The right to detain US residents decimates global credibility and terror cooperation—the plan is a critical first step
This card is a little disgusting Atwood et al 9 J. Brian Atwood served as Under Secretary for Management in 1993 and as Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development from 1993 to 1999. Harry G. Barnes, Jr. served as Ambassador to Romania from 1974 to 1977, Director General of the Foreign Service and Director of Personnel in the Department of State from 1977 to 1981, Ambassador to India from 1981 to 1985, and Ambassador to Chile from 1985 to 1988. F. Allen "Tex" Harris retired after serving with the United States Department of State for thirty-five years, including Foreign Service posts in Argentina, Australia, South Africa, and Venezuela. Mr. Harris is a past President of the American Foreign Service Association. Samuel F. Hart served as Ambassador to Ecuador from 1982 to 1985 John L. Hirsch served as Ambassador to Sierra Leone from 1995 to 1998. Genta Hawkins Holmes served as Ambassador to Namibia from 1990 to 1992, Director General of the Foreign Service and Director of Personnel for the Department of State from 1992 to 1995, and Ambassador to Australia from 1997 to 2000. Gilbert D. Kulick served as a Foreign Service Officer from 1966 to 1989, retiring as Deputy Director of Southern Africa Affairs. L. Bruce Laingen served as Ambassador to Malta from 1977 to 1979 and Charges D’Affaires in Tehran from 1979 to 1981. Elijah Parish Lovejoy IV served as a consular officer at the Bridgetown, Barbados Embassy from 1997 to 1999. Laurence E. Pope served as Associate Coordinator for Counter-terrorism from 1991 to 1993, Ambassador to Chad from 1993 to 1996, and Political Advisor to the Commander in Chief, U.S. Central Command, from 1997 to 2000. Paul K. Stahnke is Minister Counselor, retired. Among other posts, he was Counselor of Mission at the United States Mission to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in Paris from 1978 to 1982, and Permanent Representative to the United Nations ESCAP (Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific) from 1982 to 1988, while also serving as Economic Counselor in the United States Embassy in Bangkok during the same period. Alexander F. Watson served as Ambassador to Peru from 1986 to 1989, Ambassador and Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 1989 to 1993, and Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs from 1993 to 1996, Amicus Brief, Al-Marri v Spagone, Jan 28, 2009, http://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/Justice/20090128.Almarri.v.Sapgone.Amicus.Brief-Former.U.S.Diplomats.pdf We, the amici curiae lending our names in support of this brief, have AND enforcement capacities while at the same time promoting democracy and human rights.19
====Allied cooperation solves all internal links to global terrorism==== Terkel 4 - researcher @ the Center for American Progress (Amanda, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2004/08/b165288.html) Our credibility at home and abroad has never been lower. With no weapons of AND alone. Cooperation matters and we need our credibility intact to secure it.
====Only Congress solves – The executive will never use indefinite detention domestically—leaving the option available creates the misperception of support for domestic military capture==== Chesney and Wittes, 13 (Robert Chesney, Professor of Law at the University of Texas School of Law and Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, and Benjamin Wittes, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, "Protecting U.S. Citizens’ Constitutional Rights During the War on Terror", 5/22/13 http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2013/05/22-war-on-terror-chesney-wittes) What Should Congress Do? In our view, Congress should put this issue to AND the utter implausibility of the claim that they might be subjected to it).
Terrorism studies are epistemologically and methodologically valid—-our authors are self-reflexive
Michael J. Boyle ’8, School of International Relations, University of St. Andrews, and John Horgan, International Center for the Study of Terrorism, Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, April 2008, "A Case Against Critical Terrorism Studies," Critical Studies On Terrorism, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 51-64 Jackson (2007c) calls for the development of an explicitly CTS on the AND community of scholars does not produce such scathing indictments of its own work.
Reputational legitimacy theory is true and key to foster cooperation
Douglas M Gibler 8, Department of Political Science University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa "The Costs of Reneging: Reputation and Alliance Formation" The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 52, No. 3, June, pp. 426-454 More sophisticated treatments of the reputation logic have been produced by formal theorists, both AND agree; reputations provide valuable information when the costs of signaling are low.
Legitimacy’s the fundamental internal link to effective hegemony—-power distributions perceived as illegitimate are the most likely causes of great power war
Martha Finnemore 9, professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University, January 2009, "Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the Social Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn’t All It’s Cracked Up to Be," World Politics, Volume 61, Number 1 Legitimacy is, by its nature, a social and relational phenomenon. One’s position AND an expensive system to run and few unipoles have tried to do so.
Hegemony key to solve extinction
Thomas P.M. Barnett 11 Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis 26 Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, "The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads," March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads It is worth first examining the larger picture: We live in a time of AND the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.
Two-thousand years of history prove
William Wohlforth 8 Daniel Webster Professor of Government, Dartmouth. BA in IR, MA in IR and MPhil and PhD in pol sci, Yale, Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War, October 2008, World Politics Vol. 61, Iss. 1; pg. 28, 31 pgs, Proquest Despite increasingly compelling findings concerning the importance of status seeking in human behavior, research AND are also consistent with power transition and other rationalist theories of hegemonic war.
War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy—-best statistical studies prove
John M. Owen 11, Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/ Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated AND U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.
Heg decreases structural violence—-any alt dooms humanity to deprivation
Thomas P.M. Barnett 11, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis 26 Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat, worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, September 12, 2011, "The New Rules: The Rise of the Rest Spells U.S. Strategic Victory," World Politics Review, online: http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/9973/the-new-rules-the-rise-of-the-rest-spells-u-s-strategic-victory First the absurdity: A few of the most over-the-top Bush AND what’s yet to come. ¶ As always, the choice is ours.
