Tournament: NJDDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Concordia CS | Judge: Juan Garcia-Lugo
Text: We will advocate for the entirety of the aff minus the confession of privilege

Confessions of privilege serve to reinforce racism—they become a substitute for material politics and mark whiteness with a self-reflexive quality that helps to absolve it of its foul characteristics
Smith 2013 (Andrea, Cultural Studies, Cal-Riverside, “The Problem with Privilege” http://andrea366.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/the-problem-with-privilege-by-andrea-smith/)
In my experience working with a multitude...
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...capable of self-reflexivity and the colonized/racialized subject as the occasion for self-reflexivity.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Trinity HM | Judge: Sean Kennedy

Consultation is critical to enhancing the US/Brazil relationship—even modest initiatives like the CP can have a profound effect of building trust and cooperation.

Hakim 2011
(Peter, President of the Inter-American Dialogue, Foreign Service Journal, “Brazil and the US—Remaking a Relationship, http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32andpubID=2679)
Still, even when bilateral relations have become strained in recent years, the two
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there is consensus in Washington on U.S. climate change policy. 

Downward push in relations causes Amazonian Deforestation and destabilizes South America, resulting in arms races and nuclear proliferation

Shultz 2k
 (Donald, Research Professor of National Security Policy at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA: SHAPING AN ELUSIVE FUTURE, March)
While we are in a speculative mode, it may be useful to raise the
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, there is an increasing temptation to  look to the military for answers. 

Amazon destruction will cause planetary extinction

Takacs 96
 (David, Instructor in Department of Earth Systems Science and Policy at California State-Monterey Bay. Philosophies of Paradise, http://www.dhushara.com/book/diversit/restor/takacs.htm)
Peter Raven  bases his thinking on Leopoldand#39;s observation and#34;To keep every cog and wheel
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the famines could lead to a thermonuclear war, which could extinguish civilization.”

Tournament: UTD | Round: 3 | Opponent: KU Bhatla-Cook | Judge: Jeff Kurr
Brazil is highly concerned about space weapons—they’d say yes
Viotti, Brazilian Ambassador the the UN, 2012 (http://www.un.org/disarmament/special/meetings/firstcommittee/67/pdfs/1020Oct20GD20Brazil.pdf)

Brazil continues to-attach high priority to the objective of safeguarding outer-space
AND
on a legally­¶ binding instrument that prevents the weaponisation of outer space.

Tournament: Emporia | Round: 3 | Opponent: KU MO | Judge: KURT FIFELSKI
Text: The Supreme Court of the United States should rule that jus ad bellum and jus in bello be applied to restrict the President’s war powers authority to conduct targeted killings. We’ll clarify
Counterplan solves--- Courts can restrict war powers
Fisher 2005
(Louis Fisher, senior specialist in separation of Powers with the Congressional Research Service, September 2005, “Judicial Review of the War Power,” Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol 35, No 3, http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/422.pdf)
The terrorist attacks of 9/11, followed by the creation of a military
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many times, they have curbed presidential military actions in time of war.

Tournament: D3 | Round: 7 | Opponent: Houston JO | Judge: Phil Samules
Counterplan: The United States federal government should declare at the 2015 NPT Conference a No First Use policy.

Tournament: NJDDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Concordia CS | Judge: Juan Garcia-Lugo
Text: The United States federal government should restrict the authority of federal Article III courts to hear indefinite detention cases regarding suspected terrorists captured on the battlefield subject to the Law of Armed Conflict, who should be tried by relevant military courts.

CP solves case and all of our turns without altering Presidential authority
Tara Beech et al 6/23/8
(Program Coordinator, CONSTITUTION PROJECT’S LIBERTY AND SECURITY COMMITTEE and COALITION TO DEFEND CHECKS AND BALANCES; A CRITIQUE OF
“NATIONAL SECURITY COURTS”; http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/Critique_of_the_National_Security_Courts.pdf)
For these reasons, we, the undersigned members of the Constitution Project’s Liberty and ¶ Security...
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...should be rejected as a grave threat to our constitutional rights.

Tournament: Emporia | Round: 1 | Opponent: KU FG | Judge: Matthew Moore
Text: The United states congress should statutorily restrict the war powers authority of the president to introduce space armed forces into hostilities NASA ceases using the terminology “manned” missions and “manmade” in describing space policy operations.
NASA’s continual usage of the term “manned” excludes women from space policy, causing program failure and discouraging female participation in science and engineering.
Niebur 11
(Susan, former Discover program scientist, PhD; women in planetary science;2011,  http://womeninplanetaryscience.wordpress.com/2011/02/24/gender-neutral-language-matters/, JKS)
I was disappointed to see the phrasing of tonight’s press release, “NASA Releases
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press releases.  It matters, and it has long-reaching impact.

This leads to exclusions of women from scientific institutions- their participation is key to maintain a robust and competitive space program
Lempinam 10
(contributor, science magazine, Oct. 29th, http://www.sciencemag.org/content/330/6004/607.full, JKS)

SAN JUAN, Puerto Rico—Women scientists and students are still confronted by a
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meeting, because the programs “can have strong impacts on economic growth.”

Tournament: NJDDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: KU HW | Judge: Scott Elliot
Text: The United States should ratify the Montreal Protocol and extend it to applying to HFCs and HCFCs. We’ll clarify.

Solves the aff- all of their evidence says we’re key
Science Daily – 6/13/2008. “Computer Model Shows Major Climate Shift As A Result Of Closing Ozone Hole.” http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080612141015.htm
A new study led by Columbia University researchers...
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...Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS).

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wyoming DM | Judge: Alyssa Lucas-Bolin
Special forces conduct important targeted killings – turns case - key to Afghanistan stability and preventing terrorist attacks
Sascha-Dominik Bachmann 13, Reader in International Law (University of Lincoln), 2013, “Targeted Killings: Contemporary Challenges, Risks and Opportunities,” Journal of Conflict and Security Law, doi: 10.1093/jcsl/krt007
Targeted killing has also been used by the USA in theatres of actual combat operations
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the respective governments have created areas which are outside effective state control.33
Special forces operations are key to counter-prolif---solves nuclear war
Jim Thomas 13, Vice President and Director of Studies at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, and Chris Dougherty is a Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 2013, “BEYOND THE RAMPARTS THE FUTURE OF U.S. SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES,” http://www.csbaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/SOF-Report-CSBA-Final.pdf
WMD do not represent new threats to U.S. security interests, but
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for deposing WMD-armed regimes through UW campaigns should the need arise.

Tournament: UTA | Round: 7 | Opponent: WSU MO | Judge: Erika Jensen
Text- The United States federal government should fully commit to Mohamed al-zawahiri’s peace proposal.
The conditions are fair, reasonable, and do-able. Provides our best avenue to end the “War on Terror”
 Nic Robertson, September 11, 2012
(Nic: Despite having a stupid name is pretty smart and CNN senior forgien affairs correspondent) http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/10/world/meast/zawahiri-peace-plan/ Exclusive: Al Qaeda leader's brother offers peace plan

Cairo, Egypt (CNN) -- The brother of al Qaeda leader Ayman al
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past."¶ It wouldn't be the first time the terms are unacceptably high¶

Tournament: D3 | Round: 6 | Opponent: UTD LO | Judge: Jeffrey Jarman
The executive branch should establish ex ante transparency and ex post procedural protections of targeted killing standards and procedures, and restrict the president’s war powers authority to individuals who are members of organized groups of a non-state party engaged in hostilities. 

The executive branch should determine that the offensive use of combat drones constitutes an introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities.

Solves legitimacy and norms and makes drones effective
Jennifer Daskal, Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law, Georgetown University Law Center, April 2013, ARTICLE: THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BATTLEFIELD: A FRAMEWORK FOR DETENTION AND TARGETING OUTSIDE THE "HOT" CONFLICT ZONE, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165

4. Procedural Requirements¶ Currently, officials
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of the civilian costs of targeting operations. n198

Tournament: UTD | Round: 5 | Opponent: Georgia State FF | Judge: MIKE GIROUARD
Text: In this round, Mike, Luke, John, Jasmine, and I should welcome military veterans. The role of the ballot is the critic should vote for the team that best welcomes military veterans.

Use of the term ‘we’ paves the way for government intervention into individual lives and the debate space – this form of politicization in debate causes tyrannical rule and coercion, crushing the possibility for participatory democracy
Roger Kerr, Executive Director of the New Zealand Business Roundtable, ‘3 (“The 'We' Word: And the Tyranny of the Majority” http://www.cis.org.au/policy/summer03-04/polsumm0304-4.htm)
Of all such terms, 'we' is the most subtle and troublesome. It is
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social discord at best and a slide into an Orwellian world at worst.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: Gonzaga HC | Judge: William Smelko
Plan: exchange “women/woman” with “womyn”

Spelling womyn with a Y allows for reclaiming and act as a SYMBOLIC r against oppression
Michigan State Universityand#39;s Group of Womyn Creating Consciousness Collectively 2001 bttp://www.msu.edu/~womvn/alternative.html
It is important to point out that this alternative spelling of the word and#34;woman
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through our own female views of ourselves, as self-defined womyn.

The focus on spelling and language allows us to question male-centered domination - spelling with a Y is critical for this to happen
Erica Smily April 19 2002 Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.
Before the interview, you asked that we preserve your alternate spellings of and#34;woman
AND
to it to notice, and to begin reclaiming an independent feminine identity.

By using the traditional spelling of the WORD they give in to the notion that womyn are inferior
Outs Action Collective 2003 http://www.home.no/outsactioncollective/womyn.html
Why do we spell womyn with a y? and#34;In most languages womyn and
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as the singular.and#34; This definition comes from Deakin Uni Womynand#39;s Collective website.

Tournament: CEDA | Round: 6 | Opponent: KU MN | Judge: J Stan
TEXT: The President of the United States should issue an executive order to restrict the war powers authority of the President of the United States to indefinitely detain persons legally located within the United States.

The counterplan solves and avoids politics
Thomasson, 12 Scott, president of NewBuild Strategies LLC, an energy and infrastructure consulting firm, former policy director at a nonprofit think tank, has testified before Congress about proposals for financing infrastructure, “Encouraging U.S. Infrastructure Investment,” Council on Foreign Relations Policy Innovation Memorandum No. 17, April, http://www.cfr.org/infrastructure/encouraging-us-infrastructure-investment/p27771
Despite the pressing infrastructure investment...
AND
...entirely with executive branch action.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: OU LS | Judge: Chris Loghry

Our counter advocacy is to create a forum in which to discuss grief politics

Encouraging community-wide forums to discuss their advocacy solves better for the alt

Zompetti 2004 – assistant professor, School of Communication, Illinois State University (Joseph, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, 25, “PERSONALIZING DEBATING: DIVERSITY AND TOLERANCE IN THE DEBATE COMMUNITY”)
 Interjecting the personalized into debate rounds has become highly problematic.  As discussions on
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to personalizing debate, however, are, in my opinion, enormous.

2 net benefits: Better activism and inclusion
Personalizing debate divides the debate community, causing backlash and resistance to the alt

Zompetti 2004 – assistant professor, School of Communication, Illinois State University (Joseph, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, 25, “PERSONALIZING DEBATING: DIVERSITY AND TOLERANCE IN THE DEBATE COMMUNITY”)
The purpose of this essay is to outline what I strongly believe is a fundamental
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it ignores deeper, perhaps more important structural problems within the debate community.

Debate rounds are bad forums- Competition nullifies any potential for in-round activism—using rounds themselves as the site of protest trades off with addressing inequalities, lack of time, moving advocacy targets, and they deflect from community-wide discussions- turns the case

Zompetti ’04 Joe, Assistant Professor, School of Communication, Illinois State
University, “Contemporary Argumentation and Debate”
The second major problem with this turn in contemporary policy debate is its deflection,
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change-oriented definition of politicsand#34; (1998, p. 7).

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: OU LS | Judge: Chris Loghry

Text: We advocatee the entirety of the affirmative minus the narrative portion. We’ll clarify

They narcissistically use narratives for the ballot – guts solvency and furthers oppression

Darling-Wolf 98 (Fabienne, Phd candidate at the University of Iowa, “White bodies and feminist dilemmas: on the complexity of positionality. (Constructing (Mis)Representations). Journal of Communication Inquiry v.22.n4(Oct1998): pp410(16)
If our position can render even well-intended and carefully crafted speech epistemologically dangerous
AND
the project of imperialism (Khanand#39;s and#34;ethnicand#34; writings embraced by white feminists

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Baylor BB | Judge: Dan Stout

WoT

AQAP is reeling
Bergen and Rowland 13—CNN’s national security analyst AND program associate at the New America Foundation (Peter and Jennifer, 18 July 2013, “Al Qaeda in Yemen: On the ropes,” http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/18/opinion/bergen-al-qaeda-yemen/index.html?hpt=op_t1)

Shihri's death in the U.S. drone strike is part of larger story
AND
Refuge: Yemen, al-Qaeda, and America's War in Arabia".
But the jihadist group lost all of these gains within about a year. An offensive by the Yemeni army that was supported by U.S. intelligence last year pushed AQAP out of the central Yemeni province of Abyan, forcing AQAP's fighters to flee to the remote desert province of Hadramaut.
The group has since been reduced to carrying out much smaller attacks; nothing compared to the massive suicide bombing it was able to conduct in the heart of the Yemeni capital in May 2012, which killed upwards of 100 soldiers as they rehearsed for a military parade.
And despite its focus on attacking U.S. targets, AQAP has not
AND
and Saudi intelligence services, so the plot was never a real threat.)
Despite all the losses AQAP has suffered its capable chief bomb maker, Ibrahim al-Asiri, remains at large. Al-Asiri was the brains behind AQAP's failed "underwear bomb" attempt to bring down a Detroit-bound U.S. airliner on Christmas Day 2009.
AQAP's overall leader, Nasser al-Wuhayshi also remains at large, Wuhayshi is AQAP's founder and his continued survival is surely important for the organization.
AQAP could regenerate, particularly if Yemen sees more upheaval, but for now, the group is on the run from the Yemeni army and U.S. drone strikes, fearful of spies in its midst, is unable to launch large-scale attacks, and boasts a dwindling cadre of leaders. AQAP, in short, is struggling to survive. 

AQAP isn’t a threat—their impacts are hype
Gerges 12—Prof of IR @ London School of Economics (“The Rise and Fall of Al-Qaeda: Debunking the Terrorism Narrative”, 1/3/2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/fawaz-gerges/the-rise-and-fall-of-alqa_b_1182003.html, CMR)

The popular uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen and Bahrain
AND
is a painful reminder of the European colonial legacy of domination and subjugation.

Bab-al-Mandab is resilient
AFP 11 (Unrest in Yemen unlikely to disrupt oil supplies, experts say, 6/5/11, Al Arabiya, http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/06/05/151898.html)

Yemen's unrest is unlikely to disrupt oil supplies through the strategic Bab al-Mandab
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the Gulf coast in the east, Mr. Abu-Dahesh said. 

No risk of bioterror
Keller 13
(Rebecca, 7 March 2013, Analyst at Stratfor Global Intelligence and Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of Colorado at Boulder , “Bioterrorism and the Pandemic Potential,” Stratfor, http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/bioterrorism-and-pandemic-potential)
The risk of an accidental release of H5N1 is similar to that of other infectious
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also cannot be visibly ill because that would limit the necessary human contact.

Bioweapons don’t cause extinction -- empirical death tolls prove the impact is minimal.
Leitenberg, ‘5
Milton, Senior research scholar at the University of Maryland, Trained as a Scientist and Moved into the Field of Arms Control in 1966, First American Recruited to Work at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Affiliated with the Swedish Institute of International Affairs and the Center for International Studies Peace Program at Cornell University, Senior Fellow at CISSM, ASSESSING THE BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS AND BIOTERRORISM THREAT, http://www.cissm.umd.edu/papers/files/assessing_bw_threat.pdf
The conclusions from these independent studies were uniform and mutually reinforcing. There is an
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of anthrax spores, which had been prepared within the preceding 24 months.
Waterway terror not visible enough – no motivation.
Catherine Z. Raymond, 2-9-2006, Associate Research Fellow at the Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, "The Threat of Maritime Terrorism in the Malacca Straits," Global Terrorism Analysis, Vol. 4 Issue 3, http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2369896
ASG and MILF traditionally operate within their locality of the Philippines and its surrounding archipelagic
AND
than on land and entails the same environmental challenges as any maritime activity. 

Firebreak

Indo-Pak war does not cause extinction 

Ball ‘6
(Desmond, prof at the Strategic and Defense Studies Centre at the Australian National Univ, “The Probabilities of On the Beach: Assessing ‘Armageddon Scenarios’ in the 21st Century,” Working Paper No. 401, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre at The Australian National University, http://rspas.anu.edu.au/papers/sdsc/wp/wp_sdsc_401.pdf) 

Analysis of these incidents suggests that nuclear war is in fact more likely between India
AND
the Indian population and 93 percent of the Pakistani population would survive.35 

Deterrence prevents war
Waltz ‘00
(Kenneth, poli sci prof at Columbia University, research associate of the Institute of War and Peace Studies, Winter/Spring, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1, “Interview: Is Kenneth Waltz Still M.A.D. about Nukes?” Interviewed by Jeremy Goldberg and Parag Khanna, http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/gjia/gjia_winspr00f.html) 

Stability in the subcontinent now exists; it had not existed since World War II
AND
fear of the retaliation, and it’s that fear of retaliation that deters.

Asian war is unlikely --- all potential conflicts are solved by regional stability initiatives throughout the region
Bitzinger and Desker, ‘08 – senior fellow and dean of S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies respectively (Richard A. Bitzinger, Barry Desker, “Why East Asian War is Unlikely,” Survival, December 2008, http://pdfserve.informaworld.com-/678328_731200556_906256449.pdf)

The Asia-Pacific region can be regarded as a zone of both relative insecurity
AND
this suggests that war in Asia – while not inconceivable – is unlikely.

Solvency

The War on Terror will never end and can’t be won—it is in the interest of the plutocrats in Washington and the Defense Industry—the aff cannot fundamentally alter that.  This administration will always defy the law and the rest of government will serve as their accomplices.
Greenwald, 2013
(Glenn, “The War on Terror is Permanent” http://readersupportednews.org/opinion2/277-75/17472-the-war-on-terror-is-permanent JK)

That the Obama administration is now repeatedly declaring that the "war on terror"
AND
price they're paying for this ongoing splurge of war spending and endless aggression.

