Tournament: D3 | Round: 1 | Opponent: KU KS | Judge: Kurt Fifelski
1AC

Plan: The U.S. Congress should establish a Targeted Killing Review Court to rule on the legality of targeting decisions for the use of drone strikes.
Advantage 1- Terror
Strikes under Obama kill more low level operatives and civilians inciting more terrorism and hindering the program
Michael J. Boyle 13
(Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence; “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf)
The second major claim for the effectiveness of drone strikes is based on¶ their
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-Qaeda and strengthened¶ local insurgent forces challenging the Yemeni government.53
Drone-based decapitation strategy key to solve
Patrick B. Johnston 8/22/12
(Associate political scientist at the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan research institution, author of "Does Decapitation Work? Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Targeting in Counterinsurgency Campaigns," published in International Security (Spring 2012); "Drone Strikes Keep Pressure on al-Qaida", www.rand.org/blog/2012/08/drone-strikes-keep-pressure-on-al-qaida.html)
Should the U.S. continue to strike at al-Qaida's leadership with
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bin Laden did in Afghanistan in 1996, after his ouster from Sudan.
Terrorists have the means and motivation to get nuclear weapons and the international community has no protection mechanism
Bhattarai 14
Keshav Prasad, Masters in Education and Political Science at Tribhuvan University. “LIVING UNDER THE THREAT OF NUCLEAR TERRORISM.” Eurasia Review. 2-6-14. http://www.eurasiareview.com/06022014-living-threat-nuclear-terrorism/
Evidences and Ominous Possibilities Ogilvie-White and Santoroi giving IAEA source have stated that
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hand of a terrorist is not an imagination – but a dire possibility.
A plan to destabilize attacks is the only prudent policy. Attempts are inevitable – one success causes extinction and major power escalation – we cite means and motivation.
Zafar Nawaz Jaspal 12
(Associate Professor at the School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; “Nuclear/Radiological Terrorism: Myth or Reality?” Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 19.1, 91-111)
The misperception, miscalculation and above all ignorance of the ruling elite about security puzzles
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the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism.” (UNSC Resolution, 2009)
Court review of targeted killing prevents civilian casualties and increases international credibility
Epistein 11
(Michael Epstein- Michigan State University College of Law “Targeted Killing Court: Why The United States Needs To Adopt International Legal Standards For Targeted Killings And How To Do So In A Domestic Court” Spring, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003andcontext=michael_epstein)
Section 102 – Targeted Killing Order. This section would provide the process for how
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could help preserve our reputation and standing within and among the international community.

Scenario 1: Oil
AQAP is growing – orchestrating global terrorist attacks and destabilizes the Bab al-Mandeb
The Week 13 “Yemen terror threat – why the West is so worried by AQAP,” The Week, 8/7/2013, http://www.theweek.co.uk/world-news/54494/yemen-terror-threat-al-qaeda-aqap-west-worried
AQAP continues to thrive: Despite operating from remote Yemeni backwaters, the group produces
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the current transitional conditions in Yemen to threaten shipping and international trade." • 

AQAP attack on the Bab al-Mandeb highly likely, collapses the economy
Nincic ’12 Donna J. Nincic, PhD in Political Science from New York University and currently is Professor and Director of the ABS School of Maritime Policy and Management at the California Maritime Academy, a campus of the California State University, in Vallejo, “Maritime Terrorism: How Real is the Threat?” Fair Observer, 7/16/2012, http://www.fairobserver.com/article/maritime-terrorism-how-real-threat
However, with the exception of al-Qaeda Jamaah Islamiyah in Indonesia, and
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, the threat of maritime terrorism must continue to be taken very seriously.
Oil shocks undermine global crisis management – reactionary posturing to econ collapse eliminates restraints and makes miscalculated major power war inevitable
Cook et al 10
Malcolm Cook et. al. June 10
(East Asia Program Director at the Lowy Institute for International Policy; MacArthur Foundation and the Lowy Institute: Raoul Heinrichs, Rory Medcalf, Andrew Shearer, “Power and Choice: Asian Security Futures,” http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/blog_attachments/Asian_security_futures_-_final_version.pdf)
Asia, the most dynamic region in the world, is dependent on energy originating
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will become a more urgent strategic priority for a number of regional navies.
Econ decline allows terror groups in the Middle East to cause instability- the impact is nuclear war and extinction
Kemp 10
(Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs at The Nixon Center, served in the White House under Ronald Reagan, special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior director for Near East and South Asian affairs on the National Security Council Staff, Former Director, Middle East Arms Control Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East,” p. 233-4)
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
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expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

Scenario 2: Bioterrorism
AQAP can acquire and use biological and chemical weapons in Yemen
Berger 12
(Lars Berger, Maurice Döring, Sven-Eric Fikenscher, Ahmed Saif, and Ahmed Al-Wahishi, s Berger is a Lecturer in ¶ Politics and Contemporary ¶ History of the Middle East¶ at the University of Salford/¶ Manchester, United Kingdom.  He was an APSA Congressional Fellow in Washington, D.C. in 2002-03. Döring holds an MA in Political Science, International Law and Philosophy from the University of Bonn. Fikenscher is a Research Fellow at Goethe University, Frankfurt and was a Research Assistant at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt in 2006–11.May 2012“Yemen and the Middle East Conference¶ The Challenge of Failing States ¶ and Transnational Terrorism” http://usir.salford.ac.uk/22952/1/Yemen_and_the_Middle_East_Conference.pdf)
Second, with a long history as one of the region’s eminent weapons markets,
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capable of producing biological and chemical material  in remote areas under their control.
Bioterror causes extinction
Mhyrvold ‘13
Nathan, Began college at age 14, BS and Masters from UCLA, Masters and PhD, Princeton “Strategic Terrorism: A Call to Action,” Working Draft, The Lawfare Research Paper Series
Research paper NO . 2 – 2013
As horrible as this would be, such a pandemic is by no means the
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be available to anybody with a solid background in biology, terrorists included.
Advantage 2- Drone prolif
Drone prolif is inevitable and happening NOW, political limits on use are changing and markets are deepening
Singer 13
Peter Singer is director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence at the Brookings Institution. 9/06/2013 “The Proliferation of Drones” https://ip-journal.dgap.org/en/ip-journal/topics/proliferation-drones
Today the United States is ahead in the field of military robotics, and given
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three weapons exporting nations in the world, are very eager to enter.
US precedent undermines bans on assassinations and norms on the use of force
Boyle ’13
(Michael J. Boyle is an assistant professor of political science at La Salle University, and former counterterrorism advisor for Obama. “The costs and consequences of drone warfare” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf)
Third, lethal drones create the possibility that the norms on the use of force
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the legal and evidentiary difficulties associated with giving them a fair trial.147
Drones undermine nuclear deterrence and lead to great risk of miscalculation and large-scale nuclear wars between great powers, specifically between India and Pakistan
Boyle ’13
(Michael J. Boyle is an assistant professor of political science at La Salle University, and former counterterrorism advisor for Obama. “The costs and consequences of drone warfare” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf)
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts
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powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.

Newest models prove even limited use causes extinction
Robock and Toon 10
Alan Robock, professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University and PhD in Meterology, and Owen Brian Toon, Professor of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and a fellow at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, January 2010, “South Asian Threat?  Local Nuclear War = Global Suffering” published in Scientific American magazine, Vol. 302, Issue 1
Worry has focused on the U.S. versus Russia, but a regional
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and to take as our test case an engagement between India and Pakistan.
*Modified for ableist language
US Legal standards are the best way to create norms regarding targeted strike technologies among both US allies and adversaries by raising the costs of misuse
Anderson and Waxman 13
(Kenneth Anderson-American University- Washington College of Law ; Stanford University - The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace; Brookings Institution - Governance Studies, Mathew Waxman- Columbia Law School, “Law and ethics for Autonomous weapon Systems Why a Ban Won’t Work and  How the Laws of War Can” April 10, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2250126)
Given all of these risks, and to promote many other interests as well,
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autonomous weapons, whether those of the United States or those of others.
cyber and space.

The US will shape the global norms for targeted killings because of its widespread use of the tech and current monopoly on the market. Many countries are already on the path to follow US actions.
Alston 11
 (Philip John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law. The author was UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010. “The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders” http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Vol.-2_Alston1.pdf)
3. Self-interest: Setting Prudent Precedents for Others
Because the United States inevitably contributes disproportionately to the shaping of global regime rules,
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can also be “a messenger of death for enemies of mankind.”608

Now is the key time to shape norms- the window is closing on US ability to influence the trajectory of drones
Roberts 13
(Kristin, Roberts is News Editor for National Journal she holds a master's degree in security studies from Georgetown University. March 22, 2013 “When the Whole World Has Drones” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321)
Berteau is not alone. Zenko, of the Council on Foreign Relations, has
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, or 15 years—might find helpful in arguing against another’s actions.

Solvency
Judges are uniquely situated to provide a check on targeted killing, judicial action will reduce civilian casualties and increase legitimacy
Adelsberg 13
(Samuel S. Adelsberg is a J.D. Candidate 2013, Yale Law School, “Bouncing the Executive’s Blank Check:
Judicial Review and the Targeting of Citizens” http://www3.law.harvard.edu/journals/hlpr/files/2013/06/Bouncing-the-Executives-Blank-Check.pdf)
Rather, as recognized by the Founders in the Fourth Amendment, balancing the needs
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, we¶ will turn to what this judicial involvement would look like.
Court doesn’t implicate operational ability- existing policy creates delays
Opderbeck 13
(David W., 8-2-13, Professor of Law, Seton Hall University Law School, and Director, Gibbons Institute of Law,
Science and Technology, “Drone Courts” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2305315)
Many of these requirements are already implied in the existing¶ Justice Department guidelines,
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to provide¶ any sort of advance public notice of ordinary military objectives.¶

Court is key- expertise and enforcement
Opderbeck 8/02/13
(David. W., Professor of Law, Seton Hall University Law School, and Director, Gibbons Institute of Law, Science and Technology, “Drone Courts” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2305315) As the foregoing discussion illustrates, drones represent a new paradigm for both technological and geopolitical reasons. Technologically, drones allow for great stealth and precision without putting human assets in harm’s way. Geopolitically, drones can be dropped selectively into the sort of discrete tactical situations that may arise on an ad hoc basis in an interminable, global “war on terror.” In many ways, drones have evolved as weapons of choice precisely because of the demands imposed by the “war on terror.”304
This geopolitical context complicates and often obscures the public conversation over drone courts. The
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collateral damage; and¶ • Compliance with principles of jus in bello.
Drone courts are key limit executive behavior and solve transparency
Wexler 13
(Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, “The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests,” 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm
This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the
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. Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior.