The world is getting better now because heg is peaceful
Josh Busby 12, Assistant Professor of Public Affairs and a fellow in the RGK Center for Philanthropy and Community Service as well as a Crook Distinguished Scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, http://duckofminerva.blogspot.com/2012/01/get-real-chicago-ir-guys-out-in-force.html Is Unipolarity Peaceful? As evidence, Monteiro provides metrics of the number of years AND that makes other states insecure, even though they can’t balance against it.
No risk of heg bad—-US engagement and reintervention are inevitable—-it’s only a question of making it effective
Robert Kagan 11 is a contributing editor to The Weekly Standard and a senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution. "The Price of Power" Jan 24 Vol 16 No18 www.weeklystandard.com/articles/price-power_533696.html?page=3 In theory, the United States could refrain from intervening abroad. But, in AND in the kind of international system that American power has built and defended.
3/16/14
1AC - KCKCC Round 2
Tournament: KCKCC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Central Oklahoma VY | Judge: Matt Coleman 1AC Advantage—Weaponization Weaponization is coming Wu 12 – Permanent Representative of China to the Conference on Disarmament (Haito, “Statement by H.E. Ambassador Wu Haitao, on PAROS,” http://www.china-un.ch/eng/hom/t938642.htm) Firstly, arms race in outer space is posing an immediate security challenge to international AND in place to negotiate and conclude new international legal instrument on outer space. US weaponization leads to arms racing – spills over to nuclear warfare Tannenwald 4 - Assistant Professor and Director of the International Relations Program, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University (Nina, Article: Law Versus Power on the High Frontier: The Case for a Rule-Based Regime for Outer Space, 29 Yale J. Int'l L. 363) A more elaborated legal regime would be aimed at preventing destabilizing conflicts over the use AND -tech arms race and renew emphasis on doctrines of nuclear warfare. n25 Space wars escalate to nuclear war Englehart 8 – JD, patent litigation attorney practicing in the firm's Litigation, ITC Litigation and Patent Interferences groups (Alex, COMMON GROUND IN THE SKY: EXTENDING THE 1967 OUTER SPACE TREATY TO RECONCILE U.S. AND CHINESE SECURITY INTERESTS, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 17.1) An Effective U.S. Space Weapons Deployment Would Neutralize the ¶ Effectiveness of AND order to avoid ¶ the total collapse of its strategic nuclear deterrent.64 Independently, US plans to weaponize space leads to diplomatic backlash – undercut multilateral burden-sharing Brown 9 – PhD @ Auburn (Trevor, “Soft Power and Space Weaponization” Air and Space power Journal Volume 23 No 1, Spring, pg. 67) The United States has plans to weaponize space and is already deploying missile-defense AND difficult politically for the Air Force to make plans to offer such protection.
Space weapons backlash spills over Marshall 5 – PhD, Former Research Fellow, International Security Program @ Belfer Center (William, et al, “Space weapons: the urgent debate,” ISYP Journal on Science and World Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1) On the other hand, a range of short term disadvantages are possible, 1 AND view that any weapon in outer space violates the spirit of that Treaty.
Burden sharing solves a laundry list of extinction threats – pre-requisite to cooperation on a range of issues Jervis 9 - professor of international politics at Columbia University (Robert, Unipolarity: A Structural Perspective, World Politics, Muse) To say that the system is unipolar is not to argue that the unipole can AND vision and believe that its leadership is benign. End Page 211 Democracy solves several scenarios for war and extinction Diamond 95 Larry Diamond, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, December 1995, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s, http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/1.htm OTHER THREATS This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well- AND which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built.
Econ collapse causes nuclear war Auslin 9 - Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute Michael, and Desmond Lachman, Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187 Conversely, global policymakers do not seem to have grasped the downside risks to the AND may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang.
Specifically – space backlash collapses climate and disease cooperation Moore 8 – Research Fellow @ TII, articles have appeared in the Brown Journal of World Affairs, Foreign Service Journal, Yes! A Journal of Positive Futures, and The SAIS Review and International Affairs. (Mike, “Twilight War: The Folly of U.S. Space Dominance,” Carnegie Council) Now, there is another moral issue. We are triggering a new arms race AND have? Nations need to work together in order to solve these problems.
Weaponization is coming Wu 12 – Permanent Representative of China to the Conference on Disarmament (Haito, “Statement by H.E. Ambassador Wu Haitao, on PAROS,” http://www.china-un.ch/eng/hom/t938642.htm) Firstly, arms race in outer space is posing an immediate security challenge to international AND in place to negotiate and conclude new international legal instrument on outer space.
US weaponization leads to arms racing – spills over to nuclear warfare Tannenwald 4 - Assistant Professor and Director of the International Relations Program, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University (Nina, Article: Law Versus Power on the High Frontier: The Case for a Rule-Based Regime for Outer Space, 29 Yale J. Intand#39;l L. 363) A more elaborated legal regime would be aimed at preventing destabilizing conflicts over the use AND -tech arms race and renew emphasis on doctrines of nuclear warfare. n25
Space wars escalate to nuclear war Englehart 8 – JD, patent litigation attorney practicing in the firmand#39;s Litigation, ITC Litigation and Patent Interferences groups (Alex, COMMON GROUND IN THE SKY: EXTENDING THE 1967 OUTER SPACE TREATY TO RECONCILE U.S. AND CHINESE SECURITY INTERESTS, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 17.1) An Effective U.S. Space Weapons Deployment Would Neutralize the ¶ Effectiveness of AND order to avoid ¶ the total collapse of its strategic nuclear deterrent.64
Independently, US plans to weaponize space leads to diplomatic backlash – undercut multilateral burden-sharing Brown 9 – PhD @ Auburn (Trevor, “Soft Power and Space Weaponization” Air and Space power Journal Volume 23 No 1, Spring, pg. 67) The United States has plans to weaponize space and is already deploying missile-defense AND difficult politically for the Air Force to make plans to offer such protection.