No loose nukes
Cohen and Zenko 12 (Michael and Micah, Fellow at the Century Foundation AND Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Clear and Present Safety,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 91, Iss. 2, EBSCO)
Pakistan represents another potential source of loose nukes. The United States' military strategy in
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United States is "very comfortable with the security of Pakistan's nuclear weapons."

No nuclear terrorism—no capability nor intent reject their alarmism
- Many reasons to doubt both the capability and interest of terrorists getting nuclear devices
- Dangers of a loose nuke from Russia is far over-stated
- Even if a terrorist group got a nuclear weapon using it would be very difficult
- Terrorists and connections between rogue states is exaggerates
- Iran and North Korea are not going to give terrorists nukes because their arsenals are small
- What can go wrong will go wrong—multiple intensifying and compounding probability make terrorist failure inevitable
- Their evidence uses worst case scenarios which is alarmist and false
- Insider documents within Al-Qaeda show they don’t want nuclear weapons and prefer convention weapons
- Their evidence about them wanting nukes is wrong the 90s and out of date
- Even if they did want a nuke it was only to deter a U.S. invasion
Gavin 10—Francis J. Gavin is Tom Slick Professor of International Affairs and Director of the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin International Security, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Winter 2009/10), pp. 7–37, the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Same As It Ever Was  Nuclear Alarmism, Proliferation, and the Cold War”, http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/isec.2010.34.3.7

Nuclear Terrorism. The possibility of a terrorist nuclear attack on the United States is
AND
overstated, and that popular wisdom on the topic is significantly fiawed.”59

Tournament: Wake | Round: 8 | Opponent: Binghamton CP | Judge: Mike Krueger
Book Reviews

While The Namesake conveys the experience of being a foreigner, the writing much like debate provides a counter productive intellectual distance
Hana, No date
Julia, book reviewer. “Jhumpa Lahiri returns with a novel.” The Boston Phoenix. No date. http://www.bostonphoenix.com/boston/arts/books/documents/03146771.asp
So how does The Namesake measure up on the unfair second-book scale?
AND
the same curiosity from strangers, the same combination of pity and respect."

Anonymous
Posted May 8, 2008
I loved the author's Pulitzer Prize winning book of short stories. I read those
AND
contrived. Overall, the story seemed forced and like a 'writers'workshop' selection!

Anonymous
Posted June 18, 2007
I was excited to read this book. Unfortunately, I finished the book and
AND
came. As an avid reader, I would not recommend this book.

Anonymous
Posted February 24, 2004
I enjoyed the 'Interpreter of Maladies' because of its subtle inflections (Adam Haslett's 'You
AND
superficial. In the meantime, what were the mainstream press reviewers thinking??????

The referencing of personal experience before anything else to determine the validity of argument is solipsism – it stifles dialogue and is reductionist which is why people have stopped using it – arguments beyond those our positionalities reveal to us are relevant and bracketing them out destroys efforts for change.
Bridges 1
David, Centre for Applied Research in Education, University of East Anglia, The Ethics of Outsider Research, Journal of Philosophy of Education, Vol. 35, No. 3

First, it is argued that only those who have shared in, and have
AND
from disempowered communities and it is to this that I shall now turn.

Tournament: Emporia | Round: 5 | Opponent: ESU TW | Judge: Matthew Vega
Only evaluate what we can test as true – the alternative is mass violence
A.N. Wilson 2k
(British cultural historian and columnist, “The Sokal Hoax: The Sham that Shook Academia,” pg 120-121, ldg)

Intellectuals are important, and it does matter what we think. It is not
AND
they and the whole of society are led like Gadarene swine to perdition.

The aff is IDENTITY but not POLITICS – failure to think about a future in which their identity claims will no longer be needed results in a reactionary politics that entrenches the status quo
Gurminder Bhambra and Victoria Margree 10
(*U Warwick; School of Humanities, U Brighton; “Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’,” http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_)

The quotation with which this article begins comes from the end of the novel where
AND
Satya Mohanty, and com-munities and knowledge by Lynn Hankinson Nelson.
This doesn’t preclude finding personal meanings, having to research all sides allows you to maintain your ethical beliefs while also being able to advocate for them better
Zwarensteyn 2012
Ellen C., Masters Candidate in Communications at Grand Valley State University, High School Policy Debate as an Enduring Pathway to Political Education: Evaluating Possibilities for Political Learning, Masters Theses. Paper 35, http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/theses/35

As discussed previously, sources of political information matters to how politically pluralistic the general
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help establish empathy through seeing the humanity and credibility in one another’s arguments.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: Gonzaga HC | Judge: William Smelko
The affirmative operates from an America 1st ontology. Demanding that we recognize our own vulnerability replicates first world privilege and denies a true ethical understanding of the precariousness of all life. This means they can’t access their solvency mechanism.

Peterson 06 Christopher, “The Return of the Body: Judith Butler’s Dialectical Corporealsim” Discourse Spring and Fall 2006

Butlerand#39;s more recent work, in particular Precarious Life (2004), turns once again
AND
—an egological formation that, for Levinas, is antithetical to ethics.

Viewing vulnerability as an external creation perpetuates the myth of ontological invincibility: if the threat is out there, there emerges the ability to manage and control it. This reinforces our sense of security. Focus on American vulnerability reinscribes the subject/object us/them binary, denying the ability for ethical engagement, turns the case.
Peterson 06 Christopher, “The Return of the Body: Judith Butler’s Dialectical Corporealsim” Discourse Spring and Fall 2006

Faithful to Levinasian ethics, Butler maintains that the cry for war occasioned by the
AND
/non-being that the turn toward ethics is intended to correct.

Recognition of vulnerability ? Wholesale Rejection
Butler does not call for a wholesale rejection of security practices. She uses the example of the inherent helplessness of an infant to illustrate the ways in which society must respond and attend to the precarious lives composing it. The Affirmative’s explanation of vulnerability is debilitating and leaves us unable to respond to forces of threat and oppression, increasing global inequality. No thanks.
Butler 06 Judith, Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence, 2006, 31-32

Although I am insisting on referring to a common human vulnerability, one that emerges
AND
such fast and furious support and will not even qualify as “grievable.”

There is a difference between perceptual and actual vulnerability. The plan only increases American perceptual vulnerability while the affirmative advantages indicate the actual increased security. This prevents us from being truly mindful of our vulnerability and ensures the plan cannot solve.
Hollander 01 Jocelyn A. “Vulnerability and Dangerousness: The Construction of Gender through Conversation about Violence” Gender and Society, Vol. 15, No, 1 February 2001 pg. 87

I propose two new concepts-perceived vulnerability and perceived dangerousness-to represent shared
AND
hand and their per- ceived potential for perpetrating violence on the other.

Equating vulnerability with femininity reinforces traditional gender roles and obscures the root of violence. Demanding the insertion of vulnerability into the conception of the masculine obscures the physical threat of domination and sexual violence present in the lives of the womyn. Using a top down approach does nothing to deal with the primary source of vulnerability and violence and lures people into a false sense of safety, increasing the likelihood for violence.
Hollander 01 Jocelyn A. “Vulnerability and Dangerousness: The Construction of Gender through Conversation about Violence” Gender and Society, Vol. 15, No, 1 February 2001 pg. 84

These two quotes summarize one of the most pervasive differences between the lives of womyn
AND
behavior and communica- tion that replicate and reinforce existing ideas about gender.

Edited for gendered language

Tournament: D3 | Round: 7 | Opponent: Houston JO | Judge: Phil Samules
Nuclear weapons prevent war by making costs unacceptable and de-escalating conflict
Kenneth Waltz, Professor of Poly Sci at
AND
Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed”
First, war can be fought in the
AND
you can't win much and might lose everything?

Deterrence prevents large scale war - Taiwan, Korea, and Kashmir prove
Alagappa ‘8 Muthiah – Distinguished senior
AND
.  Ed. Muthiah Alagappa.  p.
Nuclear weapons have a low profile in the
AND
take large-scale war off the table. 

No first use kills deterrence and credibility – sends a signal that we’ve lost resolve to security commitments.
Stanley Foundation 2008
(Stanley Foundation Policy dialogue brief. A
AND
built on world citizenship and effective global governance.)
Could NFU encourage positive changes in the nuclear
AND
weakened United¶ States had lost its nerve.

Nuclear proliferation solves arms races-makes force comparisons irrelevant
Kenneth Waltz, Professor of Poly Sci at
AND
Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed”
One may believe that old American and Soviet
AND
combine deterrent with large war- fighting forces.
?
Iran deal proves that nuclear deterrence has to be at the core of our persuasion policy – carrot doesn’t matter if there’s no stick
Weaver 2013
(Understanding the Role Deterrence Plays in Current
AND
0,4069852.column#axzz2uTVEl0BL)kk
As President Obama ramps up sanctions pressure against
AND
to move forward with building a nuclear weapon.¶
No US-China War – econ, deterrence, resilient relations
Harding 12
(Harry, American political scientist specializing in Chinese politics and foreign affairs, founding dean of the Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy at the University of Virginia, previously served as dean of the Elliott School of International Affairs, advised several US Presidents on developments in the PRC; August, “American Visions of the Future of U.S.-China Relations: Competition, Cooperation, and Conflict,” in Tangled Titans, ed. David Shambaugh, Rowland and Littlefield, p. 406 – Kurr)
Fortunately, an essentially confrontational relationship is also unlikely, especially in the sense of a direct military conflict. The high degree of economic interdependence between the two countries has already created a relatively resilient relationship since the costs of a fundamental break between the two countries would be very high for each of them.24 Equally important, the cost of military conflict, especially given the fact that both China and the U.S. are nuclear powers, will be a significant deterrent against military conflict. Although China and the U.S. may not be compelled to cooperate, in other words, they may be compelled to avoid confrontation. Moreover, the probability of the most worrying of the triggers events identified above – a unilateral declaration of independence by Taiwan – is presently quite low, as is the risk that China would try to compel unification through the use of force. In this case a system of mutual deterrence prevents any party from crossing any of the other’s “red lines,” which have been clearly identified and communicated. Another possible trigger event, the collapse of the North Korean regime, has a somewhat higher probability, and the two countries’ red lines are less clear, but their ability to communicate quickly and avoid open conflict over that issue, while worth bolstering, is probably adequate, unless the overall relationship had deteriorated further prior to the event. Here again, mutual deterrence will play an important role in preventing the descent into military confrontation. 

No US-Sino war
Rosecrance et al 10 (Richard, Political Science Professor @ Cal and Senior Fellow @ Harvard’s Belfer Center and Former Director @ Burkle Center of IR @ UCLA, and Jia Qingguo, PhD Cornell, Professor and Associate Dean of School of International Studies @ Peking University, “Delicately Poised: Are China and the US Heading for Conflict?” Global Asia 4.4, http://www.globalasia.org/l.php?c=e251)

Will China and the US Go to War
AND
with the US? The answer is no. 

Single issues not key – perceptions change slowly.
Gray, International Politics at Reading, 11 COLIN S. GRAY is Professor of International Poli- tics and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading,  England. He worked at the International Institute for  Strategic Studies (London), and at Hudson Institute  (Croton-on-Hudson, NY) before founding the Na- tional Institute for Public Policy, a defense-oriented  think tank in the Washington, DC, area. Dr. Gray  served for 5 years in the Reagan administration on  the President’s General Advisory Committee on Arms SSI Monograph HARD POWER AND SOFT POWER: THE UTILITY OF MILITARY FORCE AS AN INSTRUMENT OF POLICY IN THE   21ST CENTURY Colin S. Gray April 2011

The error lies in the  search for,
AND
country cannot easily escape legacies from its  past.

Can’t substitute for hard power.
Kroenig 8
(Government at Georgetown, et al. 10 Matthew, Department of Government, Georgetown University Melissa McAdam,  Department of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley Steven Weber, Information School, University of California, Berkeley, Taking Soft Power Seriously, Comparative Strategy, Volume 29, Issue 5 November 2010 , pages 412 – 431

Foreign policy actors have many reasons to experiment
AND
the use of military force, for example.

Tournament: D3 | Round: 2 | Opponent: KCKCC FG | Judge: Gabe Murillo
Must evaluate consequences – the alternative is moral absolutism that generates evil
Isaac ‘2—Professor of Political Science at Indiana-Bloomington
Jeffery C., Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale  Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” p. Proquest.
As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
They trade the narrative for the ballot- this commodifies personal experience into a form of currency and strips it of any actual meaning
Coughlin 95
Associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)
Although Williams is quick to detect insensitivity and bigotry in remarks made by strangers,
AND
Sacvan Bercovitch, "to have your dissent and make it too." n205

The 1ac is filled with the language of demand—it is a jackal language which promotes defensiveness and disharmony

Rosenberg 1995 (Marshall, Psychologist, founder of The Center for Nonviolent Communication, “Compassionate Communication”, Miracles Magazine (11) JK)

At an early age, most of us were taught to speak and think "
AND

"Obviously, you're emotionally disturbed (rude, lazy, selfish)."
Black panther tactics get crushed by the state security apparatus
Emery 7,
Phd, (Kathy, “ The Limits of Violent Resistance,”  For the Western Edition, August 27, 2007 http://www.educationanddemocracy.org/Emery/westernedition/Sept07WestEd.pdf)
The August 15th editorial for SF Bayview concluded that the only way to stop gentrification
AND
at it’s strongest point, a suicidal Pickett’s Charge, if you will.

Tournament: Emporia | Round: 1 | Opponent: KU FG | Judge: Matthew Moore

Weaponization

No extinction from disease or AIDS– they either burn out or don’t spread
Posner 05
(Richard A, judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, and senior lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School, Winter. “Catastrophe: the dozen most significant catastrophic risks and what we can do about them.” http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmske/is_3_11/ai_n29167514/pg_2?tag=content;col1)

Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has managed to survive every disease to assail it
AND
lesson of the AIDS pandemic. And there is always a lust time.

Positive feedback theory is flawed—water vapor reduces warming
Goreham 13
Steve, author of The Mad, Mad, Mad World of Climatism: Mankind and Climate Change Mania and Climatism! Science, Common Sense, and the 21st Century’s Hottest Topic. “Why the climate models are wrong.” The Washington Times. July 30th, 2013. http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/climatism-watching-climate-science/2013/jul/30/why-climate-models-are-wrong/
The assumption of positive feedback from water vapor has been integral to the climate models
AND
idea that mankind’s relatively tiny CO2 emissions impact the water cycle is preposterous.

No extinction from warming

NIPCC 11. Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change. Surviving the unprecedented climate change of the IPCC. 8 March 2011. http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2011/mar/8mar2011a5.html

In a paper published in Systematics and Biodiversity, Willis et al. (2010
AND
the fossil record indicates remarkable biotic resilience to wide amplitude fluctuations in climate."

Balancing

There’s no uniqueness for relations – Russia and China have been pissed at us for perceived space weapon development for YEARS – even though we’re NOT developing the weapons. Independently, Chinese and Russian weaponization makes all their impacts inevitable
Stone 9
(Space strategy planner for the USAF, a former staff member for two US Senators, and Executive Director of a growing Chamber of Commerce, “How should we secure our space-based assets as a nation?,” http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1345/1)
At the same, US satellites, military as well as commercial, have been
AND
as a sanctuary free from conflict will be restored. Or will it?

Unifaction make Taiwan crisis inevitable – escalates to military options
Shlapak 09 (David A. Shlapak, Senior International Policy Analyst @ RAND, et al, 2009, “A Question of Balance,” RAND,  http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2009/RAND_MG888.pdf )
The factors described in this chapter present something of a mixed bag, and their
AND
of forces seems to remove an important impediment to Chinese use of force.

Asian war is unlikely -~-- all potential conflicts are solved by regional stability initiatives throughout the region
Bitzinger and Desker, ‘08 – senior fellow and dean of S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies respectively (Richard A. Bitzinger, Barry Desker, “Why East Asian War is Unlikely,” Survival, December 2008, http://pdfserve.informaworld.com-/678328_731200556_906256449.pdf)

The Asia-Pacific region can be regarded as a zone of both relative insecurity
AND
this suggests that war in Asia – while not inconceivable – is unlikely.

US won’t be drawn in – No escalation.
Jeffrey Record 01, professor of strategy and international security at the Air War College at Maxwell AFB, senior research fellow at the Center for Int’l Strategy, Technology, and Policy at the Georgia Institute of Technology, PhD from Johns Hopkins School of Advanced Int’l Studies, Winter 2001, Aerospace Power Journal, v15 i4, “Thinking about China and War,” p. InfoTrac OneFile
Chinese military action against Asian mainland states not allied with the United States probably would
AND
-Pakistani exchange during the South Asian nuclear-war scare of 1999.

Tournament: Emporia | Round: 3 | Opponent: KU MO | Judge: KURT FIFELSKI

Norms

Drone strikes are less utilized in the status quo, and are killing record low levels of civilians
Cahall 13
(Bailey, research associate with the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation, July 2nd 2013, New report says CIA drone strikes in Pakistan at an all-time low, afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/02/report_cia_drone_strikes_in_pakistan_at_all_time_low
A new report released by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism on Monday notes that the
AND
sharply falling civilian casualty rate for the past year on CNN.com. 

Asian war is unlikely --- all potential conflicts are solved by regional stability initiatives throughout the region
Bitzinger and Desker, ‘08 – senior fellow and dean of S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies respectively (Richard A. Bitzinger, Barry Desker, “Why East Asian War is Unlikely,” Survival, December 2008, http://pdfserve.informaworld.com-/678328_731200556_906256449.pdf)

The Asia-Pacific region can be regarded as a zone of both relative insecurity
AND
this suggests that war in Asia – while not inconceivable – is unlikely.

US won’t be drawn in – No escalation.
Jeffrey Record 01, professor of strategy and international security at the Air War College at Maxwell AFB, senior research fellow at the Center for Int’l Strategy, Technology, and Policy at the Georgia Institute of Technology, PhD from Johns Hopkins School of Advanced Int’l Studies, Winter 2001, Aerospace Power Journal, v15 i4, “Thinking about China and War,” p. InfoTrac OneFile
Chinese military action against Asian mainland states not allied with the United States probably would
AND
-Pakistani exchange during the South Asian nuclear-war scare of 1999.