Tournament: Emporia | Round: 2 | Opponent: UMKC JW | Judge: Scott Harris
1AC

Plan: The U.S. Congress should establish a Targeted Killing Review Court to rule on the legality of targeting decisions.
Advantage 1- Terror
There’s no congressional check on drone strikes in the status quo- allows strikes to fuel extremism  
Hughes 13
Dana, staffwriter who attended the London School of Economics and Politics as a Hansard Scholar, where she worked in the British House of Commons. “US Drone Strikes in Pakistan Are Illegal, Says UN Terrorism Official.” ABC. March 15th, 2013. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/03/us-drone-strikes-in-pakistan-are-illegal-says-un-terrorism-official/
Pakistan has been very vocal in its opposition to the program. The Ministry of
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the number of civilians killed during a strike, but defended the program.
Drone strikes rapidly increased under Obama and expanded to include strikes on more low level targets-this makes the program ineffective
Hudson, 2013
(Leila, Colin S. Owens, Matt Flannes Hudson is associate professor at the University of Arizona and director of the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts. Owens and Fannes are research associates for SISMEC. “Drone Warfare” http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-blowback-new-american-way-war)
The use of armed drones by the United States has developed over nearly a decade
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commander Ilyas al-Kashmiri in 2009 and again in June 2011 notwithstanding.
Killing terrorist leaders is the key internal link to destroying terrorist organizations and stopping violence
Price 12
(Bryan Price is a major in the U.S. Army and former Assistant Professor of Social Sciences at the U.S.
Military Academy. He will serve at the Asia-Paciªc Center for Security Studies starting in August 2012. “Targeting Top Terrorists” Spring, http://shakes31471.typepad.com/files/how-leadership-decapitation-contributes-to-counterterrorism.pdf)
In contrast, some scholars argue that decapitation acts as a deterrent. First,
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have ongoing consequences, rather than merely a short-term effect.”124

Terrorists can acquire a nuclear weapons
Dahl 13
Fredrick, staff writer based in Vienna, covers international news. “Governments warn about nuclear terrorism threat.” Reuters. July 1st, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/01/us-nuclear-security-idUSBRE96010E20130701
(Reuters) - More action is needed to prevent militants acquiring plutonium or highly
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adherents ... to continue trying to achieve their nuclear ambitions," he said.
Terror means extinction
Morgan 9
 (Dennis, Professor @ Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (South Korea, “World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race,” Futures, November, Science Direct)
In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question ‘‘Is
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is on the cusp of acquiring and using biological and chemical weapons in Yemen 

Court review of targeted killing prevents civilian casualties and increases international credibility
Epistein 11
(Michael Epstein- Michigan State University College of Law “Targeted Killing Court: Why The United States Needs To Adopt International Legal Standards For Targeted Killings And How To Do So In A Domestic Court” Spring, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003andcontext=michael_epstein)
Section 102 – Targeted Killing Order. This section would provide the process for how
AND
could help preserve our reputation and standing within and among the international community.
Scenario 1: AQAP
AQAP is on the cusp of acquiring and using biological and chemical weapons in Yemen
Berger 12
(Lars Berger, Maurice Döring, Sven-Eric Fikenscher, Ahmed Saif, and Ahmed Al-Wahishi, s Berger is a Lecturer in ¶ Politics and Contemporary ¶ History of the Middle East¶ at the University of Salford/¶ Manchester, United Kingdom.  He was an APSA Congressional Fellow in Washington, D.C. in 2002-03. Döring holds an MA in Political Science, International Law and Philosophy from the University of Bonn. Fikenscher is a Research Fellow at Goethe University, Frankfurt and was a Research Assistant at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt in 2006–11.May 2012“Yemen and the Middle East Conference¶ The Challenge of Failing States ¶ and Transnational Terrorism” http://usir.salford.ac.uk/22952/1/Yemen_and_the_Middle_East_Conference.pdf)
Second, with a long history as one of the region’s eminent weapons markets,
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capable of producing biological and chemical material  in remote areas under their control.
Bioterror causes extinction
Mhyrvold ‘13
Nathan, Began college at age 14, BS and Masters from UCLA, Masters and PhD, Princeton “Strategic Terrorism: A Call to Action,” Working Draft, The Lawfare Research Paper Series
Research paper NO . 2 – 2013
As horrible as this would be, such a pandemic is by no means the
AND
be available to anybody with a solid background in biology, terrorists included.

Scenario 2: Iran
Now is the key time to stop attacks in Yemen- The vulnerable transitional government loses support because of the strikes and terror groups gain credibility
Al-Muslimi 13
Farea Al-Muslimi 13 (Al-Muslimi is from Yemen, and a graduate of the American University of
Beirut, he was awarded the Tomorrow’s Leaders scholarship from the State Department, April 23, “United States Senate Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights; Drone Wars: The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing” http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13Al-MuslimiTestimony.pdf)
All of this is happening at a critical moment in Yemen, which is being
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strikes, the Houthis gained credibility in the eyes of thousands of Yemenis.
Yemeni instability implicates Saudi Arabia and allows Iran to gets a solid foothold in the region
Berger 12
(Lars Berger, Maurice Döring, Sven-Eric Fikenscher, Ahmed Saif, and Ahmed Al-Wahishi, s Berger is a Lecturer in ¶ Politics and Contemporary ¶ History of the Middle East¶ at the University of Salford/¶ Manchester, United Kingdom.  He was an APSA Congressional Fellow in Washington, D.C. in 2002-03. Döring holds an MA in Political Science, International Law and Philosophy from the University of Bonn. Fikenscher is a Research Fellow at Goethe University, Frankfurt and was a Research Assistant at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt in 2006–11.May 2012“Yemen and the Middle East Conference¶ The Challenge of Failing States ¶ and Transnational Terrorism” http://usir.salford.ac.uk/22952/1/Yemen_and_the_Middle_East_Conference.pdf)
Third, Yemen has the potential to play a more prominent role in the ongoing
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in the context of the popular uprising against the Assad regime in Syria.
Iranian influence in Yemen leads to control of the Suez Canal- that means they have a chokehold on the global economy
Abi-Habib 13
(Maria, 6-20-13, writer for the wall street journal specializing in the middle east, “Fears Grow Over Yemenis' Ties to Iran”, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324904004578536884215565420.html, JKS)
SAN'A, Yemen—Iran is taking advantage of the confusion surrounding Yemen's transition of
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," said the Western diplomat. "But any port in a storm."
Oil shocks undermine global crisis management – reactionary posturing to econ collapse eliminates restraints and makes miscalculated major power war inevitable
Cook et al 10
Malcolm Cook et. al. June 10
(East Asia Program Director at the Lowy Institute for International Policy; MacArthur Foundation and the Lowy Institute: Raoul Heinrichs, Rory Medcalf, Andrew Shearer, “Power and Choice: Asian Security Futures,” http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/blog_attachments/Asian_security_futures_-_final_version.pdf)
Asia, the most dynamic region in the world, is dependent on energy originating
AND
will become a more urgent strategic priority for a number of regional navies.
Econ decline allows terror groups in the Middle East to cause instability- the impact is nuclear war and extinction
Kemp 10
(Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs at The Nixon Center, served in the White House under Ronald Reagan, special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior director for Near East and South Asian affairs on the National Security Council Staff, Former Director, Middle East Arms Control Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East,” p. 233-4)
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.
Advantage 2- Drone prolif
Drone prolif is inevitable and happening NOW, political limits on use are changing and markets are deepening
Singer 13
Peter Singer is director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence at the Brookings Institution. 9/06/2013 “The Proliferation of Drones” https://ip-journal.dgap.org/en/ip-journal/topics/proliferation-drones
Today the United States is ahead in the field of military robotics, and given
AND
three weapons exporting nations in the world, are very eager to enter.
US precedent undermines bans on assassinations and norms on the use of force
Boyle ’13
(Michael J. Boyle is an assistant professor of political science at La Salle University, and former counterterrorism advisor for Obama. “The costs and consequences of drone warfare” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf)
Third, lethal drones create the possibility that the norms on the use of force
AND
the legal and evidentiary difficulties associated with giving them a fair trial.147
Drones undermine nuclear deterrence and lead to great risk of miscalculation and large-scale nuclear wars between great powers, specifically India and Pakistan
Boyle ’13
(Michael J. Boyle is an assistant professor of political science at La Salle University, and former counterterrorism advisor for Obama. “The costs and consequences of drone warfare” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf)
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts
AND
powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.

US Legal standards are the best way to create norms regarding targeted strike technologies among both US allies and adversaries by raising the costs of misuse
Anderson and Waxman 13
(Kenneth Anderson-American University- Washington College of Law ; Stanford University - The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace; Brookings Institution - Governance Studies, Mathew Waxman- Columbia Law School, “Law and ethics for Autonomous weapon Systems Why a Ban Won’t Work and  How the Laws of War Can” April 10, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2250126)
Given all of these risks, and to promote many other interests as well,
AND
autonomous weapons, whether those of the United States or those of others.
cyber and space.
Now is the key time to shape norms- the window is closing on US ability to influence the trajectory of drones
Roberts 13
(Kristin, Roberts is News Editor for National Journal she holds a master's degree in security studies from Georgetown University. March 22, 2013 “When the Whole World Has Drones” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321)
Berteau is not alone. Zenko, of the Council on Foreign Relations, has
AND
, or 15 years—might find helpful in arguing against another’s actions.

Solvency
Judges are uniquely situated to provide a check on targeted killing, judicial action will reduce civilian casualties and increase legitimacy
Adelsberg 13
(Samuel S. Adelsberg is a J.D. Candidate 2013, Yale Law School, “Bouncing the Executive’s Blank Check:
Judicial Review and the Targeting of Citizens” http://www3.law.harvard.edu/journals/hlpr/files/2013/06/Bouncing-the-Executives-Blank-Check.pdf)
Rather, as recognized by the Founders in the Fourth Amendment, balancing the needs
AND
, we¶ will turn to what this judicial involvement would look like.
Court is key- expertise and enforcement
Opderbeck 8/02/13
(David. W., Professor of Law, Seton Hall University Law School, and Director, Gibbons Institute of Law, Science and Technology, “Drone Courts” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2305315) As the foregoing discussion illustrates, drones represent a new paradigm for both technological and geopolitical reasons. Technologically, drones allow for great stealth and precision without putting human assets in harm’s way. Geopolitically, drones can be dropped selectively into the sort of discrete tactical situations that may arise on an ad hoc basis in an interminable, global “war on terror.” In many ways, drones have evolved as weapons of choice precisely because of the demands imposed by the “war on terror.”304
This geopolitical context complicates and often obscures the public conversation over drone courts. The
AND
collateral damage; and¶ • Compliance with principles of jus in bello.

Court doesn’t implicate operational ability- existing policy creates delays
Opderbeck 13
(David W., 8-2-13, Professor of Law, Seton Hall University Law School, and Director, Gibbons Institute of Law,
Science and Technology, “Drone Courts” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2305315)
Many of these requirements are already implied in the existing¶ Justice Department guidelines,
AND
to provide¶ any sort of advance public notice of ordinary military objectives.¶

Tournament: UCO | Round: 6 | Opponent: UTSA CM | Judge: Kurt Fifelski
1AC

Plan: The U.S. Congress should ban the use of the drones
Advantage 1- Civilians

Nabila Rehman tells us that…..
(10-29-13, “Victims of drone strike testify before Congress”, http://rt.com/usa/rehman-drone-grayson-hearing-924/, JKS)
The victims of a drone strike alleged to be launched last year by the United
AND
don’t expect to see a formal hearing conducted on this subject anytime soon.”