Space weapons backlash spills over Marshall 5 – PhD, Former Research Fellow, International Security Program @ Belfer Center (William, et al, “Space weapons: the urgent debate,” ISYP Journal on Science and World Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1) On the other hand, a range of short term disadvantages are possible, 1 AND view that any weapon in outer space violates the spirit of that Treaty.
Burden sharing solves a laundry list of extinction threats – pre-requisite to hegemony and leads to democracy Jervis 9 - professor of international politics at Columbia University (Robert, Unipolarity: A Structural Perspective, World Politics, Muse) To say that the system is unipolar is not to argue that the unipole can AND vision and believe that its leadership is benign. End Page 211
Democracy solves several scenarios for war and extinction Diamond 95 Larry Diamond, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, December 1995, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s, http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/1.htm OTHER THREATS This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well- AND which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built.
Econ collapse causes nuclear war Auslin 9 - Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute Michael, and Desmond Lachman, Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187 Conversely, global policymakers do not seem to have grasped the downside risks to the AND may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang.
Specifically – space backlash collapses climate and disease cooperation Moore 8 – Research Fellow @ TII, articles have appeared in the Brown Journal of World Affairs, Foreign Service Journal, Yes! A Journal of Positive Futures, and The SAIS Review and International Affairs. (Mike, “Twilight War: The Folly of U.S. Space Dominance,” Carnegie Council) Now, there is another moral issue. We are triggering a new arms race AND have? Nations need to work together in order to solve these problems.
Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: Harvard KS | Judge: James Taylor Advantage 1—Weaponization Weaponization is coming Wu 12 – Permanent Representative of China to the Conference on Disarmament (Haito, “Statement by H.E. Ambassador Wu Haitao, on PAROS,” http://www.china-un.ch/eng/hom/t938642.htm) Firstly, arms race in outer space is posing an immediate security challenge to international AND in place to negotiate and conclude new international legal instrument on outer space.
US weaponization leads to arms racing – spills over to nuclear warfare Tannenwald 4 - Assistant Professor and Director of the International Relations Program, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University (Nina, Article: Law Versus Power on the High Frontier: The Case for a Rule-Based Regime for Outer Space, 29 Yale J. Int'l L. 363) A more elaborated legal regime would be aimed at preventing destabilizing conflicts over the use AND -tech arms race and renew emphasis on doctrines of nuclear warfare. n25
Space wars escalate to nuclear war Englehart 8 – JD, patent litigation attorney practicing in the firm's Litigation, ITC Litigation and Patent Interferences groups (Alex, COMMON GROUND IN THE SKY: EXTENDING THE 1967 OUTER SPACE TREATY TO RECONCILE U.S. AND CHINESE SECURITY INTERESTS, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 17.1) An Effective U.S. Space Weapons Deployment Would Neutralize the ¶ Effectiveness of AND order to avoid ¶ the total collapse of its strategic nuclear deterrent.64
Independently, US plans to weaponize space leads to diplomatic backlash – undercut multilateral burden-sharing Brown 9 – PhD @ Auburn (Trevor, “Soft Power and Space Weaponization” Air and Space power Journal Volume 23 No 1, Spring, pg. 67) The United States has plans to weaponize space and is already deploying missile-defense AND difficult politically for the Air Force to make plans to offer such protection.
Space weapons backlash spills over Marshall 5 – PhD, Former Research Fellow, International Security Program @ Belfer Center (William, et al, “Space weapons: the urgent debate,” ISYP Journal on Science and World Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1) On the other hand, a range of short term disadvantages are possible, 1 AND view that any weapon in outer space violates the spirit of that Treaty.
Burden sharing solves a laundry list of extinction threats – pre-requisite to cooperation on a range of issues Jervis 9 - professor of international politics at Columbia University (Robert, Unipolarity: A Structural Perspective, World Politics, Muse) To say that the system is unipolar is not to argue that the unipole can AND vision and believe that its leadership is benign. End Page 211
Specifically – space backlash collapses climate and disease cooperation Moore 8 – Research Fellow @ TII, articles have appeared in the Brown Journal of World Affairs, Foreign Service Journal, Yes! A Journal of Positive Futures, and The SAIS Review and International Affairs. (Mike, “Twilight War: The Folly of U.S. Space Dominance,” Carnegie Council) Now, there is another moral issue. We are triggering a new arms race AND have? Nations need to work together in order to solve these problems.
Diseases cause extinction Keating 9 – Foreign Policy Web Editor Joshua, "The End of the World," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full How it could happen: Throughout history, plagues have brought civilizations to their knees AND . Biological weapons experimentation has added a new and just as troubling complication.
No burnout Torrey 5 - Directors Stanley Medical Research Institute (E. Fuller and Robert H Yolken, Beasts of the Earth: Animals, Humans and Disease, pp. 5-6) The outcome of this marriage, however, is not as clearly defined as it AND HIV or SARS virus may be truly capable of eradicating the human race.
Global climate cooperation solves warming Burleson 7 – Pace University School of Law, LLM London School of Economics and Political Science, JD University of Connecticut School of Law (Elizabeth Burleson, “Multilateral Climate Change Mitigation” 41 U.S.F. Law Review 373, January 1 2007, Environmental Law Commons)
10/28/13
1AC - UTD Round 3
Tournament: Fear and Loathing in Dallas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kansas State SS | Judge: Jeff Kurr Weaponization
Weaponization is coming Wu 12 – Permanent Representative of China to the Conference on Disarmament (Haito, “Statement by H.E. Ambassador Wu Haitao, on PAROS,” http://www.china-un.ch/eng/hom/t938642.htm) Firstly, arms race in outer space is posing an immediate security challenge to international AND in place to negotiate and conclude new international legal instrument on outer space.