Bioweapons don’t cause extinction -- they’re weak and easy to control.
Mueller ‘10
John, Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and a Professor of Political Science at The Ohio State University, A.B. from the University of Chicago, M.A. and Ph.D. @ UCLA, Atomic Obsession – Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda, Oxford University Press
Properly developed and deployed, biological weapons could potentially, if thus far only in
AND
then effective dispersal could easily be disrupted by unfavorable environmental and meteorological conditions.

Pakistan

Drones irrelevant to Pakistan stability- multiple alternatives cause.
Javaid ’11 (Umbreen, Director Center of Asian Studies and Chairperson Department of political
AND
concerns for the region and also ¶ towards the global security and peace.

Indo-Pak war doesn’t escalate.
Gwynne Dyer 02, Ph.D. in war studies from the University of London, serves on the Board of Governors of Canada’s Royal Military College, independent journalist, May 24, 2002, Hamilton Spectator, “Nuclear war a possibility over Kashmir,” p. Lexis
For those who do not live in the subcontinent, the most important fact is
AND
and Pakistan would not cause grave harm to the wider world from fallout.
No Indo-Pak War – International pressures
Dhanda 11 Suresh Dhanda, Department of Political Science, S.A.Jain College _{Haryana, India, International Affairs and Global Strategy www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-574X (Paper) ISSN 2224-8951 (Online) Vol 2, 2011, “Dangers of Missile Race in South Asia: an India-Pakistan Perspective” http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/IAGS/article/view/1065/985 SS
Fourthly, India and Pakistan will face international opprobrium if they opt to deploy nuclear
AND
not seem to engender the same level of concern in the international community.
No inherency – US just reduced drone strikes which appeased Pakistan – also any Pakistani resistance is not sincere.
Gannon and Abbot 7/24 (U.S. slashes drone program in Pakistan
July 25, 2013 - 4:50pm KATHY GANNON SEBASTIAN ABBOT THE ASSOCIATED PRESS http://thechronicleherald.ca/world/1144300-us-slashes-drone-program-in-pakistan)kk
ISLAMABAD, Pakistan — The United States has drastically scaled back the number of drone
AND
articulate a clear demand regarding drone strikes to take advantage of coalescing pressure.”}

Solvency

Congress is incapable of reigning in the executive—Obama will use secret legal interpretations to justify his actions, nobody can access the right info, and the most powerful congresspeople are lackeys for the national security apparatus.

Greenwald 8-4-13 (Glenn, National Security Correspondent @ the Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/04/congress-nsa-denied-access)
Members of Congress have been repeatedly thwarted when attempting to learn basic information about the
AND
those who try to rectify that are being actively blocked from finding out.

The drone lobby controls Congress—LOL @ thinking their oversight would be effective
Michaels 2013 (Martin, The Human Side of Drones: Congress fails in oversight”, http://www.mintpressnews.com/the-human-side-of-drones-congress-fails-in-oversight/158722/)

Standing in the way of proper congressional oversight has been the burgeoning drone lobby,
AND
Street Research. Seventy-seven percent of these donations went to Republicans.

Tournament: UTA | Round: 3 | Opponent: MoState RM | Judge: Brian Box
Legitimacy
NSC’s discriminatory policy undermines international perception of legal legitimacy and devastates soft power
Shulman 09, Law Prof at Pace
(Mark, NATIONAL SECURITY COURTS: STAR CHAMBER OR SPECIALIZED JUSTICE?, ssrn.com/abstract=1328427)
National security or terrorist courts in other countries offer troubling lessons, mostly because of
AND
“public opinion which alone can here protect the values of democratic government.”

Human Rights Cred is irrelevant — public opinion, global norms, and NGO networks outweigh US policy
Moravcsik 2005
Andrew Moravcsik 5, PhD and a Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, 2005, "The Paradox of U.S. Human Rights Policy," American Exceptionalism and Human Rights, http://www.princeton.edu/~amoravcs/library/paradox.pdf
It is natural to ask: What are the consequences of U.S.
AND
seem to have little to do with U.S. multilateral policy. 

Legitimacy inevitable and irrelevant - not key to cooperation
Brooks and Wohlforth 09
Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. William C. Wohlforth is Daniel Webster Professor of Government and Chair of the Department of Government at Dartmouth College, Foreign Affairs, March/April 2009, "Reshaping the World Order", http://www.dartmouth.edu/~govt/faculty/BrooksWohlforth-FA2009.pdf

THE LEGITIMACY TO LEAD?¶ For analysts such as Zbigniew Brzezinski and Henry Kissinger,
AND
leadership is natural under the circumstances or the best that can be expected.

Multilateralism is in unstoppable decline
Young et al 13
Kevin Young is Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, David Held is Master of University College, and Professor of Politics and International Relations, at the University of Durham. He is also Director of Polity Press and General Editor of Global Policy, Thomas Hale is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Blavatnik School of Government, Oxford University, Open Democracy, May 24, 2013, "Gridlock: the growing breakdown of global cooperation", http://www.opendemocracy.net/thomas-hale-david-held-kevin-young/gridlock-growing-breakdown-of-global-cooperation
The Doha round of trade negotiations is deadlocked, despite eight successful multilateral trade rounds
AND
they now block and inhibit problem solving and reform at the global level. 

Top consensus indicates no warming – 15 years of cooling, politically driven and dated models
Bastasch 9/29
(Top MIT scientist: Newest UN climate report is ‘hilariously’ flawed¶ 1:27 PM 09/29/2013¶ Michael Bastaschhttp://dailycaller.com/2013/09/29/top-mit-scientist-un-climate-report-is-hilariously-flawed/#ixzz2gmtrGt1E)kk

Not all scientists are panicking about global warming — one of them finds the alarmism
AND
science behind humanmade global warming is faulty and politically driven.

No warming extinction – reject 1 hyperbole
Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, “Climate Change and Economic Growth,” online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf

The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from
AND
range climate risks. What is needed are long?run balanced responses.

No extinction from disease– genetics
Posner 5
 Richard A., Judge U.S. Court of Appeals 7th Circuit, Professor Chicago School of Law, January 1, 2005, Skeptic, Altadena, CA, Catastrophe: Risk and Response, http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4150331/Catastrophe-the-dozen-most-significant.html#abstract
Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has managed to survive every disease to assail it
AND
through gene splicing into a far more lethal pathogen than smallpox ever was.

Terrorism
No oil shocks—Saudi Arabia will fill the gap
International Oil Daily ‘11
“Yemen Gets More Saudi Oil,” July 21, 2011 Thursday lexis AD 8/27/11
Saudi Arabia’s fourth shipment of crude oil to Yemen arrived at Aden refinery on Tuesday
AND
the commercial and industrial sectors around $17 billion between February and June.
Detention is the smallest factor in terror recruiting – best cables and analysis
Joscelyn 2010
(Gitmo Is Not Al Qaeda's 'Number One Recruitment Tool'¶ 2:24 PM, DEC 27, 2010 Thomas is a terrorism analyst and writer living in New York. http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/gitmo-not-al-qaedas-number-one-recruitment-tool_524997.html?page=2)kk
A closer look at the 3 out of 34 messages in which “Al Qaeda
AND
the “Zionist-Crusader” conspiracy against Muslims elsewhere around the world.
Terrorist attacks don’t cause retaliation.
Mueller, Chair of National Security Studies and Professor of Political Science Ohio State University, 05(John, “Six Rather Unusual Propositions about Terrorism,” Terrorism and Political Violence, p.500-501)
Although it is often argued that it is imperative that public officials ‘‘do something’’
AND
demand after the obligatory (and inexpensive) expressions of outrage are issued.

Solvency

National Security Court violates Due Process — eight distinct violations
Jordan Paust 08, the Mike and Teresa Baker Law Center Professor at the University of Houston, a former U.S. Army JAG officer and member of the faculty of the Judge Advocate General’s School, 10/23/08, “The Case Against a National Security Court,”
Additionally, a national security court would comply with common Article 3 only if it
AND
, or provide more general equal protection of the law to criminal accused.

Violates the Geneva Convention
Jordan Paust 08, the Mike and Teresa Baker Law Center Professor at the University of Houston, a former U.S. Army JAG officer and member of the faculty of the Judge Advocate General’s School, 10/23/08, “The Case Against a National Security Court,”
http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forumy/2008/10/case-against-national-security-court.php
During an actual armed conflict to which the laws of war apply, a national
AND
, could only operate prospectively with respect to incidents arising after its creation.
Restricting detention policies means we kill and extradite prisoners
Jack Goldsmith 09, a professor at Harvard Law School and a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, assistant attorney general in the Bush administration, 5/31/09, “The Shell Game on Detainees and Interrogation,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/29/AR2009052902989.html
The cat-and-mouse game does not end there. As detentions at
AND
help the terrorists. But it does make us feel better about ourselves.

Tournament: D3 | Round: 4 | Opponent: OU LM | Judge: Kurt Fifelski
Deconstruction’s focus on semantics trades off with real world solutions.
Wolin, 04
(Richard, B.A. from Reed College--M.A. and Ph.D. from York University in Toronto--D.D. McMurtry Professor of History at Reed College and Rice University, The seduction of unreason : the intellectual romance with fascism : from Nietzsche to postmodernism, p. 229-230)

Deconstruction and the "Political"  The question of deconstruction's relationship to contemporary politics has always been somewhat
philosophy of serious need or utility are futile or unserious.27  
Alt fails—Deconstruction leads to political apathy
Wolin, 04
(Richard, B.A. from Reed College--M.A. and Ph.D. from York University in Toronto--D.D. McMurtry Professor of History at Reed College and Rice University, The seduction of unreason : the intellectual romance with fascism : from Nietzsche to postmodernism, p. 233)

With these remarks Derrida insinuates that existing democratic
choice, one political "decision" seems almost as good as another
Deconstruction is incapable of offering strategies for oppressed individuals or groups. Abstraction is a tool of privilege.
Wolin 4
(Richard, B.A. from Reed College--M.A. and Ph.D. from York University in Toronto--D.D. McMurtry Professor of History at Reed College and Rice University, The seduction of unreason : the intellectual romance with fascism : from Nietzsche to postmodernism, p. 254-255)

Although the events of December
available to those of us who have not entirely given up on the humanist inheritance.

Deconstruction is racist, homophobic, and misogynist.
Fejfar, 07
(Anthony J, B.A. Philosophy, Magna Cum Laude, Creighton University, J.D., With Distinction, University of Nebraska College of Law, “Deconstructing Deconstruction: Deconstructing Derrida”, http://www.scribd.com/doc/980/Deconstructing-Deconstruction-Deconstructing-Derrida)  

I have heard that Derrida has deconstructed Derrida, but I haven’t found the book,
by it’s very terms cannot support any positive statements.   
Plan based debates on presidential powers create better education
Jeffrey A. Kurr 9/5/13
(Ph.D. student in the Communication Arts and Sciences program at Pennsylvania State University and a coach for the Penn State Debate Society; “Bridging Competitive Debate and Public Deliberation on Presidential War Powers,” http://public.cedadebate.org/node/14)
The public debates on presidential war powers co-hosted by the Miller Center and
As a result, debaters reinvigorate debate

Tournament: WSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: OU LW | Judge: Kurt Fifelski
Relegating human suffering to the realm of the sign and simulation is just disguised nihilism, which crushes the possibility for effective politics
Kellner 1989
Douglas (Phil. Chair @ UCLA) Jean Baudrillard, p. 107-8 

Yet does the sort of symbolic exchange which Baudrillard advocates really provide a solution to
AND
privileges and one which provides an important feature attraction of the postmodern carnival.
Baudrillard’s critique is naïve and contradictory, does not correspond with reality, and is normatively useless
Marsh 1995
James (Professor of Philosophy, Fordham University) Critique, Action, and Liberation, pp. 292-293
Such an account, however, is as one-sided or perhaps even more
AND
, and on media such as movies, television, and radio.7

The aff ascribes apathy as the only political strategy – this makes it impossible to resist the coercive and destructive power-relations that define the status quo
Butterfield 02
(Bradley, Assistant Professor of English at University of Wisconsin at La Crosse, "The Baudrillardian Symbolic, 9/11, and the War of Good and Evil" Postmodern Culture, volume 13, September, Project MUSE)
From Princess Diana to 9/11, Jean Baudrillard has been the prophet of
AND
mounting at least a challenge to the system and its sponsors (18). 

The aff renders politics impossible – any risk that our strategy is beneficial means you vote neg
Wolin, 06
(The Seduction of Unreason: The Intellectual Romance with Fascism from Nietzsche to Postmodernism, Richard Wolin, Professor of History and Comparative Literature at the Graduate Center, City University).
In the epitome of postmodern political fatalism, the only strategy Baudrillard has to recommend
AND
who committed the deed, but it is we who wished for it.

Hyperconformity or choosing to be an object doesn’t disrupt or destroy dominant systems nor does it liberate oppressed groups – it produces the conditions under which violence and genocide can erupt and be maintained
Robinson, 2k4
Andrew, University of Nottingham, Baudrillard, Zizek and Laclau on “Common Sense” – a Critique, http://andyrobinsontheoryblogblogspot.com/2004/11/baudrillard-zizek-and-laclau-on-common.html
From the second pole of his contradictory argument about the masses, which portrays them
AND
, there would have to be an AGENT CHOOSING to be an object.
*Modified for ableist language
Their alternative relies on a catastrophic self-destruction of the system that denies any room for human intervention or other alternatives – this renders strategies like the manipulation of the media and meaning as more effective than actual material action
Robinson, 2k4
Andrew, University of Nottingham, Baudrillard, Zizek and Laclau on “Common Sense” – a Critique, http://andyrobinsontheoryblog.blogspot.com/2004/11/baudrillard-zizek-and-laclau-on-common.html
The problem is further complicated by Baudrillard's vague claim that something passes between the masses
AND
portraying manipulation of the media as better than pursuing truth (GW 46). 

The privileging of seduction over the production of meaning presupposes the death of the subject. However, the disappearance of the subject is simultaneously its rediscovery. Their act of seduction falls in on itself and resurrects the possibility of meaning.
Temenuga Trifonova 2003 “Is there a subject hyperreality?” Postmodern Culture, 13:3
The confusion over the real nature of self-reflexivity accounts for a number of
AND
own annihilation, its pseudo-sacrificial self-reduction to an object.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: SFSU AT | Judge: Mia Bonitto

Whiteness isn’t a monolithic root cause-~--they shut off productive debate over solutions – means the aff fails

Shelby 7 – Tommie Shelby, Professor of African and African American Studies and of Philosophy at Harvard, 2007, We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity
Others might challenge the distinction between ideological and structural causes of black disadvantage, on
AND
developments (such as immigration policy or reduced federal funding for higher education).

Turns the case—only dialogue and decision-making allows long-term challenges to oppression

Gooding-Williams 3
 Race, Multiculturalism and Democracy. Robert Gooding-Wiliams. Robert Gooding-
AND
Constellations Volume 5, Issue 1, pages 18–41, March 1998
Consider, for example, the view held by many (though not all)
AND
can contribute to an understanding of the issues posed by these struggles.70

Dialogic democracy is the best way to dismantle racism—our vision of debate is the opposite of exclusion

Gooding-Williams 3
 Race, Multiculturalism and Democracy. Robert Gooding-Wiliams. Robert Gooding-
AND
Constellations Volume 5, Issue 1, pages 18–41, March 1998
I begin with the assumption that fostering the capacity for democratic deliber- ation is
AND
justifies a form of multicultural education that is, specifically race-conscious.

Critiques of whiteness inevitably devolve into comparing oppressions—this is an intellectual and moral dead end

Karenga, May 13, 1999
Dr. Maulana Karenga was one of the scholars who pressed for Black studies in the late 60and#39;s and early 70s, founder of Kwanzaa, and currently professor and chair of the Black studies department at California State University-Long Beach, “Whiteness Studies: Deceptive or Welcome Discourse?,” Black Issues, http://diverseeducation.com/article/139/, ACC. 11-11-10, JT
Closely related to this conceptual misadventure, Whiteness studies might also revive the Hegelian doctrine
AND
of people of color and Whites which cannot be sustained intellectually or morally.

The aff as a concept diverts attention from challenging white supremecy as thought and ideaology—this psychologizes white supremecy and fosters comparative victimization

Karenga, May 13, 1999
Dr. Maulana Karenga was one of the scholars who pressed for Black studies in the late 60and#39;s and early 70s, founder of Kwanzaa, and currently professor and chair of the Black studies department at California State University-Long Beach, “Whiteness Studies: Deceptive or Welcome Discourse?,” Black Issues, http://diverseeducation.com/article/139/, ACC. 11-11-10, JT
MK: The new focus on the study of Whiteness by Whites and other scholars
AND
oppressed, and thus moves away from the central issue of White domination.

Whiteness critics contrast white privilege as a monolithic norm of juridical power—everything gets labeled “whiteness” if we think racism originates in subjectivity

Ladelle McWhorter, Prof. University of Richmond, 2K5
“Where do white people come from? A Foucaultian critique of Whiteness Studies,” PHILOSOPHY and SOCIAL CRITICISM • vol 31 nos 5–6 • pp. 533–556, JT
As good students of Omi and Winant, Whiteness Studies theorists believe that racism operates
AND
traditional juridical conception that construes power as the possession of a preexistent subject.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Trinity HM | Judge: Sean Kennedy

The War on Terror will never end and can’t be won—it is in the interest of the plutocrats in Washington and the Defense Industry—the aff cannot fundamentally alter that.  This administration will always defy the law and the rest of government will serve as their accomplices.

Greenwald, 2013
(Glenn, “The War on Terror is Permanent” http://readersupportednews.org/opinion2/277-75/17472-the-war-on-terror-is-permanent JK)

That the Obama administration is now repeatedly declaring that the and#34;war on terrorand#34;
AND
price theyand#39;re paying for this ongoing splurge of war spending and endless aggression.

Thousands and thousands of jobs are at stake and billions of dollars in tax money—the War on Terror has metastasized into every layer of society

Kane 2013
(Alex, The forever conflict: will America’s war on terror ever end at home? http://mondoweiss.net/2013/07/the-forever-conflict-will-americas-war-on-terror-ever-end-at-home.html JK)
There are also institutional reasons why the the NYPD and the FBI want the war
AND
push back from communities and voters organizing – and from the courts if that
doesn’t work.”

The Security Industrial Complex is too big for the aff to stop—too much money involved, plus overlapping programs ensure that subjecting some to scrutiny just means other programs evolve.