U.S. drone strikes are killing civilians violating their non-combatant immunity
Boyle ’13 (Michael J. Boyle is an assistant professor of political science at La Salle University, and former counterterrorism advisor for Obama. “The costs and consequences of drone warfare” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf)
One reason why the US has been so successful in spinning the number of civilian
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the legal and moral responsibility to make this determination before killing them.36
Drone strikes create widespread fear which erode the Jirga system of community conflict resolution, a core aspect of Pashtun culture
Stanford Clinic 12 (Stanford International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic (IHRCRC) and Global Justice Clinic (GJC) at NYU School of Law, “Living Under Drones” http://www.livingunderdrones.org/report/)
One of the most troubling community-wide consequences of the fear of gathering is
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communal order, especially in an area already devastated by death and destruction.
Over 40 innocent people were killed or injured in just 1 drone attack – all to kill 4 members of the Taliban. This leaves innocents living in constant fear of the next strike
Stanford Clinic 12
Stanford International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic (IHRCRC) and Global Justice Clinic (GJC) at NYU School of Law. “Living Under Drones.” http:www.livingunderdrones.org/report/
Some men who survived are now unable to work or earn the living they could
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obtained the names of 24 civilians killed who died in the strike.330
US Joint Chiefs of Staff study concludes drone strikes in Afghanistan kill 10 times as many civilians as jet fighters
Big News Network 13
(July 3rd, “Study: Drones killed more civilians than jet fighters” http://www.bignewsnetwork.com/index.php/sid/215595981/scat/b8de8e630faf3631/ht/Study-Drones-killed-more-civilians-than-jet-fighters)
U.S. drone strikes in Afghanistan killed 10 times as many civilians as
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Afghan civilians as jet fighters -- they actually killed 10 times as many.
Drone strikes outweigh other non-lethal methods because of the impossibility of surrender
Naureen Shah 4-12-13 (Acting director of The Human Rights Clinic at Columbia Law School, http://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/human-rights-institute/files/COLUMBIAStatementforRecord.pdf)
Drone strikes are inherently more threatening to civilian life than alternative, non-lethal
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S. interests—an opportunity taken off the table by drone strikes.
Advantage 2 – Pakistani Soverignty
Strikes in Pakistan will only increase
UPI 8/03/13
(United Press International, “U.S. maintaining drone program despite Kerry talk of ending strikes” http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2013/08/03/US-maintaining-drone-program-despite-Kerry-talk-of-ending-strikes/UPI-63201375549572/#ixzz2cI44GXDz)
WASHINGTON, Aug. 3 (UPI) -- U.S. drone strikes
AND
were three drone strikes in Pakistan last month, the most since January.
The Pakistani government dislikes drone strikes- they asked the US to cease their activities
Philip Alston 11 (John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law. The author was UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010. “The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders” http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Vol.-2_Alston1.pdf)
An important insight into the scale of the operation in Pakistan was revealed in April
AND
to enable a calculation of the total number of personnel in Pakistan.146
Pakistan is not compliant with U.S. drone policy
Hughes 13
Dana, staffwriter who attended the London School of Economics and Politics as a Hansard Scholar, where she worked in the British House of Commons. “US Drone Strikes in Pakistan Are Illegal, Says UN Terrorism Official.” ABC. March 15th, 2013. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/03/us-drone-strikes-in-pakistan-are-illegal-says-un-terrorism-official/
Pakistan has been very vocal in its opposition to the program. The Ministry of
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the number of civilians killed during a strike, but defended the program.
U.S. drone policy is a violation of Pakistani sovereignty and disrupts citizens’ way of life
Charbonneau 13
Louis, staff writer. “U.S. drone strikes violate Pakistan's sovereignty: U.N.” Reuters. 3-15-13. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/15/us-un-drones-idUSBRE92E0Y320130315
(Reuters) - The United States has violated Pakistan's sovereignty and shattered tribal structures
AND
groups collecting data on these attacks say they have killed hundreds of civilians.

Solvency
Simulation of different roles through fiat encourages learning and empowerment
Innes and Booher 99 (Judith, Director – Institute of Urban and Regional Development and Professor at UC Berkeley and David, Visiting Scholar at the Institute, Journal of the American Planning Association, Winter, Vol. 65, Iss. 1)
Our observation and practice of consensus building suggests that the analogy to role-playing
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entertaining and-when conducted effectively-in some fundamental sense empowers individuals.
Our political engagement is key to preventing a vacuum that will be filled by violent elites
Cook in 92 (Anthony, Associate Professor, Georgetown Law, New England LR, Spring, 26 New Eng.L. Rev. 751)
The effect of deconstructing the power of the author to impose a fixed meaning on
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those who influence us through their eloquence, prestige, wealth and power.
Plan based debates on presidential powers create better education
Jeffrey A. Kurr 9/5/13
(Ph.D. student in the Communication Arts and Sciences program at Pennsylvania State University and a coach for the Penn State Debate Society; “Bridging Competitive Debate and Public Deliberation on Presidential War Powers,” http://public.cedadebate.org/node/14)
The public debates on presidential war powers co-hosted by the Miller Center and
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where deliberation was being stifled. As a result, debaters reinvigorate debate.
Prefer our causal epistemologies – it is the same one everyone inevitably uses on a day-to-day basis, just more rigorous
Jean Bricmont 9/23/1
(Professor of theoretical physics at the University of Louvain; “Defense of a Modest Scientific Realism,” http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/bielefeld_final.pdf)
So, how does one obtain evidence concerning the truth or falsity of scientific assertions
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between the alternative theories if indeed they should be regarded as different theories.
Epistemological validity cannot be separated from the outcomes of decisions
Hugo Mercier and Hélène Landemore 2011
(Philosophy, Politics and Economics prof @ U of Penn, Poli Sci prof @  Yale), Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation, Political Psychology, http://sites.google.com/site/hugomercier/publications
Since our goal is to explain why deliberation works sometimes well and sometimes poorly,
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Author, submitted-b, for an extension to the moral domain).
Our methodology and epistemology is good and self-reflexive
Mary Caprioli Jun 4
(Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Tennessee, International Studies Review, pp.256-8)
The purported language difference between feminist and IR scholars appears to be methodological. In
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to provide a more thorough understanding of the social matrix underlying state behavior.
Failure to engage the political process turns us into spectators powerless to produce real change
Rorty 98
(prof of philosophy at Stanford, Richard, 1998, “achieving our country”, Pg. 7-9)JFS
Such people find pride in American citizenship impossi¬ble, and vigorous participation in electoral politics
AND
in him will sit down fatalistically before the croaker's picture. "2 wq

Critique must engage the state.  Failure to do so guarantees that the alternative will fail, no coalitions will be formed, and politics will be ceded to authoritarian Right-wing groups.  Only engaging the institutions of the state can transform them.  And the permutation solves all of these problems.

Mouffe 2009
(Chantal Mouffe is Professor of Political Theory at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, “The Importance of Engaging the State”, What is Radical Politics Today?, Edited by Jonathan Pugh, pp. 233-7)

In both Hardt and Negri, and Virno, there is therefore emphasis upon ‘
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my view, is how we should conceive the nature of radical politics. 

No prior question
Darryl S. L. Jarvis, Director of the Research Institute for International Risk and Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Sydney, 2k (International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism: Defending the Discipline, Published by the University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 1570033056, p. 128-129)
Perhaps more alarming though is the outright violence Ashley recommends in response to what at
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to address the real life plight of those who struggle at marginal places.
Our epistemology is right – Policy debate is key to effecting institutional change  
Heydemann 2
(Steve,director – Program on Philanthropy and Nonprofit Sector @ Social Science Research Council, frmr Prof Poli Sci – Columbia, “Defending the Discipline,” Journal of Democracy Vol. 13, No. 3, Muse)

Though Kramer's book is severely flawed, 2 the larger question remains: Is
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and decline of political liberalization in the Middle East during the course of the

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: Alex Bonnet

Plan: The U.S. Congress should establish a Targeted Killing Review Court to rule on the legality of targeting decisions.

Advantage 1- Terror

Status quo drone strikes increase terrorism. Strikes foster public outrage in Pakistan and Yemen which is used as a recruitment tool for terrorists.

Harris, 12
(Paul , US correspondent for the Guardian and Observer ,Drone attacks create terrorist safe haven” June 5, 2012, www.the gauardian.com/world/2012/jun/05/al-qaida-drone-attacks-too-broad)
Paul Harris (footnote 39) writes: “Now Robert Grenier, who headed
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the creation of a larger terrorist safe haven in Yemen,and#34; Grenier said.”

Drone strikes rapidly increased under Obama and expanded to include strikes on more low level targets, this resulted in less effective strikes, killing fewer terrorist leaders

Hudson, 2013
(Leila, Colin S. Owens, Matt Flannes Hudson is associate professor at the University of Arizona and director of the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts. Owens and Fannes are research associates for SISMEC. “Drone Warfare” http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-blowback-new-american-way-war)
The use of armed drones by the United States has developed over nearly a decade
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commander Ilyas al-Kashmiri in 2009 and again in June 2011 notwithstanding.

Killing terrorist leaders is the key internal link to destroying terrorist organizations and stopping violence

Price 12
(Bryan Price is a major in the U.S. Army and former Assistant Professor of Social Sciences at the U.S.
Military Academy. He will serve at the Asia-Paciªc Center for Security Studies starting in August 2012. “Targeting Top Terrorists” Spring, http://shakes31471.typepad.com/files/how-leadership-decapitation-contributes-to-counterterrorism.pdf)
In contrast, some scholars argue that decapitation acts as a deterrent. First,
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have ongoing consequences, rather than merely a short-term effect.”124

Court review of targeted killing prevents civilian casualties and increases international credibility

Epistein 11
(Michael Epstein- Michigan State University College of Law “Targeted Killing Court: Why The United States Needs To Adopt International Legal Standards For Targeted Killings And How To Do So In A Domestic Court” Spring, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003andcontext=michael_epstein)
Section 102 – Targeted Killing Order. This section would provide the process for how
AND
could help preserve our reputation and standing within and among the international community.

Terrorists can acquire nuclear materials

Talley 11
Jen Talley, staff writer for Avvo, 3/23/11
(“Could Terrorists Easily Buy a Nuclear Bomb?” Accessed online at http://nakedlaw.avvo.com/2011/03/could-terrorists-easily-buy-a-nuclear-bomb/, Accessed on 7/29/11)
A more likely possibility, according to these same experts, is that a terrorist
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that any terrorist group has yet succeeded in acquiring nuclear weapons or materials.