Space wars escalate to nuclear war Englehart 8 – JD, patent litigation attorney practicing in the firm's Litigation, ITC Litigation and Patent Interferences groups (Alex, COMMON GROUND IN THE SKY: EXTENDING THE 1967 OUTER SPACE TREATY TO RECONCILE U.S. AND CHINESE SECURITY INTERESTS, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 17.1) An Effective U.S. Space Weapons Deployment Would Neutralize the ¶ Effectiveness of AND order to avoid ¶ the total collapse of its strategic nuclear deterrent.64
Independently, US plans to weaponize space leads to diplomatic backlash—undercut multilateral burden-sharing Brown 9 – PhD @ Auburn (Trevor, “Soft Power and Space Weaponization” Air and Space power Journal Volume 23 No 1, Spring, pg. 67) The United States has plans to weaponize space and is already deploying missile-defense AND difficult politically for the Air Force to make plans to offer such protection.
Global credibility solves extinction—attempts to persuade are inevitable, the plan makes them effective Jervis 9 – professor of international politics at Columbia University (Robert, Unipolarity: A Structural Perspective, World Politics, 61.1) As I will discuss further below, economic and military power are not sufficient to AND that others share the American vision and believe that its leadership is benign.
Space weapons backlash spills over Marshall 5 – PhD, Former Research Fellow, International Security Program @ Belfer Center (William, et al, “Space weapons: the urgent debate,” ISYP Journal on Science and World Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1) On the other hand, a range of short term disadvantages are possible, 1 AND view that any weapon in outer space violates the spirit of that Treaty.
Specifically—space backlash collapses climate and disease cooperation Moore 8 – Research Fellow @ TII, articles have appeared in the Brown Journal of World Affairs, Foreign Service Journal, Yes! A Journal of Positive Futures, and The SAIS Review and International Affairs. (Mike, “Twilight War: The Folly of U.S. Space Dominance,” Carnegie Council) Now, there is another moral issue. We are triggering a new arms race AND have? Nations need to work together in order to solve these problems.
Diseases cause extinction Keating 9 – Foreign Policy Web Editor Joshua, "The End of the World," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full How it could happen: Throughout history, plagues have brought civilizations to their knees AND . Biological weapons experimentation has added a new and just as troubling complication.
No burnout Torrey 5 - Directors Stanley Medical Research Institute (E. Fuller and Robert H Yolken, Beasts of the Earth: Animals, Humans and Disease, pp. 5-6) The outcome of this marriage, however, is not as clearly defined as it AND HIV or SARS virus may be truly capable of eradicating the human race.
Global climate cooperation solves warming Burleson 7 – Pace University School of Law, LLM London School of Economics and Political Science, JD University of Connecticut School of Law (Elizabeth Burleson, “Multilateral Climate Change Mitigation” 41 U.S.F. Law Review 373, January 1 2007, Environmental Law Commons) The international community can overcome political and economic disparity to achieve climate stabilization. The AND of policy instruments. Avoiding catastrophic climate change requires genuine multilateral cooperation immediately.
Cooperative climate mitigation is possible—it’s a question of US ability to generate cooperation Eizenstat 9 – partner at Covington and Burling LLP, lead U.S. AND ECONOMIC DOWNTURN” ENERGY LAW JOURNAL Volume 30, No. 1 2009) Nonetheless, I am cautiously optimistic—both about prosp
Warming is anthropogenic—most comprehensive analysis to date proves Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech, *John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis *Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al., (“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2) An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public AND 1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW. There is a low threshold for RUNAWAY warming—newest studies prove
Goldblatt 13 – PhD in Environmental Sciences, Research Associate, Virtual Planetary Laboratory and Astronomy Department @ U Washington (Colin, et al., “Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates,” Nature Geoscience 6, 661–667, doi:10.1038/ngeo1892) Here, we present the most complete study of the runaway greenhouse for 25 years AND (with a major component being condensable), and no empirical comparison cases.
Runaway warming tipping points coming soon—must act now to avert extinction Hamilton 10 – Professor of Public Ethics @ ANU (Clive Hamilton, Professor of Public Ethics in Australia, 2010, “Requiem for a Species: Why We Resist the Truth About Climate Change,” pg. 1-2) One of the most striking features of the global warming debate has been how, AND will be gone and humans will enter a long struggle just to survive.
The risk is existential Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA (Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122) The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2 AND adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
Counterbalancing
Space weapons restrictions reverse China-Russia counterbalancing Englehart 8 – JD, patent litigation attorney practicing in the firm's Litigation, ITC Litigation and Patent Interferences groups (Alex, COMMON GROUND IN THE SKY: EXTENDING THE 1967 OUTER SPACE TREATY TO RECONCILE U.S. AND CHINESE SECURITY INTERESTS, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 17.1) Beyond the Inevitable Direct Harm to Sino-American Relations, the ¶ Deployment of AND to negotiate on the space weapons issue would serve ¶ that goal well.
A legally binding agreement is key Su 10 – Faculty @ Silk Road Institute of International and Comparative Law (Jinyuan, “Towards an effective and adequately veri?able PPWT,” Space Policy, p. 152) Today the world is already half way down the road to space¶ weaponization, AND worsen if ASATs proliferated to more states and¶ non-state actors.