Avlon 2013
 (John, “The Military Industrial Complex is real and it’s bigger than ever” http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/06/12/the-military-industrial-complex-is-real-and-it-s-bigger-than-ever.html JK)
Ed Snowden, late of Booz Allen Hamilton, is just one small expression of
AND
. This just can’t be the most effective way to accomplish the mission.

The president will just conduct secret operations to circumvent scrutiny

Marshall 2008
 (William P, Kenan. UNC Law, “Eleven Reasons why Presidential Power Inevitably Expands, and why it Matters” Boston Law Review 88:505 http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/MARSHALL.pdf JK)
The President’s power is also enhanced by the vast military and intelligence ¶ capabilities under
AND
other methods of ¶ investigation, so does the power of the President.

Even completely removing secrecy wouldn’t solve—Congressional oversight will be circumvented because agencies have a rational interest in gaming the system.

Zegart 2011 (Amy, Stanford Political Science/Hoover Institution, “The Roots of Weak Congressional Intelligence Oversight”, http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/FutureChallenges_Zegart.pdf JK)

Second, the essay suggests that reducing executive branch secrecy is important but is ¶
AND
. But Congress’s ¶ self-inflicted weaknesses make it next to impossible.

Congress is incapable of reigning in the executive—Obama will use secret legal interpretations to justify his actions, nobody can access the right info, and the most powerful congresspeople are lackeys for the national security apparatus

Greenwald 8-4-13 (Glenn, National Security Correspondent @ the Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/04/congress-nsa-denied-access)
Members of Congress have been repeatedly thwarted when attempting to learn basic information about the
AND
those who try to rectify that are being actively blocked from finding out.

Congress will be fed fake and misleading information—this process cannot be reversed and will only get worse with time.

Marshall 2008 (William P, Kenan. UNC Law, “Eleven Reasons why Presidential Power Inevitably Expands, and why it Matters” Boston Law Review 88:505 http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/MARSHALL.pdf JK)

If, “in the information age, information is power”62
AND
resources to ¶ perform these functions, its relative powers will again increase.

Congressional oversight doesn’t work—they’re either mislead or misinformed, plus group think produces pressures that result in rubber stamping.

McMurtie 2013 (Beth, “Congress’s oversight of domestic spying fails for many reasons, scholars say” Chronicle of Higher Education, http://chronicle.com/blogs/percolator/congresss-oversight-of-domestic-spying-fails-for-many-reasons-scholars-say/33143)

Then there is the problem of access to information. In short, members of
AND
to get in the way because if something happens, it’s your fault.”

Tournament: UTD | Round: 1 | Opponent: Trinity RS | Judge: Brian Box
Adventurism
No risk of great power conflict over Africa
Barrett 05
 Robert, PhD Military and Strategic Studies, U of Calgary, 6/1, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID726162_code327511.pdf?abstractid=726162andmirid=1
Westerners eager to promote democracy must be wary of African politicians who promise democratic reform
AND
– especially those conflicts in which the intervening nation has very little interest.

Asian war is unlikely --- all potential conflicts are solved by regional stability initiatives throughout the region
Bitzinger and Desker, ‘08
– senior fellow and dean of S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies respectively (Richard A. Bitzinger, Barry Desker, “Why East Asian War is Unlikely,” Survival, December 2008, http://pdfserve.informaworld.com-/678328_731200556_906256449.pdf)
The Asia-Pacific region can be regarded as a zone of both relative insecurity
AND
this suggests that war in Asia – while not inconceivable – is unlikely.

No impact to North Korea
Manning 13
 (Robert, senior fellow of the Brent Scowcroft Center for International Security at the Atlantic Council, 4-12-13, "There's No North Korea Crisis" National Interest) nationalinterest.org/commentary/theres-no-north-korea-crisis-8341?page=1
From the hysterical TV portrayals of goose-stepping North Korean troops, breathless news
AND
about as real as Orson Welles' 1938 radio broadcast of a Martian invasion.

Legitimacy

The EU is too weak to expand its foreign policy and meet challenges with the West.
The Hindu, 04 (Card is no longer available online, if you need it, please e-mail me, Friday April 30th 2004, May 21st 2010, KONTOPOULOS)

It is one of the Europea Union's most cherished ambitions to play a bigger and
AND
after enlargement it will be harder rather than easier to forge consensus.''

The EU alliance is worthless- Afghanistan proves
Daalder, 06 (Ivo- Financial Times, “US and Europe Must Learn About Alliances”)
http://us.ft.com/ftgateway/superpage.ft?news_id=fto121420061402338283

Nowhere is this more true than in Europe. Last month's Nato summit should have
AND
Australians are willing to fight in the most dangerous areas of the country.

Legitimacy inevitable and irrelevant - not key to cooperation
Brooks and Wohlforth 09
Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. William C. Wohlforth is Daniel Webster Professor of Government and Chair of the Department of Government at Dartmouth College, Foreign Affairs, March/April 2009, "Reshaping the World Order", http://www.dartmouth.edu/~govt/faculty/BrooksWohlforth-FA2009.pdf

THE LEGITIMACY TO LEAD?
For analysts such as Zbigniew Brzezinski and Henry Kissinger, the key reason for skepticism
AND
of support for U.S. leadership have dried up for good.
But this view is mistaken. For one thing, it overstates how accepted U
AND
elections of Chancellor Angela Merkel in Germany and President Nicolas Sarkozy in France.
Of course, the ability of the United States to weather such crises of legitimacy
AND
leadership is natural under the circumstances or the best that can be expected.
Moreover, history provides abundant evidence that past leading states—such as Spain,
AND
States today has the necessary legitimacy to shepherd reform of the international system.

Can't solve legitimacy
Fettweis 10
Christopher J. Fettweis is an assistant professor of political science at Tulane University, August 2010, Paper prepared for the 2010 meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, September 1-4, "The Remnants of Honor: Pathology, Credibility and U.S. Foreign Policy", http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1657460

Both theoretical logic and empirical evidence suggest that actions taken in the present will likely
AND
the natural temptation to look beyond the current crisis when deciding on action.
Honor is a socially determined good, in the sense that the community is the
AND
for their consideration in future crises, therefore, is all but futile.

Other countries don’t interpret our signals because U.S. actions appear irrational
Steve Chapman 9/5/13, columnist and editorial writer for the Chicago Tribune, “War in Syria: The Endless Quest for Credibility,” http://reason.com/archives/2013/09/05/war-in-syria-the-endless-quest-for-credi
The United States boasts the most powerful military on Earth. We have 1.
AND
dangerous. But there are graveyards full of people who made that bet.

No impact — allies won’t abandon us and adversaries can’t exploit it
Stephen M. Walt 11, the Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University, December 5, 2011, “Does the U.S. still need to reassure its allies?,” online: http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/05/us_credibility_is_not_our_problem
A perennial preoccupation of U.S. diplomacy has been the perceived need to
AND
about it, but in most cases little incentive to actually do it.
Solvency
Multiple reason the courts fail – too slow, rule narrowly, shuffle their feet
Darren A. Wheeler Dec 9
(Assistant professor of political science at Ball State University and author of Presidential Power in Action: Implementing Supreme Court Detainee Decisions; “Checking Presidential Detention Power in the War on Terror: What Should We Expect from the Judiciary?” Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 39, No. 4 (December 2009), pp. 677-700)

This article argues that there are four specific reasons why those expecting the Supreme Court
AND
administration clearly demonstrated an intense willingness and desire to exert unilateral control over matters 

Detention restrictions increases rendition and drone strikes—comparatively worse and turns cred
Goldsmith, 12
(Law Prof-Harvard, 6/29, Proxy Detention in Somalia, and the Detention-Drone Tradeoff, www.lawfareblog.com/2012/06/proxy-detention-in-somalia-and-the-detention-drone-tradeoff/

There has been speculation about the effect of the Obama administration’s pinched detention policy –
AND
of a detention-drone tradeoff will become harder and harder to defend.

Restricting detention policies means we kill and extradite prisoners
Jack Goldsmith 09, a professor at Harvard Law School and a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, assistant attorney general in the Bush administration, 5/31/09, “The Shell Game on Detainees and Interrogation,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/29/AR2009052902989.html
The cat-and-mouse game does not end there. As detentions at
AND
help the terrorists. But it does make us feel better about ourselves.
Process becomes politicized — means it’s not credible and super transparent
David Cole 08, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, David Keene, Chairman, American Conservative Union, 6/23/08, “A Critiuqe of ‘National Security Courts’,” http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/Critique_of_the_National_Security_Courts.pdf
In addition, these proposals are alarmingly short on details with respect to the selection
AND
hardly a criterion that lends itself to the appearance of fairness and impartiality.

Tournament: UTA | Round: 1 | Opponent: UNLV SJ | Judge: Alex Zendeh
Norms
U.S. drone use doesn’t set a precedent, restraint doesn’t solve it, and norms don’t apply to drones at all in the first place
Amitai Etzioni 13, professor of international relations at George Washington University, March/April 2013, “The Great Drone Debate,” Military Review, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf
Other critics contend that by the United States using drones, it leads other countries
AND
). In such circumstances, the role of norms is much more limited.

No risk of drone wars
Joseph Singh 12, researcher at the Center for a New American Security, 8/13/12, “Betting Against a Drone Arms Race,” http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/#ixzz2eSvaZnfQ
In short, the doomsday drone scenario Ignatieff and Sharkey predict results from an excessive
AND
of 21st Century warfare remains fundamentally unaltered despite their arrival in large numbers.

No drone prolif—capabilities and costs
Zenko 13
Zenko, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action – CFR, ‘13
(Micah, “U.S. Drone Strike Policies”, Council Special Report No. 65, January)
There are also few examples of armed drone sales by other countries. After the
AND
will undertake the significant investment required for armed drones in the near term.

No one will follow US lead on drones – especially Russia and China
Boot ‘11
Max Boot is a leading military historian and foreign-policy analyst. The Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York, he is the author of the critically acclaimed New York Times bestseller "Invisible Armies: An Epic History of Guerrilla Warfare from Ancient Times to the Present." http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/ ETB

This is a familiar trope of liberal critics who are always claiming we should forego
AND
the vain hope it will encourage disarmament on the part of dictatorial states.
SCS tension inevitable but won’t escalate, even if they win a huge internal link
Meidan 12
Michal Meidan 12, China Analyst at the Eurasia Group, 8/7/12, “Guest post: Why tensions will persist, but not escalate, in the South China Sea,” http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2012/08/07/guest-post-why-tensions-will-persist-but-not-escalate-in-the-south-china-sea/#axzz2Cbw54ORc
These tensions are likely to persist. And Beijing is not alone in perpetuating them
AND
in other deepwater plays elsewhere, as its attempted takeover of Nexen demonstrates.
Pakistan

The U.S. has drastically cut its drone program in Pakistan
Boone 2-5
Jon, Kabul refugee turned Pakistan correspondent, “US limits Pakistan drone strikes amid political battle over military moves.” The Guardian. 2-5-14. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/05/us-limits-pakistan-drone-strikes
The US government has agreed to greatly limit attacks by unmanned unpiloted drones in Pakistan's
AND
still launch attacks if the opportunity to kill a senior target becomes available.
*Modified for Gendered language

Drones irrelevant to Pakistan stability - multiple alt causes
Javaid ’11
(Umbreen, Director Center of Asian Studies and Chairperson Department of political science University of Punjab, “Thriving Fundamentalism and Militancy in Pakistan An Analytical Overview of their Impact on the Society,” South Asian Studies, Vol. 26 No. 1. Pg. 16-17)

 ‘The recent increase of violence by jihadi groups, including suicide bombing
AND
concerns for the region and also ¶ towards the global security and peace.

Decreasing overall—big drops in Pakistan with less and less on the horizon
Lopapa 9/8
2013 (Frank, John C. Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations
 U.S. Drones Bombing Pakistan While Congress Debates Bombing Syria, Policy Mic, http://www.policymic.com/articles/62501/u-s-drones-bombing-pakistan-while-congress-debates-bombing-syria JK)
The primary recipients of American drone strikes continue to be Pakistan and Yemen, and
AND
the drone strikes against his country must end as they breach Pakistan's sovereignty.

No Pakistan collapse and it doesn't escalate
Dasgupta 13
Sunil Dasgupta is Director of the University of Maryland Baltimore County Political Science Program at the Universities at Shady Grove and non-resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, East Asia Forum, February 25, 2013, "How will India respond to civil war in Pakistan?", http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/25/how-will-india-respond-to-civil-war-in-pakistan/

As it is, India and Pakistan have gone down to the nuclear edge four times — in 1986, 1990, 1999 and 2001–02. In each case, India responded in a manner that did not escalate the conflict. Any incursion into Pakistan was extremely limited. An Indian intervention in a civil war in Pakistan would be subject to the same limitations — at least so long as the Pakistani army maintains its integrity.
Given the new US–India ties, the most important factor in determining the
AND
some influence in Afghanistan, especially working with elements of the Northern Alliance.
India and Afghanistan already have a strategic partnership agreement in place that creates the framework for their bilateral relationship to grow, but the degree of actual cooperation will depend on how Pakistan and the Taliban react. If Indian interests in Afghanistan come under attack, New Delhi might have to pull back. The Indian government has been quite clear about not sending troops to Afghanistan.
If the United States shifts its policy to where it has to choose Kabul over Islamabad, in effect reviving the demand for an independent Pashtunistan, India is likely to be much more supportive of US and Afghan goals. The policy shift, however, carries the risk of a full-fledged proxy war with Pakistan in Afghanistan, but should not involve the prospect of a direct Indian intervention in Pakistan itself.
India is not likely to initiate an intervention that causes the Pakistani state to fail
AND
government or by the radicals — from taking control of the entire country.
Lieven’s analysis is more persuasive than the widespread view that Pakistan is about to fail
AND
out a Pakistani civil war while covertly coordinating policy with the United States.

Deterrence prevents indo-pak war
Waltz ‘00
(Kenneth, poli sci prof at Columbia University, research associate of the Institute of War and Peace Studies, Winter/Spring, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1, “Interview: Is Kenneth Waltz Still M.A.D. about Nukes?” Interviewed by Jeremy Goldberg and Parag Khanna, http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/gjia/gjia_winspr00f.html) 

Stability in the subcontinent now exists; it had not existed since World War II
AND
fear of the retaliation, and it’s that fear of retaliation that deters.

Solvency

TK restraints decimate timeliness, crushing drone effectiveness—external oversight doesn’t solve backlash—only justifying the current program makes it sustainable
Groves 13
Groves, senior research fellow – Institute for International Studies @ Heritage, 4/10/’13
(Steven, “Drone Strikes: The Legality of U.S. Targeting Terrorists Abroad,” http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/drone-strikes-the-legality-of-us-targeting-terrorists-abroad)
A Drone Court? Certain former Obama Administration officials, the editorial board of The
AND
transnational terrorist organizations no longer present an imminent threat to the United States.

Tournament: UTA | Round: 6 | Opponent: UNT CS | Judge: Whit Whitmore
Prolif

Framing issue – the entire aff only happens if someone thinks Iran actually has developed a credible weapon and lashes out.  This is a bad because the 1AC doesn’t have a single card which concludes Iran can actually prolif, just threats from politicians and “what if” impact cards.

There’s no impact uniqueness –
(a) Officials confirm they aren’t building nukes
Press TV 7/6/13
(http://www.presstv.com/detail/2013/07/06/312468/no-proof-iran-is-after-nweapon-straw/, “No evidence Iran is seeking to build nuclear weapon: Jack Straw”)

Former British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw has rejected the baseless allegation that there may be
AND
the rhetorical question to the defiant panelist, “Where is the evidence?!”

(b) Even if they try, they can’t create a credible arsenal.
Talitha Dowds, fellow at the CSIS, “Eliminating Iran’s Nuclear Proliferation Program,” 3/7/2011, http://csis.org/blog/eliminating-irans-nuclear-proliferation-program

An article in the Wall Street Journal by Max Boot outlines the various covert activities
AND
, let alone build several nuclear weapons to constitute a credible nuclear arsenal."

Their advantage is an exaggeration – Iranian nuclearization will be rational, restrained and won’t cause regional prolif
Waltz 12 Kenneth, Prof. Emeritus of Pol. Sci – UC Berkeley, "Why Iran Should Get the Bomb," Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug, Vol 91, Issue 4

One reason the danger of a nuclear Iran has been grossly exaggerated is that the
AND
leading to a Middle East that is more stable than it is today.

Won’t spur regional proliferation – even if it does, long timeframe
Lindsay and Takeyh 10 James M., Senior Vice President, Director of Studies, and Maurice R. Greenberg Chair, Council on Foreign Relations, and Ray, Senior Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, "After Iran Gets the Bomb," Foreign Affairs; Mar/Apr2010, Vol. 89 Issue 2, p33-49, EBSCO
Another danger that would have to be countered would be nuclear proliferation in the Middle
AND
.S. law imposed, or could impose, on nuclear proliferators.
Give Saudi prolif near-zero risk and a three-decade timeframe – we have 11 warrants and multiple empirical examples – Saudi’s threats are bark with no bite
Fay 11
(Matt, Bachelor’s degree in Political Science from St. Xavier University and a Master’s in International Relations and Conflict Resolution with a minor in Transnational Security Studies from American Military University.  He has participated in the Elliot School for International Affairs US Foreign Policy Summer Program at the George Washington University and, following an internship in defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, studied nuclear proliferation at the Hertog Global Strategy Initiative at Columbia University; “The Historical Uncertainty of Middle Eastern Nuclear Proliferation,” http://hegemonicobsessions.com/?p=672)
On the other hand, University of Kentucky Professor Robert Farley is more sanguine about
AND
nuclear arms race is not as inevitable as most people seem to think.

Zero risk of Israel/Iran war – not in Israel’s interest
Dreyfuss 12
(Robert Dreyfuss is an independent, investigative journalist writing an article for the Diplomat, August 22, 2012, “Why Israel Won’t Attack Iran”, http://thediplomat.com/2012/08/22/why-israel-wont-attack-iran/?all=true)

What kind of coercion is it when the guy with the gun says: “
AND
to forever change the U.S.-Israeli relationship for the worse.

Newest developments prove no war – relations increasing now
Mathews 13
(Owen Matthews, contributing editor, June 22nd 2013, “China: the Middle East’s new power broker”, http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/8940201/china-the-middle-easts-new-power-broker/, AB)

It’s exactly ten years since Iranian dissidents first blew the cover of a secret uranium
AND
reconvene at a more private location with both Iranian and US representatives present.