Terror means extinction

Morgan 9
 (Dennis, Professor @ Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (South Korea, “World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race,” Futures, November, Science Direct)
In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question ‘‘Is
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is on the cusp of acquiring and using biological and chemical weapons in Yemen 

Scenario 1: AQAP

AQAP is on the cusp of acquiring and using biological and chemical weapons in Yemen

Berger 12
(Lars Berger, Maurice Döring, Sven-Eric Fikenscher, Ahmed Saif, and Ahmed Al-Wahishi, s Berger is a Lecturer in ¶ Politics and Contemporary ¶ History of the Middle East¶ at the University of Salford/¶ Manchester, United Kingdom.  He was an APSA Congressional Fellow in Washington, D.C. in 2002-03. Döring holds an MA in Political Science, International Law and Philosophy from the University of Bonn. Fikenscher is a Research Fellow at Goethe University, Frankfurt and was a Research Assistant at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt in 2006–11.May 2012“Yemen and the Middle East Conference¶ The Challenge of Failing States ¶ and Transnational Terrorism” http://usir.salford.ac.uk/22952/1/Yemen_and_the_Middle_East_Conference.pdf)
Second, with a long history as one of the region’s eminent weapons markets,
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capable of producing biological and chemical material  in remote areas under their control.

Bioterrorism is likely now – new gene synthesis technology makes it feasible

Jordans 11
(Frank, Associated Press, “Clinton Warns of Bioweapon Threat from Gene Tech,” NBC News, 12/7/11, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45584359/ns/technology_and_science-security/#.UGI1ZI2PXd2, JKS)
GENEVA — New gene assembly technology that offers great benefits for scientific research could also
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nuclear weapons — saying it is too complicated to monitor every laband#39;s activities.

Biological terrorism threatens extinction

Singer 01
Clifford E. Singer, professor of nuclear engineering and director of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, SWORDS AND PLOUGHSHARES, Spring 2001, p. http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/SandPs/2001-Sp/SandP_XIII/Singer.htm, accessed 5/6/2005.
There are, however, two technologies currently under development that may pose a more
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connected human family may be in question when and if this is achieved.

Scenario 2: Iran

Now is the key time to stop attacks in Yemen- The vulnerable transitional government loses support because of the strikes and AQAP and Houthis gain credibility

Al-Muslimi 13
Farea Al-Muslimi 13 (Al-Muslimi is from Yemen, and a graduate of the American University of
Beirut, he was awarded the Tomorrow’s Leaders scholarship from the State Department, April 23, “United States Senate Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights; Drone Wars: The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing” http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13Al-MuslimiTestimony.pdf)
All of this is happening at a critical moment in Yemen, which is being
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strikes, the Houthis gained credibility in the eyes of thousands of Yemenis. 

Yemeni instability implicates Saudi Arabia, it allows Iran gets a solid foothold in the region

Berger 12
(Lars Berger, Maurice Döring, Sven-Eric Fikenscher, Ahmed Saif, and Ahmed Al-Wahishi, s Berger is a Lecturer in ¶ Politics and Contemporary ¶ History of the Middle East¶ at the University of Salford/¶ Manchester, United Kingdom.  He was an APSA Congressional Fellow in Washington, D.C. in 2002-03. Döring holds an MA in Political Science, International Law and Philosophy from the University of Bonn. Fikenscher is a Research Fellow at Goethe University, Frankfurt and was a Research Assistant at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt in 2006–11.May 2012“Yemen and the Middle East Conference¶ The Challenge of Failing States ¶ and Transnational Terrorism” http://usir.salford.ac.uk/22952/1/Yemen_and_the_Middle_East_Conference.pdf)
Third, Yemen has the potential to play a more prominent role in the ongoing
AND
in the context of the popular uprising against the Assad regime in Syria.

Iranian influence in Yemen leads to control of the Suez Canal- that means they have a chokehold on the global economy

Abi-Habib 13
(Maria, 6-20-13, writer for the wall street journal specializing in the middle east, “Fears Grow Over Yemenisand#39; Ties to Iran”, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324904004578536884215565420.html, JKS)
SANand#39;A, Yemen—Iran is taking advantage of the confusion surrounding Yemenand#39;s transition of
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,and#34; said the Western diplomat. and#34;But any port in a storm.and#34;

Oil shocks undermine global crisis management – reactionary posturing to econ collapse eliminates restraints and makes miscalculated major power war inevitable – independently, Asian tensions escalate

Cook et al 10
Malcolm Cook et. al. June 10
(East Asia Program Director at the Lowy Institute for International Policy; MacArthur Foundation and the Lowy Institute: Raoul Heinrichs, Rory Medcalf, Andrew Shearer, “Power and Choice: Asian Security Futures,” http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/blog_attachments/Asian_security_futures_-_final_version.pdf)
Asia, the most dynamic region in the world, is dependent on energy originating
AND
will become a more urgent strategic priority for a number of regional navies.

Econ decline causes global escalation and extinction

Kemp 10
(Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs at The Nixon Center, served in the White House under Ronald Reagan, special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior director for Near East and South Asian affairs on the National Security Council Staff, Former Director, Middle East Arms Control Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East,” p. 233-4)
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

Advantage 2- Drone prolif

Drone prolif is inevitable and happening NOW, political limits on use are changing and markets are deepening

Singer 13
Peter Singer is director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence at the Brookings Institution. 19/06/2013 “The Proliferation of Drones” https://ip-journal.dgap.org/en/ip-journal/topics/proliferation-drones
Today the United States is ahead in the field of military robotics, and given
AND
three weapons exporting nations in the world, are very eager to enter.

US precedent undermines bans on assassinations and norms on the use of force

Boyle ’13
(Michael J. Boyle is an assistant professor of political science at La Salle University, and former counterterrorism advisor for Obama. “The costs and consequences of drone warfare” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf)
Third, lethal drones create the possibility that the norms on the use of force
AND
the legal and evidentiary difficulties associated with giving them a fair trial.147

Drones completely undermine nuclear deterrence and lead to great risk of miscalculation and large-scale nuclear wars between great powers

Boyle ’13
(Michael J. Boyle is an assistant professor of political science at La Salle University, and former counterterrorism advisor for Obama. “The costs and consequences of drone warfare” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf)
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts
AND
powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.

Drone proliferation without legal limits on strike decision-making causes endless escalation of drone use that causes extinction

Engelhardt, ‘9
Tom Engelhardt, co-founder of the American Empire Project, Drone Wars: Your Future has Arrived, 4/7/09, http://www.pacificfreepress.com/news/1/3990-drone-wars-your-future-has-arrived.html.
If you want to read the single most chilling line yet uttered about drone warfare
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creating a Terminator planet should give us pause for thought... or not.

US Legal standards are the best way to create norms regarding targeted strike technologies among both US allies and adversaries by raising the costs of misuse

Anderson and Waxman 13
(Kenneth Anderson-American University- Washington College of Law ; Stanford University - The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace; Brookings Institution - Governance Studies, Mathew Waxman- Columbia Law School, “Law and ethics for Autonomous weapon Systems Why a Ban Won’t Work and  How the Laws of War Can” April 10, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2250126)
Given all of these risks, and to promote many other interests as well,
AND
autonomous weapons, whether those of the United States or those of others.

The US will shape the global norms for targeted killings because of its widespread use of the tech and current monopoly on the market. Many countries are already on the path to follow US actions.

Alston 11
 (Philip John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law. The author was UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010. “The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders” http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Vol.-2_Alston1.pdf)
3. Self-interest: Setting Prudent Precedents for Others
Because the United States inevitably contributes disproportionately to the shaping of global regime rules,
AND
can also be “a messenger of death for enemies of mankind.”608

Now is the key time to shape norms- the window is closing on US ability to influence the trajectory of drones

Roberts 13
(Kristin, Roberts is News Editor for National Journal she holds a masterand#39;s degree in security studies from Georgetown University. March 22, 2013 “When the Whole World Has Drones” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321)
Berteau is not alone. Zenko, of the Council on Foreign Relations, has
AND
, or 15 years—might find helpful in arguing against another’s actions.

Solvency

Judges are uniquely situated to provide a check on targeted killing, judicial action will reduce civilian casualties and increase legitimacy

Adelsberg 13
(Samuel S. Adelsberg is a J.D. Candidate 2013, Yale Law School, “Bouncing the Executive’s Blank Check:
Judicial Review and the Targeting of Citizens” http://www3.law.harvard.edu/journals/hlpr/files/2013/06/Bouncing-the-Executives-Blank-Check.pdf)
Rather, as recognized by the Founders in the Fourth Amendment, balancing the needs
AND
, we¶ will turn to what this judicial involvement would look like.

Court is key- expertise and enforcement

Opderbeck 8/02/13
(David. W., Professor of Law, Seton Hall University Law School, and Director, Gibbons Institute of Law, Science and Technology, “Drone Courts” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2305315) As the foregoing discussion illustrates, drones represent a new paradigm for both technological and geopolitical reasons. Technologically, drones allow for great stealth and precision without putting human assets in harm’s way. Geopolitically, drones can be dropped selectively into the sort of discrete tactical situations that may arise on an ad hoc basis in an interminable, global “war on terror.” In many ways, drones have evolved as weapons of choice precisely because of the demands imposed by the “war on terror.”304
This geopolitical context complicates and often obscures the public conversation over drone courts. The
AND
collateral damage; and¶ • Compliance with principles of jus in bello.

Court doesn’t implicate operational ability- existing policy creates delays

Opderbeck 13
(David W., 8-2-13, Professor of Law, Seton Hall University Law School, and Director, Gibbons Institute of Law,
Science and Technology, “Drone Courts” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2305315)
Many of these requirements are already implied in the existing¶ Justice Department guidelines,
AND
to provide¶ any sort of advance public notice of ordinary military objectives.¶

And the Executive branch can’t do the plan—error rates and historical abuse prove

McKelvey 2011
(Benjamin McKelvey serves as Executive Development Editor on the Editorial
Board of the Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. “Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power” http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/mckelvey-pdf.pdf)
Concerns over targeted killing error rates and historical abuses of executive power cast extraordinary doubt
AND
adequate form of ¶ due process and provides no minimum constitutional guarantee.198

Tournament: UTD | Round: 2 | Opponent: JCCC BN | Judge: Eric Robinson
1AC

Plan: The U.S. Congress should establish a Targeted Killing Review Court to rule on the legality of targeting decisions for the use of drone strikes
Advantage 1- Terror
Strikes under Obama kill more low level operatives and civilians inciting more terrorism and hindering the program
Boyle 13
(Michael J., Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence; “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf)
The second major claim for the effectiveness of drone strikes is based on¶ their
AND
-Qaeda and strengthened¶ local insurgent forces challenging the Yemeni government.53
Drone-based decapitation strategy key to solve
Johnston 12
(Patrick B., 8-22-12, Associate political scientist at the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan research institution, author of "Does Decapitation Work? Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Targeting in Counterinsurgency Campaigns," published in International Security (Spring 2012); "Drone Strikes Keep Pressure on al-Qaida", www.rand.org/blog/2012/08/drone-strikes-keep-pressure-on-al-qaida.html)
Should the U.S. continue to strike at al-Qaida's leadership with
AND
bin Laden did in Afghanistan in 1996, after his ouster from Sudan.
*Modified for ableist language

Terrorists can acquire a nuclear weapons
Dahl 13
Fredrick, staff writer based in Vienna, covers international news. “Governments warn about nuclear terrorism threat.” Reuters. July 1st, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/01/us-nuclear-security-idUSBRE96010E20130701
(Reuters) - More action is needed to prevent militants acquiring plutonium or highly
AND
adherents ... to continue trying to achieve their nuclear ambitions," he said.