Russia-China counterbalancing collapses hegemony leads to multiple scenarios for war Blank 9 – Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College (Stephen Blank, “Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?,” online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub908.pdf) Consequently, the danger is that this ideological-strategic rivalry will harden, leading AND of joint military action in response to a regime crisis in the DPRK.
Hegemony key to solve extinction Thomas P.M. Barnett 11 Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads It is worth first examining the larger picture: We live in a time of AND the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding. Plan The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the war powers authority of the president to introduce space armed forces into hostilities.
Solvency
The plan jumpstarts binding international agreements on space weapons Jaramillo 9 – MA in Global Governance, Program Officer at Project Ploughshares working on the Space Security and Nuclear Disarmament programs (Cesar, “In Defence of the PPWT Treaty: Toward a Space Weapons Ban,” The Ploughshares Monitor, 30.4) The existing legal regime that tackles the potential weaponization of outer space is outdated, AND deserves, so that space can be preserved as a peaceful global commons.
A legally binding and formal restriction is key—it’s trusted, prevents crisis-reversal and solves rollback by future administrations Mutschler 10 – PhD @ Eberhard-Karls U, Researcher at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Berlin (Max, “Keeping Space Safe, PRIF-Report No 98, Scholar) The major arguments in favor of a “rules of the road” approach which AND space weapons is better suited to keeping space safe in the long term.
International restraint LOCKS IN existing gains Gallagher 5 – PhD, Associate Director for Research at the Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland (Nancy, “APPROACHES TO REGULATING WEAPONS IN SPACE,” http://cissm.umd.edu/papers/files/chap8nancygallagheros05.pdf) If the space security environment envisioned by the Rumsfeld¶ Commission actually developed, the AND of the United States than the Soviets did¶ during the Cold War.
1/15/14
1AC - UTD Round 6
Tournament: Fear and Loathing in Dallas | Round: 6 | Opponent: Georgia State FF | Judge: Darrel Wanzer-Serrano Advantage—Weaponization
Weaponization is coming Wu 12 – Permanent Representative of China to the Conference on Disarmament (Haito, “Statement by H.E. Ambassador Wu Haitao, on PAROS,” http://www.china-un.ch/eng/hom/t938642.htm) Firstly, arms race in outer space is posing an immediate security challenge to international AND in place to negotiate and conclude new international legal instrument on outer space. US weaponization causes immediate nuclear first strike
Englehart 8 – JD, patent litigation attorney practicing in the firm's Litigation, ITC Litigation and Patent Interferences groups (Alex, COMMON GROUND IN THE SKY: EXTENDING THE 1967 OUTER SPACE TREATY TO RECONCILE U.S. AND CHINESE SECURITY INTERESTS, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 17.1) An Effective U.S. Space Weapons Deployment Would Neutralize the ¶ Effectiveness of AND order to avoid ¶ the total collapse of its strategic nuclear deterrent.64
Independently, US plans to weaponize space leads to diplomatic backlash – undercut multilateral burden-sharing Brown 9 – PhD @ Auburn (Trevor, “Soft Power and Space Weaponization” Air and Space power Journal Volume 23 No 1, Spring, pg. 67) The United States has plans to weaponize space and is already deploying missile-defense AND difficult politically for the Air Force to make plans to offer such protection.
Global credibility solves extinction—attempts to persuade are inevitable, the plan makes them effective Jervis 9 – professor of international politics at Columbia University (Robert, Unipolarity: A Structural Perspective, World Politics, 61.1) As I will discuss further below, economic and military power are not sufficient to AND that others share the American vision and believe that its leadership is benign.
Space weapons backlash spills over Marshall 5 – PhD, Former Research Fellow, International Security Program @ Belfer Center (William, et al, “Space weapons: the urgent debate,” ISYP Journal on Science and World Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1) On the other hand, a range of short term disadvantages are possible, 1 AND view that any weapon in outer space violates the spirit of that Treaty.
Specifically collapses climate and disease cooperation Moore 8 – Research Fellow @ TII, articles have appeared in the Brown Journal of World Affairs, Foreign Service Journal, Yes! A Journal of Positive Futures, and The SAIS Review and International Affairs. (Mike, “Twilight War: The Folly of U.S. Space Dominance,” Carnegie Council) Now, there is another moral issue. We are triggering a new arms race AND have? Nations need to work together in order to solve these problems.
Diseases cause extinction Keating 9 – Foreign Policy Web Editor Joshua, "The End of the World," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full How it could happen: Throughout history, plagues have brought civilizations to their knees AND . Biological weapons experimentation has added a new and just as troubling complication.
No burnout Torrey 5 - Directors Stanley Medical Research Institute (E. Fuller and Robert H Yolken, Beasts of the Earth: Animals, Humans and Disease, pp. 5-6) The outcome of this marriage, however, is not as clearly defined as it AND HIV or SARS virus may be truly capable of eradicating the human race.
Global climate cooperation solves warming Burleson 7 – Pace University School of Law, LLM London School of Economics and Political Science, JD University of Connecticut School of Law (Elizabeth Burleson, “Multilateral Climate Change Mitigation” 41 U.S.F. Law Review 373, January 1 2007, Environmental Law Commons) The international community can overcome political and economic disparity to achieve climate stabilization. The AND of policy instruments. Avoiding catastrophic climate change requires genuine multilateral cooperation immediately.