SOP
Look we’re in 2014- separation of powers does not have an impact. There’s also no timeframe
No brink to SOP
Magill, law prof, 2k – Law Professor, Virginia (Elizabeth, 86 Va. L. Rev. 1127, AG)

The challenges for advocates of the balance-of-power conception are also substantial. Defenders of this conception must do no less than provide content to the conception where none now exists. Adherents must be able to articulate what is meant by balance; they must provide some way of measuring and comparing the quantum of power possessed by government institutions and, likewise, provide and defend a benchmark against which to measure whether an arrangement would upset that balance. 

SOP inevitable
Merrill, law prof, 4 – Professor of Law, Columbia (Thomas, 104 Colum. L. Rev. 2097, AG)

The most obvious is that it is implausible that Congress - the historical rival of
AND
a diffusion of power that will maintain a dynamic tension among the branches.
Cred is terminally low — lack of coherent security strategy means that individual actions (like the plan) aren’t perceived
Loyola 9/8
Mario Loyola 9/8/13, Chief Counsel to the Texas Public Policy Foundation, served in the Pentagon as a special assistant to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, and on Capitol Hill as counsel for foreign and defense affairs to the U.S. Senate Republican Policy Committee, “Syria and U.S. Credibility,” http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/357889/syria-and-us-credibility-mario-loyola

Many of my fellow Syria hawks argue that the U.S. should strike
AND
effect on Iranian policy as a bunch of ducks floating in the water. 

Solvency

Multilateralism is in unstoppable decline
Young et al 13
Kevin Young is Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, David Held is Master of University College, and Professor of Politics and International Relations, at the University of Durham. He is also Director of Polity Press and General Editor of Global Policy, Thomas Hale is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Blavatnik School of Government, Oxford University, Open Democracy, May 24, 2013, "Gridlock: the growing breakdown of global cooperation", http://www.opendemocracy.net/thomas-hale-david-held-kevin-young/gridlock-growing-breakdown-of-global-cooperation
The Doha round of trade negotiations is deadlocked, despite eight successful multilateral trade rounds
AND
they now block and inhibit problem solving and reform at the global level.

Tournament: D3 | Round: 6 | Opponent: UTD LO | Judge: Jeffrey Jarman
Norms
U.S. drone use doesn’t set a precedent, restraint doesn’t solve it, and norms don’t apply to drones at all in the first place
Amitai Etzioni 13, professor of international relations
AND 

Other critics contend that by the United States
AND
the role of norms is much more limited.

No drone prolif—capabilities and costs
Zenko 13
Zenko, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action – CFR, ‘13
(Micah, “U.S. Drone Strike Policies”, Council Special Report No. 65, January)
There are also few examples of armed drone
AND
required for armed drones in the near term.

China won’t use drones offensively
Erickson 13
Erickson, associate professor – Naval War College, associate in research – Fairbank Centre @ Harvard, 5/23/’13
(Andrew, China Has Drones. Now What?", www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136600/andrew-erickson-and-austin-strange/china-has-drones-now-what)
Beijing, however, is unlikely to use
AND
bear in mind with its own drone programme.

No one will follow US lead on drones – especially Russia and China
Boot ‘11
Max Boot is a leading military historian and foreign-policy analyst. The Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York, he is the author of the critically acclaimed New York Times bestseller "Invisible Armies: An Epic History of Guerrilla Warfare from Ancient Times to the Present." http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/ ETB

This is a familiar trope of liberal critics who are always claiming we should forego “X” weapons system or capability, otherwise our enemies will adopt it too. We have heard this with regard to ballistic missile defense, ballistic missiles, nuclear weapons, chemical and biological weapons, land mines, exploding bullets, and other fearsome weapons. Some have even suggested the U.S. should abjure the first use of nuclear weapons–and cut down our own arsenal–to encourage similar restraint from Iran. The argument falls apart rather quickly because it is founded on a false premise: that other nations will follow our example. In point of fact, Iran is hell-bent on getting nuclear weapons no matter what we do; China is hell-bent on getting drones; and so forth. Whether and under what circumstances they will use those weapons remains an open question–but there is little reason to think self-restraint on our part will be matched by equal self-restraint on theirs. Is Pakistan avoiding nuking India because we haven’t used nuclear weapons since 1945? Hardly. The reason is that India has a powerful nuclear deterrent to use against Pakistan. If there is one lesson of history it is a strong deterrent is a better upholder of peace than is unilateral disarmament–which is what the New York Times implicitly suggests. Imagine if we did refrain from drone strikes against al-Qaeda–what would be the consequence? If we were to stop the strikes, would China really decide to take a softer line on Uighurs or Russia on Chechen separatists? That seems unlikely given the viciousness those states already employ in their battles against ethnic separatists–which at least in Russia’s case already includes the suspected assassination of Chechen leaders abroad. What’s the difference between sending a hit team and sending a drone? While a decision on our part to stop drone strikes would be unlikely to alter Russian or Chinese thinking, it would have one immediate consequence: al-Qaeda would be strengthened and could regenerate the ability to attack our homeland. Drone strikes are the only effective weapon we have to combat terrorist groups in places like Pakistan or Yemen where we don’t have a lot of boots on the ground or a lot of cooperation from local authorities. We cannot afford to give them up in the vain hope it will encourage disarmament on the part of dictatorial states.

No risk of drone wars
Joseph Singh 12, researcher at the Center for a New American Security, 8/13/12, “Betting Against a Drone Arms Race,” http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/#ixzz2eSvaZnfQ
In short, the doomsday drone scenario Ignatieff
AND
fundamentally unaltered despite their arrival in large numbers.

Balkans stabilizing now – Croatia EU entrance
Bryant 12
January 22, 2012,  Croatia Holds Referendum on EU Membership, Lisa Bryant, Paris, http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Croatia-Holds-Referendum-on-EU-Membership-137846438.html
But polls indicate that a majority of the population will vote in favor of joining the EU. The Croatian government has been pushing the benefits of joining - an argument echoed by Balkans expert Dimitar Bechev, senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations. "One is the political dividend. In the sense that Croatia is not only recognized as part of a democratically stable and advanced part of Europe, but also that it gets a voice in all institutions in Brussels," said Bechev. Bechev says Croatia will also have the perks of being part of the EU's internal market. But perhaps the biggest argument for the Balkan nation, after its war of secession from the former Yugoslavia, is symbolic. "At a very emotional level, this is a vindication of what they truly believe for a long period of time - that they belong to Europe," said Bechev. "One strand of all the ideology of independence was rejoining Europe. Of course, Croatian independence had a darker side as well." Analysts say Croatia's membership is important for the EU as well, in part because it could help cement stability in the Balkans. "Because there would be few developments that would be more challenging to the EU and potentially more negative than the descent of the Balkans into deep political instability," said Thomas Klau, the head of the European Council's Paris office. If Croatia becomes the next EU member it will signal to other candidate countries, notably neighboring Serbia, that they, too, might someday be part of the bloc.
No war from Russian aggression—interdependence and no strategic point.
Wolff 8
Prof political science and the director of the Center for International Crisis Management and Conflict Resolution at the University of Nottingham's School of Politics and International Relations, “Cold Peace More Likely Than Cold War Between EU, Russia”, Deutsche Welle, 12/8, http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0_{3558912,00.html}

However, the relatively limited reserves in the Caspian Sea make it seem relatively unlikely that violence in Georgia will cause a new oil war. It does, however, put a spotlight on the role of Russia and is quite likely to lead to a worsening of relations between Russia and the West in the short term. But I don't think that we are on the brink of a new Cold War.  As much as Europe may depend on Russia as a supplier and transit country for much of its energy needs, as much does Russia depend on Europe as a market and supplier of the very technology upon which its current oil and gas revenues are built. So the dependency is mutual, and this creates conditions for a cold peace rather than a cold war.

Drones are legal – self defense clause
Hodge 2010
 (Nathan Hodge, Wired.com, 3/26/10, http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2010/03/drone-attacks-legit-self-defense-says-administration-lawyer/)kk
Now the State Department’s top legal adviser has offered a rationale for the ongoing campaign: Legitimate self-defense.  In a keynote address last night to the American Society of International Law, State Department legal adviser Harold Koh said it was “the considered view of this administration” that drone operations, including lethal attacks, “comply with all applicable law, including the laws of war.”  Al Qaeda and its allies, he continued, have not abandoned plans to attack the United States. “Thus, in this ongoing armed conflict, the United States has the authority under international law, and the responsibility to its citizens, to use force, including lethal force, to defend itself, including by targeting persons such as high-level al Qaeda leaders who are planning attacks,” he said.  It’s worth giving a closer look at the speech, excerpted here by ASIL. But this is not likely to appease critics of the drone war. Most recently, the American Civil Liberties Union filed a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit against the Defense Department, the State Department and the Justice Department, demanding that the government provide more details about the legal basis of the drone war, including details about who authorizes drone strikes, how the targets are cleared and the rate of civilian casualties.  Koh addressed several of the concerns raised by rights groups: Some have suggested that the very use of targeting a particular leader of an enemy force in an armed conflict must violate the laws of war. But individuals who are part of such an armed group are belligerent and, therefore, lawful targets under international law…. Some have challenged the very use of advanced weapons systems, such as unmanned aerial vehicles, for lethal operations. But the rules that govern targeting do not turn on the type of weapon system involved, and there is no prohibition under the laws of war on the use of technologically advanced weapons systems in armed conflict — such as pilotless aircraft or so-called smart bombs — so long as they are employed in conformity with applicable laws of war…. Some have argued that the use of lethal force against specific individuals fails to provide adequate process and thus constitutes unlawful extrajudicial killing. But a state that is engaged in armed conflict or in legitimate self-defense is not required to provide targets with legal process before the state may use lethal force.  Obviously, this doesn’t end the controversy, but the administration has made it quite clear it sees no legal reason to scale back the escalating drone war.

Pakistan
The U.S. has drastically cut its drone program in Pakistan
Boone 2-5
Jon, Kabul refugee turned Pakistan correspondent,
AND
us-limits-pakistan-drone-strikes
The US government has agreed to greatly limit
AND
opportunity to kill a senior target becomes available.
*Modified for Gendered language

Drones irrelevant to Pakistan stability - multiple alt causes
Javaid ’11
(Umbreen, Director Center of Asian Studies
AND
. 1. Pg. 16-17)

 ‘The recent increase of violence
AND
also ¶ towards the global security and peace.
No Pakistan collapse and it doesn't escalate
Dasgupta 13
Sunil Dasgupta is Director of the University of Maryland Baltimore County Political Science Program at the Universities at Shady Grove and non-resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, East Asia Forum, February 25, 2013, "How will India respond to civil war in Pakistan?", http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/25/how-will-india-respond-to-civil-war-in-pakistan/

As it is, India and Pakistan have gone down to the nuclear edge four times — in 1986, 1990, 1999 and 2001–02. In each case, India responded in a manner that did not escalate the conflict. Any incursion into Pakistan was extremely limited. An Indian intervention in a civil war in Pakistan would be subject to the same limitations — at least so long as the Pakistani army maintains its integrity.
Given the new US–India ties, the most important factor in determining the possibility and nature of Indian intervention in a possible Pakistani civil war is Washington. If the United States is able to get Kabul and Islamabad to work together against the Taliban, as it is trying to do now, then India is likely to continue its current policy or try to preserve some influence in Afghanistan, especially working with elements of the Northern Alliance.
India and Afghanistan already have a strategic partnership agreement in place that creates the framework for their bilateral relationship to grow, but the degree of actual cooperation will depend on how Pakistan and the Taliban react. If Indian interests in Afghanistan come under attack, New Delhi might have to pull back. The Indian government has been quite clear about not sending troops to Afghanistan.
If the United States shifts its policy to where it has to choose Kabul over Islamabad, in effect reviving the demand for an independent Pashtunistan, India is likely to be much more supportive of US and Afghan goals. The policy shift, however, carries the risk of a full-fledged proxy war with Pakistan in Afghanistan, but should not involve the prospect of a direct Indian intervention in Pakistan itself.
India is not likely to initiate an intervention that causes the Pakistani state to fail. Bill Keller of the New York Times has described Pakistani president Asif Ail Zardari as overseeing ‘a ruinous kleptocracy that is spiraling deeper into economic crisis’. But in contrast to predictions of an unravelling nation, British journalist-scholar Anatol Lieven argues that the Pakistani state is likely to continue muddling through its many problems, unable to resolve them but equally predisposed against civil war and consequent state collapse. Lieven finds that the strong bonds of family, clan, tribe and the nature of South Asian Islam prevent modernist movements — propounded by the government or by the radicals — from taking control of the entire country.
Lieven’s analysis is more persuasive than the widespread view that Pakistan is about to fail as a state. The formal institutions of the Pakistani state are surprisingly robust given the structural conditions in which they operate. Indian political leaders recognise Pakistan’s resilience. Given the bad choices in Pakistan, they would rather not have anything to do with it. If there is going to be a civil war, why not wait for the two sides to exhaust themselves before thinking about intervening? The 1971 war demonstrated India’s willingness to exploit conditions inside Pakistan, but to break from tradition requires strong, countervailing logic, and those elements do not yet exist. Given the current conditions and those in the foreseeable future, India is likely to sit out a Pakistani civil war while covertly coordinating policy with the United States.

Decreasing overall—big drops in Pakistan with less and less on the horizon
Lopapa 9/8
2013 (Frank, John C. Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations
 U.S. Drones Bombing Pakistan While Congress Debates Bombing Syria, Policy Mic, http://www.policymic.com/articles/62501/u-s-drones-bombing-pakistan-while-congress-debates-bombing-syria JK)
The primary recipients of American drone strikes continue
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country must end as they breach Pakistan's sovereignty.
Solvency

Zone of active conflict guarantees non-compliance—no universal definition and it’s operationally impossible
Wood 13—David Wood has been a journalist since 1970, a staff correspondent successively for Time Magazine, the Los Angeles Times, Newhouse News Service, The Baltimore Sun and Politics Daily February 14, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/14/drone-attacks-legal-debate_n_2687980.html?utm_hp_ref=david-wood

Yemen was different. The White House was
AND
the White House of George W. Bush.
But ever since that first "non-
AND
battlefield, and what is outside armed conflict.
The distinction matters. "Inside an armed
AND
know whether you're on a battlefield or not."
And not just if you're standing on a
AND
the law is held as a high standard."
Difficult questions about international law are boiling up
AND
and Somalia, and potentially elsewhere as well.
In his State of the Union address Tuesday
AND
about how the strikes comply with the law.
That vague wording promises that the bitter disagreements
AND
, are only going to get more heated.
"I don't think we are ever going
AND
are at war in a geographically defined area.
"But the nature of the world today
AND
into neat and tidy packages," Blank says.
War and the law have come a long
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the battle Agincourt, after a nearby castle.
By contrast, many of today's conflicts range
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one of the plotters is hiding in Cleveland?
How far does the concept of self-
AND
to plant a terrorist bomb in Times Square?
Could an al Qaeda terrorist protect himself by becoming an American citizen?
These are among the questions that remain for
AND
up. But there are no simple answers.
The administration has argued, for instance,
AND
for drone attacks, which surfaced last week.
That explanation -- that killing is okay in
AND
-- hardly quieted the debate on Capitol Hill.
If geography doesn't settle the matter of what
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groups -- basically everything else but international conflict.
According to the ICRC, to qualify as
AND
it is, for example, in Afghanistan.
Given that the fighting between the United States
AND
Yemen do not qualify and thus are illegal.
That's the argument advanced by O'Connell, and
AND
. They argued that the law doesn't apply.
"There is little judicial or other authoritative
AND
the anonymous authors of the white paper wrote.
This back-and-forth argument,
AND
the threat, he told The Huffington Post.
"Trying to define the military hot zone
AND
, to skip across the border into sanctuary.
According to Corn, the idea of a
AND
target was fair game, no matter where.
No brink to SOP
Magill, law prof, 2k – Law Professor, Virginia (Elizabeth, 86 Va. L. Rev. 1127, AG)
The challenges for advocates of the balance-
AND
measure whether an arrangement would upset that balance.
SOP inevitable
Merrill, law prof, 4 – Professor of Law, Columbia (Thomas, 104 Colum. L. Rev. 2097, AG)
The most obvious is that it is implausible
AND
will maintain a dynamic tension among the branches.

Tournament: UTA | Round: 7 | Opponent: WSU MO | Judge: Erika Jensen
Drones good – U.S. military action inevitable but drones are superior to alternatives and minimize civilian casualties – solves humanitarian intervention
Singh and Wittes 12 (Ritika Singh – Research Assistant, Governance Studies, AND Benjamin Wittes – Senior Fellow, Governance Studies, “Drones Are a Challenge — and an Opportunity”, Jan 11, The Cato Institute, http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/01/11-drones-wittes, CMR) 

Indeed, Cortright may argue that “terrorism is more a political and law enforcement
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force, civilian death, and risk to U.S. forces.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wyoming DM | Judge: Alyssa Lucas-Bolin
Terror
No threat – weak leadership and no recent attacks
Zenko and Cohen 12
*Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, *Fellow at the Century Foundation, (Micah and Michael, "Clear and Present Safety," March/April, Foreign Affairs, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137279/micah-zenko-and-michael-a-cohen/clear-and-present-safety

 NONE OF this is meant to suggest that the United States faces no major
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the intelligence and law enforcement agencies of the United States and its allies.

Decapitation fails and turns the case
Jordan, Ph.D. political science and post-doctoral research fellow – Harris School of Public Policy Studies @ U Chicago, ‘9
(Jenna, “When Heads Roll: Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Decapitation,” Security Studies Vol. 18, Issue 4, p. 719-755)

The data presented in this paper show that decapitation is not an effective counterterrorism strategy
AND
of decapitation as a counterterrorism measure but also the potential for adverse consequences.

No risk of bioterror
Keller 13
(Rebecca, 7 March 2013, Analyst at Stratfor Global Intelligence and Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of Colorado at Boulder , “Bioterrorism and the Pandemic Potential,” Stratfor, http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/bioterrorism-and-pandemic-potential)
The risk of an accidental release of H5N1 is similar to that of other infectious
AND
also cannot be visibly ill because that would limit the necessary human contact.