A plan to destabilize attacks is the only prudent policy. Attempts are inevitable – one success causes extinction and major power escalation – we cite means and motivation.
Jaspal 12
(Zafar Nawaz, Associate Professor at the School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; “Nuclear/Radiological Terrorism: Myth or Reality?” Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 19.1, 91-111)
The misperception, miscalculation and above all ignorance of the ruling elite about security puzzles
AND
the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism.” (UNSC Resolution, 2009)
Court review of targeted killing prevents civilian casualties and increases international credibility
Epistein 11
(Michael Epstein- Michigan State University College of Law “Targeted Killing Court: Why The United States Needs To Adopt International Legal Standards For Targeted Killings And How To Do So In A Domestic Court” Spring, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003andcontext=michael_epstein)
Section 102 – Targeted Killing Order. This section would provide the process for how
AND
could help preserve our reputation and standing within and among the international community.

Scenario 1: Oil
AQAP is growing – orchestrating global terrorist attacks and destabilizes the Bab al-Mandeb
The Week 13
 “Yemen terror threat – why the West is so worried by AQAP,” The Week, 8/7/2013, http://www.theweek.co.uk/world-news/54494/yemen-terror-threat-al-qaeda-aqap-west-worried
AQAP continues to thrive: Despite operating from remote Yemeni backwaters, the group produces
AND
the current transitional conditions in Yemen to threaten shipping and international trade." • 

AQAP attack on the Bab al-Mandeb highly likely, collapses the economy
Nincic ’12
 Donna J. Nincic, PhD in Political Science from New York University and currently is Professor and Director of the ABS School of Maritime Policy and Management at the California Maritime Academy, a campus of the California State University, in Vallejo, “Maritime Terrorism: How Real is the Threat?” Fair Observer, 7/16/2012, http://www.fairobserver.com/article/maritime-terrorism-how-real-threat
However, with the exception of al-Qaeda Jamaah Islamiyah in Indonesia, and
AND
, the threat of maritime terrorism must continue to be taken very seriously.
Oil shocks undermine global crisis management – reactionary posturing to econ collapse eliminates restraints and makes miscalculated major power war inevitable
Cook et al 10
Malcolm Cook et. al. June 10(East Asia Program Director at the Lowy Institute for International Policy; MacArthur Foundation and the Lowy Institute: Raoul Heinrichs, Rory Medcalf, Andrew Shearer, “Power and Choice: Asian Security Futures,” http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/blog_attachments/Asian_security_futures_-_final_version.pdf)
Asia, the most dynamic region in the world, is dependent on energy originating
AND
will become a more urgent strategic priority for a number of regional navies.
Econ decline allows terror groups in the Middle East to cause instability- the impact is nuclear war and extinction
Kemp 10
(Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs at The Nixon Center, served in the White House under Ronald Reagan, special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior director for Near East and South Asian affairs on the National Security Council Staff, Former Director, Middle East Arms Control Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East,” p. 233-4)
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

Scenario 2: Bioterrorism
AQAP can acquire and use biological and chemical weapons in Yemen
Berger 12
(Lars Berger, Maurice Döring, Sven-Eric Fikenscher, Ahmed Saif, and Ahmed Al-Wahishi, s Berger is a Lecturer in ¶ Politics and Contemporary ¶ History of the Middle East¶ at the University of Salford/¶ Manchester, United Kingdom.  He was an APSA Congressional Fellow in Washington, D.C. in 2002-03. Döring holds an MA in Political Science, International Law and Philosophy from the University of Bonn. Fikenscher is a Research Fellow at Goethe University, Frankfurt and was a Research Assistant at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt in 2006–11.May 2012“Yemen and the Middle East Conference¶ The Challenge of Failing States ¶ and Transnational Terrorism” http://usir.salford.ac.uk/22952/1/Yemen_and_the_Middle_East_Conference.pdf)
Second, with a long history as one of the region’s eminent weapons markets,
AND
capable of producing biological and chemical material  in remote areas under their control.
Bioterror causes extinction
Mhyrvold ‘13
Nathan, Began college at age 14, BS and Masters from UCLA, Masters and PhD, Princeton “Strategic Terrorism: A Call to Action,” Working Draft, The Lawfare Research Paper Series
Research paper NO . 2 – 2013
As horrible as this would be, such a pandemic is by no means the
AND
be available to anybody with a solid background in biology, terrorists included.
Advantage 2- Drone prolif
Drone prolif is inevitable and happening NOW, political limits on use are changing and markets are deepening
Singer 13
Peter Singer is director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence at the Brookings Institution. 9/06/2013 “The Proliferation of Drones” https://ip-journal.dgap.org/en/ip-journal/topics/proliferation-drones
Today the United States is ahead in the field of military robotics, and given
AND
three weapons exporting nations in the world, are very eager to enter.
US precedent undermines bans on assassinations and norms on the use of force
Boyle ’13
(Michael J. Boyle is an assistant professor of political science at La Salle University, and former counterterrorism advisor for Obama. “The costs and consequences of drone warfare” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf)
Third, lethal drones create the possibility that the norms on the use of force
AND
the legal and evidentiary difficulties associated with giving them a fair trial.147
Drones undermine nuclear deterrence and lead to great risk of miscalculation and large-scale nuclear wars between great powers, specifically between India and Pakistan
Boyle ’13
(Michael J. Boyle is an assistant professor of political science at La Salle University, and former counterterrorism advisor for Obama. “The costs and consequences of drone warfare” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf)
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts
AND
powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.
Newest models prove even limited use causes extinction
Robock and Toon 10
Alan Robock, professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University and PhD in Meterology, and Owen Brian Toon, Professor of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and a fellow at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, January 2010, “South Asian Threat?  Local Nuclear War = Global Suffering” published in Scientific American magazine, Vol. 302, Issue 1
Worry has focused on the U.S. versus Russia, but a regional
AND
and to take as our test case an engagement between India and Pakistan.
*Modified for ableist language
US Legal standards are the best way to create norms regarding targeted strike technologies among both US allies and adversaries by raising the costs of misuse
Anderson and Waxman 13
(Kenneth Anderson-American University- Washington College of Law ; Stanford University - The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace; Brookings Institution - Governance Studies, Mathew Waxman- Columbia Law School, “Law and ethics for Autonomous weapon Systems Why a Ban Won’t Work and  How the Laws of War Can” April 10, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2250126)
Given all of these risks, and to promote many other interests as well,
AND
autonomous weapons, whether those of the United States or those of others.

The US will shape the global norms for targeted killings because of its widespread use of the tech and current monopoly on the market. Many countries are already on the path to follow US actions.
Alston 11
 (Philip John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law. The author was UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010. “The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders” http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Vol.-2_Alston1.pdf)
3. Self-interest: Setting Prudent Precedents for Others
Because the United States inevitably contributes disproportionately to the shaping of global regime rules,
AND
can also be “a messenger of death for enemies of mankind.”608

Now is the key time to shape norms- the window is closing on US ability to influence the trajectory of drones
Roberts 13
(Kristin, Roberts is News Editor for National Journal she holds a master's degree in security studies from Georgetown University. March 22, 2013 “When the Whole World Has Drones” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321)
Berteau is not alone. Zenko, of the Council on Foreign Relations, has
AND
, or 15 years—might find helpful in arguing against another’s actions.

Solvency
Judges are uniquely situated to provide a check on targeted killing, judicial action will reduce civilian casualties and increase legitimacy
Adelsberg 13
(Samuel S. Adelsberg is a J.D. Candidate 2013, Yale Law School, “Bouncing the Executive’s Blank Check:Judicial Review and the Targeting of Citizens” http://www3.law.harvard.edu/journals/hlpr/files/2013/06/Bouncing-the-Executives-Blank-Check.pdf)
Rather, as recognized by the Founders in the Fourth Amendment, balancing the needs
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, we¶ will turn to what this judicial involvement would look like.

Court doesn’t implicate operational ability- existing policy creates delays
Opderbeck 13
(David W., 8-2-13, Professor of Law, Seton Hall University Law School, and Director, Gibbons Institute of Law, Science and Technology, “Drone Courts” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2305315)
Many of these requirements are already implied in the existing¶ Justice Department guidelines,
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to provide¶ any sort of advance public notice of ordinary military objectives.¶

Court is key- expertise and enforcement
Opderbeck 8/02/13
(David. W., Professor of Law, Seton Hall University Law School, and Director, Gibbons Institute of Law, Science and Technology, “Drone Courts” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2305315) As the foregoing discussion illustrates, drones represent a new paradigm for both technological and geopolitical reasons. Technologically, drones allow for great stealth and precision without putting human assets in harm’s way. Geopolitically, drones can be dropped selectively into the sort of discrete tactical situations that may arise on an ad hoc basis in an interminable, global “war on terror.” In many ways, drones have evolved as weapons of choice precisely because of the demands imposed by the “war on terror.”304
This geopolitical context complicates and often obscures the public conversation over drone courts. The
AND

and¶ • Compliance with principles of jus in bello.

Drone courts are key limit executive behavior and solve transparency
Wexler 13
(Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, “The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests,” 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm
This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the
AND
. Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior.

Tournament: WSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Concordia CS | Judge: D Stout
Look to 1AC @ UCO. Same cards. New plan: The United States Federal Government should restrict the presidential war powers authority in the area of uninhabited aerial vehicles by banning targeted killing. 

Couple new cards
And, we want you to consider the impact of pain as possibly more important than just about any other factor in the debate—it makes everything worse.
Hogshire in 2001 (Jim, Author of Books, “Poppycock” You are Being Lied to ed Russ Kick, p. 252)
The poppy’s central and indispensable position...addition of pain will make it WORSE.