Cooperative climate mitigation is possible—it’s a question of US ability to generate cooperation Eizenstat 9 – partner at Covington and Burling LLP, lead U.S. AND ECONOMIC DOWNTURN” ENERGY LAW JOURNAL Volume 30, No. 1 2009) Nonetheless, I am cautiously optimistic
Warming is anthropogenic – most comprehensive analysis to date proves Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech, *John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis *Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al., (“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2) An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public AND 1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
There is a low threshold for RUNAWAY warming – newest studies prove Goldblatt 13 – PhD in Environmental Sciences, Research Associate, Virtual Planetary Laboratory and Astronomy Department @ U Washington (Colin, et al., “Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates,” Nature Geoscience 6, 661–667, doi:10.1038/ngeo1892) Here, we present the most complete study of the runaway greenhouse for 25 years AND (with a major component being condensable), and no empirical comparison cases.
Runaway warming tipping points coming soon – must act now to avert extinction Hamilton 10 – Professor of Public Ethics @ ANU (Clive Hamilton, Professor of Public Ethics in Australia, 2010, “Requiem for a Species: Why We Resist the Truth About Climate Change,” pg. 1-2) One of the most striking features of the global warming debate has been how, AND will be gone and humans will enter a long struggle just to survive.
The risk is existential Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA (Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122) The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2 AND adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
Advocacy
Plan: The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the war powers authority of the president to introduce space armed forces into hostilities.
That jumpstarts binding international agreements on space weapons Jaramillo 9 – MA in Global Governance, Program Officer at Project Ploughshares working on the Space Security and Nuclear Disarmament programs (Cesar, “In Defence of the PPWT Treaty: Toward a Space Weapons Ban,” The Ploughshares Monitor, 30.4) The existing legal regime that tackles the potential weaponization of outer space is outdated, AND deserves, so that space can be preserved as a peaceful global commons.
A legally binding and formal restriction is key – it’s trusted, prevents crisis-reversal and solves rollback by future administrations Mutschler 10 – PhD @ Eberhard-Karls U, Researcher at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Berlin (Max, “Keeping Space Safe, PRIF-Report No 98, Scholar) The major arguments in favor of a “rules of the road” approach which AND space weapons is better suited to keeping space safe in the long term.
As members of a University community, we should academically prepare to limit governmental expansion of war power authority Zimmer 13 - campaigner on the Global Finance Campaign (Todd, “Divestistas: From Opposition to Resistance,” http://www.wearepowershift.org/blogs/divestistas-opposition-resistance) All this to say, students and their opposition should prepare for escalation. Time AND here to tell Bank of America’s CEO to expect resistance on your campus.
Informed, individual resistance to war powers is key – creates unified front against unfettered presidential powers Buchanan 13 - Government professor, UT Austin (Bruce, Presidential Power and Accountability: Toward a Presidential Accountability System, Routledge, pg. 20) For good or ill, then, the public's stature as the source of all AND political cover of public opinion. This is particularly true of the Congress.
Forcing the war powers debate is necessary – there must be preventive policy education to create an educated public willing to prevent crisis-based executive expansions Buchanan 13 - Government professor, UT Austin (Bruce, Presidential Power and Accountability: Toward a Presidential Accountability System, Routledge, pg. 21-23) When it is authoritatively marshaled (i.e., mobilized, unified, clear AND popular opinion gained authoritative constitutional recognition" (Ackerman, 1991: 41).
Our model of debate is good—situating ourselves as civil society actors advancing dystopian imagery transforms the debate community into a public capable of influencing policy through preventative foresight Kurasawa ‘4 (Fuyuki, Assistant Prof. of Sociology @ York University, Cautionary Tales, Constellations Vol. 11, No. 4, Blackwell Synergy) In the twenty-first century, the lines of political cleavage are being drawn AND a position to ‘move up’ and become institutionalized via strong publics.7
Public advocacy is key to effective action on climate change CAG 10—Climate Change Communication Advisory Group. Dr Adam Corner School of Psychology, Cardiff University - Dr Tom Crompton Change Strategist, WWF-UK - Scott Davidson Programme Manager, Global Action Plan - Richard Hawkins Senior Researcher, Public Interest Research Centre - Professor Tim Kasser, Psychology department, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, USA. - Dr Renee Lertzman, Center for Sustainable Processes and Practices, Portland State University, US. - Peter Lipman, Policy Director, Sustrans. - Dr Irene Lorenzoni, Centre for Environmental Risk, University of East Anglia. - George Marshall, Founding Director, Climate Outreach , Information Network - Dr Ciaran Mundy, Director, Transition Bristol - Dr Saffron O’Neil, Department of Resource Management and Geography, University of Melbourne, Australia. - Professor Nick Pidgeon, Director, Understanding Risk Research Group, School of Psychology, Cardiff University. - Dr Anna Rabinovich, School of Psychology, University of Exeter - Rosemary Randall, Founder and director of Cambridge Carbon Footprint - Dr Lorraine Whitmarsh, School of Psychology, Cardiff University and Visiting Fellow at the, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. (Communicating climate change to mass public audience, http://pirc.info/downloads/communicating_climate_mass_audiences.pdf) This short advisory paper collates a set of recommendations about how best to shape mass AND they would like structural barriers to behavioural/societal change to be removed. 1/6
1/15/14
1AC - Warming
Tournament: NJDDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lindenwood NW | Judge: Scott Elliott Contention 1 is space militarization
US-China climate cooperation is high now – solves key pollutants and spills over to broader multilateral agreements Selighson 13 – Researcher of environmental governance, University of California at San Diego (Deborah, “Reinvigorating the U.S.-China Climate Change Relationship,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/deborah-seligsohn/reinvigorating-the-us-china_b_3574898.html) There is good news on international climate change cooperation.¶ The United States and China AND cooperation, but for greater efforts in the multilateral arena, as well.