No nuclear terrorism—no capability nor intent reject their alarmism
Gavin 10—Francis J. Gavin is Tom Slick Professor of International Affairs and Director of the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin International Security, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Winter 2009/10), pp. 7–37, the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Same As It Ever Was  Nuclear Alarmism, Proliferation, and the Cold War”, http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/isec.2010.34.3.7

Nuclear Terrorism. The possibility of a terrorist nuclear attack on the United States is
AND
overstated, and that popular wisdom on the topic is significantly fiawed.”59

Drolif
Zero chance of precedent setting – other countries don’t act based on the United States policy
Wright 12
(Robert Wright, finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, former writer and editor at The Atlantic, “The Incoherence of a Drone-Strike Advocate” NOV 14 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/the-incoherence-of-a-drone-strike-advocate/265256/, KB)
Naureen Shah of Columbia Law School, a guest on the show, had raised
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So I wouldn't worry too much about the so called precedent it sets..."
China won’t use drones offensively
Erickson 13
Erickson, associate professor – Naval War College, associate in research – Fairbank Centre @ Harvard, 5/23/’13
(Andrew, China Has Drones. Now What?", www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136600/andrew-erickson-and-austin-strange/china-has-drones-now-what)
Beijing, however, is unlikely to use its drones lightly. It already faces
AND
caution - something Washington must bear in mind with its own drone programme.

Double bind – either war won’t escalate or miscalc makes it inevitable
Branigan 12
(Tania, writer for the Guardian, "Chinese frigate runs aground in disputed part of South China Sea," 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jul/13/chinese-frigate-runs-aground-sea)

Ian Storey of the Institute of South-east Asian Studies in Singapore said that
AND
has seen unusual street protests over the dispute in the past few weeks.

SCS tension inevitable but won’t escalate, even if they win a huge internal link
Michal Meidan 12, China Analyst at the Eurasia Group, 8/7/12, “Guest post: Why tensions will persist, but not escalate, in the South China Sea,” http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2012/08/07/guest-post-why-tensions-will-persist-but-not-escalate-in-the-south-china-sea/#axzz2Cbw54ORc
These tensions are likely to persist. And Beijing is not alone in perpetuating them
AND
in other deepwater plays elsewhere, as its attempted takeover of Nexen demonstrates.

No war is the Senkakus
Reuters 12 “Japan, China Military Conflict Seen Unlikely Despite Row,” 9/24, http://www.cnbc.com/id/49142182
Hawkish Chinese commentators have urged Beijing to prepare for military conflict with Japan as tensions
AND
stepping in to ensure that the situation does not get out of control."

Solvency

TK restraints decimate timeliness, crushing drone effectiveness—external oversight doesn’t solve backlash—only justifying the current program makes it sustainable
Groves 13
Groves, senior research fellow – Institute for International Studies @ Heritage, 4/10/’13
(Steven, “Drone Strikes: The Legality of U.S. Targeting Terrorists Abroad,” http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/drone-strikes-the-legality-of-us-targeting-terrorists-abroad)
A Drone Court? Certain former Obama Administration officials, the editorial board of The
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transnational terrorist organizations no longer present an imminent threat to the United States.

Restrictions cause global Al Qaeda spread—destabilizes multiple hotspots
Carafano 13
James Carafano, Ph.D., Heritage VP for Foreign and Defense Policy Studies, 2/27/13, Drone of Battle, www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2013/2/drone-of-battle
Drone strikes and other covert operations clearly serve a military purpose: defending the U
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real possibility that it may be losing the larger war against radical Islamism.

Caucuses escalates
Merry 13
Merry, senior fellow for Europe and Eurasia – American Foreign Policy Council, 1/31/’13
(E. Wayne, “Another Regional War in the Wings,” The National Interest)
Two decades ago the newly independent states of Armenia and Azerbaijan fought a bitter war
AND
, in a new Karabakh war, Iran might seek to settle accounts.)

Afghanistan goes nuclear
Morgan 7
(Stephen John, former National Executive Officer of the British Labour Party, his responsibilities included international relations, ethnic minority work, women’s issues, finance, local government and organization, he specialised particularly in international crisis situations spending long periods working in Belfast, in efforts to overcome sectarian strife and terrorism, former Director of WIC, a research and publishing company based in London, he went to live in Budapest during the Gorbachov period from where he helped build opposition groups in the underground in Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and East Germany, Stephen left active politics in the early 1990 and came to live in Brussels, where he established and managed his own publishing company, has lived and worked in more than 27 different countries, including underground political work during the troubles in in Northern Ireland and war in Yugoslavia, http://www.electricarticles.com/display.aspx?id=639)
Although disliked and despised in many quarters, the Taliban could not advance without the
AND
slogan of «Better another Taliban Afghanistan, than a Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan!

Tournament: UCO | Round: 5 | Opponent: KU HR | Judge: Phil Samuels
AUMF strong now – Congress supports a broad interpretation
Rosa Brooks 3/14/13
(New America Foundation Schwartz senior fellow at Georgetown University law, served as a counselor to the U.S. defense undersecretary for policy from 2009 to 2011 and previously served as a senior advisor at the U.S. State Department, "Mission Creep in the War on Terror," Foreign Policy, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/14/mission_creep_in_the_war_on_terror)

Detention authority comes from the AUMF
Michael Kelley 10/24/12
(MA in journalism from Medill, writer for Business Insider, “Why Losing Indefinite Detention Powers Would Be A Disaster For Obama,” Oct. 24, http://www.businessinsider.com/why-losing-indefinite-detention-powers-would-be-a-disaster-for-obama-2012-10)

Decreasing AUMF authorizations snowballs – causes judicial rollback of the AUMF
Beau Barnes 12
(J.D. Candidate, Boston University School of Law, “Reauthorizing the ‘War on Terror’: The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF’s Coming Obsolescence,” Military Law Review, Vol. 211, 2012, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2150874)

That shifts US doctrine to international self-defense – expanded jus ad bellum collapses global firebreak on use-of-force -~-- causes global hotspots that go to war
Beau Barnes 12
(J.D. Candidate, Boston University School of Law, “Reauthorizing the ‘War on Terror’: The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF’s Coming Obsolescence,” Military Law Review, Vol. 211, 2012, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2150874)

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Trinity HM | Judge: Sean Kennedy

House Republicans can vote on immigration reform this fall- Cantor proves

Matthews 9/12
(Laura, 9-12-13, politics reporter for the IB Times, has a masters in journalism from Columbia, “2013 Immigration Reform Makes Cantor’s Legislative Agenda, But Uncertainty Remains Over Undocumented”, http://www.ibtimes.com/2013-immigration-reform-makes-cantors-legislative-agenda-uncertainty-remains-over-undocumented, JKS)
House Majority Leader Eric Cantor, R-Va., indicated in a recent memo
AND
the short number of days versus the mammoth tasks Congress has to face.

Drones are politically popular- less casualties, key to hegemony, keeps defense lobbyists happy, and saves political capital

Akbar 12
(Mirza Shahzad, 11-6-12, Mirza Shahzad Akbar is Reprieve legal fellow in Pakistan, director and founder of the Foundation for Fundamental Rights, and a practicing human rights lawyer in Islamabad. He represents a number of families of victims affected by drone strikes., “Obama or Romney: What it means for a Pakistani living under drones”, http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/06/world/asia/pakistan-drones-election-op-ed, JKS)
Islamabad (CNN) -- On Tuesday, the United States votes to elect its
AND
Malik Jalal wishes that Waziris were also able to vote in American elections.

PC is the deciding factor-~--otherwise CIR will fail

Hesson 13
(Ted, 1-2-13, Ted is a writer @ ABC News. “Analysis: 6 Things Obama Needs To Do for Immigration Reform,” 2013, http://abcnews.go /ABC_Univision/News/things-president-obama-immigration-reform/story?id=18103115
On Sunday, President Barack Obama said that immigration reform is a and#34;top priority
AND
is a step in that direction, but he needs to follow through.

Immigration is key to hegemony – both hard and soft power

Nye 12
 (Joseph S. Nye, 12-10-12,  a former US assistant secretary of defense and chairman of the US National Intelligence Council, is University Professor at Harvard University, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/obama-needs-immigration-reform-to-maintain-america-s-strength-by-joseph-s~-~-nye,
The United States is a nation of immigrants. Except for a small number of
AND
long way toward fulfilling his promise to maintain the strength of the US. 

Absent U.S. hegemony- the impact is extinction

Barnett 11
(Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7,
Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads
AND
the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.

Tournament: Emporia | Round: 1 | Opponent: KU FG | Judge: Matthew Moore
Obama will get the GOP to cave on CIR now, but political capital is key and he can’t falter on anything
Epstein 10/17
(Obama’s latest push features a familiar strategy
By REID J. EPSTEIN BA emory| 10/17/13 http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/barack-obama-latest-push-features-familiar-strategy-98512.html)kk
President Barack Obama made his plans for his newly won political capital official — he’s
AND
the day-to-day work that’s supposed to be done here.”¶ 

Congress wants to scale back NASA
Space News 11 (Space News, 4/18/11 “Editorial: Misplaced Priorities in Congress” http://www.spacenews.com/commentaries/110418-misplaced-priorities-congress.html)
It isn’t like Congress didn’t have time to think this through. Capitol Hill got
AND
Representatives have signaled their intent to scale back the agency’s Earth science program. 

Immigration is key to hegemony – both hard and soft power
Nye 12
 (Joseph S. Nye, 12-10-12,  a former US assistant secretary of defense and chairman of the US National Intelligence Council, is University Professor at Harvard University, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/obama-needs-immigration-reform-to-maintain-america-s-strength-by-joseph-s~-~-nye,
The United States is a nation of immigrants. Except for a small number of
AND
long way toward fulfilling his promise to maintain the strength of the US. 

Absent U.S. hegemony- the impact is extinction
Barnett 11
(Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7,
Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads
AND
the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 3 | Opponent: MoState PR | Judge: Tews
GOP is willing to piecemeal on immigration reform right now
Balkhy 11/01
(Ibrahim, 11-01-13, “Gutierrez: House Will Use GOP's Piecemeal Approach To Immigration Reform”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/01/luiz-gutierrez-immigration-reform_n_4192798.html?utm_hp_ref=politics, JKS)

 EMPIRICALLY ATTEMPTS TO LIMIT INDEFINITE DETENTION WILL BE OPPOSED BY BOTH SIDES OF THE ISLE
MCAULIFF, 6/13
 (Michael, 6-13-13, “Indefinite detention of Americans survives House vote” Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/13/indefinite-detention-americans_n_3437923.html)

Immigration reform key to the economy—multiple reasons
Lynch 13
Robert Lynch, 3/20/2013 (professor and chair of the Department of Economics at Washington College, Center for American Progress, “The Economic Effects of Granting Legal Status and Citizenship to Undocumented Immigrants,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues /immigration/report/2013/03/20/57351/the-economic-effects-of-granting-legal-status-and-citizenship-to-undocumented-immigrants/, Accessed 4/25/2013, rwg)

Sustained economic downturn causes nuclear world war 3
Austin 9
Michael, Resident scholar at AEI, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3.6, p. http://www.aei.org/article/100187 wyo-tjc

Tournament: UTA | Round: 1 | Opponent: UNLV SJ | Judge: Alex Zendeh
CIR is up now – recent release of republican principles prove that bipartisanship is pushing the project along towards final stages.
Leopold 2/3
(February 03, 2014, 03:00 pm¶ Republican immigration principles: A step toward reform¶ By David Leopold, Leopold is a former president of the American Immigration Lawyers Associaiton. ¶ http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/politics/197153-republican-immigration-principles-a-step-toward-reform#ixzz2sNogDWN2 )kk
The good news is that the glass is half full.¶ Thursday’s release of the
AND
late to the party. It’s time they get moving on real legislation!
Money talks- the drone industry is booming, lobbyists are pushing legislation and making fat campaign contributions- this means the plan would be extremely unpopular in da House
Stone 12
(Andrea, 5-12-12, Andrea Stone is senior national correspondent for The Huffington Post. She comes from AOL News, where she was senior Washington correspondent. Before joining AOL in September 2009, she spent nearly 24 years at USA TODAY, “Drone Lobbying Ramps Up Among Industry Manufacturers, Developers”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/28/drone-lobbying-companies_n_1546263.html, JKS)
WASHINGTON -- It may be years before unmanned aircraft are common in the sky,
AND
areas it makes sense to be lobbying on and be heavily involved in."

Economy, specifically the manufacturing sector is on the knife’s edge – immigration reform is a shot in the arm for growth
Bradley 2/3
(Utah Business and Community Leaders React to U.S. House Speaker John Boehner Released his List of Immigration Standards¶ by Charles Bradley, Government and Public Affairs Senior Associate at RandR Partners Published - 02/03/14¶ http://www.kcsg.com/view/full_story/24505783/article-Utah-Business-and-Community-Leaders-React-to-U-S~-~-House-Speaker-John-Boehner-Released-his-List-of-Immigration-Standards?instance=eeo_report1)kk
Last week U.S. House Speaker John Boehner released his list of immigration
AND
said Lane Beattie, President and CEO - Salt Lake Chamber of Commerce. 

Competitiveness solves global nuclear war
Green and Schrage 9 – Senior Advisor and Japan Chair @ CSIS and Associate Professor @ Georgetown University AND CSIS School Chair in International Business and Former Senior Official with the US Trade Representative’s Office (Michael J. and Steven P., “It’s not just the economy,” State Department and Ways and Means Committee, Asia Times, 3/26, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/asian_economy/kc26dk01.html)
Facing the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, analysts at the World Bank
AND
demonstration effect of liberal norms we are urging China to embrace at home.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wyoming DM | Judge: Alyssa Lucas-Bolin
Farm bill can be passed before the end of the year- House Republicans and the Agriculture Committee are compromising
Rogers 11/14
(David, 11-14-13, David Rogers has covered Congress for better than 30 years and was an early addition to POLITICO in January 2008,  “Republicans more optimistic on farm bill”, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/11/republicans-farm-bill-99889.html, JKS)
House Republicans were more upbeat Thursday on getting a farm bill done this year,
AND
I am hopeful that we can make progress on all of these issues.”

Drones are politically popular- less casualties, key to hegemony, keeps defense lobbyists happy, and saves political capital
Akbar 12
(Mirza Shahzad, 11-6-12, Mirza Shahzad Akbar is Reprieve legal fellow in Pakistan, director and founder of the Foundation for Fundamental Rights, and a practicing human rights lawyer in Islamabad. He represents a number of families of victims affected by drone strikes., “Obama or Romney: What it means for a Pakistani living under drones”, http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/06/world/asia/pakistan-drones-election-op-ed, JKS)
Islamabad (CNN) -- On Tuesday, the United States votes to elect its
AND
Malik Jalal wishes that Waziris were also able to vote in American elections.

Failure on the farm bill  massively spikes food prices
Sherry 8/28
(Farm bill: Milk, food prices could rise if Congress fails to act¶ By Allison Sherry¶ The Denver Post¶ POSTED: 08/28/2013 http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_23967275/farm-bill-milk-food-prices-could-rise-if)kk
YUMA — If Congress cannot find common ground soon on a farm bill that both
AND
hard on the state of Colorado," Washington County farmer David Foy said.

Food price collapse causes global war
Hume 2008
(World Food Crisis Threatens Rich Nations (That's Us), Too by Stephen Hume Thursday, Apr. 17, 2008 http://miami.indymedia.org/news/2008/04/10852.php)
However, if Ug99 spreads swiftly, devastating crops before science can breed resistant strains
AND
rice thieves. In South Korea, a food panic stripped supermarket shelves.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 1 | Opponent: Trinity RS | Judge: Brian Box
Farm bill will pass now but bipartisanship is key.
Eubank 1/1
(Hope for Farm Bill Agreement by Mid January¶ January 1, 2014, Andy Eubank, Vice President of Operations at Hoosier Ag today News http://www.hoosieragtoday.com/hope-for-farm-bill-agreement-by-mid-january/)kk
Optimism remains high for completing a farm bill in January, but time is short
AND
, policy and actual programs, an outcome agriculture desperately wants to avoid.

Supreme Court saps bipart – causes side picking and fights.
AP 2013
(Supreme Court to hear challenge over Obama recess appointments¶ Published June 24, 2013¶ Associated Press¶ http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/06/24/supreme-court-to-hear-challenge-over-obama-recess-appointments/#ixzz2ccGDYu61)kk
The U.S. Supreme Court on Monday upheld the main provision of Arizona’s
AND
, and that all remaining opinions are expected to be issued that day.

Farm bill is key to multiple crucial sectors of the economy – that’s the only route to economic competitiveness.
Ritter 11/15
(November 15, 2013, 08:00 am¶ Finish the Farm Bill and fund agricultural energy programs¶ By Lloyd Ritter, former senior counsel to the Senate Agriculture Committee¶ http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/economy-budget/190317-finish-the-farm-bill-and-fund-agricultural-energy-programs)kk
A successful Farm Bill would support all sectors of agriculture and related industry, while
AND
-passed provisions in the energy title will put America’s bioeconomy ahead globally. 

Competitiveness solves global nuclear war
Green and Schrage 9 – Senior Advisor and Japan Chair @ CSIS and Associate Professor @ Georgetown University AND CSIS School Chair in International Business and Former Senior Official with the US Trade Representative’s Office (Michael J. and Steven P., “It’s not just the economy,” State Department and Ways and Means Committee, Asia Times, 3/26, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/asian_economy/kc26dk01.html)
Facing the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, analysts at the World Bank
AND
demonstration effect of liberal norms we are urging China to embrace at home.

Tournament: WSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: WSU DS | Judge: Matt Moore
Farm bill will pass now but focus is key to pass before the State of the Union shifts agenda – plan derails negotiations and wrecks US agriculture
Rogers 1/23
(POLITICO, has covered Congress for better than 30 years; “Farm negotiators haggle over final points,” http://www.politico.com/story/2014/01/farm-bill-2014-update-102536.html)
Yards from the finish line, farm bill negotiators are struggling with two final issues
AND
that can break the deadlock between Boehner and Peterson, Lucas’s ranking Democrat.

That causes wars over food that escalate to extinction
Lugar 2k
(Chairman of the Senator Foreign Relations Committee and Member/Former Chair of the Senate Agriculture Committee (Richard, a US Senator from Indiana, is Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and a member and former chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee. “calls for a new green revolution to combat global warming and reduce world instability,” http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html)kk
In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the Middle East, burgeoning
AND
in the survival of billions of people and the health of our planet.