In addition to physical pain, drone strikes have created conditions of endless psychological trauma in areas they frequent. Interviews with people who have been struck or know people who have been struck paint a terrifying picture.
Stanford Clinic in 2012 (Stanford International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic, Living Under Drones, http://www.livingunderdrones.org/living-under-drones/)
One of the few accounts of living under drones ever published in the US came...because they are hallucinating about drones.”227

Tournament: UTA | Round: 8 | Opponent: KU HR | Judge: Chris Loghry
Nabila Rehman tells us that…..
(10-29-13, “Victims of drone strike testify before Congress”, http://rt.com/usa/rehman-drone-grayson-hearing-924/, JKS)
The victims of a drone strike alleged to be launched last year by the United
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don’t expect to see a formal hearing conducted on this subject anytime soon.”
We think that the way the American public and debate community debates about drones too often focuses on whether they are “doing their job”—these are the wrong questions to be asking.  Instead we should call attention to the human suffering inflicted by our drone programs. A good place to start would be somewhere like North Waziristan, one of those so-called tribal areas that America can’t quite comprehend, where all aspects of cultural and communal life are under assault from above.
The Stanford Clinic wrote in 2012 (Stanford International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic, Living Under Drones, http://www.livingunderdrones.org/living-under-drones/)
Much of the public debate about drone strikes in Pakistan has focused narrowly on whether
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such strikes have on those hit, those near, and their families.
And, this is especially true given the way that the topic asks teams to affirm the resolution.  Teams have defaulted towards things like drone courts and other statutory and legal restrictions as a liberal response to the atrocities we all know the US is committing overseas.  This is a bankrupt strategy that simply plays into the hands of power, solidifying their control over worldwide resources via endless racist warfare.
The Progressive Labor Party writes in 2013 (http://www.plp.org/challenge/2013/2/13/rulers-debate-obamas-killer-drones-but-they-all-make-war-on.html, Rulers Debate Obama’s Killer Drones But They All Make War on Workers)
Obama was supposed to be the people’s savior but now is outdoing Bush. Why
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in the wider wars they’re planning and the next world war to come.
Even more specifically, our ironically named targeted killing program has inflicted thousands of painful injuries on all sorts of people who we never even targeted.
Woods 2011 (Christopher, “You cannot call me lucky” The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2011/08/10/one-thousand-drone-injuries-are-they-truly-lucky-o/)
Some would say Sadaullah is lucky to be alive. When missiles from US drones
AND
injuries. ‘Neither injury appeared to be life-threatening’, APreported.
*Modified for ableist language
And, we want you to consider the impact of pain as possibly more important than just about any other factor in the debate—it makes everything worse.
Hogshire in 2001 (Jim, Author of Books, “Poppycock” You are Being Lied to ed Russ Kick, p. 252)
The poppy’s central and indispensable position in our civilization makes access to it as important
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wrong with you, guaranteed the addition of pain will make it WORSE.
In addition to physical pain, drone strikes have created conditions of endless psychological trauma in areas they frequent. Interviews with people who have been struck or know people who have been struck paint a terrifying picture.
Stanford Clinic in 2012 (Stanford International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic, Living Under Drones, http://www.livingunderdrones.org/living-under-drones/)
One of the few accounts of living under drones ever published in the US came
AND
middle of the night screaming because they are hallucinating about drones.”227
The 1AC is an example of militant hope—it articulates a different world that is possible, an escape from the cynicism of politics under the thumb of the military-industrial-complex.
Giroux 2013 (Henry, McMaster University Cultural Studies, “Hope in the time of permanent war” http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/18578-hope-in-a-time-of-permanent-war JK)
The war drums are beating loudly, and America is once more mobilizing its global
AND
against injustices perpetuated by a militarized state that can only dream of war.

Tournament: NJDDT | Round: Quarters | Opponent: KU CD | Judge: Petit, Stout, and Stone
On February 25th, 1998 Laura Heider wrote on edebate:  “As I approach my senior year NDT I am struck both...
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...wouldn't bother posting if I didn't feel this strongly about all of you.”
*We did not change any portion of this post
(http://cedadebate.org/pipermail/mailman/1998-February/006154.html)

It’s been 16 years since Laura wrote this post. 16 years that the debate community has continued to create an environment that isn’t so welcoming to womyn. 16 years of continued exclusion and 16 years of the “myth of progress”.
I am mad. I am angry. I am furious. I am sick of backhand comments, I am sick of male coaches blatantly trying to intimidate me when I’m the only womyn in the room, and I’m sick of the constant narrative of males asking me “if I even know what the hell I’m talking about.”

But this isn’t just about me, or you, or the judge. This is about everyone who considers themselves to be apart of this “community” which thinks debate is getting better.  
And yes, this is about the topic. If you don’t think that the resolution implicates womyn and gender, then listen up. 

The resolution asks us to affirm a restriction on the president’s war powers authority and teams have defaulted towards affs that don’t get to the bottom of what the hell we’re actually debating. No one ever asks how the war on terror perpetuates racism or sexism- or chauvinistic images of the Muslim womyn to justify targeted killing- or how womyn’s bodies are indefinitely detained and targeted- or how the U.S. has created the pure, compliant female “victim” to be saved by the white masculine protector
Denike 2008 writes
Margaret Ph. D, “The Human Rights of Others: Sovereignty, Legitimacy, and ‘Just Causes’ for the ‘War on Terror,’” Hypatia, Vol 23, No 2, Spring 2008, Pg. 102-104, Published by Indiana University Press, Project Muse
From its outset, the official state discourses that have urged, supported, and sustained the...
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...and clarifies the gendered politics of Western imperialism’s investment in so-called “security.”

This allows patriarchal structures to use womyn’s bodies as spaces for male ownership and male domination which makes violence seem natural
Ray in 1997
A. E. Ray “The Shame of it: gender-based terrorism in the former Yugoslavia and the failureof international human rights law to comprehend the injuries.” The American University Law Review. Vol 46.  
In order to reach all of the violence perpetrated against the womyn of the former Yugoslavia that is not committed by soldiers...
AND
...over female subordination is womyn's bodies." 7 2

The masculine protector and the war on the female body continue to exist through a normative view of what female sexuality should be. This creates various forms of international female slavery which justifies violence against those womyn who do not comply
Rich 90
Adrienne, author and poet. “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence.” Signs, Vol. 5, No. 4, Womyn: Sex and Sexuality. pp. 631-660. JStor.
Given the nature and extent of heterosexual pressures, the daily...
AND
..."sexual beings whose responsibility is the sexual service of men."34

But compliance with the system doesn’t work either—society’s conflicting expectations for female sexuality create the lose-lose situation of the prude/slut dilemma where womyn can never win
O’Neill 13
Lisa, writer and teacher, “On Beyoncé, Benedict, and the Volition of Womyn.” The Feminist Wire. March 1st, 2013. http://thefeministwire.com/2013/03/on-beyonce-benedict-and-the-volition-of-womyn/
Why is it so threatening when a womyn owns her own power? In Reviving Ophelia writer and psychotherapist
her floodlight on the pathology of sex colonization itself, the ideology of "cultural sadism" represented by the vast industry of por- nography and by the overall identification of womyn primarily as...
AND
...their sexuality as a burden when men typically are not.

And don’t think that these impacts aren’t proximate to debate. You might not get what we’re talking about because this doesn’t happen in the hallways at tournaments or at your weekly meetings. This attempt to possess the female body happens behind closed doors and never gets talked about because that would “make them look bad”. Just like the white masculine protector attempts to save Muslim womyn from native men, males in debate continue to sexualize and demean female debaters. This cultural implication of female sexual deviance, or the “slut,” shows us that the patriarchy fears female sexual autonomy—sexual autonomy takes away the female body as a space for the masculine war
Knox 14
Belle, Duke university student and pornography actress, “I'M THE DUKE UNIVERSITY FRESHMAN PORN STAR AND FOR THE FIRST TIME I'M TELLING THE STORY IN MY WORDS.” XO Jane. 2-21-14. http://www.xojane.com/sex/duke-university-freshman-porn-star
For me, shooting pornography brings me unimaginable joy. When I finish a scene, I know that I have...
AND
...and CHOOSE to be a sex worker is almost unfathomable.

This is us reclaiming what it means to be a “slut”. Our discourse and reappropriation of the slut can be a means of transforming the sexual double standard which exists in the status quo
Attwood 7
Feona, Professor of Cultural Studies, Communication and Media at Middlesex University, “Sluts and Riot Grrrls: Female Identity and Sexual Agency.” Journal of Gender Studies, Vol. 16, No. 3, November 2007. Pg. 235-236. Taylor and Francis Group.
As this discussion demonstrates, to begin to understand the meaning of the term...
AND...
Riot Grrrl is characterized by such uses of ‘contradiction as a tool’ and ‘a playful method of inviting debate’ (1997, p. 251).
*Modified for Ableist language

Anger comes from a womyn’s experiences of violence and oppression by the hands of men. It unleashes a frightening rage capable of changing the world around her. Womyn will no longer be a walking apology, and feminine rage demands attention and even without it tears at the walls of male supremacy for new female-driven world-making.
Kaplow in 1973
 Susi Kaplow. “Getting Angry” Radical Feminism. 1973.
Two scenarios: An angry man: someone has infringed on his rights, gone against his interests, or harmed a loved...
AND
...anger moves from the personal to the political and becomes a force for shaping our new destiny.

Anger can be a powerful source for change against any oppression that womyn experience. That fury must be translated into action against oppression, or it will be used against other womyn
Lorde 84
Audre, “The Uses of Anger: Womyn Responding to Racism.” SISTER OUTSIDER. Pg. 127-128
Everything can be used I except what is wasteful I (you will need I to remember this when you are accused of destruction.)* Every womyn has a well-stocked arsenal of anger...
AND
...given in the fabric of your existence, like eveningtime or the common cold.
*Modified for Gendered language

Tournament: Wake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cornell PP | Judge: Lindsey Van Luvanee
No serial policy failure
Harvey ’97 (Frank, Associate Prof. Pol. Sci. – Dalhousie U.,  “The Future’s Back: Nuclear Rivalry, Deterrence Theory, and Crisis Stability after the Cold War”, p. 138-139)
Linguistic Relativism. One approach of postmodernists is to point to the complex nature of
AND
would know more or less about international relations if we pursued that strategy.

Must evaluate consequences – the alternative is moral absolutism that generates evil
Isaac ‘2—Professor of Political Science at Indiana-Bloomington
Jeffery C., Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale  Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” p. Proquest.
As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Ignoring the question of action because of ontology causes serial policy failure
David McClean (philosopher, writer and business consultant, conducted graduate work in philosophy at NYU) 2001 “The cultural left and the limits of social hope” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm
There is a lot of philosophical prose on the general subject of social justice.
AND
if we treat policy and reform as more important than Spirit and Utopia.

Perm – do the aff and all non-exclusive parts of the alt – the state is no longer inherently biopolitical – it’s key to check individual biopolitics
Lemke 9
(Thomas Studied Political Sciences, Sociology and Law @ Frankfurt/Main,SouthamptonParis.(http://www.thomaslemkeweb.de/engl.20texte/A20Zone3.pdf)MA)
Firstly, Agamben does not take into account that the site of sovereignty has been
AND
that are often only loosely associated with the formal organs of the state.

Their insistence that ontology is a prior question creates artificial metaphysical hurdles to effective action-in-the-world—ontological pluralism provides a sufficient justification for the adoption of the plan.
David Owen, Reader on Political Theory at the University of Southampton, 2002 (“Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Volume 31, Number 3, p. 655-657)
Commenting on the 'philosophical turn' in IR, Wæver remarks that 'a
AND
the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises. 