US-China cooperation goes global – incorporates other major powers and solves warming Jolly 13 – Analyst @ NYT (David, “U.S. and China Find Convergence on Climate Issue,” NYT, Proquest) But with China having recently surpassed the United States as the world’s largest emitter of AND persuade other emerging economies like Brazil, India and South Africa to join.
Climate leadership isn’t zero-sum, especially with the trust-building of the aff King 13 – analyst @ RTCC (Ed, “USA plans ‘accelerated’ climate change cooperation with China,” Responding to Climate Change, http://www.rtcc.org/2013/04/15/usa-plans-accelerated-climate-change-cooperation-with-china/) China and the USA have announced plans to cooperate in the research and development of AND our bilateral relations will stay on the track of strong and stable growth.”
US space weaponization leads to resentment and disrupts the delicate balance of trust Englehart 8 – JD, patent litigation attorney practicing in the firm's Litigation, ITC Litigation and Patent Interferences groups (Alex, COMMON GROUND IN THE SKY: EXTENDING THE 1967 OUTER SPACE TREATY TO RECONCILE U.S. AND CHINESE SECURITY INTERESTS, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 17.1) A U.S. Deployment of These Space Weapons Will Open the Door for AND no one to have ¶ these weapons than for everyone to have them.
This collapses climate cooperation Moore 8 – Research Fellow @ TII, articles have appeared in the Brown Journal of World Affairs, Foreign Service Journal, Yes! A Journal of Positive Futures, and The SAIS Review and International Affairs. (Mike, “Twilight War: The Folly of U.S. Space Dominance,” Carnegie Council) Now, there is another moral issue. We are triggering a new arms race AND have? Nations need to work together in order to solve these problems.
It’s reverse causal – the plan is a significant confidence-building measure that invigorates a resilient partnership Walsh 7 – JD @ Georgetown (Frank, “ARTICLE: FORGING A DIPLOMATIC SHIELD FOR AMERICAN SATELLITES: THE CASE FOR REEVALUATING THE 2006 NATIONAL SPACE POLICY IN LIGHT OF A CHINESE ANTI-SATELLITE SYSTEM,” 72 J. Air L. and Com. 759) China has actively advocated for a comprehensive treaty regime that limits the weaponization of space AND diplomatic shield to complement the military armor upon which the nation currently relies.
Global climate cooperation solves warming Burleson 7 – Pace University School of Law, LLM London School of Economics and Political Science, JD University of Connecticut School of Law (Elizabeth Burleson, “Multilateral Climate Change Mitigation” 41 U.S.F. Law Review 373, January 1 2007, Environmental Law Commons) The international community can overcome political and economic disparity to achieve climate stabilization. The AND of policy instruments. Avoiding catastrophic climate change requires genuine multilateral cooperation immediately.
Multilateral warming solutions avoid 4 degree warming – anything higher is catastrophic Kim 12 – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank (Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix) The 4°C scenarios are devastating: the inundation of coastal cities; increasing AND in mind. The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.
Warming is anthropogenic – most comprehensive analysis to date proves Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech, *John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis *Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al., (“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2) An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public AND 1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
There is a low threshold for RUNAWAY warming – newest studies prove Goldblatt 13 – PhD in Environmental Sciences, Research Associate, Virtual Planetary Laboratory and Astronomy Department @ U Washington (Colin, et al., “Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates,” Nature Geoscience 6, 661–667, doi:10.1038/ngeo1892) Here, we present the most complete study of the runaway greenhouse for 25 years AND (with a major component being condensable), and no empirical comparison cases.
The risk is existential Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA (Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122) The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2 AND adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
Warming destroys all human and non-human life on earth Brandenberg 99 – PhD, Physicist (Dr. John, Physicist, Dead Mars, Dying Earth, p. 232-233) The world goes on its merry way and fossil fuel use continues to power it AND Mars – red, desolate, with perhaps a few hardy microbes surviving.
Warming disrprotionately impacts periphery communities who are least responsible for climate change – crosses lines of race, class, gender, and social status Burkett 8 – Professor of Law Maxine Burkett, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Law School, 2008, “Just Solutions to Climate Change: A Climate Justice Proposal for a Domestic Clean Development Mechanism,” 56 Buffalo L. Rev. 169, Lexis The profound injustices that inhere in climate change's disproportionate effects are obvious, yet two AND process of crafting solutions, "fair outcomes will only ever be coincidental."
Plan The United States Congress should restrict the President’s war powers authority by applying the restrictions of the Chinese Treaty on Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space through statute.
Contention two – solvency
That jumpstarts binding international agreements on space weapons Jaramillo 9 – MA in Global Governance, Program Officer at Project Ploughshares working on the Space Security and Nuclear Disarmament programs (Cesar, “In Defence of the PPWT Treaty: Toward a Space Weapons Ban,” The Ploughshares Monitor, 30.4) The existing legal regime that tackles the potential weaponization of outer space is outdated, AND deserves, so that space can be preserved as a peaceful global commons.
New preventive measures are key to prevent the growing trend towards space weapons Wu 12 – Permanent Representative of China to the Conference on Disarmament (Haito, “Statement by H.E. Ambassador Wu Haitao, on PAROS,” http://www.china-un.ch/eng/hom/t938642.htm) Firstly, arms race in outer space is posing an immediate security challenge to international AND in place to negotiate and conclude new international legal instrument on outer space.