Tournament: Emporia | Round: 3 | Opponent: KU MO | Judge: KURT FIFELSKI
Perception of obama’s flexibility is key to nuclear negotiations with iran
Benen 9/20
 (Steve Benen, writer for MSNBC and producer of the Rachel Maddow show, 9/20/2013
 “When crises become opportunities,” http://maddowblog.msnbc.com/_news/2013/09/20/20599445-when-crises-become-opportunities?lite)
When it comes to the Middle East, progress has never moved in a straight
AND
moment for Obama to be demonstrating flexibility and diplomacy toward the Middle East.

Congressional debate about the use of force causes perception of weakness and crushes leadership
Waxman 8/25/13
(The Constitutional Power To Threaten War¶ Matthew C. Waxman*¶ Forthcoming in YALE LAW JOURNAL, vol. 123 (2014)¶ August 25, 2013 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2316777)kk
When members of Congress vocally oppose a use of force, they undermine the president’s
AND
narrows¶ the President’s range of viable policy options for brandishing military force.

Unchecked Iran proliferation causes nuclear war
Edelman, distinguished fellow – Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, ‘11
(Eric S, “The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran,” Foreign Affairs, January/February)
The reports of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States and
AND
would retaliate against the wrong party, potentially triggering a regional nuclear war.

Tournament: D3 | Round: 6 | Opponent: UTD LO | Judge: Jeffrey Jarman
Hagel will pass military limited military cuts now, but keeping war hawks happy is key.
Ackerman 2/24
(¶ Spencer Ackerman is national security editor for
AND
-army-ground-wars¶ )kk
The US defense secretary, Chuck Hagel,
AND
long-duration land operations,” Donnelly said.
Money talks- the drone industry is booming, lobbyists are pushing legislation and making fat campaign contributions- this means the plan would be extremely unpopular in da House
Stone 12
(Andrea, 5-12-12, Andrea Stone is senior national correspondent for The Huffington Post. She comes from AOL News, where she was senior Washington correspondent. Before joining AOL in September 2009, she spent nearly 24 years at USA TODAY, “Drone Lobbying Ramps Up Among Industry Manufacturers, Developers”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/28/drone-lobbying-companies_n_1546263.html, JKS)
WASHINGTON -- It may be years before unmanned
AND
be lobbying on and be heavily involved in."

And, hagel’s cuts are key (a) to mission effectiveness because a smaller more nimble force would be better able to project power and deter attacks and (b) its key to prevent deeper cuts in the future at the hands of congress.
Cohen 2014
(February 24th, 2014¶ 01:
AND
military-after-longest-war/)kk
A scaled-back, modern U.
AND
budget deal worked out by Congress in December.

That’s key to stop escalation in every hotspot
Kagan and O’Hanlon 2007
Frederick Kagan and Michael O’Hanlon, Fred’s a
AND 

We live at a time when wars not
AND
ones now under way in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Tournament: NJDDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: KU CD | Judge: Mia Bonitto
Court will uphold key tenets of the clean air act now in homer city generation case – buts its controversial and judicial capital is key.
Hurley and Volcovici 13
(U.S. justices to hear EPA appeal over air pollution rule By Lawrence Hurley and Valerie Volcovici¶ WASHINGTON | Mon Jun 24, 2013 http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/24/us-usa-court-pollution-idUSBRE95N0OX20130624)kk
In a win for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Supreme Court...
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...1183; and EPA v. EME Homer City Generation, U.S. Supreme Court, No. 1182.

Elected officials will backlash against the aff – kills judge-cap
Devins 2010
(Neal, professor at College of William and Mary, “Talk Loudly and Carry a Small Stick: The Supreme Court and Enemy Combatants” Journal of Constitutional Law)
For much the same reason, the Court understood that its decision...
AND
...to respect the¶ centrality of habeas corpus limits on governmental power.

Independently key to solve global warming, biodiversity, acid rain and extinction – key tenet of the EPA and global emission standards
Mendleson and Bowes in 2010
(The Clean Air Act¶ 40 Years of Success Protecting Public Health and Environment Joe Mendelson¶ Director of Global ¶ Warming PolicyCatherine Bowes¶ Climate Policy ¶ Representative summer 2010 https://www.nwf.org/pdf/Policy-Solutions/CleanAirActFactSheet.pdf)kk
This fall marks the 40th anniversary of the Clean Air Act...
AND
...emission standards on available and affordable pollution control measures.15

Tournament: CEDA | Round: 6 | Opponent: KU MN | Judge: J Stan
Obama is using up all his pc to push minimum wage – he’s making it the key midterm issue
King 3/18
( President Obama continues push to raise minimum wage Allison King is a necn reporter, Undergraduate degree from Colgate University, and a Masters Degree from NYU's School of Journalism. http://www.necn.com/03/18/14/President-Obama-continues-push-to-raise-/landing_politics.html?blockID=864013andfeedID=11106)kk
As he looks toward the midterm...
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...can hire more workers," he said.

Plan destroys Obama
Loomis 7 Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at Georgetown University, “Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy”, March 2, 2007, pg 36-37, http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php
Declining political authority encourages...
AND
...character of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic. 

And, the economy is on the brink – minimum wage increase would be a shot in the arm for growth.
Galbraith 2012
(How to Save the Global Economy: Raise the Minimum Wage. A Lot.¶ James Kenneth Galbraith is an American economist who writes frequently for mainstream and liberal publications on economic topics.¶ JANUARY 3, 2012 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/7_raise_the_minimum_wage_a_lot¶ )kk
Americans can't spend, their...
AND
...be an act of justice.

Growth averts great power nuclear war
Mead 9
Walter Russell, Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, New Republic, February 4, http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8andp=2
If current market turmoil seriously damaged...
AND
...back on track, we may still have to fight.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: UMKC AF | Judge: Ryan Cheek
The written music pre-figured our engagement with the 1AC in a way that is violent toward and exclusive of encounter with embodied musics. Allows dismissal of the performance and makes embodied knowledges unintelligible.
Phil Ford 10/23/8
(Associate professor of musicology at the Indiana University Jacobs School of Music, author of Dig: Sound and Music in Hip Culture (Oxford University Press, 2013) and his essays have appeared in Representations, Journal of Musicology, Jazz Perspectives, Musical Quarterly, and other scholarly journals. His published work has mostly been about postwar American popular music, American cold war culture, radical and countercultural intellectual history, sound and performance, and philosophies of presence, holism, and embodiment; “Orality and literacy,” http://musicology.typepad.com/dialm/2008/10/orality-and-lit.html)

So I ended my last post on sound/media/performance by wondering how
AND
to think about clearly when music itself is defined entirely in literate terms.

(b) The aff’s sheet music made this debate enframed within the legal atomistic structures that surrounded its creation – creating an object which can be said to stand in for memory eliminates space for encounter with difference and undermines the performance by destroying its ephemeral ontology. Also enables it to be commodified – it’s insufficient to actually do anything
Philip Auslander Summer 97
(Professor, School of Literature, Media, and Communication, Georgia Tech; “Legally Live: Performance in/of the Law,” http://www.jstor.org.er.lib.k-state.edu/stable/pdfplus/1146622.pdf?acceptTC=true)

An author does not have to be well-known, or even published,
AND
is preserved ¶ and subjected to the vagaries of human memory and interpretation.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 1 | Opponent: KU CD | Judge: Justin Stanley
Space weap is inevitable but the US can deter and de-escalate conflict – we’ll get the high ground now – only risk of an arms race is inevitable US retaliation to international weaponization
Everett C. Dolman and Henry F. Cooper, Jr. 11
(*Professor of Comparative Military Studies at the US Air Force’s School of Advanced Air and Space Studies; Former DoD Deputy Executive and Chairman of High Frontier, a Defense Tech Think-Tank; “Increasing the Military Uses of Space,” http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/spacepower/spacepower.pdf)

Space is too vast.....most persuasive at the time.

Multilat fails but US space heg solves the impact – failure to lead causes miscalc and extinction – astro-political realism prevents order-shifting wars and promotes cooperation
Everett C. Dolman and Henry F. Cooper, Jr. 11
(*Professor of Comparative Military Studies at the US Air Force’s School of Advanced Air and Space Studies; Former DoD Deputy Executive and Chairman of High Frontier, a Defense Tech Think-Tank; “Increasing the Military Uses of Space,” http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/spacepower/spacepower.pdf)

We aver that the...for the benefit of all.

We’ll straight turn perception – no impact, but it dissuades counter-development by creating accurate power assessments and demonstrating sunk costs
M.V. Smith 11
(Colonel in the USAF, PhD in Strategic Studies-Politics and International Relations from the University of Reading; “Security and Spacepower,” http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/spacepower/spacepower.pdf)

Acquiring weapons is not a....deterrence more effective.

Space is latently weaponized now, including China – only a question of US signal
Michael E. O'Hanlon 11
(Senior fellow with the 21st Century Defense Initiative and director of research for the Foreign Policy program at the Brookings Institution, where he specializes in U.S. defense strategy, the use of military force, and American foreign policy. He is a visiting lecturer at Princeton University, an adjunct professor at Johns Hopkins University, and a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies; “Balancing U.S. Security Interests in Space,” http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/spacepower/spacepower.pdf)

In contrast, developing more....pro-space weaponization variety.

China is improving ASAT capabilities now – weakness on space is perceived as complacency that causes China to over-exert in the Taiwan Strait – turns Asia war
Michael E. O'Hanlon 11
(Senior fellow with the 21st Century Defense Initiative and director of research for the Foreign Policy program at the Brookings Institution, where he specializes in U.S. defense strategy, the use of military force, and American foreign policy. He is a visiting lecturer at Princeton University, an adjunct professor at Johns Hopkins University, and a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies; “Balancing U.S. Security Interests in Space,” http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/spacepower/spacepower.pdf)

Given trends in military reconnaissance....as opposed to, optical systems. 

US space weapons solve debris and protect satellites
Everett C. Dolman and Henry F. Cooper, Jr. 11
(*Professor of Comparative Military Studies at the US Air Force’s School of Advanced Air and Space Studies; Former DoD Deputy Executive and Chairman of High Frontier, a Defense Tech Think-Tank; “Increasing the Military Uses of Space,” http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/spacepower/spacepower.pdf)

Weaponization of space will create....would be in space, occurs below. 

Those are key to solve climate change and adaptation – only way to detect and respond to climate impacts
Peter L. Hays 11
(Professor of Space Policy and International Affairs at George Washington U, “Space Law and the Advancement of Spacepower,” http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/spacepower/spacepower.pdf)

Space provides a unique location....such as orbital solar shades.

Weapons solve asteroids – the squo will use nuclear busting
Asian News International 3/20/7
(“Lightweight lasers can eliminate Earth-striking asteroids,” http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/world/20070320/618874.html)

Researchers at the University of Alabama....and safely away from Earth.

Try or die – a strike destroys civilization – magnitude outweighs probability
Garshnek et. al, 2k
(Victoria Garshnek, Global Human Futures Research Associates, David Morrison,  NASA Ames Research Center, Frederick M. Burkle Jr, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, John A. Burns School of Medicine “ The mitigation, management, and survivability of asteroid/comet impact with Earth,”  Space Policy 16 (2000) 213 – 222)

As far as we know, impacts are....and that of all life on Earth.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: Gonzaga HC | Judge: William Smelko
The naming of 9/11 is a dangerous act – it presupposes a supposedly universal calendar – the affirmative’s repetition is an attempt at neutralizing and distancing ourselves from the text of that day
Derrida 2003 interviewed in Philosophy in a time of terror by Giovanna Borradori – Online excerpt http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/066649.html

Derrida: Le 11 septembre, as you say, or, since we have
AND
for the moment we are simply preparing ourselves to say something about it.

Our criticism comes before the aff – it doesn’t matter if you’re critiquing the response to the event if you aren’t attentive to the naming of it
Derrida 2003 interviewed in Philosophy in a time of terror by Giovanna Borradori – Online excerpt http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/066649.html

I believe always in the necessity of being attentive first of all to this phenomenon
AND
September 11, September 11, le 11 septembre, 9/11.and#34;

It’s reason enough to vote NEG - Representations structure reality – they are linked to power relations that are used to define policy implications, yet the aff has no means by which to process what they attempt to name
Doty ‘96 Roxanne Lynn (Assistant Professor of Political Science at ASU); Imperial Encounters: The Politics of Representation in North-South Relations; p. 170-171 nick
North-South relations have been constituted as a structure of deferral. The center
AND
of making meaning and deferral of its responsibility and complicity in dominant representations.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: SFSU AT | Judge: Mia Bonitto

The Binary of able/disable seeks to normalize the able body while ostracizing the disabled

Imrie University of London Geography Professor 2000
(Rob Imrie, January 6, 2000 Environment and Planning A 2000, volume 32, Disability and discourses of mobility and movement http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=a331 pg. 1641-1642 accessed 7-6-12 BC)
The inequities of mobility and movement are connected to sociocultural values and practices which prioritise
AND
in addition, see Abberley, 1987; Paterson and Hughes, 1999).

Mobility in context of freedom or political action constructs disability as ‘broken’ or ‘stuck’

May and Ferri, Syracuse Feminism and Disability studies Professors, 5
(Vivian M, Beth A, “Fixated on Ability: Questioning Ableist Metaphors in Feminist Theories of Resistance,” 2005, Prose Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1and2 April-August 2005, pp. 120-140, http://syr.academia.edu/BethFerri/Papers/160692/Fixated_on_Ability_Questioning_Ableist_Metaphors_in_Feminist_Theories_of_Resistance, Date Accessed: 7/5, JS)
In addition to the use of explicitly ableist metaphors, it is equally important to
AND
and liberation in opposition to the duped and stuck femme character/body.

Ablist Language is an act of dehumanization and pointing out this language solves

Anna, DisabledFeminists.com writer, 10
(Feminists With Disabilities for a Way Forward, “The Disabled,” June 18, 2010, http://disabledfeminists.com/2010/06/18/awp-the-disabled/, Accessed:7/6/12)
Doug S, it’s almost like people treat having a disability like it’s this horrible
AND
out ablist language is part of the advocacy of pointing out we exist.

Tournament: Emporia | Round: 1 | Opponent: KU FG | Judge: Matthew Moore
The exploration and development of space is smoke screen for the expansion of capitalism, a short-term solution to economic and societal crisis on Earth. The militarization of space leading to space wars over resources and the development of markets in the cosmos is an inevitable consequence of the aff.
Dickens 10
Dickens, teaches at the Universities of Brighton and Cambridge, UK, in ‘10
Peter, “The Humanization of the Cosmos—To What End?”, Monthly Review, Vol. 62 No. 6, http://monthlyreview.org/2010/11/01/the-humanization-of-the-cosmos-to-what-end
Instead of indulging in over-optimistic and fantastic visions, we should take a
AND
space between nations and companies attempting to make their own cosmic “fixes.”

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: UMKC AF | Judge: Ryan Cheek
The dominant historical narrative has taught us that civilization is the natural outcome of humanity—this is far from the truth and is ultimately a false rationalization for a system that has been imposed upon us via coercion and will ultimately result in planetary extinction
Watson 1991 (David, “Civilization in Bulk”, Fifth Estate, Summer)
According to official history, this grid is the natural outcome of an inevitable evolution
AND
. Can a world worth inhabiting survive the ruin that will be left?

Vote neg to destroy the world. We aren’t a revolution. We recognize that this particular movement is not universal for everyone, but we can still build momentum as individuals to escape from civilization
Felonius Skunk 2005 (Green Anarchy #19)
Along with the promising contagious articulation of anti-civilization ideas within the anarchist movement
AND
on our own terms, as with the lives we create for ourselves.

Tournament: D3 | Round: 4 | Opponent: OU LM | Judge: Kurt Fifelski
Community is an empty ideal—it cannot be libratory and only forcloses a deeper critique of civilization

Zerzan 2005 (John, Primitivist Activist, MA SFSU, “Community” http://insurgentdesire.org.uk/community1.htm)

Community, by which one obviously means more than, say, neighborhood, is a very elusive term but a continuing touchstone of radical value. In fact, all manner of folks resort to it, from the
resemblance to this one. Only a negative "community," based explicitly on contempt for the categories of existent community, is legitimate and appropriate to our aims.
Social hierarchies and the elimination of undesirables are the outcome of the civilizing project

T.H.U.G. 2005 (Tree Huggin Urban Guerillas, Disorderly Conduct #6, http://insurgentdesire.org.uk/ whycivilization.htm)
Over the next thousands of years, this disease progresses, with its colonizing and imperialist mentality eventually consuming most of the planet, with, of course, the help
years they have shaped the human experience on every level from the institutional to the personal, while they have devoured life.

Tournament: CEDA | Round: 1 | Opponent: OU CO | Judge: Kaitlyn Haynal
Patriarchal culture render the domination of women and the non-human as inherently connected – a feminist standpoint challenges the hierarchies between nature and culture
Agarwall, 92 (Bina, Director and Professor of Economics Institute of Economic Growth University of Delhi “The Gender and Environment Debate: Lessons from India”, Feminist Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Spring, 1992), pp. 119-158)
SOME CONCEPTUAL ISSUES Ecofeminism. Ecofeminism embodies within it several different strands of discourse...
AND
...nonhuman world, in nonhierarchical ways. 

Gender must be the starting point for creating ecological change or else the aff will fail
Mellor, 2000 (Mary, Social Science Professor at Northumbria University and author , “Feminism and Environmental Ethics: A Materialist Perspective”, Ethics and the Environment, 5(1)107-123, ISSN: 1085-6633, accessed via Project Muse)
FEMINISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS An important starting point for the...
AND
...will write this word in a broken form, hu(man)ity, in the rest of this essay.

Male domination causes ecological destruction through its dualistic binary understanding of humanity- only embracing an ecofeminist alternative solves
Mellor, 2000 (Mary, Social Science Professor at Northumbria University and author , “Feminism and Environmental Ethics: A Materialist Perspective”, Ethics and the Environment, 5(1)107-123, ISSN: 1085-6633, accessed via Project Muse)
The focus of materialist ecofeminism on sex/gender inequality in the...
AND
...ideologically control those it exploits, excludes, and oppresses.

Tournament: NJDDT | Round: Semis | Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: Philip DiPiazza, Juan Garcia-Lugo, Scott Harris
The 1AC performance was not neutral- womyn are always told to be “hopeful” and to love their oppressors. This reinforces passivity and dependency which enables violence against womyn
Jackson 01
(Sue, August 1st, 01, Feminism and Psychology, Happily Never After: Young Women’s Stories of Abuse in Heterosexual Love Relationships, pg. 307, JKS)
In addition to sexual vulnerability, the translation of romantic narrative into
because its texts of meanings conform to a social order of male dominance and female submission that underwrites violence and abuse. 