The kritik creates a distinction between biological and political life that destroys value to life—perm solves best
Fassin, 10 - Social Science Prof at Princeton (Didier, “Ethics of Survival: A Democratic Approach to the Politics of Life” Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, Fall, Vol 1 No 1, Project Muse)dm
Conclusion Survival, in the sense Jacques Derrida attributed to the concept in his last
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in its multiple forms but also in its everyday expression of the human.

Biopolitics creates strong government through citizen benefits- key to democracy and freedom
Dickison, 2004 - associate professor of history at UC Davis (Edward Ross, “Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse about "Modernity””, accessed from JSTOR on 7/4/12)BZ
Nor should we stop at a reexamination of knowledge and technology. It might make
AND
on considering the fact that modern biopolitics has “worked” phenome¬nally well.

Tournament: UCO | Round: Octas | Opponent: KU CD | Judge: Malgor, Justin Stanley, Eric Robinson
There’s no hope for the House to pass CIR- it would give the democrats a victory, republicans are disarrayed, and Rubio has gone off the deep end
Hiltzik 10/28
(Michael, 10-28-13, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Michael A. Hiltzik, who writes the twice-weekly "Golden State" column most Mondays and Thursdays, has been a staff member of the Los Angeles Times for more than 20 years. In that time he has worked as a financial and political writer, as a foreign correspondent serving in Africa and Russia, and as a technology and science writer and editor. He is the author of the book Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age, published to widespread critical acclaim in 1999 by HarperCollins. Hiltzik has won numerous awards for excellence in reporting, including a Silver Gavel from the American Bar Association and a citation from the Overseas Press Club for coverage of East Africa, “The acid test for the GOP's ability to govern: immigration reform”, http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-mh-immigration-reform-20131028,0,2124888.story#axzz2j9Kb3CQP, JKS)
You know a bill is in trouble in Congress when its opponents come up with
AND
. That's the new paradigm of governing in Washington: Just say no.

Link turn—Congress supports establishing oversight of drone strikes and targeted killings by the U.S.
Rogin 13
(Josh, 3-20-13, Josh Rogin covers national security and foreign policy and writes the daily Web column The Cable. His column appears bi-weekly in the print edition of The Washington Post, “Corker calls for more congressional oversight of drone strikes”, http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/03/20/corker_calls_for_more_congressional_oversight_of_drone_strikes, JKS)
Senate Foreign Relations Committee ranking Republican Bob Corker (R-TN) Wednesday added
AND
, has "exclusive jurisdiction" over any efforts to change the AUMF.

Establishing oversight of drone strikes is popular under the Obama Administration
Roberts 13
(Dan, 5-23-13, Dan Roberts is the Guardian's Washington Bureau chief, covering politics and US national affairs. Previously, he worked as the national editor in London and was head of business, “Obama restricts drone killings and foresees end to 'perpetual war'”, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/23/obama-drone-policy-counter-terrorism, JKS)
Special courts would be asked to decide on targeted assassinations of terrorism suspects under a
AND
the flag of the United States needs to stand for freedom."

Obama doesn’t have any PC right now- ACA is failing, NSA firestorm, and the shutdown
McManuc 11/3
(Doyle, 11-03-13, Doyle McManus, Washington columnist for the Los Angeles Times, has reported on national and international issues from Washington for more than 25 years. His weekly Op-Ed column delivers original reporting and analysis on a wide range of national issues.??McManus is a four-time winner of the National Press Club's Edwin Hood Award for reporting on U.S. foreign policy, most recently in 2004 for articles on the U.S. occupation of Iraq. He has also won Georgetown University's Weintal Prize for diplomatic reporting and other awards., “A plague on both your parties”, http://www.latimes.com/opinion/commentary/la-oe-1103-mcmanus-column-gridlock-polls-20131103,0,1309306.column#axzz2jYAGZ3jg, JKS)
Only two weeks ago, President Obama looked like a man on the rise.
AND
. For the president, it comes down to one thing: Obamacare.

Passing controversial legislation generates capital for Obama --- winners win
Halloran 10 (Liz, Reporter – NPR, “For Obama, What A Difference A Week Made”, National Public Radio, 4-6, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125594396)
Amazing what a win in a major legislative battle will do for a president's spirit
AND
can reverse what the polls now suggest is a losing issue for them. 

U.S. influence and relations in Latin America are inevitable
Alvarado, 13 --- former diplomat in the Mission of Venezuela to the Organization of American States (5/31/2013, Liza Torres Alvarado, “The U.S. Must Re-evaluate its Foreign Policy in Latin America,” http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?lng=enandid=164370, JMP)
Although there has been a decline in U.S. influence in the region
AND
for the placement of military bases or the promotion of bilateral trade agreements.

No impact to Latin American instability – no nukes
Cárdenas, ‘11 Mauricio, senior fellow and director of the Latin America Initiative at the Brookings Institution, 3-17, “Think Again Latin America,” Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/17/think_again_latin_america?page=full
"Latin America is violent and dangerous." Yes, but not unstable. Latin
AND
tactic which contributed in large part to the organization's loss of popular support.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Florida FP | Judge: Darren Elliott
Simulation of different roles through fiat encourages learning and empowerment
Innes and Booher 99 (Judith, Director – Institute of Urban and Regional Development and Professor at UC Berkeley and David, Visiting Scholar at the Institute, Journal of the American Planning Association, Winter, Vol. 65, Iss. 1)
Our observation and practice of consensus building suggests that the analogy to role-playing
AND
entertaining and-when conducted effectively-in some fundamental sense empowers individuals.

Our political engagement is key to preventing a vacuum that will be filled by violent elites
Cook in 92 (Anthony, Associate Professor, Georgetown Law, New England LR, Spring, 26 New Eng.L. Rev. 751)
The effect of deconstructing the power of the author to impose a fixed meaning on
AND
those who influence us through their eloquence, prestige, wealth and power.

Plan based debates on presidential powers create better education
Jeffrey A. Kurr 9/5/13
(Ph.D. student in the Communication Arts and Sciences program at Pennsylvania State University and a coach for the Penn State Debate Society; “Bridging Competitive Debate and Public Deliberation on Presidential War Powers,” http://public.cedadebate.org/node/14)
The public debates on presidential war powers co-hosted by the Miller Center and
AND
where deliberation was being stifled. As a result, debaters reinvigorate debate.

Their insistence that ontology is a prior question creates artificial metaphysical hurdles to effective action-in-the-world—ontological pluralism provides a sufficient justification for the adoption of the plan.
David Owen, Reader on Political Theory at the University of Southampton, 2002 (“Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Volume 31, Number 3, p. 655-657)
Commenting on the 'philosophical turn' in IR, Wæver remarks that 'a
AND
the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises. 

Ignoring the question of action because of ontology causes serial policy failure
David McClean (philosopher, writer and business consultant, conducted graduate work in philosophy at NYU) 2001 “The cultural left and the limits of social hope” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm
There is a lot of philosophical prose on the general subject of social justice.
AND
if we treat policy and reform as more important than Spirit and Utopia.

Tournament: UTA | Round: 2 | Opponent: KU BC | Judge: Jacob Thompson
Court is key to successful oversight because we have a monopoly on the market—Alston 11, other countries don’t see us as reckless—Epistein 11, legal norms are key to reversing present norms—Anderson and Waxman 13, judges know national security—Adelsberg 13, and because the court is the only entity with an enforcement mechanism—Opderbeck 13—counterplan can’t solve the aff
Perm do both: a concurrent resolution doesn’t have the force of law—the aff is an enforcement mechanism
American Heritage Dictionary 2k http://www.thefreedictionary.com/concurrent+resolution
A resolution adopted by both houses of a bicameral legislature that does not have the force of law and does not require the signature of the chief executive.
CP doesn’t solve either advantage—only determines internal operations of Congress---means the Prez wouldn’t have to comply
Robert Longley no date http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/uscongress/a/concurrentresos.htm
Concurrent resolutions address matters affecting the operations of both the House of Representatives and Senate
AND
"joint", does not signify simultaneous introduction and consideration in both chambers.
Hard law is key to legal certainty---Congress key
Gregory Shaffer 11, Professor of Law, University of Minnesota Law School, and Mark Pollack, Professor of Political Science and Jean Monnet Chair, Temple University., Sept, ARTICLE: HARD VERSUS SOFT LAW IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY, 52 B.C. L. Rev 1147
To effect specific policy goals, state and private actors increasingly turn to legal instruments
AND
are great but the potential for opportunism and its costs are high." n85

Tournament: UCO | Round: Octas | Opponent: KU CD | Judge: Malgor, Justin Stanley, Eric Robinson
No internal link to the impact: agent/branch relationships are not zero sum
WHEELER 2009
Presidential Studies Quarterly, Volume 39, Issue 4, Pages 677-700; DARREN A. WHEELER, Ball State University; QUALS: Darren Wheeler is an assistant professor of political science at Ball State University. He is the author of Presidential Power in Action: Implementing Supreme Court Detainee Decisions (2008)
This analysis of the judiciary's behavior in the area of detention policy appears to provide
AND
) checks on these powers in the interest of preventing abuses of power.

Congressional check on presidential foreign policy necessary to prevent war
Eland 07 Bush Out of Line in Scolding Pelosi By Ivan Eland April 3, 2007 Director of the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent
Institute and Assistant Editor of The Independent Review. Dr. Eland has been Director of Defense Policy Studies at the Cato Institute, Principal
Defense Analyst at the Congressional Budget Office, Evaluator-in-Charge (national security and intelligence) for the U.S. General Accounting
Office, and Investigator for the House Foreign Affairs Committee. http://www.consortiumnews.com/2007/040307a.html
Curiously, although the expansion of executive power in foreign policy has not served the
AND
willing to take risks with one of America’s major adversaries in the region.

Congress must become more assertive in foreign policy making to prevent future Iraqs
Holt 07 Christian Science Monitor February 1, 2007, SECTION: OPINION; Pg. 9 HEADLINE: Between Congress and the president, a power seesaw BYLINE: Pat M. Holt former chief of staff of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, l/n
American involvement in Iraq appears to be an unresolvable dilemma: the United States can
AND
the natural tendency to let the president take the lead in foreign crises. 

Presidential Powers Lead to War
(HASTINGS INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW REVIEW, Winter 2004, pp. 247-8., Miller)
Diplomatic and other  executive powers of the President,  while falling short of declaring or
AND
his famous "shoot-on-sight" order to the Navy. 

Unchecked pres power leads to nuclear war
(Congressman Dennis Kucinich, D-Oh, March, 2002, http://www.downwinders.org/Kucinich_Peace_p.html, Miller)
"Politics ought to stay out of fighting a war," the President has been
AND
He expresses a desire to have the nuclear option "on the table."