Contention three is climate pedagogy
The 1ac’s narrative of environmental risk is motivating and drives individual activism Veldman 12 – PhD Candidate Religion and Nature at U of Florida (Robin- National Foundation Fellow at the Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship, Spring, “Narrating the Environmental Apocalypse: How Imagining the End Facilitates Moral Reasoning Among Environmental Activists” Ethics and the Environment, Vol 17 No 1, ProjectMuse) Environmental Apocalypticism and Activism As we saw in the introduction, critics often argue that AND apocalypticism and moral reasoning looks like in practice. End Page 12
There is intrinsic value to the future-counterfactual simulation of the 1ac – representations of future climate change impacts leads to new solutions external to the aff and avoid traditional pedagogical dilemmas of role-playing --sex edited --attempts to project conceptions of the past into the future rely on an anchoring bias that is flawed – new scenarios must be injected to understand new futures Junio 13 – PhD in Political Science @ Penn, currently @ Stanford (Timothy and Thomas Mahnken, “Conceiving of Future War: The Promise of Scenario Analysis for International Relations,” International Studies Review, 15) As noted in our discussion of the counterfactuals literature, most scholars writing about the AND new ones, while also improving the processes of teaching and theory building.
Scenario-testing is no different than everyday decision-making – our reliance on social scientific and hard scientific evidence just makes our method more rigorous Bricmont 1 – Professor of Theoretical Physics @ U of Louvain (Jean, professor of theoretical physics at the University of Louvain, “Defense of a Modest Scientific Realism”, September 23, http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/bielefeld_final.pdf) So, how does one obtain evidence concerning the truth or falsity of scientific assertions AND between the alternative theories if indeed they should be regarded as different theories.
3/15/14
2AC - AT Coloniality
Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: UTSA CR | Judge: Alyssa Lucas-Bolin Perm: embrace plan in context of alternative modernities and decolonization of knowledge—Their either-or is a false dichotomy – can seek alternative modernities that aren’t eurocentric Grossberg (Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina) 10 (Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 264) The M/C project, focused on the possibility of radical alterity, seeks AND matter, of alternatives to modernity, will require a decolonization of knowledge itself
Alternative and multiple modernities good—offers a more nuanced understand than is captured by their alt Grossberg (Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina) 10 (Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 267-8) The question is not when or where modernity belongs, but what it is to AND an altogether different, a-centered understanding of European history’’ (80).
Their interpretation of modernity is wrong—the modern is never actual, only virtual—means their impacts based on false assumptions Grossberg (Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina) 10 (Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 260) The question is neither empirical nor conceptual, but conjunctural and discursive. To theorize AND is never fully actualized, because it can be actualized in multiple ways.
Turn: their fixation on euro-modernity ignores multiple modernities, which negates alternatives now challenging the North—REJECT their narrow reification euro-modernity that effectively excludes the wills of real people who want modernity Grossberg (Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina) 10 (Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 286-7) Before ending this discussion of multiple modernities, I want to address one final challenge AND demand for) modernity in other- both geographically and historically-conjunctures. A second reason is tl1at I want to avoid paradoxically reproducing the negative logic of AND but without the analytic work, it can easily remain an imaginary logic. But the most important reason is what Gaonkar (2oor, 21) describes as AND that we understand what it is they are reaching for in this desire. Gyekye (1997, 263) asserts that modernity and#34;has in fact assumed or rather gained a normative status, in that all societies in the world without exception aspire to become modern, to exhibit in their social, cultural and political lives features said to characterize modernity—-whatever this notion means or those features are.and#34; He is clearly not suggesting that the whole world is try- ing to become Europe; in fact, he similarly describes a number of writers in the Middle Ages (269): and#34;In characterizing themselves and their times as AND is precisely the thinness of our vocabulary —- and understanding —- of modernity. Thus, the answer to why I want to think through and with the concept AND zoo6, r89) declares, and#34;other stories to be told.’’
No alt solvency: their explanation of modern/coloniality locks subjects in with NO ESCAPE—at the same time, there’s warrant for their assertions about colonial subjectivity Grossberg (Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina) 10 (Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 265-66) This exteriority is, it seems to me, further compromised by the assumption that AND that opens the possibilities not of going back but of imagining new futur
10/28/13
New 1AC Card KCKCC Octas
Tournament: KCKCC | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Missouri State HM | Judge: Coleman, Loghry, Petit International restraint LOCKS IN existing gains Gallagher 5 – PhD, Associate Director for Research at the Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland (Nancy, “APPROACHES TO REGULATING WEAPONS IN SPACE,” http://cissm.umd.edu/papers/files/chap8nancygallagheros05.pdf) If the space security environment envisioned by the Rumsfeld¶ Commission actually developed, the AND of the United States than the Soviets did¶ during the Cold War.
10/28/13
New 1AC Cards UNT Doubles
Tournament: Fear and Loathing in Dallas | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Texas KS | Judge: Darren Elliott, Matthew Vega, Chris Loghry We have a defense of the way we view international relations---game-theory proves that liberal internationalism is effective Recchia and Doyle 11 Stefano, Assistant Professor in International Relations at the University of Cambridge, and Michael, Harold Brown Professor of International Affairs, Law and Political Science at Columbia University, “Liberalism in International Relations”, In: Bertrand Badie, Dirk Berg-Schlosser, and Leonardo Morlino, eds., International Encyclopedia of Political Science (Sage, 2011), pp. 1434-1439 Relying on new insights from game theory, scholars during the 1980s and 1990s emphasized AND , and ¶ it usefully complements liberal scholarship on the ¶ democratic peace.
Shocks to the system are the ONLY propensity for conflict—liberal norms have eradicated warfare and structural violence—every field study proves JOHN HORGAN 9 is Director of the Center for Science at Stevens Institute of Technology, former senior writer at Scientific American, B.A. from Columbia and an M.S. from Columbia “The End of the Age of War,” Dec 7, http://www.newsweek.com/id/225616/page/1 The economic crisis was supposed to increase violence around the world. The truth is AND pageant -contestants—or something like it may finally come to pass.