This allows patriarchal structures to use womyn’s bodies as spaces for male ownership and male domination which makes violence seem natural
Ray in 1997
A. E. Ray “The Shame of it: gender-based terrorism in the former Yugoslavia and the failureof international human rights law to comprehend the injuries.” The American University Law Review. Vol 46.  
In order to reach all of the violence perpetrated against the womyn of the former Yugoslavia that is not committed
struggle over female subordination is womyn's bodies." 7 2

The male oppressor and the war on the female body continue to exist through a normative view of what female sexuality should be. This creates various forms of international female slavery which justifies violence against those womyn who do not comply
Rich 90
Adrienne, author and poet. “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence.” Signs, Vol. 5, No. 4, Womyn: Sex and Sexuality. pp. 631-660. JStor.
Given the nature and extent of heterosexual pressures, the daily "eroticization of womyn's subordination
"sexual beings whose responsibility is the sexual service of men."34
But compliance with the system doesn’t work either—society’s conflicting expectations for female sexuality create the lose-lose situation of the prude/slut dilemma where womyn can never win
O’Neill 13
Lisa, writer and teacher, “On Beyoncé, Benedict, and the Volition of Womyn.” The Feminist Wire. March 1st, 2013. http://thefeministwire.com/2013/03/on-beyonce-benedict-and-the-volition-of-womyn/
Why is it so threatening when a womyn owns her own power
made to bear their sexuality as a burden when men typically are not.
Vote negative to affirm female rage- Anger comes from a woman’s experiences of violence and oppression by the hands of men. It unleashes a frightening rage capable of changing the world around her. Women will no longer be a walking apology, and feminine rage demands attention and even without it tears at the walls of male supremacy for new female-driven world-making.
Kaplow in 1973
 Susi Kaplow. “Getting Angry” Radical Feminism. 1973.
Two scenarios: An angry man: someone has infringed on his rights, gone
passionate, anger moves from the personal to the political and becomes a force for shaping our new destiny.

Anger can be a powerful source for change against any oppression that womyn experience. That fury must be translated into action against oppression, or it will be used against other womyn
Lorde 84
Audre, “The Uses of Anger: Womyn Responding to Racism.” SISTER OUTSIDER. Pg. 127-128
Everything can be used I except what is wasteful I (you will need I to remember this
the fabric of your existence, like eveningtime or the common cold.
*Modified for Gendered language

Tournament: Emporia | Round: 3 | Opponent: KU MO | Judge: KURT FIFELSKI
Their restrictions cannot constrain the imperial presidency and only give it the façade of legality, turning the case.  Vote negative to abandon their naïve liberal legalism in favor of politics.
Pildes 2012 (Richard H, “Law and the President” Co-Director, NYU Center on Law and Security
Harvard Law Review, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381)
The general outlines of this history are familiar. But in a bracing new book
AND
, in the President's best judgment, doing so will produce better outcomes.

Tournament: UTA | Round: 3 | Opponent: MoState RM | Judge: Brian Box
National security courts cause racial targeting and segregation – the primacy of “national security” permeates and devastates any concern for rule of law
Setty, 10
Professor of Law at West New England
Sudha, “Comparative Perspectives On Specialized Trials for Terrorism,” 63 Me. L. Rev. 131
A clear deontological argument can be made that specialized courts should not ¶ be used
AND
as to short-term or long-term national ¶ security gains.  

The impact is violence against the periphery – discursive construction is key
Rana, 12
Aziz, Assistant Professor of Law at Cornell University, A.B. Harvard College, J.D. Yale Law School; PhD. Harvard University, “Who Decides on Security?”, Connecticut Law Review, Volume 44 July 2012 Number5
In Part IV, I will continue by detailing the steady emergence beginning during the
AND
assumptions required to sustain popular ¶ involvement in matters of threat and safety.

Tournament: UTA | Round: 7 | Opponent: WSU MO | Judge: Erika Jensen
The 1ac is a form of libidinal critical pedagogy. It cannot have revolutionary praxis because it operates on the terrain of stimulating individual excitement/energy/hype/whatever they’re calling themselves instead of collectively organizing to destroy capitalism.  Until this space is made egalitarian all that is of dubious value.
Ebert 1996 (Teresa, Critical Theory @SUNY Albany, “For a Red Pedagogy: Feminism, Desire, and Need” College English 58:7,JK)
Libidinal pedagogy has become the new hegemonic pedagogy in literary and cultural studies, especially
AND
space of equals, nor is it situated in an egalitarian¶ society.

Our alternative is to embrace Red Feminist Critique AS Pedagogy—it is antagonistic to their libidinal pedagogy and cannot be permuted—only it produces effective knowledge and praxis capable of tearing down global oppressions
Ebert 1996 (Teresa, Critical Theory @SUNY Albany, “For a Red Pedagogy: Feminism, Desire, and Need” College English 58:7,JK)
The core of a red pedagogy (of critique) is that education is not
AND
by the material conditions by which people produce the sustenance of their life.

Tournament: D3 | Round: 2 | Opponent: KCKCC FG | Judge: Gabe Murillo
The 1ac appropriates suffering via snippets of testimony, then rationalizes it by hoping that those in misery eventually see the trickle down of whatever debate can do to change society.  Technical and bureaucratic solutions inevitably follow, manifested in every normative statement we make about the way the world should be—this ensures the continuation of violent world ordering and politics as usual. Vote Negative because they are naïve about global politics and participate in the violent masking of domination.

Nayar 2013 (Jayan, School of Law, Warwick University, “The Politics of Hope and the Other-in-the-World: Thinking Exteriority” Law and Critique 24:63–85, DOI 10.1007/s10978-012-9115-8, JK)

People suffer.17 This is a simple truth that takes little effort to state
AND
Other, help create masks of hegemony for the brutal faces of domination.

Tournament: CEDA | Round: 1 | Opponent: OU CO | Judge: Kaitlyn Haynal
War metaphors are constitutive – they mobilize action and foreclose debate
Lori Hartmann-Mahmud 2002 Centre College International Studies Asst Prof
Peace Review 14:4 (2002), 427–432 War as Metaphor
Metaphors are more than just literary devices used to...
AND
...by the imminence and urgency of war.

War metaphors trade off with solutions via three mechanisms: simpliciation, depoliticization, root causes – this drives the social problems they oppose
Lori Hartmann-Mahmud 2002 Centre College International Studies Asst Prof
Peace Review 14:4 (2002), 427–432 War as Metaphor
In this essay I explore the implications...
AND
...as maps and censuses are used for that purpose.

Reject the war metaphors tying the affirmative to the topic.

Our rejection dissolves the affirmative’s war metaphors, which makes space for new metaphors to address all the impacts of the aff
Jack Lule 2004 Lehigh University
Journalism Studies, Volume 5, Number 2, 2004, pp. 179–190 War and its Metaphors: news language and the prelude to war in Iraq, 2003
An irony has shadowed the thrust of this research. War itself has proved to be an encompassing metaphor for many aspects of US social life. We often use war to speak of business, law,...
AND
...guard against metaphors that kill.6

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: OU LS | Judge: Chris Loghry

General

Their res Identity politics supplements the regular functioning of capitalism – identity formation is the process by which capitalism divides the working class to make resistance impossible.  They guarantee that political demands do not elevate past the level of particularism and reaching the level of the bourgeoisie becomes their ultimate objective.  Their politics cannot be a supplement to class politics, but our alternative is the only way to effectively achieve the success of their movement

Brown 93
Professor of legal studies and womenand#39;s studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz
(Wendy, “Wounded Attachments,” Political Theory, Volume 21, Number 3, August, 1993)
Although this detente between universal and particular within liberalism is potted with volatile conceits,
AND
produced by capitalism in addition to that bound to the explicitly politicized marking. 

resistance is like trying to satisfy your thirst by drinking Coke – thirst becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy because the nature of Coke is to make you thirsty. Likewise, their resistance is a self-fulfilling prophecy that only traps them in a never-ending loop because the nature of debate is to engender resistance without substantially changing things.

Slavoj Zizek 2k
Professor of Sociology at the Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana University, 2000, The Fragile Absolute, p. 22-23
The unexpected result of this feature is not that, since Coke does not satisfy
AND
of a property that is in effect merely an envelope of a void.

The impact is extinction – racism and sexism

Brown, 05
 (Charles, Professor of Economics and Research Scientist at the University of Michigan, 05/13/2005, http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/pen-l/2005w15/msg00062.htm)
The capitalist class owns the factories, the banks, and transportation-the means
AND
at large remains a shameful fact of life in the U.S.

The alternative is to vote neg to analyze the affirmative through a historical materialist method by moving away from the state to reveal the exploitative nature of capitalism.

Historical materialism is the best methodological approach to fighting capitalism-it provides the ideological backdrop necessary to turn theory into praxis and end capitalist exploitation

Lukacs in 67 (George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungaryand#39;s Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness)
Historical materialism has, therefore, a much greater value for the proletariat than that
AND
with this knowledge, it could act accordingly. 224-225

Other Links

Particular demands are revolution without a revolution- single issue movements lack concrete universality, allowing them to be absorbed and made to reinforce capitalism

Zizek 2002
(Slavoj, Revolution at the Gates, pg 296-302)
So the struggle ahead has no guaranteed outcome – it will confront us with an
AND
possibleand#34; (or, as we usually put it, and#34;feasibleand#34emoticon_wink.

Tournament: Emporia | Round: 1 | Opponent: KU FG | Judge: Matthew Moore
Best contextual analysis indicates “armed forces” only refers to human troops – excludes weapons systems such as space weapons
Lorber 13 – Eric Lorber, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science. January 2013, "Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?" University of Pennsylvania Journal of Contsitutional Law, 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961, lexis nexis

As is evident from a textual analysis, n177 an examination of the legislative history
AND
is highly unlikely - such operations will not trigger the War Powers Resolution.

Tournament: CEDA | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wyoming MP | Judge: Brian Box
Interpretation: A topical plan is limited to restricting the President’s authority over the military
Bajesky 13 – MA in Political Science and Applied Economics, LLM @ Georgetown
(Robert, “Dubitable Security Threats and Low Intensity Interventions as the Achilles' Heel of War Powers,” 32 Miss. C. L. Rev. 9)
A numerical comparison indicates
repel and not to commence war." n32
Violation: the plan applies to CIA targeted killings
Policinski 13 - legal fellow with the International Humanitarian Law Dissemination unit at American Red Cross National Headquarters, holds a J.D. from Villanova Law School in Villanova, Pennsylvania and an LL.M. from the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights in Geneva, Switzerland
(Ellen, “Why Shifting Drone Strikes from the CIA to the DoD is a Good Idea,” http://lawsofarmedconflict.com/2013/06/13/why-shifting-drone-strikes-from-the-cia-to-the-dod-is-a-good-idea/)
The use of drones as a tool to carr
y
killed al-Awlaki was controlled by the CIA.3
Limits – adding on other powers drastically increases the research burden – war powers is already large enough
Taylor 5 – now a JD from William and Mary
(Jarred, “Searching for a More Perfect Union,” https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ypiOXjRVPWzNxDsFVJ0S1n-QfIGtXzp7Y59meEwd-bE/edit?hl=en_US)
It would take even the most seasoned scholar
executive military power bear highlighting
.

Tournament: WSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: OU LW | Judge: Kurt Fifelski
Offensive cyber operations are military op in cyberspace
Lin 2010 (Herbert S. “Offensive Cyber Operations and the Use of Force”, Journal of National Security Law and Policy, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/06_Lin.pdf  jk)
For purposes of this article...
AND
..for cyber attack ¶ against and (or) cyberexploitation of adversary information systems and ¶ networks

The aff must advocate a decrease in war powers
Bajesky 13 – MA in Political Science and Applied Economics, LLM @ Georgetown
(Robert, “Dubitable Security Threats and Low Intensity Interventions as the Achilles' Heel of War Powers,” 32 Miss. C. L. Rev. 9)
A numerical comparison indicates that the Framer's intended for Congress to be the dominant branch
AND
the President was empowered "to repel and not to commence war." n32

Decision-making – national security debate is key to decision-making skills and activism – other approaches collapse in on themselves and never bridge from theory to practice.
Donohue 2013
(Laura K. Donohue, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11/13, National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf)
The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education, or in the law
AND
undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.

The ballot changes the game – advocating pure ethics is obviously fine, but when it is used in a competitive forum it kills engagement and allows one side to claim the moral high ground which erases clash.
Hanghoj 2008
(Thorkild hanghoj, PhD, assistant professor, School of Education, University of Aarhus, also affiliated with the Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009 /ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)
Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself” (Wegerif, 2006: 61).

Tournament: UCO | Round: 5 | Opponent: KU HR | Judge: Phil Samuels
Interpretation—Restrictions are prohibitions on action—this is exclusive with oversight and reporting
Jean Schiedler-Brown 12, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown and Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf

Indefinite detention detaining w/out trial
US Legal 2013 (http://definitions.uslegal.com/i/indefinite-detention/)

Tournament: NJDDT | Round: Semis | Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: Philip DiPiazza, Juan Garcia-Lugo, Scott Harris
Targeted killing is deliberate, used by states, and targets specific individuals who are not in custody
Alston 2010 (UN Human Rights Council, “Study on Targeted Killings”, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/14session/A.HRC.14.24.Add6.pdf)
A targeted killing is the intentional, premeditated and deliberate use of lethal force
openly or implicitly, ¶ of using targeted killings, including in the territories of other States.

Indefinite detention is detainment by the government without trial
US Legal 2013 (http://definitions.uslegal.com/i/indefinite-detention/)
Indefinite detention is the practice of detaining an arrested person by a national
national and international laws. It also violates human rights laws.

Offensive cyber operations are military op in cyberspace
Lin 2010 (Herbert S. “Offensive Cyber Operations and the Use of Force”, Journal of National Security Law and Policy, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/06_Lin.pdf  jk)
For purposes of this article, the term “off
information systems and ¶ networks

Intro of armed forces into hostilities require an active exchange of fire with enemy force – the aff isn’t
Lee, U.S. Senator from Utah, and Koh, Legal Adviser of the U.S. Department of State and Sterling Professor of International Law at Yale, 6/28/11
(Mike and Harold, Libya and War Powers, hearing of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, CQ Testimony, Lexis)
First question I'd like to ask you relates to the definition of -- of the term "hostilities" as used in Section 1541
they invited the executive branch to give clarification.
Decision-making – simulating national security debates is key to decision-making skills and activism – other approaches collapse in on themselves and never bridge from theory to practice.
Donohue 2013
(Laura K. Donohue, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11/13, National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf)
The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education
While further adaptation of this model is undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.

-- The ballot changes the game – advocating pure ethics is obviously fine, but when it is used in a competitive forum it kills engagement and allows one side to claim the moral high ground which erases clash.
Hanghoj 2008
(Thorkild hanghoj, PhD, assistant professor, School of Education, University of Aarhus, also affiliated with the Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009 /ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)
Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios
the most important goal, should be dialogue as an end in itself” (Wegerif, 2006: 61).

Tournament: UTA | Round: 1 | Opponent: UNLV SJ | Judge: Alex Zendeh
Interpretation: A topical plan is limited to restricting the President’s authority over the military
Bajesky 13 – MA in Political Science and Applied Economics, LLM @ Georgetown
(Robert, “Dubitable Security Threats and Low Intensity Interventions as the Achilles' Heel of War Powers,” 32 Miss. C. L. Rev. 9)
A numerical comparison indicates that the Framer's intended for Congress to be the dominant branch
AND
the President was empowered "to repel and not to commence war." n32
Violation: the plan applies to CIA targeted killings
Policinski 13 - legal fellow with the International Humanitarian Law Dissemination unit at American Red Cross National Headquarters, holds a J.D. from Villanova Law School in Villanova, Pennsylvania and an LL.M. from the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights in Geneva, Switzerland
(Ellen, “Why Shifting Drone Strikes from the CIA to the DoD is a Good Idea,” http://lawsofarmedconflict.com/2013/06/13/why-shifting-drone-strikes-from-the-cia-to-the-dod-is-a-good-idea/)
The use of drones as a tool to carry out targeted killing operations raises a
AND
drone that killed al-Awlaki was controlled by the CIA.3

Tournament: D3 | Round: 2 | Opponent: KCKCC FG | Judge: Gabe Murillo
Our interpretation – the aff should advocate statutory and/or judicial restrictions on the president’s war powers authority in one of the topical areas.

Violations –
“Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum
Army Officer School 4
(5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after "
AND
resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

Judicial belongs to court of law
Oxford English dictionary
(Oxford University ¶ (http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/101916?redirectedFrom=judicial+#eid)
Of or belonging to judgment in a court of law, or to a judge in relation to this function; pertaining to the administration of justice; proper to a court of law or a legal tribunal; resulting from or fixed by a judgment in court.

Statutory means enacted by legislation
Black’s law
(http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/)

What is STATUTORY RESTRICTION?¶ Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.

Indefinite detention is detainment by the government without trial
US Legal 2013 (http://definitions.uslegal.com/i/indefinite-detention/)
Indefinite detention is the practice of detaining
AND
It also violates human rights laws.

The mechanics of the topic support a debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson 3
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

Vote neg

-- Limits and ground – allowing affs tangentially related to the resolutional mechanism eviscerates negative ground because they can access topical literature but still spike out of generic counterplans, disads and case turns. While we may indict the idea of the plan or advocacy, we’ll never have evidence saying their specific advocacy of it is bad.

Limits also turns engagement because only large schools with thousands of researchers would be able to prepare and win.  Their model is aff-biased because such a large number of possible Roles of the Ballot eliminates predictable offense that underpins negative clash.

-- Decision-making – simulating national security debates is key to decision-making skills and activism – other approaches collapse in on themselves and never bridge from theory to practice.
Donohue 2013
(Laura K. Donohue, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11/13, National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf)
The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education, or in the law
AND
undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.

-- The ballot changes the game – advocating pure ethics is obviously fine, but when it is used in a competitive forum it kills engagement and allows one side to claim the moral high ground which erases clash.
Hanghoj 2008
(Thorkild hanghoj, PhD, assistant professor, School of Education, University of Aarhus, also affiliated with the Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009 /ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)
Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself” (Wegerif, 2006: 61).