Tournament: D3 | Round: 3 | Opponent: JCCC BN | Judge: Eric Robinson
Too bad Iran just had to hit the brakes on its nuclear program
Fantz 2/9
(Ashley, 2-914, Reporter and producer @ CNN, “Iran agrees to more steps to ease worries over nuclear program”, http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/09/world/meast/iran-nuclear/, JKS)
(CNN) -- Iranian and International Atomic Energy Agency officials jointly said Sunday that
AND
desire to develop Exploding Bridgewire detonators, which trigger reactions in explosive materials.
Iran retaliation will stay limited – multiple factors prevent escalation
Kroenig, 12  (Matthew, professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Foreign Affairs, Feb, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136917/matthew-kroenig/time-to-attack-iran)
SETTING THE RIGHT REDLINES The fact that the United States can likely set back or
AND
war after Israel struck their nuclear reactors in 1981 and 2007, respectively.
Zero risk of Israel/Iran war – not in Israel’s interest
Dreyfuss 12
(Robert Dreyfuss is an independent, investigative journalist writing an article for the Diplomat, August 22, 2012, “Why Israel Won’t Attack Iran”, http://thediplomat.com/2012/08/22/why-israel-wont-attack-iran/?all=true)

What kind of coercion is it when the guy with the gun says: “
AND
to forever change the U.S.-Israeli relationship for the worse.

Newest developments prove no war – relations increasing now
Mathews 13
(Owen Matthews, contributing editor, June 22nd 2013, “China: the Middle East’s new power broker”, http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/8940201/china-the-middle-easts-new-power-broker/, AB)

It’s exactly ten years since Iranian dissidents first blew the cover of a secret uranium
AND
reconvene at a more private location with both Iranian and US representatives present.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Missouri State HS | Judge: Kurrrrrrrrr
Massive solvency deficit— it just a rubberstamp
Greenwald 2013
(“The bad joke called 'the FISA court' shows how a 'drone court' would work” ¶ Glenn Greenwald¶ theguardian.com, Friday 3 May 2013 http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/03/fisa-court-rubber-stamp-drones)kk
In the mid 1970's....executions is really mystifying. 

Doesn’t solve civ cas or norms – not legally binding, no cred, raises expectations
Sarah Knuckey, NYU Law School Project on Extrajudicial Executions Director, Special Advisor to the UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial executions, 10/1/13, Transparency on Targeted Killings: Promises Made, but Little Progress, justsecurity.org/2013/10/01/transparency-targeted-killings-promises-made-progress/
Some interpreted these efforts...be targeted in Yemen.

Tournament: WSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Baylor SW | Judge: Brian Box
Must evaluate consequences – we have multiple extinction impacts with clearer internal links and a faster timeframe than this nebulous K
Isaac ‘2—Professor of Political Science at Indiana-Bloomington
Jeffery C., Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale  Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” p. Proquest.
As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Turn: Compliance with the law is the primary way presidents accrue credibility
Pildes 2012 (Richard H, “Law and the President” Co-Director, NYU Center on Law and Security
Harvard Law Review, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381)
That Posner and Vermeule miss the role of legal compliance as a powerful signal,
AND
American political culture, is probably the President's willingness to comply with law.
Our credibility internals solve the impact better than flexibility
Schwarz, senior counsel, and Huq, associate counsel at the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, 2007 Frederick A.O., Jr., partner at Cravath, Swaine and Moore, chief counsel to the Church Committee, and Aziz Z, former clerk for the U.S. Supreme Court, Unchecked and Unbalanced: Presidential Power in a Time of Terror, p. 201
The Administration insists that its plunge into torture, its lawless spying, and its
AND
alienate our allies and corrode the vitality of the world's oldest democracy.5
Link turn outweighs the link—Judicial oversight legitimizes executive decisions
Kwoka 11
(Lindsay, University of Pennsylvania Law School, J.D, Journal of Constitutional Law, “Trial by Sniper: The Legality of Targeted Killing in the War on Terror,” 2011, Lexis) /wyo-mm
Providing an intra-executive process is not sufficient in the context of targeted killing
AND
necessary. A federal judge would not likely be subject so such influence.
Gray Holes can be used by judges to challenge the government—they are not an absence of restraint.
Dyzenhaus 2008 (David, Univ. of Toronto Law, Schmitt V. Dicey: Are States of Emergency Inside or Outside the Legal Order? Cardozo LR Vol 27 JK)
Almost as important is that in previous detention regimes created by statute or under the
AND
way of fulfilling its claim to be committed to the rule of law.
Plan preserves flexibility and operational capacity
Daskal 13 - Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law
University of Penn L. Rev., THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BATTLEFIELD: A FRAMEWORK FOR DETENTION AND TARGETING OUTSIDE THE "HOT" CONFLICT ZONE, April, 2013, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, Lexis
Conversely, some object to the use of courts or court-like review as
AND
could and should be available to deal with exceptional cases where ex ante approval
Schmitt’s friend/enemy distinction values preservation of the state and it’s values as paramount-this ignores that state identity is not homogenous and justifies endless violence and fascism
Noorani in 2k5 (Yaseen, Assistant Professor in Near Eastern Studies at the University of Arizona, CR: The New Centennial Review, 5.1, project muse)
Schmitt's critique of liberal normativity is beset with contradictions and unfounded assumptions,beginning with
AND
, is attached in the case of nations to a normative ideal.11
The friend/enemy distinction assumes that beings are always existentially threatening one another-this justifies endless mass killings, genocide, and war in the name of state preservation
Burke in 2k7
(Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, Theory and Event 10.2,ontologies of war:  violence, existence, and reason, project muse)
Schmitt is important both for understanding the way in which such alienation is seen as
AND
dehumanisation of the other, by mass killing, 'ethnic cleansing' or genocide).
Embracing the friend/enemy distinction means that violence and war become existential necessities-this is the root of modern violence
Burke in 2k5
(Anthony, Senior Lecturer in the School of Politics and International Relations at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Beyond Security)
In The Concept of the Political Schmitt argued, given that 'the concept of the
AND
existential negation of the enemy.1° P 6-7
No serial policy failure
Harvey ’97 (Frank, Associate Prof. Pol. Sci. – Dalhousie U.,  “The Future’s Back: Nuclear Rivalry, Deterrence Theory, and Crisis Stability after the Cold War”, p. 138-139)
Linguistic Relativism. One approach of postmodernists is to point to the complex nature of
AND
would know more or less about international relations if we pursued that strategy.

Tournament: Emporia | Round: 2 | Opponent: UMKC JW | Judge: Scott Harris
REJECTING SECURITY POLITICS REPRODUCES SOVEREIGNTY AND EXPLOITATION
Agathangelou and Ling ’97     Anna M. Agathangelou, Dir. Global Change Inst. And Women’s Studies Prof at Oberlin, and L.H.M. Ling, Institute For Social Studies at The Hague, Fall 1997, “Postcolonial Dissidence within Dissident IR: Transforming Master Narratives of Sovereignty in Greco-Turkish Cyprus,” Studies in Political Economy, v. 54, pp. 7-8
Yet, ironically, if not tragically....theory from problem-solving.

Threats are real—prefer the specificity of our advantages
Matt McDonald, University of Warwick, UK, ‘8, “Securitization and the Construction of Security, “European Journal of International Relations, vol. 14, pp.563-586
Representations of threat...in particular contexts.

Must evaluate consequences – the alternative is moral absolutism that generates evil
Isaac ‘2—Professor of Political Science at Indiana-Bloomington
Jeffery C., Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale  Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” p. Proquest.

Ignoring the question of action because of ontology causes serial policy failure
David McClean (philosopher, writer and business consultant, conducted graduate work in philosophy at NYU) 2001 “The cultural left and the limits of social hope” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm

CRITICIZING “SECURITY” DISCOURSE NEGLECTS IT AS A TOOL OF EMPOWERMENT FOR SOME
Matt McDonald, University of Warwick, UK, ‘8, “Securitization and the Construction of Security, “European Journal of International Relations, vol. 14, pp.563-586

Tournament: UCO | Round: Semis | Opponent: KU FG | Judge: Russel, J Stanley, Hagney
Targeted killings include individual units making decisions about who to kill—their definition only assumes two kind of targeted killings
Johnson 7
Glenn, Major U.S. Navy, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA. MORTUS DISCRIMINATUS: PROCEDURES IN TARGETED KILLING. 2007
Military operational planners.....implementation of foreign policy.

Tournament: WSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Concordia CS | Judge: D Stout
Perm do both: To say we need to affirm the bad things in existence ignores that inevitable good exists as well.  While negative situations may be inevitable, to deny the good in life is itself nihilistic despair – the perm solves by affirming the good with the bad.
Crosby in 88
(Donald A., Professor of Philosophy at Colorado State University, The specter of the absurd : sources and criticisms of modern nihilism)
These and other abuses of freedom..opportunities are genuine and far-ranging.

Taoism cares only about the moment and fails to judge decisions by their consequences
James ‘09
Simon James, lecturer of philosophy at the University of Durhman, 2004 “Zen Buddhism and Environmental Ethics”, Pg 115-116 

Must evaluate consequences – the alternative is moral absolutism that generates evil
Isaac ‘2—Professor of Political Science at Indiana-Bloomington
Jeffery C., Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale  Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” p. Proquest.

Existence and choice come first. People should be able to choose their value to life
Kymlicka ‘3
(Will, professor of philosophy @ Queens University. Contemporary Political Thought:  A Reader And Guide.  Edited by Alan Finlayson, pp. 496-498)

Alt fails – “intellectuals in exile” will be quickly replaced by hard-line policy analysts – guarantees unending war
Lockman ‘4 (Zachary Lockman, teaches modern Middle Eastern history at NYU, Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism, 2004, p. 241-249

Tournament: CEDA | Round: 3 | Opponent: OW LW | Judge: Sam Allen
Independently, no mechanism means they have not met the stock issues – the 1AC has harms and inherency but is missing reverse-causal solvency
Prager 90
(Debate coach in Michigan (John R., 1990, "Introduction to Policy Debate," Ch. 2)
The first stock issue is known as harm or...
AND
...the problems described in the Harm analysis.

Tournament: CEDA | Round: 3 | Opponent: OW LW | Judge: Sam Allen
We are all addicted to meaning – the search for something to fill the emptiness of time denies the inevitably of boredom within all Being.
Svendsen 05 (Lars, Norwegian Professor of Philosophy, A Philosophy of Boredom, p. 46)
Modernity has had fashion as a principle, and fashion...
AND
...meaning we are striving for.

And the search for the new and the different is just another fad we create to fill our boredom with the current – it falls within the same methodological solutionary approach.
Svendsen 05 (Lars, Norwegian Professor of Philosophy, A Philosophy of Boredom, p. 30-1)
Human beings are addicted to...
AND
...emptiness of time is an emptiness of meaning.

Thus, the alternative:  Embrace the boredom of the 1AC by rejecting the negative.  By embracing boredom and accepting it as inevitable, we can begin to interrogate life at a much deeper level.
Svendsen 05 (Lars, Norwegian Professor of Philosophy, A Philosophy of Boredom, p. 121-124)
Heidegger now moves on to a third form of boredom...
AND
...salvation nearer than when we believed.'49